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Hernández-Nieto S, Ziermann-Canabarro JM, Lukas P. Developmental sequence of the chondrocranium in the obligate carnivorous larvae of Lepidobatrachus laevis (Amphibia: Ceratophryidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39030935 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The vertebrate head and its skull represent a significant innovation that has played a key role in the evolutionary and ecological success of vertebrates. For a global and integral understanding of the evolution of the head skeleton, it is essential to have reliable information on the development of chondrocranium in a wide range of vertebrate species. Therefore, we studied the cranial chondrogenesis of the larva of the Budgett frog, Lepidobatrachus laevis (Ceratophryidae, Neobatrachia). We studied the development using several methods, including histological preparation of transverse sections of the chondrocranium, morphological analysis of three different states of development (mesenchymal aggregation, differentiation, and chondrification), and three-dimensional digital reconstructions. As a result, we observed that the Anlage of the chondrocranium at Gosner stage 19 is laterally compressed, that is, it is initially higher than wide. It gradually flattens, enlarges, and differentiates until reaching a very wide and flat shape at Gosner stage 26. Furthermore, we show that the chondrocranial development of L. laevis takes place in a mosaic pattern, which differs to nontetrapod vertebrates in which an anterior to posterior gradient of chondrification is observed. We identified 19 developmental stages in L. laevis according to the chondrification state of its cranial structures. The first element reaching the differentiation-into-chondroblast stage is the hypobranchial plate of the branchial basket, and chondrification, that is, final differentiation, occurs simultaneously in several structures of the neurocranium and viscerocranium. We hypothesize that the rapid chondrification of L. laevis' chondrocranium is an adaptation to the semi-arid climate conditions from its type locality, El Gran Chaco in South America. Due to the only temporary availability of suitable water accumulations this apparent accelerated development would make sense to ensure the tadpoles are froglets by the time the water body disappears. Here, we provide novel information on chondrocranial development in L. laevis. We compare our results to the developmental sequences, previously known from other vertebrate taxa, particularly within the amphibian phylogeny, in an attempt to understand developmental variability and the evolutionary history of the vertebrate head skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Lukas
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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2
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Brownstein CD, Near TJ. Colonization of the ocean floor by jawless vertebrates across three mass extinctions. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38867201 PMCID: PMC11170801 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deep (> 200 m) ocean floor is often considered to be a refugium of biodiversity; many benthic marine animals appear to share ancient common ancestry with nearshore and terrestrial relatives. Whether this pattern holds for vertebrates is obscured by a poor understanding of the evolutionary history of the oldest marine vertebrate clades. Hagfishes are jawless vertebrates that are either the living sister to all vertebrates or form a clade with lampreys, the only other surviving jawless fishes. RESULTS We use the hagfish fossil record and molecular data for all recognized genera to construct a novel hypothesis for hagfish relationships and diversification. We find that crown hagfishes persisted through three mass extinctions after appearing in the Permian ~ 275 Ma, making them one of the oldest living vertebrate lineages. In contrast to most other deep marine vertebrates, we consistently infer a deep origin of continental slope occupation by hagfishes that dates to the Paleozoic. Yet, we show that hagfishes have experienced marked body size diversification over the last hundred million years, contrasting with a view of this clade as morphologically stagnant. CONCLUSION Our results establish hagfishes as ancient members of demersal continental slope faunas and suggest a prolonged accumulation of deep sea jawless vertebrate biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Doran Brownstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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3
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Edens BM, Stundl J, Urrutia HA, Bronner ME. Neural crest origin of sympathetic neurons at the dawn of vertebrates. Nature 2024; 629:121-126. [PMID: 38632395 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The neural crest is an embryonic stem cell population unique to vertebrates1 whose expansion and diversification are thought to have promoted vertebrate evolution by enabling emergence of new cell types and structures such as jaws and peripheral ganglia2. Although jawless vertebrates have sensory ganglia, convention has it that trunk sympathetic chain ganglia arose only in jawed vertebrates3-8. Here, by contrast, we report the presence of trunk sympathetic neurons in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, an extant jawless vertebrate. These neurons arise from sympathoblasts near the dorsal aorta that undergo noradrenergic specification through a transcriptional program homologous to that described in gnathostomes. Lamprey sympathoblasts populate the extracardiac space and extend along the length of the trunk in bilateral streams, expressing the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase. CM-DiI lineage tracing analysis further confirmed that these cells derive from the trunk neural crest. RNA sequencing of isolated ammocoete trunk sympathoblasts revealed gene profiles characteristic of sympathetic neuron function. Our findings challenge the prevailing dogma that posits that sympathetic ganglia are a gnathostome innovation, instead suggesting that a late-developing rudimentary sympathetic nervous system may have been characteristic of the earliest vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Edens
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Hugo A Urrutia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Zhang X, Xia F, Zhang X, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. C2H2 Zinc Finger Transcription Factors Associated with Hemoglobinopathies. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168343. [PMID: 37924864 PMCID: PMC11185177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, specific aberrations in β-globin results in sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, symptoms of which can be ameliorated by increased expression of fetal globin (HbF). Two recent CRISPR-Cas9 screens, centered on ∼1500 annotated sequence-specific DNA binding proteins and performed in a human erythroid cell line that expresses adult hemoglobin, uncovered four groups of candidate regulators of HbF gene expression. They are (1) members of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex proteins that are already known for HbF control; (2) seven C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) proteins, including some (ZBTB7A and BCL11A) already known for directly silencing the fetal γ-globin genes in adult human erythroid cells; (3) a few other transcription factors of different structural classes that might indirectly influence HbF gene expression; and (4) DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) that maintains the DNA methylation marks that attract the MBD2-associated NuRD complex to DNA as well as associated histone H3 lysine 9 methylation. Here we briefly discuss the effects of these regulators, particularly C2H2 ZFs, in inducing HbF expression for treating β-hemoglobin disorders, together with recent advances in developing safe and effective small-molecule therapeutics for the regulation of this well-conserved hemoglobin switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Fangfang Xia
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Heaton MP, Harhay GP, Bassett AS, Clark HJ, Carlson JM, Jobman EE, Sadd HR, Pelster MC, Workman AM, Kuehn LA, Kalbfleisch TS, Piscatelli H, Carrie M, Krafsur GM, Grotelueschen DM, Vander Ley BL. Association of ARRDC3 and NFIA variants with bovine congestive heart failure in feedlot cattle. F1000Res 2024; 11:385. [PMID: 38680232 PMCID: PMC11046187 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.109488.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine congestive heart failure (BCHF) has become increasingly prevalent among feedlot cattle in the Western Great Plains of North America with up to 7% mortality in affected herds. BCHF is an untreatable complex condition involving pulmonary hypertension that culminates in right ventricular failure and death. Genes associated with BCHF in feedlot cattle have not been previously identified. Our aim was to search for genomic regions associated with this disease. METHODS A retrospective, matched case-control design with 102 clinical BCHF cases and their unaffected pen mates was used in a genome-wide association study. Paired nominal data from approximately 560,000 filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed with McNemar's test. RESULTS Two independent genomic regions were identified as having the most significant association with BCHF: the arrestin domain-containing protein 3 gene ( ARRDC3), and the nuclear factor IA gene ( NFIA, mid- p-values, 1x10 -8 and 2x10 -7, respectively). Animals with two copies of risk alleles at either gene were approximately eight-fold more likely to have BCHF than their matched pen mates with either one or zero risk alleles at both genes (CI 95 = 3-17). Further, animals with two copies of risk alleles at both genes were 28-fold more likely to have BCHF than all others ( p-value = 1×10 -7, CI 95 = 4-206). A missense variant in ARRDC3 (C182Y) represents a potential functional variant since the C182 codon is conserved among all other jawed vertebrate species observed. A two-SNP test with markers in both genes showed 29% of 273 BCHF cases had homozygous risk genotypes in both genes, compared to 2.5% in 198 similar unaffected feedlot cattle. This and other DNA tests may be useful for identifying feedlot animals with the highest risk for BCHF in the environments described here. CONCLUSIONS Although pathogenic roles for variants in the ARRDC3 and NFIA genes are unknown, their discovery facilitates classifying animals by genetic risk and allows cattle producers to make informed decisions for selective breeding and animal health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Heaton
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Gregory P. Harhay
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Adam S. Bassett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Halden J. Clark
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Jaden M. Carlson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Erin E. Jobman
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Helen R. Sadd
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Madeline C. Pelster
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Aspen M. Workman
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Larry A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | | | | | | | - Greta M. Krafsur
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Dale M. Grotelueschen
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Brian L. Vander Ley
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
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6
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Heaton MP, Harhay GP, Bassett AS, Clark HJ, Carlson JM, Jobman EE, Sadd HR, Pelster MC, Workman AM, Kuehn LA, Kalbfleisch TS, Piscatelli H, Carrie M, Krafsur GM, Grotelueschen DM, Vander Ley BL. Association of ARRDC3 and NFIA variants with bovine congestive heart failure in feedlot cattle. F1000Res 2024; 11:385. [PMID: 38680232 PMCID: PMC11046187 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.109488.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine congestive heart failure (BCHF) has become increasingly prevalent among feedlot cattle in the Western Great Plains of North America with up to 7% mortality in affected herds. BCHF is an untreatable complex condition involving pulmonary hypertension that culminates in right ventricular failure and death. Genes associated with BCHF in feedlot cattle have not been previously identified. Our aim was to search for genomic regions associated with this disease. Methods A retrospective, matched case-control design with 102 clinical BCHF cases and their unaffected pen mates was used in a genome-wide association study. Paired nominal data from approximately 560,000 filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed with McNemar's test. Results Two independent genomic regions were identified as having the most significant association with BCHF: the arrestin domain-containing protein 3 gene ( ARRDC3), and the nuclear factor IA gene ( NFIA, mid- p-values, 1x10 -8 and 2x10 -7, respectively). Animals with two copies of risk alleles at either gene were approximately eight-fold more likely to have BCHF than their matched pen mates with either one or zero risk alleles at both genes (CI 95 = 3-17). Further, animals with two copies of risk alleles at both genes were 28-fold more likely to have BCHF than all others ( p-value = 1×10 -7, CI 95 = 4-206). A missense variant in ARRDC3 (C182Y) represents a potential functional variant since the C182 codon is conserved among all other jawed vertebrate species observed. A two-SNP test with markers in both genes showed 29% of 273 BCHF cases had homozygous risk genotypes in both genes, compared to 2.5% in 198 similar unaffected feedlot cattle. This and other DNA tests may be useful for identifying feedlot animals with the highest risk for BCHF in the environments described here. Conclusions Although pathogenic roles for variants in the ARRDC3 and NFIA genes are unknown, their discovery facilitates classifying animals by genetic risk and allows cattle producers to make informed decisions for selective breeding and animal health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Heaton
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Gregory P. Harhay
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Adam S. Bassett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Halden J. Clark
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Jaden M. Carlson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Erin E. Jobman
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Helen R. Sadd
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Madeline C. Pelster
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Aspen M. Workman
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Larry A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | | | | | | | - Greta M. Krafsur
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Dale M. Grotelueschen
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
| | - Brian L. Vander Ley
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 68933, USA
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7
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Baden T. Ancestral photoreceptor diversity as the basis of visual behaviour. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:374-386. [PMID: 38253752 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Animal colour vision is based on comparing signals from different photoreceptors. It is generally assumed that processing different spectral types of photoreceptor mainly serves colour vision. Here I propose instead that photoreceptors are parallel feature channels that differentially support visual-motor programmes like motion vision behaviours, prey capture and predator evasion. Colour vision may have emerged as a secondary benefit of these circuits, which originally helped aquatic vertebrates to visually navigate and segment their underwater world. Specifically, I suggest that ancestral vertebrate vision was built around three main systems, including a high-resolution general purpose greyscale system based on ancestral red cones and rods to mediate visual body stabilization and navigation, a high-sensitivity specialized foreground system based on ancestral ultraviolet cones to mediate threat detection and prey capture, and a net-suppressive system based on ancestral green and blue cones for regulating red/rod and ultraviolet circuits. This ancestral strategy probably still underpins vision today, and different vertebrate lineages have since adapted their original photoreceptor circuits to suit their diverse visual ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baden
- University of Sussex, Sussex Neuroscience, Sussex Center for Sensory Neuroscience and Computation, Brighton, UK.
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Weghorst F, Torres Marcén M, Faridi G, Lee YCG, Cramer KS. Deep Conservation and Unexpected Evolutionary History of Neighboring lncRNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:30-41. [PMID: 38189925 PMCID: PMC10869381 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have begun to receive overdue attention for their regulatory roles in gene expression and other cellular processes. Although most lncRNAs are lowly expressed and tissue-specific, notable exceptions include MALAT1 and its genomic neighbor NEAT1, two highly and ubiquitously expressed oncogenes with roles in transcriptional regulation and RNA splicing. Previous studies have suggested that NEAT1 is found only in mammals, while MALAT1 is present in all gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) except birds. Here we show that these assertions are incomplete, likely due to the challenges associated with properly identifying these two lncRNAs. Using phylogenetic analysis and structure-aware annotation of publicly available genomic and RNA-seq coverage data, we show that NEAT1 is a common feature of tetrapod genomes except birds and squamates. Conversely, we identify MALAT1 in representative species of all major gnathostome clades, including birds. Our in-depth examination of MALAT1, NEAT1, and their genomic context in a wide range of vertebrate species allows us to reconstruct the series of events that led to the formation of the locus containing these genes in taxa from cartilaginous fish to mammals. This evolutionary history includes the independent loss of NEAT1 in birds and squamates, since NEAT1 is found in the closest living relatives of both clades (crocodilians and tuataras, respectively). These data clarify the origins and relationships of MALAT1 and NEAT1 and highlight an opportunity to study the change and continuity in lncRNA structure and function over deep evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Weghorst
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Martí Torres Marcén
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Garrison Faridi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Yuh Chwen G Lee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Karina S Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Schnetz L, Butler RJ, Coates MI, Sansom IJ. The skeletal completeness of the Palaeozoic chondrichthyan fossil record. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231451. [PMID: 38298400 PMCID: PMC10827434 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, ratfish and their extinct relatives) originated and diversified in the Palaeozoic but are rarely preserved as articulated or partly articulated remains because of their predominantly cartilaginous endoskeletons. Consequently, their evolutionary history is perceived to be documented predominantly by isolated teeth, scales and fin spines. Here, we aim to capture and analyse the quality of the Palaeozoic chondrichthyan fossil record by using a variation of the skeletal completeness metric, which calculates how complete the skeletons of individuals are compared to estimates of their original entirety. Notably, chondrichthyan completeness is significantly lower than any published vertebrate group: low throughout the Silurian and Permian but peaking in the Devonian and Carboniferous. Scores increase to a range similar to pelycosaurs and parareptiles only when taxa identified solely from isolated teeth, scales and spines are excluded. We argue that environmental influences probably played an important role in chondrichthyan completeness. Sea level significantly negatively correlates with chondrichthyan completeness records and resembles patterns already evident in records of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and sauropodomorphs. Such observed variations in completeness highlight the impact of different sampling biases on the chondrichthyan fossil record and the need to acknowledge these when inferring patterns of chondrichthyan macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schnetz
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard J. Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael I. Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA
| | - Ivan J. Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Cui X, Friedman M, Yu Y, Zhu YA, Zhu M. Bony-fish-like scales in a Silurian maxillate placoderm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7622. [PMID: 37993457 PMCID: PMC10665347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major groups of jawed vertebrates exhibit contrasting conditions of dermal plates and scales. But the transition between these conditions remains unclear due to rare information on taxa occupying key phylogenetic positions. The 425-million-year-old fish Entelognathus combines an unusual mosaic of characters typically associated with jawed stem gnathostomes or crown gnathostomes. However, only the anterior part of the exoskeleton was previously known for this very crownward member of the gnathostome stem. Here, we report a near-complete post-thoracic exoskeleton of Entelognathus. Strikingly, its scales are large and some are rhomboid, bearing distinctive peg-and-socket articulations; this combination was previously only known in osteichthyans and considered a synapomorphy of that group. The presence in Entelognathus of an anal fin spine, previously only found in some stem chondrichthyans, further illustrates that many characters previously thought to be restricted to specific lineages within the gnathostome crown likely arose before the common ancestor of living jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Matt Friedman
- Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yilun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - You-An Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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11
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Shaughnessy CA, Le K, Myhre VD, Dores RM. Functional characterization of melanocortin 2 receptor (Mc2r) from a lobe-finned fish (Protopterus annectens) and insights into the molecular evolution of melanocortin receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 343:114356. [PMID: 37562700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies from our group on melanocortin 2 receptors (Mc2r) from basal families of actinopterygians have served to resolve that Mrap1 dependence and ACTH selectivity are features of even the most basal ray-finned fishes. However, there have been no studies on Mc2r function of the basal sarcopterygians, the lobe-finned fishes, represented by the extant members coelacanths and lungfishes. Here, we offer the first molecular and functional characterization of an Mc2r from a lobe-finned fish, the West African lungfish (Protopterus annectens). Plasmids containing cDNA constructs of lungfish (lf) Mc2r and Mrap1 were expressed in mammalian and zebrafish cell lines. Cells were then stimulated by human ACTH(1-24) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), as well as alanine-substituted analogs of hACTH(1-24) targeting residues within the H6F7R8W9 and K15K16R17R18P19 motifs. Activation of lfMc2r was assessed using a cAMP-responsive luciferase reporter gene assay. In these assays, lfMc2r required co-expression with lfMrap1, was selective for ACTH over α-MSH at physiological concentrations of the ligands, and was completely inhibited by multiple-alanine substitutions of the HFRW (A6-9) and KKRRP (A15-19) motifs. Single- and partial-alanine substitutions of the HFRW and KKRRP motifs varied in their impacts on receptor-ligand affinity from having no effect to completely inhibiting lfMc2r activation. This characterization of the Mc2r of a lobe-finned fish fulfills the last major extant vertebrate group for which Mc2r function had yet to be characterized. In doing so, we resolve that all basal bony vertebrate groups exhibit Mc2r function that substantially differs from that of the cartilaginous fishes, indicating that rapid and dramatic shift in Mc2r function occurred between the radiation of cartilaginous fishes and the emergence of bony fishes. We support this interpretation with a molecular clock analysis of the melanocortin receptors, which demonstrates the uniquely high rate of sequence divergence in Mc2r. Much remains to be understood regarding the molecular evolution of Mc2r during the early radiation of vertebrates that resulted in the derived functional characteristics of Mrap1 dependence and exclusive selectivity for ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khoa Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Valorie D Myhre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Dores
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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12
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Pomarici ND, Fischer ALM, Hoerschinger VJ, Kroell KB, Riccabona JR, Kamenik AS, Loeffler JR, Ferguson JA, Perrett HR, Liedl KR, Han J, Ward AB. Structure and Dynamics Guiding Design of Antibody Therapeutics and Vaccines. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 37873864 PMCID: PMC10594513 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and other new antibody-like formats have emerged as one of the most rapidly growing classes of biotherapeutic proteins. Understanding the structural features that drive antibody function and, consequently, their molecular recognition is critical for engineering antibodies. Here, we present the structural architecture of conventional IgG antibodies alongside other formats. We emphasize the importance of considering antibodies as conformational ensembles in solution instead of focusing on single-static structures because their functions and properties are strongly governed by their dynamic nature. Thus, in this review, we provide an overview of the unique structural and dynamic characteristics of antibodies with respect to their antigen recognition, biophysical properties, and effector functions. We highlight the numerous technical advances in antibody structure prediction and design, enabled by the vast number of experimentally determined high-quality structures recorded with cryo-EM, NMR, and X-ray crystallography. Lastly, we assess antibody and vaccine design strategies in the context of structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nancy D. Pomarici
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena M. Fischer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina B. Kroell
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob R. Riccabona
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S. Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James A. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hailee R. Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Crater JM, Dunn DC, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. A History and Atlas of the Human CD4 + T Helper Cell. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2608. [PMID: 37892982 PMCID: PMC10604283 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding of CD4+ T cell evolution, development, and cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in the past few decades. Discoveries of genetic diseases that ablate this cellular population have provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, and high-resolution microscopy have recently revealed new insights into CD4+ T cell anatomy and physiology. This article compiles historical, microscopic, and multi-omics data that can be used as a reference atlas and index to dissect cellular physiology within these influential cells and further understand pathologies like HIV infection that inflict human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th St., Belfer Research Building, New York, NY 10021, USA
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14
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Jones RC, Hall K, Crow KD. Are vertebrates constrained to two sets of paired appendages? The morphology, development, and evolution of pre-pelvic claspers in the Holocephali. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21632. [PMID: 37585230 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Holocephalans exhibit auxiliary appendages called pre-pelvic claspers (PPCs) that are located anterior to the pelvic fins, while pelvic claspers are pelvic fin modifications located posteriorly as modified metapterygia. Articulation points of the PPCs have not previously been imaged or evaluated in a comparative context, therefore, they may represent modified pelvic fin structures if they articulate with the propterygium. Alternatively, they could represent the only example of an independent third set of paired appendages in an extant taxon, if they articulate independently from any pelvic fin basal cartilages, challenging the current paradigm that extant jawed vertebrates are constrained to two sets of paired appendages. Two extinct groups, including Placoderms and Acanthodians, exhibit variation in the number of paired appendages, suggesting this may be a plesiomorphic trait. We evaluated PPC developmental growth rates, morphology, and articulation points in spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus Colliei, Holocephali). We also compared variation in PPC morphology among representatives of the three extant holocephalan families. Both, the pre-pelvic and pelvic claspers exhibit a dramatic surge in growth at sexual maturity, and then level off, suggesting synchronous development via shared hormonal regulation. While mature females are larger than males, pelvic fin growth and development is faster in males, suggesting a selective advantage to larger fins with faster development. Finally, microcomputed tomography scans revealed that PPCs are not modified propterygia, nor do they articulate with the propterygium. They articulate with the anterior pre-pelvic process on the anterior puboischiadic bar (or pelvic girdle), suggesting that while they are associated with the pelvic girdle, they may indeed represent a third, independent set of paired appendages in extant holocephalans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley C Jones
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kayla Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Karen D Crow
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Mathavarajah S, Vergunst KL, Habib EB, Williams SK, He R, Maliougina M, Park M, Salsman J, Roy S, Braasch I, Roger A, Langelaan D, Dellaire G. PML and PML-like exonucleases restrict retrotransposons in jawed vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:3185-3204. [PMID: 36912092 PMCID: PMC10123124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have uncovered a role for the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene and novel PML-like DEDDh exonucleases in the maintenance of genome stability through the restriction of LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition in jawed vertebrates. Although the mammalian PML protein forms nuclear bodies, we found that the spotted gar PML ortholog and related proteins in fish function as cytoplasmic DEDDh exonucleases. In contrast, PML proteins from amniote species localized both to the cytoplasm and formed nuclear bodies. We also identified the PML-like exon 9 (Plex9) genes in teleost fishes that encode exonucleases. Plex9 proteins resemble TREX1 but are unique from the TREX family and share homology to gar PML. We also characterized the molecular evolution of TREX1 and the first non-mammalian TREX1 homologs in axolotl. In an example of convergent evolution and akin to TREX1, gar PML and zebrafish Plex9 proteins suppressed L1 retrotransposition and could complement TREX1 knockout in mammalian cells. Following export to the cytoplasm, the human PML-I isoform also restricted L1 through its conserved C-terminus by enhancing ORF1p degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Thus, PML first emerged as a cytoplasmic suppressor of retroelements, and this function is retained in amniotes despite its new role in the assembly of nuclear bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen L Vergunst
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elias B Habib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shelby K Williams
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Raymond He
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Maria Maliougina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mika Park
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jayme Salsman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QB, Canada
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Michigan State University, Department of Integrative Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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16
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Charest F, Mondéjar Fernández J, Grünbaum T, Cloutier R. Evolution of median fin patterning and modularity in living and fossil osteichthyans. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0272246. [PMID: 36921006 PMCID: PMC10016723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological and developmental similarities, and interactions among developing structures are interpreted as evidences of modularity. Such similarities exist between the dorsal and anal fins of living actinopterygians, on the anteroposterior axis: (1) both fins differentiate in the same direction [dorsal and anal fin patterning module (DAFPM)], and (2) radials and lepidotrichia differentiate in the same direction [endoskeleton and exoskeleton module (EEM)]. To infer the evolution of these common developmental patternings among osteichthyans, we address (1) the complete description and quantification of the DAFPM and EEM in a living actinopterygian (the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) and (2) the presence of these modules in fossil osteichthyans (coelacanths, lungfishes, porolepiforms and 'osteolepiforms'). In Oncorhynchus, sequences of skeletal elements are determined based on (1) apparition (radials and lepidotrichia), (2) chondrification (radials), (3) ossification (radials and lepidotrichia), and (4) segmentation plus bifurcation (lepidotrichia). Correlations are then explored between sequences. In fossil osteichthyans, sequences are determined based on (1) ossification (radials and lepidotrichia), (2) segmentation, and (3) bifurcation of lepidotrichia. Segmentation and bifurcation patterns were found crucial for comparisons between extant and extinct osteichthyan taxa. Our data suggest that the EEM is plesiomorphic at least for actinopterygians, and the DAFPM is plesiomorphic for osteichthyans, with homoplastic dissociation. Finally, recurrent patterns suggest the presence of a Lepidotrichia Patterning Module (LPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- France Charest
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- Parc National de Miguasha, Nouvelle, Québec, Canada
| | - Jorge Mondéjar Fernández
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie–Paris, Département Origines & Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas Grünbaum
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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17
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Tanoue K, Shimada K. Jaw mechanics in macrophagous lamniform sharks and their evolutionary and functional implications. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:311-325. [PMID: 36059141 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Jaw mechanics of lamniform sharks were examined three-dimensionally to analyze the variability in jaw shape and the evolution of the jaw system based on the extant macrophagous species. Three-dimensional lever analysis was applied to lamniform jaws to calculate bite force at each tooth relative to maximum input force from jaw adductor muscles for interspecific comparison of efficiency in lamniform jaws. When total input force from the jaw adductor muscles on both working and balancing sides of the skull is considered, input force varies along the jaw because the contribution by balancing side muscles is not constant. The phylogenetically basal-most species, Mitsukurina owstoni, has the least efficient jaws due to posteriorly positioned jaw adductor muscles. Our study shows that the higher efficiency of jaws is regarded as apomorphic in lamniform phylogeny owing to the anterior extension of jaw adductor muscles relative to M. owstoni and a relative decrease in jaw length in relation to width seen in some species, both of which increase leverage. Differences in the efficiency of jaws among derived genera or species are due to the morphology of their jaws. The relationship between calculated bite force relative to maximum input force and tooth morphology indicates low relative bite forces being exerted at anteriorly located, narrow, piercing teeth, whereas high relative bite forces at posteriorly located, broad, cutting, or crushing-type teeth. As a result, the biting pressure during feeding is maintained throughout the tooth series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Tanoue
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenshu Shimada
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, USA
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18
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Phylogenetics and the Cenozoic radiation of lampreys. Curr Biol 2023; 33:397-404.e3. [PMID: 36586410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of a movable jaw is one of the most important transitions in the evolutionary history of animals.1 Jawed vertebrates rapidly diversified after appearing approximately 470 million years ago. Today, only lampreys and hagfishes represent the once dominant jawless grade2,3,4 and comprise less than 1% of living vertebrate species. Their relationship to other vertebrates ranks among the more contentious problems in animal phylogenetics.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Further, the phylogenetic relationships within lampreys and hagfishes remain unclear,13,14,15 and the ages of their living lineages are largely unexplored.16,17 Because of their importance for the genomic and developmental changes that prefigured jawed vertebrate diversity,18,19,20,21 the evolutionary history of lampreys and hagfishes is a major frontier of organismal biology. Of these two clades, lampreys22 are more ecologically diverse, exhibiting freshwater, anadromous, and fully marine forms, as well as parasitic and nonparasitic species.23,24 Here, we present a new phylogeny and historical biogeographic reconstruction of all living lampreys. Whereas the early diversification of this clade tracks Pangaean fragmentation, lampreys also rapidly radiated in the northern hemisphere during the mid-Cretaceous and directly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction. These radiations mirrored concurrent ones in other animals and plants and coincided with changes to lamprey ecology and feeding behavior. Our results suggest that 80% of living lamprey clades appeared in the last 20 million years of Earth history. Rather than gradually accumulating since the oldest stem-group forms appeared in the early Paleozoic, living lamprey biodiversity results from diversifications extending from the Cretaceous to present.
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19
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Greif M, Ferrón HG, Klug C. A new Meckel's cartilage from the Devonian Hangenberg black shale in Morocco and its position in chondrichthyan jaw morphospace. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14418. [PMID: 36573235 PMCID: PMC9789696 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil chondrichthyan remains are mostly known from their teeth, scales or fin spines only, whereas their cartilaginous endoskeletons require exceptional preservational conditions to become fossilized. While most cartilaginous remains of Famennian (Late Devonian) chondrichthyans were found in older layers of the eastern Anti-Atlas, such fossils were unknown from the Hangenberg black shale (HBS) and only a few chondrichthyan teeth had been found therein previously. Here, we describe a Meckel's cartilage from the Hangenberg black shale in Morocco, which is the first fossil cartilage from these strata. Since no teeth or other skeletal elements have been found in articulation, we used elliptical Fourier (EFA), principal component (PCA), and hierarchical cluster (HCA) analyses to morphologically compare it with 41 chondrichthyan taxa of different size and age and to evaluate its possible systematic affiliation. PCA and HCA position the new specimen closest to some acanthodian and elasmobranch jaws. Accordingly, a holocephalan origin was excluded. The jaw shape as well as the presence of a polygonal pattern, typical for tessellated calcified cartilage, suggest a ctenacanth origin and we assigned the new HBS Meckel's cartilage to the order Ctenacanthiformes with reservations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Greif
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Humberto G. Ferrón
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad i Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Klug
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Dores RM, McKinley G, Meyers A, Martin M, Shaughnessy CA. Structure/Function Studies on the Activation Motif of Two Non-Mammalian Mrap1 Orthologs, and Observations on the Phylogeny of Mrap1, Including a Novel Characterization of an Mrap1 from the Chondrostean Fish, Polyodon spathula. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1681. [PMID: 36421695 PMCID: PMC9688151 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In derived bony vertebrates, activation of the melanocortin-2 receptor (Mc2r) by its ACTH ligand requires chaperoning by the Mc2r accessory protein (Mrap1). The N-terminal domain of the non-mammalian tetrapod MRAP1 from chicken (c; Gallus gallus) has the putative activation motif, W18D19Y20I21, and the N-terminal domain in the neopterygian ray-finned fish Mrap1 from bowfin (bf; Amia calva) has the putative activation motif, Y18D19Y20I21. The current study used an alanine-substitution paradigm to test the hypothesis that only the Y20 position in the Mrap1 ortholog of these non-mammalian vertebrates is required for activation of the respective Mc2r ortholog. Instead, we found that for cMRAP1, single alanine-substitution resulted in a gradient of inhibition of activation (Y20 >> D19 = W18 > I21). For bfMrap1, single alanine-substitution also resulted in a gradient of inhibition of activation (Y20 >> D19 > I21 > Y18). This study also included an analysis of Mc2r activation in an older lineage of ray-finned fish, the paddlefish (p), Polyodon spathula (subclass Chondronstei). Currently no mrap1 gene has been found in the paddlefish genome. When pmc2r was expressed alone in our CHO cell/cAMP reporter gene assay, no activation was observed following stimulation with ACTH. However, when pmc2r was co-expressed with either cmrap1 or bfmrap1 robust dose response curves were generated. These results indicate that the formation of an Mc2r/Mrap1 heterodimer emerged early in the radiation of the bony vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Dores
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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21
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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Ferrón HG, Klug C. A new selenosteid placoderm from the Late Devonian of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) with preserved body outline and its ecomorphology. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.969158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placoderms are an extinct group of early jawed vertebrates that play a key role in understanding the evolution of the gnathostome body plan, including the origin of novelties such as jaws, teeth, and pelvic fins. As placoderms have a poorly ossified axial skeleton, preservation of the mainly cartilaginous axial and fin elements is extremely rare, contrary to the heavily mineralized bones of the skull and thoracic armor. Therefore, the gross anatomy of the animals and body shape is only known from a few taxa, and reconstructions of the swimming function and ecology are speculative. Here, we describe articulated specimens preserving skull roofs, shoulder girdles, most fins, and body outlines of a newly derived arthrodire. Specimens of the selenosteid Amazichthys trinajsticae gen. et sp. nov. display a skull roof with reticular ornamentation and raised sensory lines like Driscollaspis, a median dorsal plate with a unique sharp posterior depression, the pelvic girdle, the proportions and shape of the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins as well as a laterally enlarged region resembling the lateral keel of a few modern sharks and bony fishes. Our new phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the selenosteid family and place the new genus in a clade with Melanosteus, Enseosteus, Walterosteus, and Draconichthys. The shape of its body and heterocercal caudal fin in combination with the pronounced “lateral keel” suggest Amazichthys trinajsticae was an active macropelagic swimmer capable of reaching high swimming speeds.
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22
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Zhu YA, Li Q, Lu J, Chen Y, Wang J, Gai Z, Zhao W, Wei G, Yu Y, Ahlberg PE, Zhu M. The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China. Nature 2022; 609:954-958. [PMID: 36171378 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies suggest that the origin of jawed vertebrates was no later than the Late Ordovician period (around 450 million years ago (Ma))1,2. Together with disarticulated micro-remains of putative chondrichthyans from the Ordovician and early Silurian period3-8, these analyses suggest an evolutionary proliferation of jawed vertebrates before, and immediately after, the end-Ordovician mass extinction. However, until now, the earliest complete fossils of jawed fishes for which a detailed reconstruction of their morphology was possible came from late Silurian assemblages (about 425 Ma)9-13. The dearth of articulated, whole-body fossils from before the late Silurian has long rendered the earliest history of jawed vertebrates obscure. Here we report a newly discovered Konservat-Lagerstätte, which is marked by the presence of diverse, well-preserved jawed fishes with complete bodies, from the early Silurian (Telychian age, around 436 Ma) of Chongqing, South China. The dominant species, a 'placoderm' or jawed stem gnathostome, which we name Xiushanosteus mirabilis gen. et sp. nov., combines characters from major placoderm subgroups14-17 and foreshadows the transformation of the skull roof pattern from the placoderm to the osteichthyan condition10. The chondrichthyan Shenacanthus vermiformis gen. et sp. nov. exhibits extensive thoracic armour plates that were previously unknown in this lineage, and include a large median dorsal plate as in placoderms14-16, combined with a conventional chondrichthyan bauplan18,19. Together, these species reveal a previously unseen diversification of jawed vertebrates in the early Silurian, and provide detailed insights into the whole-body morphology of the jawed vertebrates of this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-An Zhu
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Zhikun Gai
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangbiao Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Geological Survey, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilun Yu
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Per E Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Min Zhu
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China. .,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China. Nature 2022; 609:969-974. [PMID: 36171377 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Modern representatives of chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods) have contrasting skeletal anatomies and developmental trajectories1-4 that underscore the distant evolutionary split5-7 of the two clades. Recent work on upper Silurian and Devonian jawed vertebrates7-10 has revealed similar skeletal conditions that blur the conventional distinctions between osteichthyans, chondrichthyans and their jawed gnathostome ancestors. Here we describe the remains (dermal plates, scales and fin spines) of a chondrichthyan, Fanjingshania renovata gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Silurian of China that pre-date the earliest articulated fossils of jawed vertebrates10-12. Fanjingshania possesses dermal shoulder girdle plates and a complement of fin spines that have a striking anatomical similarity to those recorded in a subset of stem chondrichthyans5,7,13 (climatiid 'acanthodians'14). Uniquely among chondrichthyans, however, it demonstrates osteichthyan-like resorptive shedding of scale odontodes (dermal teeth) and an absence of odontogenic tissues in its spines. Our results identify independent acquisition of these conditions in the chondrichthyan stem group, adding Fanjingshania to an increasing number of taxa7,15 nested within conventionally defined acanthodians16. The discovery of Fanjingshania provides the strongest support yet for a proposed7 early Silurian radiation of jawed vertebrates before their widespread appearance5 in the fossil record in the Lower Devonian series.
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24
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Andreev PS, Sansom IJ, Li Q, Zhao W, Wang J, Wang CC, Peng L, Jia L, Qiao T, Zhu M. The oldest gnathostome teeth. Nature 2022; 609:964-968. [PMID: 36171375 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular teeth and dentitions are features of jawed vertebrates that were first acquired by the Palaeozoic ancestors1-3 of living chondrichthyans and osteichthyans. The fossil record currently points to the latter part of the Silurian period4-7 (around 425 million years ago) as a minimum date for the appearance of gnathostome teeth and to the evolution of growth and replacement mechanisms of mandibular dentitions in the subsequent Devonian period2,8-10. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the earliest direct evidence for jawed vertebrates by describing Qianodus duplicis, a new genus and species of an early Silurian gnathostome based on isolated tooth whorls from Guizhou province, China. The whorls possess non-shedding teeth arranged in a pair of rows that demonstrate a number of features found in modern gnathostome groups. These include lingual addition of teeth in offset rows and maintenance of this patterning throughout whorl development. Our data extend the record of toothed gnathostomes by 14 million years from the late Silurian into the early Silurian (around 439 million years ago) and are important for documenting the initial diversification of vertebrates. Our analyses add to mounting fossil evidence that supports an earlier emergence of jawed vertebrates as part of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (approximately 485-445 million years ago).
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen S Andreev
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China.,Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ivan J Sansom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Qiang Li
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China.,Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lijian Peng
- Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China
| | - Liantao Jia
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Qiao
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China. .,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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25
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Jankowski R. The evo-devo origins of the nasopharynx. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:1857-1870. [PMID: 35665451 PMCID: PMC9541854 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The process by which upper respiratory tract structures have changed over deep evolutionary time is, in part, reflected in the process of embryologic development. The nasopharynx in particular is a centrally located space bounded by components of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity, cranial base, soft palate, and Eustachian tube. The development of these components can be understood both in terms of embryologic structures such as the branchial arches and paraxial mesoderm and through fossil evidence dating as far back as the earliest agnathan fish of the Cambrian Period. Understanding both the evolution and development of these structures has been an immeasurable benefit to the otolaryngologist seeking to model disease etiology of both common and rare conditions. This discussion is a primer for those who may be unfamiliar with the central importance of the nasopharynx both in terms of our evolutionary history and early embryological development of vital cranial and upper respiratory tract structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jankowski
- ORL Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Nancy
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26
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Danos N, Staab KL, Whitenack LB. The Core Concepts, Competencies and Grand Challenges of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Morphology. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac019. [PMID: 35919560 PMCID: PMC9338813 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Core concepts offer coherence to the discourse of a scientific discipline and facilitate teaching by identifying large unifying themes that can be tailored to the level of the class and expertise of the instructor. This approach to teaching has been shown to encourage deeper learning that can be integrated across subdisciplines of biology and has been adopted by several other biology subdisciplines. However, Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, although one of the oldest biological areas of study, has not had its core concepts identified. Here, we present five core concepts and seven competencies (skills) for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy that came out of an iterative process of engagement with the broader community of vertebrate morphologists over a 3-year period. The core concepts are (A) evolution, (B) structure and function, (C) morphological development, (D) integration, and (E) human anatomy is the result of vertebrate evolution. The core competencies students should gain from the study of comparative vertebrate anatomy are (F) tree thinking, (G) observation, (H) dissection of specimens, (I) depiction of anatomy, (J) appreciation of the importance of natural history collections, (K) science communication, and (L) data integration. We offer a succinct description of each core concept and competency, examples of learning outcomes that could be used to assess teaching effectiveness, and examples of relevant resources for both instructors and students. Additionally, we pose a grand challenge to the community, arguing that the field of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy needs to acknowledge racism, androcentrism, homophobia, genocide, slavery, and other influences in its history and address their lingering effects in order to move forward as a thriving discipline that is inclusive of all students and scientists and continues to generate unbiased knowledge for the betterment of humanity. Despite the rigorous process used to compile these core concepts and competencies, we anticipate that they will serve as a framework for an ongoing conversation that ensures Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy remains a relevant field in discovery, innovation, and training of future generations of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Danos
- Biology, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92210
| | - Katie Lynn Staab
- Biology Department, McDaniel College, 2 College Hill, Westminster, MD 21157
| | - Lisa B Whitenack
- Depts. of Biology and Geology, Allegheny College, 520 N. Main St., Meadville, PA 16335
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27
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Leurs N, Martinand-Mari C, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Parallel evolution of ameloblastic scpp genes in bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582990. [PMID: 35535508 PMCID: PMC9122587 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In bony vertebrates, skeletal mineralization relies on the secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (Scpp) family whose members are acidic extracellular proteins posttranslationally regulated by the Fam20°C kinase. As scpp genes are absent from the elephant shark genome, they are currently thought to be specific to bony fishes (osteichthyans). Here, we report a scpp gene present in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) that evolved from local tandem duplication of sparc-L 5′ exons and show that both genes experienced recent gene conversion in sharks. The elasmobranch scpp is remarkably similar to the osteichthyan scpp members as they share syntenic and gene structure features, code for a conserved signal peptide, tyrosine-rich and aspartate/glutamate-rich regions, and harbor putative Fam20°C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the catshark scpp is coexpressed with sparc-L and fam20°C in tooth and scale ameloblasts, similarly to some osteichthyan scpp genes. Despite these strong similarities, molecular clock and phylogenetic data demonstrate that the elasmobranch scpp gene originated independently from the osteichthyan scpp gene family. Our study reveals convergent events at the sparc-L locus in the two sister clades of jawed vertebrates, leading to parallel diversification of the skeletal biomineralization toolkit. The molecular evolution of sparc-L and its coexpression with fam20°C in catshark ameloblasts provides a unifying genetic basis that suggests that all convergent scpp duplicates inherited similar features from their sparc-L precursor. This conclusion supports a single origin for the hypermineralized outer odontode layer as produced by an ancestral developmental process performed by Sparc-L, implying the homology of the enamel and enameloid tissues in all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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28
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Deakin WJ, Anderson PSL, den Boer W, Smith TJ, Hill JJ, Rücklin M, Donoghue PCJ, Rayfield EJ. Increasing morphological disparity and decreasing optimality for jaw speed and strength during the radiation of jawed vertebrates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3644. [PMID: 35302857 PMCID: PMC8932669 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Siluro-Devonian adaptive radiation of jawed vertebrates, which underpins almost all living vertebrate biodiversity, is characterized by the evolutionary innovation of the lower jaw. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that the jaw evolved from a rostral gill arch, but when the jaw took on a feeding function remains unclear. We quantified the variety of form in the earliest jaws in the fossil record from which we generated a theoretical morphospace that we then tested for functional optimality. By drawing comparisons with the real jaw data and reconstructed jaw morphologies from phylogenetically inferred ancestors, our results show that the earliest jaw shapes were optimized for fast closure and stress resistance, inferring a predatory feeding function. Jaw shapes became less optimal for these functions during the later radiation of jawed vertebrates. Thus, the evolution of jaw morphology has continually explored previously unoccupied morphospace and accumulated disparity through time, laying the foundation for diverse feeding strategies and the success of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Deakin
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip S. L. Anderson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Wendy den Boer
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobiology, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jennifer J. Hill
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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29
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Wooding SP, Ramirez VA, Behrens M. Bitter taste receptors: Genes, evolution and health. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 9:431-447. [PMID: 35154779 PMCID: PMC8830313 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste perception plays vital roles in animal behavior and fitness. By signaling the presence of toxins in foods, particularly noxious defense compounds found in plants, it enables animals to avoid exposure. In vertebrates, bitter perception is initiated by TAS2Rs, a family of G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of taste buds. There, oriented toward the interior of the mouth, they monitor the contents of foods, drinks and other substances as they are ingested. When bitter compounds are encountered, TAS2Rs respond by triggering neural pathways leading to sensation. The importance of this role placed TAS2Rs under selective pressures in the course of their evolution, leaving signatures in patterns of gene gain and loss, sequence polymorphism, and population structure consistent with vertebrates' diverse feeding ecologies. The protective value of bitter taste is reduced in modern humans because contemporary food supplies are safe and abundant. However, this is not always the case. Some crops, particularly in the developing world, retain surprisingly high toxicity and bitterness remains an important measure of safety. Bitter perception also shapes health through its influence on preference driven behaviors such as diet choice, alcohol intake and tobacco use. Further, allelic variation in TAS2Rs is extensive, leading to individual differences in taste sensitivity that drive these behaviors, shaping susceptibility to disease. Thus, bitter taste perception occupies a critical intersection between ancient evolutionary processes and modern human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wooding
- Department of Anthropology and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Vicente A Ramirez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Maik Behrens
- Maik Behrens, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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30
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Pears JB, Tillett C, Tahara R, Larsson HCE, Boisvert CA. Imaging With the Past: Revealing the Complexity of Chimaeroid Pelvic Musculature Anatomy and Development. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.812561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyans are now widely adopted as models for examining the development and evolution of the stem gnathostome body plan. The fins of some cartilaginous fish are recognized for their plesiomorphic form and mode of muscular development, i.e., epithelial extension. Despite detailed molecular and descriptive examinations of these developmental mechanisms, there has been little contemporary examination of the ontogeny and morphology of the musculature in chondrichthyans including that of the paired fins. This gap represents a need for further examination of the developmental morphology of these appendicular musculatures to gain insight into their evolution in gnathostomes. The elephant shark is a Holocephalan, the sister group of all other chondrichthyans (Holocephali: Callorhinchus milii). Here, we use nano-CT imaging and 3D reconstructions to describe the development of the pelvic musculature of a growth series of elephant shark embryos. We also use historical descriptions from the nineteenth century and traditional dissection methods to describe the adult anatomy. This combined approach, using traditional methods and historical knowledge with modern imaging techniques, has enabled a more thorough examination of the anatomy and development of the pelvic musculature revealing that chimaeroid musculatures are more complex than previously thought. These data, when compared to extant and extinct sister taxa, are essential for interpreting and reconstructing fossil musculatures as well as understanding the evolution of paired fins.
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31
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Ward DL, Schroeder L, Tinius A, Niccoli S, Voth R, Lees SJ, Silcox M, Viola B, Sanzo P. Ovariectomized Rat Model and Shape Variation in the Bony Labyrinth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3283-3296. [PMID: 35103405 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a serious concern in aging individuals, but has not been explored for its potential to alter the shape of the inner ear by way of increased remodelling in the otic capsule. The otic capsule, or bony labyrinth, is thought to experience uniquely limited remodelling after development due to high levels of osteoprotegerin. On this basis, despite the widespread remodelling that accompanies osteoporosis, we hypothesize that both the shape and volume of the semicircular canals will resist such changes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted three-dimensional geometric morphometric shape analysis on microcomputed tomographic data collected on the semicircular canals of an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. A Procrustes ANOVA found no statistically significant differences in shape between surgery and sham groups, and morphological disparity testing likewise found no differences in shape variation. Univariate testing found no differences in semicircular volume between OVX and control groups. The range of variation in the OVX group, however, is greater than in the sham group but this difference does not reach statistical significance, perhaps because of a combination of small effect size and low sample size. This finding suggests that labyrinthine shape remains a tool for assessing phylogeny and function in the fossil record, but that it is possible that osteoporosis may be contributing to intraspecific shape variation in the bony labyrinth. This effect warrants further exploration at a microstructural level with continued focus on variables related to remodelling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L Ward
- University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Anthropology, Mississauga, Ontario
| | - Alexander Tinius
- University of Toronto, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sarah Niccoli
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario
| | - Riley Voth
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario
| | - Simon J Lees
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario
| | - Mary Silcox
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Anthropology, Scarborough, Ontario
| | - Bence Viola
- University of Toronto, Department of Anthropology, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Paolo Sanzo
- Lakehead University, Northern Ontario School of Medicine and School of Kinesiology, Thunder Bay, Ontario
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32
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Klug C, Lagnaoui A, Jobbins M, Bel Haouz W, Najih A. The swimming trace Undichna from the latest Devonian Hangenberg Sandstone equivalent of Morocco. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2021; 140:19. [PMID: 34777238 PMCID: PMC8550595 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-021-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trace fossils occur in several strata of the Devonian and Carboniferous of the eastern Anti-Atlas, but they are still poorly documented. Here, we describe a fossil swimming trace from strata overlying the Hangenberg Black Shale (correlation largely based on lithostratigraphy; Postclymenia ammonoid genozone, ca. 370 Ma old). We discuss the systematic position of the tracemaker and its body size. This ichnofossil is important for three main reasons: (1) it is considered here to be the first record of Undichna from the Devonian of Gondwana, as far as we know; (2) it is the oldest record of vertebrate trace fossils from Africa; (3) it provides a unique window into the behaviour of Late Devonian fishes for which body-fossils cannot provide direct evidence. Further, we put this discovery into the macroecological context of the palaeoenvironment following the Late Devonian Hangenberg biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut Und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdelouahed Lagnaoui
- Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory in Sciences, Education and Training, Higher School of Education and Training Berrechid (ESEFB), Hassan First University, Route de Casablanca Km 3.5, BP 539, 26100 Berrechid, Grand-Casablanca Morocco
- Working-Team On Geology of Mineral and Energy Resources, Research Laboratory Physico-Chemistry of Processes and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Route de Casablanca Km 3.5, BP 539, 26000 Settat, Grand-Casablanca Morocco
- Laboratory of Stratigraphy of Oil-and-Gas Bearing Reservoirs, Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Melina Jobbins
- Paläontologisches Institut Und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wahiba Bel Haouz
- Laboratory of Stratigraphy of Oil-and-Gas Bearing Reservoirs, Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008 Russian Federation
| | - Amine Najih
- Institut National Supérieur du Professorat Et de L’Éducation de L’Académie de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, 5 Rue Shirin Ebadi, 86073 Poitiers, France
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33
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Royle SR, Tabin CJ, Young JJ. Limb positioning and initiation: An evolutionary context of pattern and formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1264-1279. [PMID: 33522040 PMCID: PMC10623539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Before limbs or fins, can be patterned and grow they must be initiated. Initiation of the limb first involves designating a portion of lateral plate mesoderm along the flank as the site of the future limb. Following specification, a myriad of cellular and molecular events interact to generate a bud that will grow and form the limb. The past three decades has provided a wealth of understanding on how those events generate the limb bud and how variations in them result in different limb forms. Comparatively, much less attention has been given to the earliest steps of limb formation and what impacts altering the position and initiation of the limb have had on evolution. Here, we first review the processes and pathways involved in these two phases of limb initiation, as determined from amniote model systems. We then broaden our scope to examine how variation in the limb initiation module has contributed to biological diversity in amniotes. Finally, we review what is known about limb initiation in fish and amphibians, and consider what mechanisms are conserved across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Royle
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John J Young
- Department of Biology, Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Li Q, Zhu YA, Lu J, Chen Y, Wang J, Peng L, Wei G, Zhu M. A new Silurian fish close to the common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3613-3620.e2. [PMID: 34146483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Silurian Period occupies a pivotal stage in the unfolding of key evolutionary events, including the rise of jawed vertebrates.1-4 However, the understanding of this early diversification is often hampered by the patchy nature of the Silurian fossil record,5 with the articulated specimens of jawed vertebrates only known in isolated localities, most notably Qujing, Yunnan, China.6-9 Here, we report a new Silurian maxillate placoderm, Bianchengichthys micros, from the Ludlow of Chongqing, with a near-complete dermatoskeleton preserved in articulation. Although geographically separated, the new taxon resembles the previously reported Qilinyu in possessing a unique combination of dermatoskeletal characters. However, the dermal bone of the mandible in Bianchengichthys unexpectedly differs from those in both Qilinyu and Entelognathus and displays a broad oral lamina carrying a line of tooth-like denticles, in addition to the marginal toothless flange. The external morphology of the pectoral fin is preserved and reveals an extensively scale-covered lobate part, flanked by a fringe of lepidotrichia-like aligned scales. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that Bianchengichthys is positioned immediately below Entelognathus plus modern gnathostomes. The discovery significantly widens the distribution of Silurian placoderm-grade gnathostomes in South China and provides a range of morphological disparity for the outgroup comparison to the earliest evolution of jaws, dentitions, and pectoral fins in modern gnathostomes. We also demonstrate that the previously reported Silurian placoderms from central Vietnam10 are maxillate placoderms close to Qilinyu, Silurolepis, and Bianchengichthys, corroborating the paleogeographic proximity between the Indochina and South China blocks during the Middle Paleozoic.11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Exogenic Mineralization and Mine Environment, Chongqing 401120, China; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 401120, China; Qujing Normal University, Yunnan 655000, China
| | - You-An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Exogenic Mineralization and Mine Environment, Chongqing 401120, China; Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 401120, China
| | | | - Lijian Peng
- Qujing Normal University, Yunnan 655000, China
| | - Guangbiao Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Geological Survey, Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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35
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kuchryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Genome Duplications as the Basis of Vertebrates’ Evolutionary Success. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Witzmann F, Haridy Y, Hilger A, Manke I, Asbach P. Rarity of congenital malformation and deformity in the fossil record of vertebrates - A non-human perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 33:30-42. [PMID: 33647859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A malformed pectoral joint of the middle Devonian antiarch fish Asterolepis ornata is described, and a survey of congenital malformations in the fossil record is provided. MATERIALS The specimen of A. ornata (MB.f.73) from Ehrman in Latvia, stored at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. METHODS A. ornata was macroscopically and radiologically investigated, and the overview on congenital malformation was based on an extensive literature survey. RESULTS In the deformed joint of A. ornata, the articular surfaces and muscle attachment sites are greatly reduced, indicating restricted mobility. Congenital malformations can be found since the middle Silurian and affect all groups of vertebrates, but they are rare. Teeth and the vertebral column are the most commonly affected anatomical regions, and the mechanisms causing these malformations probably remained the same through geological time. CONCLUSIONS Micro-CT of the deformed joint shows no disturbance of the normal trabecular pattern and no evidence of trauma or disease, suggesting a congenital hypoplasia, although an acquired deformity cannot be ruled out completely. SIGNIFICANCE Congenital malformations, even those that are rare, were part of the common history of vertebrates for more than 400 million years. LIMITATIONS Epidemiologic measures like incidence and prevalence usually cannot be applied to define rare diseases in the fossil record. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH A broadly based analysis of species of fossil vertebrates with numerus recovered specimens (e.g. many bony fishes, amphibians, certain dinosaurs) might statistically affirm the occurrence of malformations and possible correlations with the paleoenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yara Haridy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - André Hilger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Asbach
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Ko D(J, Kelly T, Thompson L, Uppal JK, Rostampour N, Webb MA, Zhu N, Belev G, Mondal P, Cooper DML, Boughner JC. Timing of Mouse Molar Formation Is Independent of Jaw Length Including Retromolar Space. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9010008. [PMID: 33809066 PMCID: PMC8006249 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For humans and other mammals to eat effectively, teeth must develop properly inside the jaw. Deciphering craniodental integration is central to explaining the timely formation of permanent molars, including third molars which are often impacted in humans, and to clarifying how teeth and jaws fit, function and evolve together. A factor long-posited to influence molar onset time is the jaw space available for each molar organ to form within. Here, we tested whether each successive molar initiates only after a minimum threshold of space is created via jaw growth. We used synchrotron-based micro-CT scanning to assess developing molars in situ within jaws of C57BL/6J mice aged E10 to P32, encompassing molar onset to emergence. We compared total jaw, retromolar and molar lengths, and molar onset times, between upper and lower jaws. Initiation time and developmental duration were comparable between molar upper and lower counterparts despite shorter, slower-growing retromolar space in the upper jaw, and despite size differences between upper and lower molars. Timing of molar formation appears unmoved by jaw length including space. Conditions within the dental lamina likely influence molar onset much more than surrounding jaw tissues. We theorize that molar initiation is contingent on sufficient surface area for the physical reorganization of dental epithelium and its invagination of underlying mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy (Jihyung) Ko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Tess Kelly
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Lacey Thompson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Jasmene K. Uppal
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Nasim Rostampour
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Mark Adam Webb
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.A.W.); (N.Z.); (G.B.)
| | - Ning Zhu
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.A.W.); (N.Z.); (G.B.)
| | - George Belev
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.A.W.); (N.Z.); (G.B.)
| | - Prosanta Mondal
- Clinical Research Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
| | - Julia C. Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (D.K.); (T.K.); (L.T.); (J.K.U.); (N.R.); (D.M.L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Figueroa RT, Weinschütz LC, Friedman M. The oldest Devonian circumpolar ray-finned fish? Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200766. [PMID: 33715404 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes) are the most diverse group of living fishes, but have a sparse Devonian fossil record restricted to low palaeolatitudes. Here we report a new actinopterygian from the Paraná Basin of Brazil, which occupied a circumpolar position in the Palaeozoic. Available geological evidence supports a Middle Devonian or older age for this taxon, which shares features of the mandibular symphysis with the latest Devonian Tegeolepis. A phylogenetic analysis resolves these two as sister taxa. This new record expands the palaeogeographic distribution of Devonian ray-fins and suggests that gaps in their fossil record might be filled by exploring poorly sampled high-latitude localities within the Malvinokaffric Realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tinoco Figueroa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA.,Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
| | - Luiz Carlos Weinschütz
- Universidade do Contestado, Centro Paleontológico da Universidade do Contestado, Mafra, SC 89300-000, Brazil
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA.,Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA
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Endocast and Bony Labyrinth of a Devonian "Placoderm" Challenges Stem Gnathostome Phylogeny. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1112-1118.e4. [PMID: 33508218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the earliest evolution of jawed vertebrates depends on a credible phylogenetic framework for the jawed stem gnathostomes collectively known as "placoderms".1 However, their relationships, and whether placoderms represent a single radiation or a paraphyletic array, remain contentious.2-13 This uncertainty is compounded by an uneven understanding of anatomy across the group, particularly of the phylogenetically informative braincase and brain cavity-endocast. Based on new tomographic data, we here describe the endocast and bony labyrinth of Brindabellaspis stensioi from the Early Devonian of New South Wales.14 The taxon was commonly recovered as branching near the base of placoderms.5-9,11,12,15-17 Previous studies of Brindabellaspis emphasized its resemblances with fossil jawless fishes in the braincase anatomy14 and endocast proportions1,18 and its distinctive features were interpreted as autapomorphies, such as the elongated premedian region.19 Although our three-dimensional data confirmed the resemblance of its endocast to those of jawless vertebrates, we discovered that the inner ear and endolymphatic complex display a repertoire of previously unrecognized characters close to modern or crown-group jawed vertebrates, including a pronounced sinus superior and a vertical duct that connects the endolymphatic sac and the labyrinth cavity. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses suggest that prevailing hypotheses of placoderm relationships are unstable, with newly revealed anatomy pointing to a radical revision of early gnathostome evolution. Our results call into question the appropriateness of arthrodire-like placoderms as models of primitive gnathostome anatomy and raise questions of homology relating to key cranial features.
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40
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Stundl J, Bertucci PY, Lauri A, Arendt D, Bronner ME. Evolution of new cell types at the lateral neural border. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:173-205. [PMID: 33602488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, animals have become increasingly complex by the addition of novel cell types and regulatory mechanisms. A prime example is represented by the lateral neural border, known as the neural plate border in vertebrates, a region of the developing ectoderm where presumptive neural and non-neural tissue meet. This region has been intensively studied as the source of two important embryonic cell types unique to vertebrates-the neural crest and the ectodermal placodes-which contribute to diverse differentiated cell types including the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, bone, and cartilage. How did these multipotent progenitors originate in animal evolution? What triggered the elaboration of the border during the course of chordate evolution? How is the lateral neural border patterned in various bilaterians and what is its fate? Here, we review and compare the development and fate of the lateral neural border in vertebrates and invertebrates and we speculate about its evolutionary origin. Taken together, the data suggest that the lateral neural border existed in bilaterian ancestors prior to the origin of vertebrates and became a developmental source of exquisite evolutionary change that frequently enabled the acquisition of new cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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41
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Ott JA, Ohta Y, Flajnik MF, Criscitiello MF. Lost structural and functional inter-relationships between Ig and TCR loci in mammals revealed in sharks. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:17-33. [PMID: 33449123 PMCID: PMC7909615 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins and T cell receptors (TCR) have obvious structural similarities as well as similar immunogenetic diversification and selection mechanisms. Nevertheless, the two receptor systems and the loci that encode them are distinct in humans and classical murine models, and the gene segments comprising each repertoire are mutually exclusive. Additionally, while both B and T cells employ recombination-activating genes (RAG) for primary diversification, immunoglobulins are afforded a supplementary set of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-mediated diversification tools. As the oldest-emerging vertebrates sharing the same adaptive B and T cell receptor systems as humans, extant cartilaginous fishes allow a potential view of the ancestral immune system. In this review, we discuss breakthroughs we have made in studies of nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) T cell receptors demonstrating substantial integration of loci and diversification mechanisms in primordial B and T cell repertoires. We survey these findings in this shark model where they were first described, while noting corroborating examples in other vertebrate groups. We also consider other examples where the gnathostome common ancestry of the B and T cell receptor systems have allowed dovetailing of genomic elements and AID-based diversification approaches for the TCR. The cartilaginous fish seem to have retained this T/B cell plasticity to a greater extent than more derived vertebrate groups, but representatives in all vertebrate taxa except bony fish and placental mammals show such plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A Ott
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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42
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Ferrón HG, Martínez-Pérez C, Rahman IA, Selles de Lucas V, Botella H, Donoghue PCJ. Functional assessment of morphological homoplasy in stem-gnathostomes. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202719. [PMID: 33467997 PMCID: PMC7893270 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteostraci and Galeaspida are stem-gnathostomes, occupying a key phylogenetic position for resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor from which jawed vertebrates evolved more than 400 million years ago. Both groups are characterized by the presence of rigid headshields that share a number of common morphological traits, in some cases hindering the resolution of their interrelationships and the exact nature of their affinities with jawed vertebrates. Here, we explore the morphological and functional diversity of osteostracan and galeaspid headshields using geometric morphometrics and computational fluid dynamics to constrain the factors that promoted the evolution of their similar morphologies and informing on the ecological scenario under which jawed vertebrates emerged. Phylomorphospace, Mantel analysis and Stayton metrics demonstrate a high degree of homoplasy. Computational fluid dynamics reveals similar hydrodynamic performance among morphologically convergent species, indicating the independent acquisition of the same morphofunctional traits and, potentially, equivalent lifestyles. These results confirm that a number of the characters typically used to infer the evolutionary relationships among galeaspids, osteostracans and jawed vertebrates are convergent in nature, potentially obscuring understanding of the assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan. Ultimately, our results reveal that while the jawless relatives of the earliest jawed vertebrates were ecologically diverse, widespread convergence on the same hydrodynamic adaptations suggests they had reached the limits of their potential ecological diversity-overcome by jawed vertebrates and their later innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto G. Ferrón
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad i Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad i Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Imran A. Rahman
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Víctor Selles de Lucas
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Héctor Botella
- Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad i Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Jobbins M, Rücklin M, Argyriou T, Klug C. A large Middle Devonian eubrachythoracid 'placoderm' (Arthrodira) jaw from northern Gondwana. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2021; 140:2. [PMID: 33488510 PMCID: PMC7809001 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-020-00212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the understanding of the evolution of jawed vertebrates and jaws and teeth, 'placoderms' are crucial as they exhibit an impressive morphological disparity associated with the early stages of this process. The Devonian of Morocco is famous for its rich occurrences of arthrodire 'placoderms'. While Late Devonian strata are rich in arthrodire remains, they are less common in older strata. Here, we describe a large tooth-bearing jaw element of Leptodontichthys ziregensis gen. et sp. nov., an eubrachythoracid arthrodire from the Middle Devonian of Morocco. This species is based on a large posterior superognathal with a strong dentition. The jawbone displays features considered synapomorphies of Late Devonian eubrachythoracid arthrodires, with one posterior and one lateral row of conical teeth oriented postero-lingually. μCT-images reveal internal structures including pulp cavities and dentinous tissues. The posterior orientation of the teeth and the traces of a putative occlusal contact on the lingual side of the bone imply that these teeth were hardly used for feeding. Similar to Compagopiscis and Plourdosteus, functional teeth were possibly present during an earlier developmental stage and have been worn entirely. The morphological features of the jaw element suggest a close relationship with plourdosteids. Its size implies that the animal was rather large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Jobbins
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Argyriou
- UMR 7207 (MNHN – Sorbonne Université – CNRS) Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie, Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Okada K, Takada S. The second pharyngeal pouch is generated by dynamic remodeling of endodermal epithelium in zebrafish. Development 2020; 147:dev194738. [PMID: 33158927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal arches (PAs) are segmented by endodermal outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches (PPs). Anterior and posterior PAs appear to be generated by different mechanisms, but it is unclear how the anterior and posterior PAs combine. Here, we addressed this issue with precise live imaging of PP development and cell tracing of pharyngeal endoderm in zebrafish embryos. We found that two endodermal bulges are initially generated in the future second PP (PP2) region, which separates anterior and posterior PAs. Subsequently, epithelial remodeling causes contact between these two bulges, resulting in the formation of mature PP2 with a bilayered morphology. The rostral and caudal bulges develop into the operculum and gill, respectively. Development of the caudal PP2 and more posterior PPs is affected by impaired retinoic acid signaling or pax1a/b dysfunction, suggesting that the rostral front of posterior PA development corresponds to the caudal PP2. Our study clarifies an aspect of PA development that is essential for generation of a seamless array of PAs in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Okada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department for Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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45
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Ponczek MB, Shamanaev A, LaPlace A, Dickeson SK, Srivastava P, Sun MF, Gruber A, Kastrup C, Emsley J, Gailani D. The evolution of factor XI and the kallikrein-kinin system. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6135-6147. [PMID: 33351111 PMCID: PMC7757006 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a plasma protease (FXIa) that contributes to hemostasis by activating factor IX (FIX). In the original cascade model of coagulation, FXI is converted to FXIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), a component, along with prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). More recent coagulation models emphasize thrombin as a FXI activator, bypassing the need for FXIIa and the KKS. We took an evolutionary approach to better understand the relationship of FXI to the KKS and thrombin generation. BLAST searches were conducted for FXI, FXII, prekallikrein, and HK using genomes for multiple vertebrate species. The analysis shows the KKS appeared in lobe-finned fish, the ancestors of all land vertebrates. FXI arose later from a duplication of the prekallikrein gene early in mammalian evolution. Features of FXI that facilitate efficient FIX activation are present in all living mammals, including primitive egg-laying monotremes, and may represent enhancement of FIX-activating activity inherent in prekallikrein. FXI activation by thrombin is a more recent acquisition, appearing in placental mammals. These findings suggest FXI activation by FXIIa may be more important to hemostasis in primitive mammals than in placental mammals. FXI activation by thrombin places FXI partially under control of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation mechanism, reducing the importance of the KKS in blood coagulation. This would explain why humans with FXI deficiency have a bleeding abnormality, whereas those lacking components of the KKS do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał B Ponczek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandr Shamanaev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alec LaPlace
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - S Kent Dickeson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mao-Fu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
- Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR
| | - Christian Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Frey L, Coates MI, Tietjen K, Rücklin M, Klug C. A symmoriiform from the Late Devonian of Morocco demonstrates a derived jaw function in ancient chondrichthyans. Commun Biol 2020; 3:681. [PMID: 33203942 PMCID: PMC7672094 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Palaeozoic record of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, chimaeras, extinct relatives) and thus our knowledge of their anatomy and functional morphology is poor because of their predominantly cartilaginous skeletons. Here, we report a previously undescribed symmoriiform shark, Ferromirum oukherbouchi, from the Late Devonian of the Anti-Atlas. Computed tomography scanning reveals the undeformed shape of the jaws and hyoid arch, which are of a kind often used to represent primitive conditions for jawed vertebrates. Of critical importance, these closely fitting cartilages preclude the repeatedly hypothesized presence of a complete gill between mandibular and hyoid arches. We show that the jaw articulation is specialized and drives mandibular rotation outward when the mouth opens, and inward upon closure. The resultant eversion and inversion of the lower dentition presents a greater number of teeth to prey through the bite-cycle. This suggests an increased functional and ecomorphological disparity among chondrichthyans preceding and surviving the end-Devonian extinctions. Frey and colleagues describe a new fossil shark from the Late Devonian of Morocco in which the specialized jaw articulation is unusually well preserved. Biomechanical modelling reveals that the mandible rolled throughout its movement arc, engaging more of its tooth battery in a clutching bite action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frey
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael I Coates
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kristen Tietjen
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Boeger WA, Kritsky DC, Patella L, Bueno‐Silva M. Phylogenetic status and historical origins of the oviparous and viviparous gyrodactylids (Monogenoidea, Gyrodactylidea). ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Biological Interactions Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Brasília Brazil
| | - Delane C. Kritsky
- Department of Community & Public Health College of Health Professions Idaho State University Pocatello ID USA
| | - Luciana Patella
- Laboratory of Biological Interactions Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Brasília Brazil
| | - Marlus Bueno‐Silva
- Laboratory of Biological Interactions Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Brasília Brazil
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48
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The struggle to equilibrate outer and inner milieus: Renal evolution revisited. Ann Anat 2020; 233:151610. [PMID: 33065247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The journey of life, from primordial protoplasm to a complex vertebrate form, is a tale of survival against incessant alterations in climate, surface topography, food chain, and chemistry of the external environment. Kidneys present with an ensemble embodiment of the adaptations devised by diverse life-forms to cope with such challenges and maintain a chemical equilibrium of water and solutes, both in and outside the body. This minireview revisits renal evolution utilizing the classic: From Fish to Philosopher; the story of our internal environment, by Prof. Homer W. Smith (1895-1962) as a template. Prof. Smith's views exemplified the invention of glomeruli, or its abolishment, as a mechanism to filter water. Moreover, with the need to preserve water, as in reptiles, the loop of Henle was introduced to concentrate urine. When compared to smaller mammals, the larger ones, albeit having loops of Henle of similar lengths, demonstrated a distinct packing of the nephrons in kidneys. Moreover, the renal portal system degenerated in mammals, while still present in other vertebrates. This account will present with a critique of the current concepts of renal evolution while examining how various other factors, including the ones that we know more about now, such as genetic factors, synchronize to achieve renal development. Finally, it will try to assess the validity of ideas laid by Prof. Smith with the knowledge that we possess now, and understand the complex architecture that evolution has imprinted on the kidneys during its struggle to survive over epochs.
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Semple SL, Dixon B. Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E331. [PMID: 33050557 PMCID: PMC7599743 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is continuously threatened by infectious diseases, including those of bacterial origin. Regardless of the disease burden, aquaculture is already the main method for producing fish protein, having displaced capture fisheries. One attractive sector within this industry is the culture of salmonids, which are (a) uniquely under pressure due to overfishing and (b) the most valuable finfish per unit of weight. There are still knowledge gaps in the understanding of fish immunity, leading to vaccines that are not as effective as in terrestrial species, thus a common method to combat bacterial disease outbreaks is the use of antibiotics. Though effective, this method increases both the prevalence and risk of generating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To facilitate vaccine design and/or alternative treatment efforts, a deeper understanding of the teleost immune system is essential. This review highlights the current state of teleost antibacterial immunity in the context of salmonid aquaculture. Additionally, the success of current techniques/methods used to combat bacterial diseases in salmonid aquaculture will be addressed. Filling the immunology knowledge gaps highlighted here will assist in reducing aquaculture losses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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50
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Barske L, Fabian P, Hirschberger C, Jandzik D, Square T, Xu P, Nelson N, Yu HV, Medeiros DM, Gillis JA, Crump JG. Evolution of vertebrate gill covers via shifts in an ancient Pou3f3 enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24876-24884. [PMID: 32958671 PMCID: PMC7547273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011531117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the gill chambers of jawless vertebrates open directly into the environment, jawed vertebrates evolved skeletal appendages that drive oxygenated water unidirectionally over the gills. A major anatomical difference between the two jawed vertebrate lineages is the presence of a single large gill cover in bony fishes versus separate covers for each gill chamber in cartilaginous fishes. Here, we find that these divergent patterns correlate with the pharyngeal arch expression of Pou3f3 orthologs. We identify a deeply conserved Pou3f3 arch enhancer present in humans through sharks but undetectable in jawless fish. Minor differences between the bony and cartilaginous fish enhancers account for their restricted versus pan-arch expression patterns. In zebrafish, mutation of Pou3f3 or the conserved enhancer disrupts gill cover formation, whereas ectopic pan-arch Pou3f3b expression generates ectopic skeletal elements resembling the multimeric covers of cartilaginous fishes. Emergence of this Pou3f3 arch enhancer >430 Mya and subsequent modifications may thus have contributed to the acquisition and diversification of gill covers and respiratory strategies during gnathostome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Barske
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Peter Fabian
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | | | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tyler Square
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Nellie Nelson
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Haoze Vincent Yu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W. M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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