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Rahim S, Karim MM. The Elimination Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southeast Asia Region. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1704-1716. [PMID: 39162927 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by an intracellular parasite that is transmitted to humans by sandfly bites. It is prevalent throughout Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean area, where 147 million people are at risk of contracting the illness. The manifestation of heterotrophic illness relies on both Leishmania implicated and the host's immunological response, ranging from asymptomatic to severe leishmaniasis with potentially lethal effects. METHOD We reviewed the literature (published till 31st December 2023) on the worldwide situation of leishmaniasis, standard and novel detection techniques, and traditional and modern treatment strategies and endeavors to eliminate VL. Moreover, epidemiological data was collected from the World Health Organization's publicly available databases. GraphPad Prism Version 8 was used to analyze and produce figures based on the epidemiological data. RESULTS Diagnosis of parasites in tissues or serology is commonly employed. Diagnosis by identifying parasite DNA using molecular techniques is becoming more popular. Despite recent findings of L. donovani resistance to pentavalent antimoniate medications, it continues to be the cornerstone in the medical management of VL. Amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, injectable paromomycin, and oral miltefosine are among the new therapy options being researched. The number of reported VL cases has reduced remarkably over the last decade due to human interventions made to eliminate VL. Particularly countries from the South East Asian region have experienced momentous progress in reducing VL cases and eliminating this disease from this region. Owing to the robust elimination programs, countries such as Bangladesh has eliminated VL as a public health concern. India and Nepal are on the verge of its elimination. CONCLUSION Rapid diagnosis, effective and inexpensive treatment, simple access to newly discovered medications, appropriate vector control, and a well-designed vaccine are all required for the elimination of this disease burden in impoverished areas of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiur Rahim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Minter A, Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD. Using Passive Surveillance to Maintain Elimination as a Public Health Problem for Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Model-Based Exploration. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S169-S174. [PMID: 38662695 PMCID: PMC11088853 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great progress is being made toward the goal of elimination as a public health problem for neglected tropical diseases such as leprosy, human African trypanosomiasis, Buruli ulcer, and visceral leishmaniasis, which relies on intensified disease management and case finding. However, strategies for maintaining this goal are still under discussion. Passive surveillance is a core pillar of a long-term, sustainable surveillance program. METHODS We use a generic model of disease transmission with slow epidemic growth rates and cases detected through severe symptoms and passive detection to evaluate under what circumstances passive detection alone can keep transmission under control. RESULTS Reducing the period of infectiousness due to decreasing time to treatment has a small effect on reducing transmission. Therefore, to prevent resurgence, passive surveillance needs to be very efficient. For some diseases, the treatment time and level of passive detection needed to prevent resurgence is unlikely to be obtainable. CONCLUSIONS The success of a passive surveillance program crucially depends on what proportion of cases are detected, how much of their infectious period is reduced, and the underlying reproduction number of the disease. Modeling suggests that relying on passive detection alone is unlikely to be enough to maintain elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Minter
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford
| | - Graham F Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford
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3
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Rock KS, Chapman LAC, Dobson AP, Adams ER, Hollingsworth TD. The Hidden Hand of Asymptomatic Infection Hinders Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Modeling Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S175-S182. [PMID: 38662705 PMCID: PMC11045017 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in low-income populations. International efforts have reduced their global burden, but transmission is persistent and case-finding-based interventions rarely target asymptomatic individuals. METHODS We develop a generic mathematical modeling framework for analyzing the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent (VL), gambiense sleeping sickness (gHAT), and Chagas disease and use it to assess the possible contribution of asymptomatics who later develop disease (pre-symptomatics) and those who do not (non-symptomatics) to the maintenance of infection. Plausible interventions, including active screening, vector control, and reduced time to detection, are simulated for the three diseases. RESULTS We found that the high asymptomatic contribution to transmission for Chagas and gHAT and the apparently high basic reproductive number of VL may undermine long-term control. However, the ability to treat some asymptomatics for Chagas and gHAT should make them more controllable, albeit over relatively long time periods due to the slow dynamics of these diseases. For VL, the toxicity of available therapeutics means the asymptomatic population cannot currently be treated, but combining treatment of symptomatics and vector control could yield a quick reduction in transmission. CONCLUSIONS Despite the uncertainty in natural history, it appears there is already a relatively good toolbox of interventions to eliminate gHAT, and it is likely that Chagas will need improvements to diagnostics and their use to better target pre-symptomatics. The situation for VL is less clear, and model predictions could be improved by additional empirical data. However, interventions may have to improve to successfully eliminate this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd A C Chapman
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Alvar J, Beca-Martínez MT, Argaw D, Jain S, Aagaard-Hansen J. Social determinants of visceral leishmaniasis elimination in Eastern Africa. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012638. [PMID: 37380365 PMCID: PMC10410987 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, protozoan disease with severe public health implications. Following the successful implementation of an elimination programme in South Asia, there is now a concerted endeavour to replicate these efforts in Eastern Africa based on the five essential elimination pillars of case management, integrated vector management, effective surveillance, social mobilisation and operational research. This article highlights how key social determinants (SD) of health (poverty, sociocultural factors and gender, housing and clustering, migration and the healthcare system) operate at five different levels (socioeconomic context and position, differential exposure, differential vulnerability, differential outcomes and differential consequences). These SD should be considered within the context of increasing the success of the five-pillar elimination programme and reducing inequity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- Social Medicine, Royal Academy of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Argaw
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, GE, Switzerland
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, GE, Switzerland
| | - Jens Aagaard-Hansen
- Health Promotion, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region, Denmark
- Health Research, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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5
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Dial NJ, Croft SL, Chapman LAC, Terris-Prestholt F, Medley GF. Challenges of using modelling evidence in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in India. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001049. [PMID: 36962829 PMCID: PMC10021829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As India comes closer to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem, surveillance efforts and elimination targets must be continuously revised and strengthened. Mathematical modelling is a compelling research discipline for informing policy and programme design in its capacity to project incidence across space and time, the likelihood of achieving benchmarks, and the impact of different interventions. To gauge the extent to which modelling informs policy in India, this qualitative analysis explores how and whether policy makers understand, value, and reference recently produced VL modelling research. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with both users- and producers- of VL modelling research, guided by a knowledge utilisation framework grounded in knowledge translation theory. Participants reported that barriers to knowledge utilisation include 1) scepticism that models accurately reflect transmission dynamics, 2) failure of modellers to apply their analyses to specific programme operations, and 3) lack of accountability in the process of translating knowledge to policy. Political trust and support are needed to translate knowledge into programme activities, and employment of a communication intermediary may be a necessary approach to improve this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Dial
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Terris-Prestholt
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Elimination Setting: A Validation Study of the Diagnostic Algorithm in India. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030670. [PMID: 35328223 PMCID: PMC8947297 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is on the verge of elimination on the Indian subcontinent. Nonetheless, the currently low VL-incidence setting brings along new challenges, one of which is the validity of the diagnostic algorithm, based on a combination of suggestive clinical symptoms in combination with a positive rK39 Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). With this study, we aimed to assess the positive predictive value of the diagnostic algorithm in the current low-endemic setting in India by re-assessing newly diagnosed VL patients with a qPCR analysis on venous blood as the reference test. In addition, we evaluated the specificity of the rK39 RDT by testing non-VL cases with the rK39 RDT. Participants were recruited in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. VL patients diagnosed based on the diagnostic algorithm were recruited through six primary health care centers (PHCs); non-VL cases were identified through a door-to-door survey in currently endemic, previously endemic, and non-endemic clusters, and tested with rK39 RDT, as well as—if positive—with qPCR on peripheral blood. We found that 95% (70/74; 95% CI 87–99%) of incident VL cases diagnosed at the PHC level using the current diagnostic algorithm were confirmed by qPCR. Among 15,422 non-VL cases, 39 were rK39 RDT positive, reflecting a specificity of the test of 99.7% (95% CI 99.7–99.8%). The current diagnostic algorithm combining suggestive clinical features with a positive rK39 RDT still seems valid in the current low-endemic setting in India.
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Rahman KM, Olsen A, Harley D, Samarawickrema IVM, Butler CD, Zahid K, Sumon SA, Mondal D, Luby SP, Sleigh AC. Early diagnosis of kala-azar in Bangladesh: Findings from a population based mixed methods research informing the post-elimination era. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102421. [PMID: 34280530 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global annual reports of visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar ("black fever") reduced from 200,000 cases in 2012 to 23,804 in 2015. India, Bangladesh and Nepal reported 80% of the global cases in 2012, but 39% in 2015. We sought to identify major amenable barriers to early diagnosis of kala-azar in peripheral areas of Mymensingh district, an area of Bangladesh that was highly endemic for kala-azar. METHODS We conducted sequential exploratory mixed methods research. Qualitative data were first derived from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions among 29 patients diagnosed with kala-azar, their families, and neighbours. Preliminary results from qualitative analysis were used to design a structured questionnaire, which was administered to collect data on the processes leading to the diagnosis of kala-azar from 102 patients. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated consistent with the chronology for kala-azar patients seeking care. The study was conducted from September 2011 to May 2012 in Fulbaria and Gaffargaon sub-districts of Mymensingh. RESULTS The median delay from fever onset to confirmatory diagnosis of kala-azar was 60 days, with 38% of the cases diagnosed within 30 days. Public health facilities and Gaffargaon sub-district achieved high proportions of early diagnosis. Individual barriers to early diagnosis were low awareness of symptoms and treatment facilities, poverty, and traditional beliefs. Other factors were the remoteness of health care centres, wet season transport difficulty, mis-diagnosis as typhoid, limited availability of rK-39 testing at the community level, and the inclusion of splenomegaly in the case definition. CONCLUSIONS Targeted community awareness campaigns appropriate for underprivileged communities will increase care seeking and consequently diagnosis. Improved diagnostic guidelines and a strong referral chain for kala-azar will accelerate diagnosis. These steps will contribute significantly to the National Kala-azar Elimination Program of Bangladesh, especially during the post-elimination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Mizanur Rahman
- North Coast Public Health Unit, New South Wales Health, Lismore, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anna Olsen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David Harley
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Colin D Butler
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Khandaker Zahid
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Amin Sumon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrian C Sleigh
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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8
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Dixit KK, Ramesh V, Gupta R, Negi NS, Singh R, Salotra P. Real-Time Fluorimetry Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis and as a Tool for Assessment of Cure for Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2097-2107. [PMID: 33872204 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the dwindling number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in India, there is an urgent need for early and unequivocal diagnostics for controlling and preventing the reemergence of VL. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a dermal sequela of VL, serves as a reservoir of the parasite. Diagnosis of PKDL, especially the macular variant, is challenging and poses impediment toward attainment of VL elimination. In this study, a real-time fluorimetry loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RealAmp) assay has been established for the detection of different clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis. The study included 150 leishmaniasis patients (25 VL, 25 cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL], and 100-PKDL) along with 120 controls. The assay demonstrated sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 86.68-100) for diagnosis of VL and PKDL (95% CI: 79.61-100) and 96% (95% CI: 86.68-100) for CL with 100% specificity. Moreover, considering the cardinal role of PKDL, diagnosis using minimally invasive slit aspirate was explored, which demonstrated remarkable sensitivity of 96% (95% CI: 87.64-98.47). As a test of cure for PKDL, RealAmp successfully detected parasite in two of posttreatment cases who later reported relapse on follow-up. Also, direct sample lysis using slit aspirate was attempted in a small group that yielded sensitivity of 89% (95% CI: 67.20-96.90). RealAmp depicted excellent diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in concordance with the established SYBR Green I-based visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and the reference comparator real-time PCR. The study endorsed the employment of LAMP either as visual-LAMP or RealAmp for an accurate and expeditious diagnosis of PKDL and as a tool for assessment of cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Kaumudee Dixit
- 1ICMR-National Institute of Pathology (NIOP), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,2Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - V Ramesh
- 3Department of Dermatology and STD, Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratan Gupta
- 4Department of Paediatrics, Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Singh Negi
- 5Department of Medicine, Safdarjung Hospital, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- 1ICMR-National Institute of Pathology (NIOP), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- 1ICMR-National Institute of Pathology (NIOP), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Dubey P, Das A, Priyamvada K, Bindroo J, Mahapatra T, Mishra PK, Kumar A, Franco AO, Rooj B, Sinha B, Pradhan S, Banerjee I, Kumar M, Bano N, Kumar C, Prasad C, Chakraborty P, Kumar R, Kumar N, Kumar A, Singh AK, Kundan K, Babu S, Shah H, Karthick M, Roy N, Gill NK, Dwivedi S, Chaudhuri I, Hightower AW, Chapman LAC, Singh C, Sharma MP, Dhingra N, Bern C, Srikantiah S. Development and Evaluation of Active Case Detection Methods to Support Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination in India. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:648903. [PMID: 33842396 PMCID: PMC8024686 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.648903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As India moves toward the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem, comprehensive timely case detection has become increasingly important, in order to reduce the period of infectivity and control outbreaks. During the 2000s, localized research studies suggested that a large percentage of VL cases were never reported in government data. However, assessments conducted from 2013 to 2015 indicated that 85% or more of confirmed cases were eventually captured and reported in surveillance data, albeit with significant delays before diagnosis. Based on methods developed during these assessments, the CARE India team evolved new strategies for active case detection (ACD), applicable at large scale while being sufficiently effective in reducing time to diagnosis. Active case searches are triggered by the report of a confirmed VL case, and comprise two major search mechanisms: 1) case identification based on the index case's knowledge of other known VL cases and searches in nearby houses (snowballing); and 2) sustained contact over time with a range of private providers, both formal and informal. Simultaneously, house-to-house searches were conducted in 142 villages of 47 blocks during this period. We analyzed data from 5030 VL patients reported in Bihar from January 2018 through July 2019. Of these 3033 were detected passively and 1997 via ACD (15 (0.8%) via house-to-house and 1982 (99.2%) by light touch ACD methods). We constructed multinomial logistic regression models comparing time intervals to diagnosis (30-59, 60-89 and ≥90 days with <30 days as the referent). ACD and younger age were associated with shorter time to diagnosis, while male sex and HIV infection were associated with longer illness durations. The advantage of ACD over PCD was more marked for longer illness durations: the adjusted odds ratios for having illness durations of 30-59, 60-89 and >=90 days compared to the referent of <30 days for ACD vs PCD were 0.88, 0.56 and 0.42 respectively. These ACD strategies not only reduce time to diagnosis, and thus risk of transmission, but also ensure that there is a double check on the proportion of cases actually getting captured. Such a process can supplement passive case detection efforts that must go on, possibly perpetually, even after elimination as a public health problem is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushkar Dubey
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Aritra Das
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Khushbu Priyamvada
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Joy Bindroo
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Tanmay Mahapatra
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Prabhas Kumar Mishra
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Ankur Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Ana O. Franco
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Basab Rooj
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Bikas Sinha
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Sreya Pradhan
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Indranath Banerjee
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Manash Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Nasreen Bano
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Chandan Prasad
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Parna Chakraborty
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Kumar Kundan
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Sunil Babu
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Hemant Shah
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Morchan Karthick
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Nupur Roy
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Gill
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Dwivedi
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | - Indrajit Chaudhuri
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
| | | | - Lloyd A C. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chandramani Singh
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | - Neeraj Dhingra
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Caryn Bern
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sridhar Srikantiah
- Bihar Technical Support Program, CARE-India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, India
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10
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Trigo BB, Oliveira-Rovai FMD, Milanesi M, Ito PKRK, Utsunomiya YT, Lopes FL, Paulan SDC, Nunes CM. In silico and in vitro evaluation of primers for molecular differentiation of Leishmania species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e022020. [PMID: 33729316 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120201078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by over 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infection is commonly spread by sandflies and produces a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms. Therefore, from an epidemiological and therapeutic standpoint, it is important to detect and differentiate Leishmania spp. The objective of this study was to combinate in silico and in vitro strategies to evaluate the analytical specificity of primers previously described in the literature. According to electronic PCR (e-PCR) analysis, 23 out of 141 pairs of primers selected through literature search matched their previously reported analytical specificity. In vitro evaluation of nine of these primer pairs by quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed the analytical specificity of five of them at the level of Leishmania spp., L. mexicana complex or Leishmania and Viannia subgenera. Based on these findings, the combination of e-PCR and qPCR is suggested to be a valuable approach to maximize the specificity of new primer pairs for the laboratory diagnosis of infections with Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Batista Trigo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Marco Milanesi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil.,Centro Colaborador da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica - IAEA em Genômica Animal e Bioinformática, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Yuri Tani Utsunomiya
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil.,Centro Colaborador da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica - IAEA em Genômica Animal e Bioinformática, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Lombardi Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Silvana de Cássia Paulan
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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11
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Coffeng LE, Le Rutte EA, Muñoz J, Adams ER, Prada JM, de Vlas SJ, Medley GF. Impact of Changes in Detection Effort on Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S546-S553. [PMID: 31841593 PMCID: PMC7289545 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on the Indian subcontinent relies on prompt detection and treatment of symptomatic cases. Detection efforts influence the observed VL incidence and how well it reflects the underlying true incidence. As control targets are defined in terms of observed cases, there is an urgent need to understand how changes in detection delay and population coverage of improved detection affect VL control. Methods Using a mathematical model for transmission and control of VL, we predict the impact of reduced detection delays and/or increased population coverage of the detection programs on observed and true VL incidence and mortality. Results Improved case detection, either by higher coverage or reduced detection delay, causes an initial rise in observed VL incidence before a reduction. Relaxation of improved detection may lead to an apparent temporary (1 year) reduction in VL incidence, but comes with a high risk of resurging infection levels. Duration of symptoms in detected cases shows an unequivocal association with detection effort. Conclusions VL incidence on its own is not a reliable indicator of the performance of case detection programs. Duration of symptoms in detected cases can be used as an additional marker of the performance of case detection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Muñoz
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Dial NJ, Medley GF, Croft SL, Mahapatra T, Priyamvada K, Sinha B, Palmer L, Terris-Prestholt F. Costs and outcomes of active and passive case detection for visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) to inform elimination strategies in Bihar, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009129. [PMID: 33534836 PMCID: PMC7886142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective case identification strategies are fundamental to capturing the remaining visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in India. To inform government strategies to reach and sustain elimination benchmarks, this study presents costs of active- and passive- case detection (ACD and PCD) strategies used in India's most VL-endemic state, Bihar, with a focus on programme outcomes stratified by district-level incidence. METHODS Expenditure analysis was complemented by onsite micro-costing to compare the cost of PCD in hospitals alongside index case-based ACD and a combination of blanket (house-to-house) and camp ACD from January to December 2018. From the provider's perspective, a cost analysis evaluated the overall programme cost of each activity, the cost per case detected, and the cost of scaling up ACD. RESULTS During 2018, index case-based ACD, blanket and camp ACD, and PCD reported 1,497, 131, and 1,983 VL-positive cases at a unit cost of $522.81, $4,186.81, and $246.79, respectively. In high endemic districts, more VL cases were identified through PCD while in meso- and low-endemic districts more cases were identified through ACD. The cost of scaling up ACD to identify 3,000 additional cases ranged from $1.6-4 million, depending on the extent to which blanket and camp ACD was relied upon. CONCLUSION Cost per VL test conducted (rather than VL-positive case identified) may be a better metric estimating unit costs to scale up ACD in Bihar. As more VL cases were identified in meso-and low-endemic districts through ACD than PCD, health authorities in India should consider bolstering ACD in these areas. Blanket and camp ACD identified fewer cases at a higher unit cost than index case-based ACD. However, the value of detecting additional VL cases early outweighs long-term costs for reaching and sustaining VL elimination benchmarks in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Dial
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanmay Mahapatra
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Bikas Sinha
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Fern Terris-Prestholt
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Gao Y, Liu H, Zhang C, Su S, Chen Y, Chen X, Li Y, Shao Z, Zhang Y, Shao Q, Li J, Huang Z, Ma J, Gan J. Structural basis for guide RNA trimming by RNase D ribonuclease in Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:568-583. [PMID: 33332555 PMCID: PMC7797062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with kinetoplastid parasites, including Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Leishmania can cause serious disease in humans. Like other kinetoplastid species, mRNAs of these disease-causing parasites must undergo posttranscriptional editing in order to be functional. mRNA editing is directed by gRNAs, a large group of small RNAs. Similar to mRNAs, gRNAs are also precisely regulated. In T. brucei, overexpression of RNase D ribonuclease (TbRND) leads to substantial reduction in the total gRNA population and subsequent inhibition of mRNA editing. However, the mechanisms regulating gRNA binding and cleavage by TbRND are not well defined. Here, we report a thorough structural study of TbRND. Besides Apo- and NMP-bound structures, we also solved one TbRND structure in complexed with single-stranded RNA. In combination with mutagenesis and in vitro cleavage assays, our structures indicated that TbRND follows the conserved two-cation-assisted mechanism in catalysis. TbRND is a unique RND member, as it contains a ZFD domain at its C-terminus. In addition to T. brucei, our studies also advanced our understanding on the potential gRNA degradation pathway in T. cruzi, Leishmania, as well for as other disease-associated parasites expressing ZFD-containing RNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Gao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hehua Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shichen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiwei Shao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiyuan Shao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jixi Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianhua Gan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Analysis of the IGS rRNA Region and Applicability for Leishmania ( V.) braziliensis Characterization. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8885070. [PMID: 33083046 PMCID: PMC7559751 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8885070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative species is an important factor influencing the evolution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Due to its wide distribution in endemic areas, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is considered one of the most important species in circulation in Brazil. Molecular targets derived from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were used in studies to identify Leishmania spp.; however, the Intergenic Spacer (IGS) region has not yet been explored in parasite species differentiation. Besides, there is a shortage of sequences deposited in public repositories for this region. Thus, it was proposed to analyze and provide sequences of the IGS rRNA region from different Leishmania spp. and to evaluate their potential as biomarkers to characterize L. braziliensis. A set of primers was designed for complete amplification of the IGS rRNA region of Leishmania spp. PCR products were submitted to Sanger sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned and analyzed for size and similarity, as well as deposited in GenBank. Characteristics of the repetitive elements (IGSRE) present in the IGS rRNA were also verified. In addition, a set of primers for L. braziliensis identification for qPCR was developed and optimized. Sensitivity (S), specificity (σ), and efficiency (ε) tests were applied. It was found that the mean size for the IGS rRNA region is 3 kb, and the similarity analysis of the sequences obtained demonstrated high conservation among the species. It was observed that the size for the IGSRE repetitive region varies between 61 and 71 bp, and there is a high identity between some species. Fifteen sequences generated for the IGS rRNA partial region of nine different species were deposited in GenBank so far. The specific primer system for L. braziliensis showed S = 10 fg, ε = 98.08%, and logσ = 103 for Leishmania naiffi; logσ = 104 for Leishmania guyanensis; and logσ = 105 for Leishmania shawi. This protocol system can be used for diagnosis, identification, and quantification of a patient's parasite load, aiding in the direction of a more appropriate therapeutic management to the cases of infection by this etiological agent. Besides that, the unpublished sequences deposited in databases can be used for multiple analyses in different contexts.
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15
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Geerts M, Van Reet N, Leyten S, Berghmans R, S Rock K, Ht Coetzer T, E-A Eyssen L, Büscher P. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-iELISA: a promising new test for the post-elimination monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2477-e2483. [PMID: 32856049 PMCID: PMC8563279 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) for elimination as a public health problem and for elimination of transmission. To measure gHAT elimination success with prevalences close to zero, highly specific diagnostics are necessary. Such a test exists in the form of an antibody-mediated complement lysis test, the trypanolysis test, but biosafety issues and technological requirements prevent its large-scale use. We developed an inhibition ELISA with high specificity and sensitivity that is applicable in regional laboratories in gHAT endemic countries. Methods The T. b. gambiense inhibition ELISA (g-iELISA) is based on the principle that binding of monoclonal antibodies to specific epitopes of T. b. gambiense surface glycoproteins can be inhibited by circulating antibodies of gHAT patients directed against the same epitopes. Using trypanolysis as reference test, the diagnostic accuracy of the g-iELISA was evaluated on plasma samples from 739 gHAT patients and 619 endemic controls and on dried blood spots prepared with plasma of 95 gHAT and 37 endemic controls. Results Overall sensitivity and specificity on plasma were, respectively, 98.0% (95% CI 96.7–98.9) and 99.5% (95% CI 98.6–99.9). With dried blood spots, sensitivity was 92.6% (95% CI 85.4–97.0), and specificity was 100% (95% CI 90.5–100.0). The g-iELISA is stable for at least 8 months when stored at 2–8°C. Conclusion The g-iELISA might largely replace trypanolysis for monitoring gHAT elimination and for postelimination surveillance. The g-iELISA kit is available for evaluation in reference laboratories in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Geerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sander Leyten
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Raf Berghmans
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Ht Coetzer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lauren E-A Eyssen
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Zhou Z, Lyu S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li S, Zhou XN. Visceral Leishmaniasis - China, 2015-2019. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:625-628. [PMID: 34594724 PMCID: PMC8392957 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2020.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important vector-borne disease in rural areas of western China. The spreading of VL made its prevention and control become more complicated. What is added by this report? The number of VL cases decreased from 2015 (n=498) to 2019 (n=166). However, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) cases increased from 2015 (n=82, 16.5%) to 2019 (n=122, 73.5%). In addition, both number and proportion of imported cases increased from 2015 (n=18, 3.6%) to 2019 (n=41, 24.7%). The re-emergence of MT-ZVL was considerable; 13 historically-endemic counties reported 48 indigenous cases. Infants and young children were the high risk population of VL (848, 62.4%) followed by farmers (303, 22.3%). What are the implications for public health practice? Both MT-ZVL and imported cases showed an increasing trend in China. Therefore, two actions are needed to control VL: 1) to prevent re-emergence and spreading of MT-ZVL; and 2) to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment to avoid fatal VL cases, especially in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lyu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Long-term incidence of relapse and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis after three different visceral leishmaniasis treatment regimens in Bihar, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008429. [PMID: 32687498 PMCID: PMC7392342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few prospective data exist on incidence of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) relapse after different treatment regimens. Methodology/Principal findings A Phase IV trial included 1761 VL patients treated between 2012–2014 with single dose AmBisome (SDA; N = 891), miltefosine-paromomycin (Milt-PM; n = 512), or AmBisome-miltefosine (AmB-Milt; n = 358). Follow-up for PKDL and VL relapse was scheduled for 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment, lasting until 2017. Patients with lesions consistent with PKDL were tested by rK39 rapid test, and if positive, underwent skin-snip sampling, smear microscopy and PCR. Probable PKDL was defined by consistent lesions and positive rK39; confirmed PKDL required additional positive microscopy or PCR. PKDL and relapse incidence density were calculated by VL treatment and risk factors evaluated in Cox proportional hazards models. Among 1,750 patients who completed treatment, 79 had relapse and 104 PKDL. Relapse incidence density was 1.58, 2.08 and 0.40 per 1000 person-months for SDA, AmB-Milt and Milt-PM, respectively. PKDL incidence density was 1.29, 1.45 and 2.65 per 1000 person-months for SDA, AmB-Milt and Milt-PM. In multivariable models, patients treated with Milt-PM had lower relapse but higher PKDL incidence than those treated with SDA; AmB-Milt rates were not significantly different from those for SDA. Children <12 years were at higher risk for both outcomes; females had a higher risk of PKDL but not relapse. Conclusions/Significance Active surveillance for PKDL and relapse, followed by timely treatment, is essential to sustain the achievements of VL elimination programs in the Indian sub-continent. Efforts to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent have had an unprecedented impact on the number of cases over the past decade, however, the disease is known to be cyclical and previous periods of low incidence have been followed by a major resurgence. The disease is thought to be maintained between epidemics as post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a skin disease affecting 5 to 15% of apparently cured VL patients in the Indian subcontinent. PKDL is difficult to cure and since PKDL patients are not systemically ill, they seldom seek treatment, meaning that PKDL is likely to be a major obstacle to elimination. A key question is how different VL treatment regimens affect the risk of subsequent PKDL. We followed-up a cohort of more than 1700 patients treated with three different drug regimens in an effectiveness trial in Bihar and found that patients treated with miltefosine-paromomycin had a lower risk of relapse but higher PKDL incidence, while AmBisome treated patients had the reverse pattern. In order to sustain the gains already made, active surveillance for PKDL and relapse is essential, along with timely treatment, and new VL treatment regimens that avoid future PKDL are needed.
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Zhou ZB, Wang JY, Gao CH, Han S, Li YY, Zhang Y, Zhou XN. Contributions of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases to the control of visceral leishmaniasis in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 110:185-216. [PMID: 32563325 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania spp. is an important vector-borne disease prevalent in China. VL was rampant in the vast area of China north of the Yangtze River before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a result of strenuous interventions, the disease was basically eliminated in most of the former epidemic areas in 1958-60. At present, only sporadic cases occur in the western regions of China. In the process, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at China CDC and the Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research (NIPD-CTDR) have achieved great impact in controlling the diseases as well as in research on Leishmania spp. This review summarized the contribution of experts from NIPD-CTDR to the control and elimination of VL in various aspects, such as understanding the epidemiological features of VL, confirmation of VL vectors and their distribution, development of control tools including diagnostics and insecticides, monitoring and evaluation supported by information management, technical supports to the control programmes, as well as analysis of the challenges faced. At the same time, it puts forward constructive suggestions for the ultimate interruption of VL transmission in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Gao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Leishmaniasis immunopathology-impact on design and use of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:247-264. [PMID: 32152715 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease complex caused by 20 species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. In humans, it has two main clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous or tegumentary leishmaniasis (CL), as well as several other cutaneous manifestations in a minority of cases. In the mammalian host Leishmania parasites infect different populations of macrophages where they multiply and survive in the phagolysosomal compartment. The progression of both VL and CL depends on the maintenance of a parasite-specific immunosuppressive state based around this host macrophage infection. The complexity and variation of immune responses and immunopathology in humans and the different host interactions of the different Leishmania species has an impact upon the effectiveness of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs.
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Zhang G, Zhong J, Wang T, Zhong L. A case of visceral leishmaniasis found by left oblique hernia: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2697-2701. [PMID: 32256751 PMCID: PMC7086162 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania protozoa. Since sporadic cases of this disease are noted in non-endemic areas and are associated with a limited outbreak, the disease is easily overlooked. In addition, other illnesses exhibit similar symptoms. It is difficult for clinicians to establish an accurate diagnosis and develop effective treatments for this disease. The present study reported a case of a 25-year-old young man admitted to the hospital due to oblique hernia. The case was diagnosed as VL. The patient presented with persistent night sweats and fatigue as described in his admission history. However, the body temperature was normal. Routine examination revealed that the patient exhibited chronic hepatitis B infection, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, significant plasma cell infiltration in bone marrow aspirate and hypergammaglobulinemia. The retrospective analysis of the present case can improve the diagnostic accuracy and treatment rate of VL in non-epidemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200001, P.R. China
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21
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Bott E, López MG, Lammel EM, Carfagna IE, Durante de Isola EL, Ruybal P, Taboga O, Gimenez G, Belaunzarán ML. Cellular localization, cloning and expression of Leishmania braziliensis Phospholipase A 1. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:104010. [PMID: 32004623 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by several species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and represents an important global health problem. Leishmania braziliensis in particular is responsible of cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of this parasitosis, with prevalence in Latin America. In the present work, we describe in L. braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes the presence of a Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity, an enzyme that catalyses extensive deacylation of phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine. In order to deepen the knowledge about L. braziliensis PLA1, the cloning and expression of the gene that codifies for this enzyme was carried out in a baculovirus expression system with the obtaintion of a purified recombinant protein that displayed PLA1 activity. Given that this is the first molecular and functional protein characterization of a PLA1 in the Leishmania genus, we also performed a phylogenetic analysis of this gene throughout 12 species whose genome sequences were available. The results presented here will contribute to increase the knowledge about trypanosome phospholipases, which could be novel and valuable as potential targets to fight neglected diseases like Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Bott
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela López
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela María Lammel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivanna Emilce Carfagna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elvira Luisa Durante de Isola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Taboga
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Biotecnología, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Belaunzarán
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kumar A, Saurabh S, Jamil S, Kumar V. Intensely clustered outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in a setting of seasonal migration in a village of Bihar, India. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:10. [PMID: 31906924 PMCID: PMC6945436 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A visceral leishmaniasis outbreak was reported from a village in a low-endemic district of Bihar, India. Methods Outbreak investigation with house-to-house search and rapid test of kala-azar suspects and contacts was carried out. Sandfly collection and cone bio-assay was done as part of entomological study. Results A spatially and temporally clustered kala-azar outbreak was found at Kosra village in Sheikhpura district with 70 cases reported till December 2018. Delay of more than a year was found between diagnosis and treatment of the index case. The southern hamlet with socio-economically disadvantaged migrant population was several times more affected than rest of the village (attack rate of 19.0% vs 0.5% respectively, ORMH = 39.2, 95% CI 18.2–84.4). The median durations between onset of fever to first contact with any health services, onset to kala-azar diagnosis, diagnosis to treatment were 10 days (IQR 4–18), 30 days (IQR 17–73) and 1 day (IQR 0.5 to 3), respectively, for 50 kala-azar cases assessed till June 2017. Three-fourths of these kala-azar cases had out-of-pocket medical expenditure for their condition. Known risk factors for kala-azar such as illiteracy, poverty, belonging to socially disadvantaged community, migration, residing in kutcha houses, sleeping in rooms with unplastered walls and non-use of mosquito nets were present in majority of these cases. Only half the dwellings of the kala-azar cases were fully sprayed. Fully gravid female P. argentipes collected post indoor residual spraying (IRS) and low sandfly mortality on cone-bioassay indicated poor effectiveness of vector control. Conclusions There is need to focus on low-endemic areas of kala-azar. The elimination programme should implement a routine framework for kala-azar outbreak response. Complete case-finding, use of quality-compliant insecticide and coverage of all sprayable surfaces in IRS could help interrupt transmission during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Control officer - Sheikhpura district, Health Department, Government of Bihar, India. Currently, Chief Medical Officer - Arwal district, Health Department, Government of Bihar, Sheikhpura, India
| | - Suman Saurabh
- Zonal Coordinator - Neglected Tropical Diseases, Muzaffarpur, World Health Organization - India. Currently, Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) - Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India.
| | - Sarosh Jamil
- Zonal Coordinator - Neglected Tropical Diseases, Bhagalpur, World Health Organization - India. Currently, State Coordinator - Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization - India, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Consultant and Ex-Scientist E, Department of Vector Biology & Control, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Patna, India
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23
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Le Rutte EA, Chapman LAC, Coffeng LE, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Olliaro PL, Adams ER, Hasker EC, Boelaert MC, Hollingsworth TD, Medley GF, de Vlas SJ. Policy Recommendations From Transmission Modeling for the Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:S301-S308. [PMID: 29860292 PMCID: PMC5982727 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and 5 countries in the Indian subcontinent for elimination as a public health problem. To achieve this target, the WHO has developed guidelines consisting of 4 phases of different levels of interventions, based on vector control through indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) and active case detection (ACD). Mathematical transmission models of VL are increasingly used for planning and assessing the efficacy of interventions and evaluating the intensity and timescale required to achieve the elimination target. Methods This paper draws together the key policy-relevant conclusions from recent transmission modeling of VL, and presents new predictions for VL incidence under the interventions recommended by the WHO using the latest transmission models. Results The model predictions suggest that the current WHO guidelines should be sufficient to reach the elimination target in areas that had medium VL endemicities (up to 5 VL cases per 10000 population per year) prior to the start of interventions. However, additional interventions, such as extending the WHO attack phase (intensive IRS and ACD), may be required to bring forward elimination in regions with high precontrol endemicities, depending on the relative infectiousness of different disease stages. Conclusions The potential hurdle that asymptomatic and, in particular, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases may pose to reaching and sustaining the target needs to be addressed. As VL incidence decreases, the pool of immunologically naive individuals will grow, creating the potential for new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epke A Le Rutte
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lloyd A C Chapman
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Piero L Olliaro
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - T Deirdre Hollingsworth
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford
| | - Graham F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Ding F, Wang Q, Fu J, Chen S, Hao M, Ma T, Zheng C, Jiang D. Risk factors and predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2005-2015. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:528. [PMID: 31703720 PMCID: PMC6839266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease that is spread to humans by the bites of infected female phlebotomine sand flies. Although this vector-borne disease has been eliminated in most parts of China, it still poses a significant public health burden in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Understanding of the spatial epidemiology of the disease remains vague in the local community. In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in the region in order to assess the potential threat of the disease. METHODS Based on comprehensive infection records, the spatiotemporal patterns of new cases of VL in the region between 2005 and 2015 were analysed. By combining maps of environmental and socioeconomic correlates, the boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to identify the environmental niche of VL. RESULTS The fitted BRT models were used to map potential infection risk zones of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revealing that the predicted high infection risk zones were mainly concentrated in central and northern Kashgar Prefecture, south of Atushi City bordering Kashgar Prefecture and regions of the northern Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The final result revealed that approximately 16.64 million people inhabited the predicted potential infection risk areas in the region. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a better understanding of the potential endemic foci of VL in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with a 1 km spatial resolution, thereby enhancing our capacity to target the potential risk areas, to develop disease control strategies and to allocate medical supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
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25
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Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007698. [PMID: 31697673 PMCID: PMC6837287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus, represents an important health problem in many regions of the world. Lack of effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests applicable in resources-limited endemic areas is a critical barrier to effective treatment and control of leishmaniasis. The development of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has provided a new tool towards the development of a POC diagnostic test based on the amplification of pathogen DNA. LAMP does not require a thermocycler, is relatively inexpensive, and is simple to perform with high amplification sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we discuss the current technical developments, applications, diagnostic performance, challenges, and future of LAMP for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of Leishmania parasites. Studies employing the LAMP assay to diagnose human leishmaniasis have reported sensitivities of 80% to 100% and specificities of 94% to 100%. These observations suggest that LAMP offers a good molecular POC technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and is also readily applicable to screening at-risk populations and vector sand flies for Leishmania infection in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (CON); (NCP)
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Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1651. [PMID: 32803128 PMCID: PMC7416083 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13073.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by
Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by female sand flies. On the Indian subcontinent (ISC), VL is targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination as a public health problem by 2020, which is defined as <1 VL case (new and relapse) per 10,000 population at district level in Nepal and sub-district level in Bangladesh and India. WHO is currently in the process of formulating 2030 targets, asking whether to maintain the 2020 target or to modify it, while adding a target of zero mortality among detected cases. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed various mathematical VL transmission models to gain insight into the transmission dynamics of VL, identify the main knowledge gaps, and predict the feasibility of achieving and sustaining the targets by simulating the impact of varying intervention strategies. According to the models, the current target is feasible at the appropriate district/sub-district level in settings with medium VL endemicities (up to 5 reported VL cases per 10,000 population per year) prior to the start of the interventions. However, in settings with higher pre-control endemicities, additional efforts may be required. We also highlight the risk that those with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) may pose to reaching and sustaining the VL targets, and therefore advocate adding control of PKDL cases to the new 2030 targets. Spatial analyses revealed that local hotspots with high VL incidence remain. We warn that the current target provides a perverse incentive to not detect/report cases as the target is approached, posing a risk for truly achieving elimination as a public health problem although this is taken into consideration by the WHO procedures for validation. Ongoing modelling work focuses on the risk of recrudescence when interventions are relaxed after the elimination target has been achieved.
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Mondal D, Ghosh P, Chowdhury R, Halleux C, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Alim A, Hossain F, Khan MAA, Nath R, Duthie MS, Kroeger A, Matlashewski G, Argaw D, Olliaro P. Relationship of Serum Antileishmanial Antibody With Development of Visceral Leishmaniasis, Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis and Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2268. [PMID: 31649631 PMCID: PMC6795025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To sustain the achievement of kala-azar elimination program (KEP), early detection and treatment of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases and associated modalities such as treatment failure (TF), relapse VL (RVL), and Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is the cornerstone. A predictive biomarker for VL development and related complications could also play a crucial role in curtailing disease incidence and transmission. Investigations to find a biomarker with prospective capabilities are, however, scarce. Using samples and known clinical outcomes generated within two previous longitudinal cohort studies, we aimed to determine if fluctuations in serum anti-rK39 antibody levels could provide such predictive value. Materials and Methods Serum samples collected at four different time points (Baseline, 12, 18, and 24 months) from 16 patients who had developed VL within the monitoring period and 15 of their asymptomatic healthy controls counterparts were investigated. To investigate potential prediction of VL related complications, serum samples of 32 PKDL, 10 RVL, 07 TF, and 38 cured VL from a single dose AmBisome trial were analyzed. Of this second panel, all patients were monitored for 5 years and sera were collected at four time points (Baseline then 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment). The level of anti-rK39 antibodies in archived samples was measured by a semi-quantitative ELISA. Results The mean antibody level was significantly higher in VL patients compared to their asymptomatic healthy counterparts at each time point. Likewise, we observed a trend toward elevations in antibody levels for PKDL, RVL, TF relative to the reducing levels observed in cured VL. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis found a promising predictive power of rK39 antibody levels to reveal progression from asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection stage to VL, defined as 87.5% sensitive and 95% specific. Following treatment, rk39 antibody notably showed 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity in predicting TF. Conclusion Our data indicate that the relative quantity of serum anti-rK39 antibody has promise within either a predictive or prognostic algorithm for VL and VL-related modalities. These could enable VL control programs to implement more effective measures to eliminate the disease. Further research is, however, imperative to standardize the rK39 antibody ELISA between sites prior to broader use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Mondal
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Christine Halleux
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jose A Ruiz-Postigo
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Alim
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Hossain
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rupen Nath
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Axel Kroeger
- Centre for Medicine and Society, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Argaw
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Piero Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Jayakumar B, Murthy N, Misra K, Burza S. "It's just a fever": Gender based barriers to care-seeking for visceral leishmaniasis in highly endemic districts of India: A qualitative study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007457. [PMID: 31247011 PMCID: PMC6597040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis and treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered to be delayed amongst poor, rural women in highly endemic districts of Bihar and Jharkhand. The objective of this study was to assess and understand barriers to VL diagnosis and treatment for women in endemic districts with a high burden of VL. METHODS The study used a stratified and purposive sample of 33 female patients with VL, 11 health staff, 11 local (unqualified) health providers and 12 groups of community elders drawn from ten districts in Bihar and four in Jharkhand with high burdens of VL. The study was conducted within an exploratory and inductive framework, using semi-structured in-depth interviews and discussions. RESULTS Women accessing treatment more quickly tended to move faster from treating their symptoms on their own to seeking care from local providers. Perception among female patients of the illness being not serious (owing to initially non-specific and mild symptoms), lack of money, prioritisation of household chores over their need to seek care and the absence of a male guardian to accompany them in seeking care at facilities worked together to drive these choices. Most patients and their families did not suspect VL as the cause for their non-specific symptoms, but when VL was suspected, treatment shopping ended. Lack of prioritization of women's health issues appears to be a pervasive underlying factor. Public health facilities were not an early treatment choice for the majority, but where it was, the diagnosis of VL was often not considered when presenting with under 2 weeks of symptoms, nor were appropriate follow-up plans instituted. CONCLUSION The insidious presentation of VL and the low prioritisation of women's health need to be jointly addressed through messages that emphasise the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of disease, which is low-cost in time and money when managed in public health facilities. Clear messages that project prioritising women's care-seeking over household work as a smart choice and the need for rallying male support are needed. Additionally, efforts to reduce missed opportunities through early case suspicion and engaging private providers to better counsel women with suspected VL could close critical gaps in the continuum of care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmala Murthy
- Foundation for Research in Health Systems, Bangalore, India
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29
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Shrestha M, Khatri-Chhetri M, Poudel RC, Maharjan J, Dumre SP, Manandhar KD, Pandey BD, Pun SB, Pandey K. Molecular evidence supports the expansion of visceral leishmaniasis towards non-program districts of Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:444. [PMID: 31113385 PMCID: PMC6528229 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani that is transmitted to humans by an infected female sandfly, Phlebotomus argentipes. VL is common in the Indian sub-continent including Nepal and efforts for its elimination are ongoing. However, expansion of disease towards the higher altitude areas, previously considered as VL free in Nepal, may impact the ability to achieve the elimination target by 2020. Methods This was an exploratory study, where VL suspected patients living exclusively in the non-program districts of Nepal and presenting with fever > 2 weeks and splenomegaly was included. The patients’ blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. DNA was subjected to PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing. Additionally, past 10 years data of VL cases from the national databases were analysed to see the trends of the disease in program and non program districts. Results Analysis of the past 10 years data revealed that trend of VL cases significantly decreased in the program districts (p = 0.001) while it increased in the non-program districts (p = 0.002). The national trend for overall incidence of VL also significantly decreased over this time period. Limited number of patients’ samples (n = 14) were subjected to molecular investigation, and four patients were found to be positive for Leishmania species by PCR. Interestingly, these cases in non-program districts were indeed also L. donovoni complex. All four patients were male with age ranges from 10 to 68 years. GenBank BLAST of the obtained DNA sequences confirmed identified specimens as L. donovani complex. We identified additional VL cases from non-program districts (including the high lands) of Nepal, indicating that the infection could be an emerging threat for the non-program areas of Nepal. Conclusion The demonstration of VL cases in areas initially considered non-endemic has raised concern about on-going transmission in those regions and may trigger subsequent government plan and action to include those areas in the elimination program. Thus, the government should consider revising the disease control programs to accommodate non-program districts for achieving the VL elimination goal set for 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Shrestha
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, GPO box: 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Medha Khatri-Chhetri
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, GPO box: 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ram Chandra Poudel
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, GPO box: 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Jyoti Maharjan
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, GPO box: 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Shyam Prakash Dumre
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sher Bahadur Pun
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, GPO box: 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal.
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Determinants for progression from asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007216. [PMID: 30917114 PMCID: PMC6453476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections outnumber clinical presentations, however the predictors for development of active disease are not well known. We aimed to identify serological, immunological and genetic markers for progression from L. donovani infection to clinical Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS We enrolled all residents >2 years of age in 27 VL endemic villages in Bihar (India). Blood samples collected on filter paper on two occasions 6-12 months apart, were tested for antibodies against L. donovani with rK39-ELISA and DAT. Sero converters, (negative for both tests in the first round but positive on either of the two during the second round) and controls (negative on both tests on both occasions) were followed for three years. At the start of follow-up venous blood was collected for the following tests: DAT, rK39- ELISA, Quantiferon assay, SNP/HLA genotyping and L.donovani specific quantitative PCR. RESULTS Among 1,606 subjects enrolled,17 (8/476 seroconverters and 9/1,130 controls) developed VL (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1-8.3). High DAT and rK39 ELISA antibody titers as well as positive qPCR were strongly and significantly associated with progression from seroconversion to VL with odds ratios of 19.1, 30.3 and 20.9 respectively. Most VL cases arose early (median 5 months) during follow-up. CONCLUSION We confirmed the strong association between high DAT and/or rK39 titers and progression to disease among asymptomatic subjects and identified qPCR as an additional predictor. Low predictive values do not warrant prophylactic treatment but as most progressed to VL early during follow-up, careful oberservation of these subjects for at least 6 months is indicated.
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Rijal S, Sundar S, Mondal D, Das P, Alvar J, Boelaert M. Eliminating visceral leishmaniasis in South Asia: the road ahead. BMJ 2019; 364:k5224. [PMID: 30670453 PMCID: PMC6340338 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Suman Rijal and colleagues highlight lessons from a regional collaboration to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis and identify priorities for the post-elimination plan
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Rijal
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lim D, Banjara MR, Singh VK, Joshi AB, Gurung CK, Das ML, Matlashewski G, Olliaro P, Kroeger A. Barriers of Visceral Leishmaniasis reporting and surveillance in Nepal: comparison of governmental VL-program districts with non-program districts. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 24:192-204. [PMID: 30565348 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At the time when Nepal is on the verge of reaching the maintenance phase of the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program, the country is facing new challenges. The disease has expanded to 61 of the country's 75 districts including previously non-endemic areas where there is no control or patient management program in place. This study aimed to assess which elements of the surveillance and reporting systems need strengthening to identify cases at an early stage, prevent further transmission and ensure sustained VL elimination. METHODS In a cross-sectional mixed-method study, we collected data from two study populations in VL program and non-program districts. From February to May 2016, structured interviews were conducted with 40 VL patients, and 14 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with health managers. RESULTS The median total delay from onset of symptoms to successful reporting to the Ministry of Health was 68.5 days in the VL-program and 83 days in non-program districts. The difference in patient's delay from the onset of symptoms to seeking health care was 3 days in VL-program and 20 days in non-program districts. The diagnostic delay (38.5 days and 36 days, respectively), treatment delay (1 vs. 1 days) and reporting delay (45 vs. 36 days) were similar in program and non-program districts. The diagnostic delay increased three-fold from 2012, while treatment and reporting delay remained unchanged. The main barriers to surveillance were: (i) lack of access and awareness in non-program districts; (ii) growing private sector not included in and not participating to referral, treatment and reporting; (iii) lack of cooperation and coordination among stakeholders for training and deployment of interventions; (iv) insufficient validation, outreach and process optimisation of the reporting system. CONCLUSIONS Corrective measures are needed to maintain the achievements of the VL elimination campaign and prevent resurgence of the disease in Nepal. A clear patient referral structure, reinforcement of report notification and validation and direct relay of data by local hospitals and the private sector to the district health offices are needed to ensure prompt treatment and timely and reliable information to facilitate a responsive system of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaJull Lim
- General Medicine Department, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Centre (PHIDReC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anand Ballabh Joshi
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Centre (PHIDReC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chitra Kumar Gurung
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Centre (PHIDReC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Piero Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Kroeger
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Medicine and Society, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Chapman LAC, Morgan ALK, Adams ER, Bern C, Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD. Age trends in asymptomatic and symptomatic Leishmania donovani infection in the Indian subcontinent: A review and analysis of data from diagnostic and epidemiological studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006803. [PMID: 30521526 PMCID: PMC6283524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age patterns in asymptomatic and symptomatic infection with Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent (ISC), are currently poorly understood. Age-stratified serology and infection incidence have been used to assess transmission levels of other diseases, which suggests that they may also be of use for monitoring and targeting control programmes to achieve elimination of VL and should be included in VL transmission dynamic models. We therefore analysed available age-stratified data on both disease incidence and prevalence of immune markers with the aim of collating the currently available data, estimating rates of infection, and informing modelling and future data collection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A systematic literature search yielded 13 infection prevalence and 7 VL incidence studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Statistical tests were performed to identify trends by age, and according to diagnostic cut-off. Simple reversible catalytic models with age-independent and age-dependent infection rates were fitted to the prevalence data to estimate infection and reversion rates, and to test different hypotheses about the origin of variation in these rates. Most of the studies showed an increase in infection prevalence with age: from ≲10% seroprevalence (<20% Leishmanin skin test (LST) positivity) for 0-10-year-olds to >10% seroprevalence (>20% LST-positivity) for 30-40-year-olds, but overall prevalence varied considerably between studies. VL incidence was lower amongst 0-5-year-olds than older age groups in most studies; most showing a peak in incidence between ages 5 and 20. The age-independent catalytic model provided the best overall fit to the infection prevalence data, but the estimated rates for the less parsimonious age-dependent model were much closer to estimates from longitudinal studies, suggesting that infection rates may increase with age. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Age patterns in asymptomatic infection prevalence and VL incidence in the ISC vary considerably with geographical location and time period. The increase in infection prevalence with age and peaked age-VL-incidence distribution may be due to lower exposure to infectious sandfly bites in young children, but also suggest that acquired immunity to the parasite increases with age. However, poor standardisation of serological tests makes it difficult to compare data from different studies and draw firm conclusions about drivers of variation in observed age patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex L. K. Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinbugh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Dixit KK, Verma S, Singh OP, Singh D, Singh AP, Gupta R, Negi NS, Das P, Sundar S, Singh R, Salotra P. Validation of SYBR green I based closed tube loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and simplified direct-blood-lysis (DBL)-LAMP assay for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006922. [PMID: 30439953 PMCID: PMC6264900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization has targeted elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent (ISC) by 2020. Despite distinctive decline seen in the number of VL cases in ISC, there is still a quest for development of a diagnostic test which has the utility for detection of active infection and relapse cases and as a test of cure. The present study validated the sensitivity and specificity of SYBR Green I based closed tube LAMP assay reported by us for diagnosis of VL. Methodology The validation study was carried out at two endemic sites in India, located at Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna and Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi. Standard operating protocols were provided at the two sites for applying LAMP assay on confirmed VL cases. The diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay was evaluated by Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Furthermore, a simplified LAMP assay based on direct blood lysis, DBL-LAMP, was developed and verified for its diagnostic accuracy. Principal findings A total of 267 eligible participants were included in the study which comprised of 179 VL cases and 88 controls. Sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP assay were 98.32% (95% C.I– 95.2–99.7%) and 96.59% (95% C.I.-90.4–99.3%), respectively. ROC curve analysis depicted no significant difference between area under curve (AUCROC) for LAMP assay and rK39 RDT, indicative of LAMP as an excellent diagnostic test. DBL-LAMP assay, performed on 67 VL and 100 control samples, yielded a sensitivity of 93.05% (95% C.I- 84.75–97%) and specificity of 100% (95% C.I.- 96.30–100%). Conclusions/Significance The validated closed tube LAMP for diagnosis of VL will provide impetus to the ongoing VL elimination programme in ISC. The assay based on direct blood lysis promotes its scope for application in field settings by further reducing time and cost. Definitive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis(VL) by demonstration of amastigotes by microscopy is invasive and risky. Serology based diagnosis using rK39 rapid diagnostic test(RDT) has excellent sensitivity of~97% when combined with clinical symptoms but is inconclusive for detection of active infection and relapses due to persistence of anti-leishmanial antibodies. The developed SYBR Green I based closed tube LAMP assay overcomes these constraints and further, direct blood lysis (DBL)-LAMP, makes it more suitable for field application. The study involved validation of LAMP assay at two endemic sites in India, on a total of 179 VL patients confirmed by rK39 RDT and/ or microscopy and 88 controls. The assay was highly sensitive (98.32%) and specific (96.59%). Further, DBL-LAMP assay yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 93.05% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, the study has validated the field potential of LAMP assay for diagnosis of VL which will provide momentum to ongoing VL elimination in the Indian subcontinent (ISC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Kaumudee Dixit
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Akhil Pratap Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical college, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Singh Negi
- Department of Medicine, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Sundar S, Singh OP, Chakravarty J. Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:805-812. [PMID: 30289007 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1532790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by a parasite belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex and transmitted by infected female Phlebotomous argentipes sand flies. The VL elimination strategy in the Indian subcontinent (ISC), which has a current goal of reducing the incidence of VL to below 1/10,000 of population by the year 2020, consists of rapid detection and treatment of VL to reduce the number of human reservoirs as well as vector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, as the incidence of VL declines toward the elimination goal, greater targeting of control methods will be required to ensure appropriate early action to prevent the resurgence of VL. Area covered: We discuss the current progress and challenges in the VL elimination program and strategies to be employed to ensure sustained elimination of VL. Expert commentary: The VL elimination initiative has saved many human lives; however, for VL elimination to become a reality in a sustained way, an intense effort is needed, as substantial numbers of endemic subdistricts (primary health centers (PHCs) blocks level) are yet to reach the elimination target. In addition to effective epidemiological surveillance, appropriate diagnostic and treatment services for VL at PHCs will be needed to ensure long-term sustainability and prevent reemergence of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Jaya Chakravarty
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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Powell-Jackson T, Davey C, Masset E, Krishnaratne S, Hayes R, Hanson K, Hargreaves JR. Trials and tribulations: cross-learning from the practices of epidemiologists and economists in the evaluation of public health interventions. Health Policy Plan 2018; 33:702-706. [PMID: 29596614 PMCID: PMC5950929 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The randomized controlled trial is commonly used by both epidemiologists and economists to test the effectiveness of public health interventions. Yet we have noticed differences in practice between the two disciplines. In this article, we propose that there are some underlying differences between the disciplines in the way trials are used, how they are conducted and how results from trials are reported and disseminated. We hypothesize that evidence-based public health could be strengthened by understanding these differences, harvesting best-practice across the disciplines and breaking down communication barriers between economists and epidemiologists who conduct trials of public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Powell-Jackson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Calum Davey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Edoardo Masset
- London International Development Centre (LIDC), 36 Gordon Square, London, WC1E 0PD, UK
| | - Shari Krishnaratne
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Richard Hayes
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kara Hanson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - James R Hargreaves
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
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Chapman LAC, Jewell CP, Spencer SEF, Pellis L, Datta S, Chowdhury R, Bern C, Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD. The role of case proximity in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a highly endemic village in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006453. [PMID: 30296295 PMCID: PMC6175508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is characterised by a high degree of spatial clustering at all scales, and this feature remains even with successful control measures. VL is targeted for elimination as a public health problem in the Indian subcontinent by 2020, and incidence has been falling rapidly since 2011. Current control is based on early diagnosis and treatment of clinical cases, and blanket indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) in endemic villages to kill the sandfly vectors. Spatially targeting active case detection and/or IRS to higher risk areas would greatly reduce costs of control, but its effectiveness as a control strategy is unknown. The effectiveness depends on two key unknowns: how quickly transmission risk decreases with distance from a VL case and how much asymptomatically infected individuals contribute to transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To estimate these key parameters, a spatiotemporal transmission model for VL was developed and fitted to geo-located epidemiological data on 2494 individuals from a highly endemic village in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A Bayesian inference framework that could account for the unknown infection times of the VL cases, and missing symptom onset and recovery times, was developed to perform the parameter estimation. The parameter estimates obtained suggest that, in a highly endemic setting, VL risk decreases relatively quickly with distance from a case-halving within 90m-and that VL cases contribute significantly more to transmission than asymptomatic individuals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that spatially-targeted interventions may be effective for limiting transmission. However, the extent to which spatial transmission patterns and the asymptomatic contribution vary with VL endemicity and over time is uncertain. In any event, interventions would need to be performed promptly and in a large radius (≥300m) around a new case to reduce transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P. Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing And Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Simon E. F. Spencer
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Samik Datta
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rajib Chowdhury
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham F. Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease with two main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. An estimated 0·7-1 million new cases of leishmaniasis per year are reported from nearly 100 endemic countries. The number of reported visceral leishmaniasis cases has decreased substantially in the past decade as a result of better access to diagnosis and treatment and more intense vector control within an elimination initiative in Asia, although natural cycles in transmission intensity might play a role. In east Africa however, the case numbers of this fatal disease continue to be sustained. Increased conflict in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis and forced displacement has resulted in a surge in these endemic areas as well as clinics across the world. WHO lists leishmaniasis as one of the neglected tropical diseases for which the development of new treatments is a priority. Major evidence gaps remain, and new tools are needed before leishmaniasis can be definitively controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib Burza
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Médecins Sans Frontières, Delhi, India
| | - Simon L Croft
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Development and Evaluation of a Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00386-18. [PMID: 29695527 PMCID: PMC6018344 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00386-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pan-Leishmania loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (CL and VL) that can be used in near-patient settings was developed. Primers were designed based on the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the conserved region of minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), selected on the basis of high copy number. LAMP assays were evaluated for CL diagnosis in a prospective cohort trial of 105 patients in southwest Colombia. Lesion swab samples from CL suspects were collected and were tested using the LAMP assay, and the results were compared to those of a composite reference of microscopy and/or culture in order to calculate diagnostic accuracy. LAMP assays were tested on samples (including whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and buffy coat) from 50 suspected VL patients from Ethiopia. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated against a reference standard of microscopy of splenic or bone marrow aspirates. To calculate analytical specificity, 100 clinical samples and isolates from fever-causing pathogens, including malaria parasites, arboviruses, and bacteria, were tested. We found that the LAMP assay had a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.2% to 98.5%) and a specificity of 86% (95% CI, 67.3% to 95.9%) for the diagnosis of CL. With VL suspects, the sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 92% (95% CI, 74.9% to 99.1%) and its specificity was 100% (95% CI, 85.8% to 100%) in whole blood. For CL, the LAMP assay is a sensitive tool for diagnosis and requires less equipment, time, and expertise than alternative CL diagnostics. For VL, the LAMP assay using a minimally invasive sample is more sensitive than the gold standard. Analytical specificity was 100%.
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Hollingsworth TD. Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:S237-S244. [PMID: 29860293 PMCID: PMC5982793 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has received huge investment in recent years, leading to large reductions in morbidity. In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. In this special issue, we aim to summarize those insights in an accessible way. This article acts as an introduction to the special issue, outlining key concepts in NTDs and insights from modeling as we approach 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffideld Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Asfaram S, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Fakhar M, Banimostafavi ES, Soosaraei M. Is urine a reliable clinical sample for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:575-583. [PMID: 29775824 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of amastigotes in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other tissues samples remains the gold standard method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in humans. This gold standard diagnostic method uses a technically challenging microscopy procedure that is often not accessible in many places in the world where VL is endemic. Here, we report the current systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether urine is a reliable clinical sample for diagnosis of human VL. Data were extracted from ten available databases during the period from 2002 to 2017. Overall, 29 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were used for data extraction in this systematic review. Most studies (72.4%) using urine specimens were reported from five countries: India 6 (20.7%), Iran 5 (17.2%), Bangladesh 4 (13.8%), Japan 3 (10.3%) and Spain 3 (10.3%), respectively. The most common diagnostic tests performed on urine were Katex (62.1%), ELISA (24.1%), and the rK39 (17.2%) assays. In meta-analysis the sensitivity and specificity of the three most commonly used diagnostic assays were rK39 (97%; CI: 91-99; 98%;76-100), ELISA (91%; 82-95; 99%; CI: 94-100), and Katex (83%; 73-90; 98%; 98-100), suggesting that the rK39 assay provided the highest sensitivity and the ELISA assay provided the highest specificity for diagnosis of VL from urine samples. Our findings suggest that urine is a valuable clinical sample for the diagnosis of human VL, particularly in areas where the gold standard test for VL is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Asfaram
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Elham Sadat Banimostafavi
- Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Soosaraei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Sunyoto T, Adam GK, Atia AM, Hamid Y, Babiker RA, Abdelrahman N, Vander Kelen C, Ritmeijer K, Alcoba G, den Boer M, Picado A, Boelaert M. " Kala-Azar is a Dishonest Disease": Community Perspectives on Access Barriers to Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) Diagnosis and Care in Southern Gadarif, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1091-1101. [PMID: 29488462 PMCID: PMC5928836 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment is the principal strategy to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar in East Africa. As VL strikes remote rural, sparsely populated areas, kala-azar care might not be accessed optimally or timely. We conducted a qualitative study to explore access barriers in a longstanding kala-azar endemic area in southern Gadarif, Sudan. Former kala-azar patients or caretakers, community leaders, and health-care providers were purposively sampled and thematic data analysis was used. Our study participants revealed the multitude of difficulties faced when seeking care. The disease is well known in the area, yet misconceptions about causes and transmission persist. The care-seeking itineraries were not always straightforward: “shopping around” for treatments are common, partly linked to difficulties in diagnosing kala-azar. Kala-azar is perceived to be “hiding,” requiring multiple tests and other diseases must be treated first. Negative perceptions on quality of care in the public hospitals prevail, with the unavailability of drugs or staff as the main concern. Delay to seek care remains predominantly linked to economic constraint: albeit treatment is for free, patients have to pay out of pocket for everything else, pushing families further into poverty. Despite increased efforts to tackle the disease over the years, access to quality kala-azar care in this rural Sudanese context remains problematic. The barriers explored in this study are a compelling reminder of the need to boost efforts to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temmy Sunyoto
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Médecins Sans Frontières Campaign for Access to Medicines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gamal K Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, Kala-Azar Research Center, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | - Atia M Atia
- Faculty of Medicine, Kala-Azar Research Center, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | - Yassin Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine, Kala-Azar Research Center, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | - Rabie Ali Babiker
- Faculty of Medicine, Kala-Azar Research Center, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | - Nugdalla Abdelrahman
- Faculty of Medicine, Kala-Azar Research Center, University of Gadarif, Al Qadarif, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Margriet den Boer
- KalaCORE Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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Fitzpatrick A, Al-Kobaisi NSMS, Beitman Maya J, Ren Chung Y, Duhan S, Elbegdorj E, Jain S, Kuhn E, Nastase A, Ahmed BN, Olliaro P. Sustaining visceral leishmaniasis elimination in Bangladesh - Could a policy brief help? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006081. [PMID: 29232385 PMCID: PMC5726615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bangladesh has made significant progress towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis, and is on track to achieve its target of less than one case per 10,000 inhabitants in each subdistrict in 2017. As the incidence of disease falls, it is likely that the political capital and financial resources dedicated towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis may decrease, raising the prospect of disease resurgence. Policy memos may play a crucial role during the transition of the elimination plan from the 'attack' to the 'consolidation' and 'maintenance' phases, highlighting key stakeholders and areas where ongoing investment is crucial. An example of a policy brief is outlined in this paper. The background to the current elimination efforts is highlighted, with emphasis on remaining uncertainties including the impact of disease reservoirs and sustainable surveillance strategies. A stakeholder map is provided outlining the current and projected future activities of key bodies. Identification of key stakeholders subsequently frames the discussion of three key policy recommendations in the Bangladeshi context for the transition to the consolidation and maintenance phases of the elimination program. Recommendations include determining optimal vector control and surveillance strategies, shifting the emphasis towards horizontal integration of disease programs, and prioritising remaining research questions with a focus on operational and technical capacity. Achieving elimination is as much a political as a scientific question. Integrating the discussion of key stakeholders with policy priorities and the research agenda provides a novel insight into potential pathways forwards in the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh and in the rest of the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Fitzpatrick
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Yu Ren Chung
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Satyender Duhan
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Erdene Elbegdorj
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sushant Jain
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Kuhn
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Nastase
- Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Be-Nazir Ahmed
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Special Programme for Training and Research in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jervis S, Chapman LAC, Dwivedi S, Karthick M, Das A, Le Rutte EA, Courtenay O, Medley GF, Banerjee I, Mahapatra T, Chaudhuri I, Srikantiah S, Hollingsworth TD. Variations in visceral leishmaniasis burden, mortality and the pathway to care within Bihar, India. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:601. [PMID: 29216905 PMCID: PMC5719561 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been targeted by the WHO for elimination as a public health problem (< 1 case/10,000 people/year) in the Indian sub-continent (ISC) by 2020. Bihar State in India, which accounts for the majority of cases in the ISC, remains a major target for this elimination effort. However, there is considerable spatial, temporal and sub-population variation in occurrence of the disease and the pathway to care, which is largely unexplored and a threat to achieving the target. METHODS Data from 6081 suspected VL patients who reported being clinically diagnosed during 2012-2013 across eight districts in Bihar were analysed. Graphical comparisons and Chi-square tests were used to determine differences in the burden of identified cases by season, district, age and sex. Log-linear regression models were fitted to onset (of symptoms)-to-diagnosis and onset-to-treatment waiting times to estimate their associations with age, sex, district and various socio-economic factors (SEFs). Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality. RESULTS Comparisons of VL caseloads suggested an annual cycle peaking in January-March. A 17-fold variation in the burden of identified cases across districts and under-representation of young children (0-5 years) relative to age-specific populations in Bihar were observed. Women accounted for a significantly lower proportion of the reported cases than men (41 vs 59%, P < 0.0001). Age, district of residence, house wall materials, caste, treatment cost, travelling for diagnosis and the number of treatments for symptoms before diagnosis were identified as correlates of waiting times. Mortality was associated with age, district of residence, onset-to-treatment waiting time, treatment duration, cattle ownership and cost of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of VL in Bihar is highly heterogeneous, and reported caseloads and associated mortality vary significantly across different districts, posing different challenges to the elimination campaign. Socio-economic factors are important correlates of these differences, suggesting that elimination will require tailoring to population and sub-population circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jervis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Lloyd A C Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Shweta Dwivedi
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Morchan Karthick
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Aritra Das
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Graham F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Tanmay Mahapatra
- CARE India Solutions for Sustainable Development, Patna, Bihar, India
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De Silva G, Somaratne V, Senaratne S, Vipuladasa M, Wickremasinghe R, Wickremasinghe R, Ranasinghe S. Efficacy of a new rapid diagnostic test kit to diagnose Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187024. [PMID: 29135995 PMCID: PMC5685575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is caused by Leishmania donovani. This study assessed the diagnostic value of a new rapid diagnostic immunochromatographic strip (CL-Detect™ IC-RDT), that captures the peroxidoxin antigen of Leishmania amastigotes. Methodology/Principal findings We sampled 74 clinically suspected CL lesions, of which 59 (79.7%) were positive by PCR, 43 (58.1%) by Giemsa stained slit skin smear (SSS) and 21 (28.4%) by the new IC-RDT. All samples which were positive either by SSS or IC-RDT or both were positive by PCR. The sensitivities of the IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 36% and 73%, respectively. Fifteen patients from this endemic region were negative by all three tests. Twenty two clinically non-CL skin lesions from a CL non-endemic region were also negative by all three methods. Specificity and PPV of both IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 100%; the NPVs of IC-RDT and SSS were 37% and 58%, respectively. The median parasite grading of the 59 PCR positive samples was 2+ (1–10 parasites/100 HPFs) and IC-RDT positive lesions was 3+ (1–10 parasites /10HPFs). The duration of the lesion was not associated with IC-RDT positivity. Conclusions/Significance The median parasite grade of Sri Lankan CL lesions is low. The low sensitivities of SSS and CL Detect™ IC-RDT may be due to low parasite counts or low expression of peroxidoxin antigen in amastigotes of the Sri Lankan L. donovani strain. Our results indicate that negative SSS has to be combined with PCR for confirmation of CL in Sri Lanka. The current commercially available IC-RDT is not suitable to diagnose CL in Sri Lanka; an IC-RDT with improved sensitivity to detect L. donovani would be a valuable addition in the diagnostic tool kit for Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sujai Senaratne
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Renu Wickremasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
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Abdullah AYM, Dewan A, Shogib MRI, Rahman MM, Hossain MF. Environmental factors associated with the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of Bangladesh: modeling the ecological niche. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:13. [PMID: 28515660 PMCID: PMC5427622 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infection (also called kala-azar in South Asia) caused by Leishmania donovani that is a considerable threat to public health in the Indian subcontinent, including densely populated Bangladesh. The disease seriously affects the poorest subset of the population in the subcontinent. Despite the fact that the incidence of VL results in significant morbidity and mortality, its environmental determinants are relatively poorly understood, especially in Bangladesh. In this study, we have extracted a number of environmental variables obtained from a range of sources, along with human VL cases collected through several field visits, to model the distribution of disease which may then be used as a surrogate for determining the distribution of Phlebotomus argentipes vector, in hyperendemic and endemic areas of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts in Bangladesh. The analysis was carried out within an ecological niche model (ENM) framework using a maxent to explore the ecological requirements of the disease. Results The results suggest that VL in the study area can be predicted by precipitation during the warmest quarter of the year, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference water index (NDWI). As P. argentipes is the single proven vector of L. donovani in the study area, its distribution could reasonably be determined by the same environmental variables. The analysis further showed that the majority of VL cases were located in mauzas where the estimated probability of the disease occurrence was high. This may reflect the potential distribution of the disease and consequently P. argentipes in the study area. Conclusions The results of this study are expected to have important implications, particularly in vector control strategies and management of risk associated with this disease. Public health officials can use the results to prioritize their visits in specific areas. Further, the findings can be used as a baseline to model how the distribution of the disease caused by P. argentipes might change in the event of climatic and environmental changes that resulted from increased anthropogenic activities in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Ashraf Dewan
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Md Rakibul Islam Shogib
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruk Hossain
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka, University Road, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Olliaro PL, Shamsuzzaman TAKM, Marasini B, Dhariwal AC, Be-Nazir A, Mondal D, Banjara MR, Das P, Sundar S, Rijal S, Arana B, Alvar J, Argaw D, Peeling RW, Kroeger A, Matlashewski G. Investments in Research and Surveillance Are Needed to Go Beyond Elimination and Stop Transmission of Leishmania in the Indian Subcontinent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005190. [PMID: 28125596 PMCID: PMC5268387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piero L. Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Baburam Marasini
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - A. C. Dhariwal
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health, New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmed Be-Nazir
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Ministry of Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute (RMRI)–ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Suman Rijal
- Drugs for neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) Regional Office, New Delhi, India
| | - Byron Arana
- Drugs for neglected Diseases initiative DNDi, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for neglected Diseases initiative DNDi, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Argaw
- Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Axel Kroeger
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Medicine and Society, Department of Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Inferring Patterns, Dynamics, and Model-Based Metrics of Epidemiological Risks of Neglected Tropical Diseases. HANDBOOK OF STATISTICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.host.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Das VNR, Pandey RN, Siddiqui NA, Chapman LAC, Kumar V, Pandey K, Matlashewski G, Das P. Longitudinal Study of Transmission in Households with Visceral Leishmaniasis, Asymptomatic Infections and PKDL in Highly Endemic Villages in Bihar, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005196. [PMID: 27974858 PMCID: PMC5156552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that afflicts some of the poorest populations in the world including people living in the Bihar state of India. Due to efforts from local governments, NGOs and international organizations, the number of VL cases has declined in recent years. Despite this progress, the reservoir for transmission remains to be clearly defined since it is unknown what role post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) and asymptomatic infections play in transmission. This information is vital to establish effective surveillance and monitoring to sustainably eliminate VL. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a longitudinal study over a 24-month period to examine VL transmission and seroconversion in households with VL, PKDL and asymptomatic infections in the Saran and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar. During the initial screening of 5,144 people in 16 highly endemic villages, 195 cases of recently treated VL, 116 healthy rK39 positive cases and 31 PKDL cases were identified. Approximately half of the rK39-positive healthy cases identified during the initial 6-month screening period were from households (HHs) where a VL case had been identified. During the 18-month follow-up period, seroconversion of family members in the HHs with VL cases, PKDL cases, and rK39-positive individuals was similar to control HHs. Therefore, seroconversion was highest in HHs closest to the time of VL disease of a household member and there was no evidence of higher transmission in households with PKDL or healthy rK39-positive HHs. Moreover, within the PKDL HHs, (the initial 31 PKDL cases plus an additional 66 PKDL cases), there were no cases of VL identified during the initial screen or the 18-month follow-up. Notably, 23% of the PKDL cases had no prior history of VL suggesting that infection resulting directly in PKDL is more common than previously estimated. Conclusions/Significance These observations argue that acute VL cases represent the major reservoir for transmission in these villages and early identification and treatment of VL cases should remain a priority for VL elimination. We were unable to obtain evidence that transmission occurs in HHs with a PKDL case. Visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) caused by infection with L. donovani is a deadly parasitic disease that afflicts some of world’s poorest populations, including the people of the northern Bihar State of India. Once transmitted to a human by an infected sandfly, the L. donovani parasite migrates from the site of the sandfly bite throughout the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in high levels of infection in the spleen, liver and bone marrow that eventually lead to organ failure and death if not treated effectively. India, Nepal and Bangladesh are currently engaged in a program to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis, principally through early case detection, treatment and vector control. As humans are the only reservoir for L. donovani, it is necessary to understand how the disease is transmitted and specifically what role acute visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases, asymptomatic infections and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases play in transmission. We therefore performed a study to determine seroconversion for antibodies against the L. donovani rK39 antigen as a surrogate for transmission in households with VL cases, asymptomatic infections and PKDL cases in 16 highly endemic villages over a 2-year period in Bihar, India. We observed that most transmission occurred in the VL households and further that it occurred closest to the time of acute disease. We were unable to confirm that transmission occurred in the households with either asymptomatic infections or PKDL cases. These observations argue that active surveillance to diagnose and treat VL cases as soon as possible to reduce transmission should remain a priority for VL elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Nand Ravi Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | | | | | | | - Vijay Kumar
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (PD); (GM)
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
- * E-mail: (PD); (GM)
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