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Wang SY, Yu Y, Ge XL, Pan S. Causal role of immune cells in diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1357642. [PMID: 39345891 PMCID: PMC11427287 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1357642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) stands as a pervasive chronic renal disease worldwide, emerging as the leading cause of renal failure in end-stage renal disease. Our objective is to pinpoint potential immune biomarkers and evaluate the causal effects of prospective therapeutic targets in the context of DN. Methods We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal associations between 731 immune cell signatures and the risk of DN. Various analytical methods, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, were employed for the analysis. The primary analytical approach utilized was the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. To ensure the reliability of our findings, we conducted comprehensive sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness, heterogeneity, and presence of horizontal pleiotropy in the results. Statistical powers were also calculated. Ultimately, a reverse Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to assess the potential for reverse causation. Results After Benjamini & Hochberg (BH) correction, four immunophenotypes were identified to be significantly associated with DN risk: HLA DR on Dendritic Cell (OR=1.4460, 95% CI = 1.2904~1.6205, P=2.18×10-10, P.adjusted= 1.6×10-7), HLA DR on CD14+ CD16- monocyte (OR=1.2396, 95% CI=1.1315~1.3580, P=3.93×10-6, P.adjusted = 0.00143). HLA DR on CD14+ monocyte (OR=1.2411, 95% CI=1.12957~1.3637, P=6.97×10-6, P.adjusted=0.0016), HLA DR on plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (OR=1.2733, 95% CI= 1.1273~1.4382, P= 0.0001, P.adjusted = 0.0183). Significant heterogeneity of instrumental variables was found in the four exposures, and significant horizontal pleiotropy was only found in HLA DR on Dendritic Cell. The bidirectional effects between the immune cells and DN were not supported. Conclusion Our research illustrated the intimate association between immune cells and DN, which may contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying DN and aid in the identification of novel intervention target pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuming Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Umar SA, Sania Z, Pirzada L, Mughal S, Anjum MU, Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack M. Unlocking the role of Smith-specific regulatory T-cells: a paradigm shift in autoimmune therapy. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:4971-4974. [PMID: 39239016 PMCID: PMC11374282 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Sania
- Department of Medicine, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Sanila Mughal
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi
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3
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Saggau C, Bacher P, Esser D, Rasa M, Meise S, Mohr N, Kohlstedt N, Hutloff A, Schacht SS, Dargvainiene J, Martini GR, Stürner KH, Schröder I, Markewitz R, Hartl J, Hastermann M, Duchow A, Schindler P, Becker M, Bautista C, Gottfreund J, Walter J, Polansky JK, Yang M, Naghavian R, Wendorff M, Schuster EM, Dahl A, Petzold A, Reinhardt S, Franke A, Wieczorek M, Henschel L, Berger D, Heine G, Holtsche M, Häußler V, Peters C, Schmidt E, Fillatreau S, Busch DH, Wandinger KP, Schober K, Martin R, Paul F, Leypoldt F, Scheffold A. Autoantigen-specific CD4 + T cells acquire an exhausted phenotype and persist in human antigen-specific autoimmune diseases. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00404-7. [PMID: 39226901 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory autoantigen-specific CD4+ T helper (auto-Th) cells are central orchestrators of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). We aimed to characterize these cells in human AIDs with defined autoantigens by combining human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-tetramer-based and activation-based multidimensional ex vivo analyses. In aquaporin4-antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) patients, auto-Th cells expressed CD154, but proliferative capacity and pro-inflammatory cytokines were strongly reduced. Instead, exhaustion-associated co-inhibitory receptors were expressed together with FOXP3, the canonical regulatory T cell (Treg) transcription factor. Auto-Th cells responded in vitro to checkpoint inhibition and provided potent B cell help. Cells with the same exhaustion-like (ThEx) phenotype were identified in soluble liver antigen (SLA)-antibody-autoimmune hepatitis and BP180-antibody-positive bullous pemphigoid, AIDs of the liver and skin, respectively. While originally described in cancer and chronic infection, our data point to T cell exhaustion as a common mechanism of adaptation to chronic (self-)stimulation across AID types and link exhausted CD4+ T cells to humoral autoimmune responses, with implications for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Esser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mahdi Rasa
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany; Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Silja Meise
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicola Mohr
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora Kohlstedt
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah-Sophie Schacht
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Justina Dargvainiene
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriela Rios Martini
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klarissa H Stürner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ina Schröder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Markewitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankelien Duchow
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Schindler
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Becker
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Bautista
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Judith Gottfreund
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute (DRFZ), Charité Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingxing Yang
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reza Naghavian
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cellerys AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Wendorff
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ev-Marie Schuster
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstr. 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Technology Platform at the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Technology Platform at the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Technology Platform at the Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Lea Henschel
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Daniel Berger
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Guido Heine
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maike Holtsche
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vivien Häußler
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstr. 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cellerys AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Wintherturerstrasse 191, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany.
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Caragea MA, Ursu IR, Visan DL, Maruntelu I, Iordache P, Constantinescu A, Tizu M, Tălăngescu A, Constantinescu I. High-Resolution HLA-DRB1 Allele Frequencies in a Romanian Cohort of Stem Cell Donors. Balkan J Med Genet 2024; 27:43-49. [PMID: 39263643 PMCID: PMC11385019 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2024-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to determine the high-resolution frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 alleles among the analyzed Romanian cohort of healthy stem cell donors. Using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we estimated class II HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies to a 6-digit resolution through HLA typing in a Romanian cohort of healthy individuals. The study for HLA genotyping included 420 willing donors from the National Registry of Voluntary Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donors (RNDVCSH). In 2020 and 2021, peripheral blood samples were collected and transported to the Fundeni Clinical Institute. We used the Immucor Mia Fora NGS MFlex kit for HLA genotyping. Forty-one different alleles were detected in 420 analyzed samples, out of which the most frequent HLA-DRB1 alleles were DRB1*16:01:01 (12.6%), DRB1*11:04:01 (12.1%) and DRB1*03:01:01 (12%). The HLA-DRB1*11:01:02 and -DRB1*08:04:01, -DRB1*05:01:01, -DRB1*13:05:01, -DRB1*14:07:01, -DRB1*09:01:02, -DRB1*11:02:01, -DRB1*04:07:01, -DRB1*15:03:01, -DRB1*03:02:01, -DRB1*04:06:02, -DRB1*04:08:01, -DRB1*14:05:01 were identified only once. The results revealed similarities with countries belonging to the Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Caucasus regions. Further studies on larger Romanian cohorts are needed for confirming the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Caragea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I R Ursu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Medical Genetics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - D L Visan
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Maruntelu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - P Iordache
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Epidemiology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Constantinescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Tizu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Tălăngescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Constantinescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Menier C, Meunier S, Porcheddu V, Romano L, Correia E, Busato F, Tost J, Maillère B. Frequency of natural regulatory T cells specific for factor VIII in the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350506. [PMID: 38429238 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Tolerance to self-proteins involves multiple mechanisms, including conventional CD4+ T-cell (Tconv) deletion in the thymus and the recruitment of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs). The significant incidence of autoantibodies specific for the blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in healthy donors illustrates that tolerance to self-proteins is not always complete. In contrast to FVIII-specific Tconvs, FVIII-specific nTregs have never been revealed and characterized. To determine the frequency of FVIII-specific Tregs in human peripheral blood, we assessed the specificity of in vitro expanded Tregs by the membrane expression of the CD137 activation marker. Amplified Tregs maintain high levels of FOXP3 expression and exhibit almost complete demethylation of the FOXP3 Treg-specific demethylated region. The cells retained FOXP3 expression after long-term culture in vitro, strongly suggesting that FVIII-specific Tregs are derived from the thymus. From eleven healthy donors, we estimated the frequencies of FVIII-specific Tregs at 0.17 cells per million, which is about 10-fold lower than the frequency of FVIII-specific CD4+ T cells we previously published. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of FVIII tolerance by a renewed approach that could be extended to other self- or non-self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Menier
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Meunier
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valeria Porcheddu
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurène Romano
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Correia
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Gu QH, Xu H, Cao X, Cheng X, Jia JY, Yan TK. The protease inhibitor E64d might attenuate the development of experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane disease through regulating the activation of Th1 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111594. [PMID: 38295547 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsins have been recently identified as a regulator in the activation of Th1 and Th17 cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease. Whether cathepsins contribute to the development of anti-GBM disease through regulating the activation of CD4+ T cell is still unclear. METHODS Rats with experimental anti-GBM disease was established by immunization with the nephritogenic T cell epitope α3127-148. E64d, a cysteine cathepsin inhibitor, was administered in vitro and vivo to evaluate the effect of cathepsins on regulating the activation of antigen specific T cells and the development of anti-GBM disease. RESULTS In rats with experimental anti-GBM diseases, E64d treatment not only reduced the levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine and anti-GBM antibody, but also ameliorated the kidney injury with less glomerular IgG deposition, a lower percentage of crescents and less infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages, as well as a lower percentage of splenic Th1 cells. In vitro, E64d treatment could significantly reduce the production of IFN-γ in the supernatant which might be produced by the activation of Th1 cells after being recalled with the autoantigen α3127-148. We also found the CD4+ T cells of rats with anti-GBM disease had an increased expression of cathepsin L (Cts-L), and the percentage of CD4+ T cells with extracellular expression of Cts-L was obviously higher, indicating it as a potential key regulator. CONCLUSIONS E64d might attenuate the development of anti-GBM disease by participating in the activation of Th1 cells, indicating it as a potential drug for anti-GBM disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300192, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun-Ya Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tie-Kun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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7
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Negash M, Chanyalew M, Girma T, Alemu F, Alcantara D, Towler B, Davey G, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, Howe R, Newport MJ. Evidence for immune activation in pathogenesis of the HLA class II associated disease, podoconiosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2020. [PMID: 38448477 PMCID: PMC10917762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Available evidences suggest that podoconiosis is triggered by long term exposure of bare feet to volcanic red clay soil particles. Previous genome-wide studies in Ethiopia showed association between the HLA class II region and disease susceptibility. However, functional relationships between the soil trigger, immunogenetic risk factors and the immunological basis of the disease are uncharted. Therefore, we aimed to characterise the immune profile and gene expression of podoconiosis patients relative to endemic healthy controls. Peripheral blood immunophenotyping of T cells indicated podoconiosis patients had significantly higher CD4 and CD8 T cell surface HLA-DR expression compared to healthy controls while CD62L expression was significantly lower. The levels of the activation markers CD40 and CD86 were significantly higher on monocytes and dendritic cell subsets in patients compared to the controls. RNA sequencing gene expression data indicated higher transcript levels for activation, scavenger receptors, and apoptosis markers while levels were lower for histones, T cell receptors, variable, and constant immunoglobulin chain in podoconiosis patients compared to healthy controls. Our finding provides evidence that podoconiosis is associated with high levels of immune activation and inflammation with over-expression of genes within the pro-inflammatory axis. This offers further support to a working hypothesis of podoconiosis as soil particle-driven, HLA-associated disease of immunopathogenic aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikias Negash
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Tigist Girma
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Alemu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Ben Towler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melanie J Newport
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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8
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Eggenhuizen PJ, Cheong RMY, Lo C, Chang J, Ng BH, Ting YT, Monk JA, Loh KL, Broury A, Tay ESV, Shen C, Zhong Y, Lim S, Chung JX, Kandane-Rathnayake R, Koelmeyer R, Hoi A, Chaudhry A, Manzanillo P, Snelgrove SL, Morand EF, Ooi JD. Smith-specific regulatory T cells halt the progression of lupus nephritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:899. [PMID: 38321013 PMCID: PMC10847119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress pathogenic autoreactivity and are potential therapeutic candidates for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus nephritis is associated with autoreactivity to the Smith (Sm) autoantigen and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15 haplotype; hence, we investigated the potential of Sm-specific Tregs (Sm-Tregs) to suppress disease. Here we identify a HLA-DR15 restricted immunodominant Sm T cell epitope using biophysical affinity binding assays, then identify high-affinity Sm-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) using high-throughput single-cell sequencing. Using lentiviral vectors, we transduce our lead Sm-specific TCR into Tregs derived from patients with SLE who are anti-Sm and HLA-DR15 positive. Compared with polyclonal mock-transduced Tregs, Sm-Tregs potently suppress Sm-specific pro-inflammatory responses in vitro and suppress disease progression in a humanized mouse model of lupus nephritis. These results show that Sm-Tregs are a promising therapy for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Eggenhuizen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel M Y Cheong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Janet Chang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Monk
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Khai L Loh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashraf Broury
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Elean S V Tay
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chanjuan Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Steven Lim
- Alfred Research Alliance Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Xi Chung
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rangi Kandane-Rathnayake
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Koelmeyer
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alberta Hoi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua D Ooi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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9
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Liblau RS, Latorre D, Kornum BR, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot EJ. The immunopathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:33-48. [PMID: 37400646 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; also known as orexin) peptides. An immune-mediated pathology for NT1 has long been suspected given its exceptionally tight association with the MHC class II allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, as well as recent genetic evidence showing associations with polymorphisms of T cell receptor genes and other immune-relevant loci and the increased incidence of NT1 that has been observed after vaccination with the influenza vaccine Pandemrix. The search for both self-antigens and foreign antigens recognized by the pathogenic T cell response in NT1 is ongoing. Increased T cell reactivity against HCRT has been consistently reported in patients with NT1, but data demonstrating a primary role for T cells in neuronal destruction are currently lacking. Animal models are providing clues regarding the roles of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the disease. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of NT1 will allow for the development of targeted immunotherapies at disease onset and could serve as a model for other immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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10
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Romagnani P, Kitching AR, Leung N, Anders HJ. The five types of glomerulonephritis classified by pathogenesis, activity and chronicity (GN-AC). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:ii3-ii10. [PMID: 37218714 PMCID: PMC10635795 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a diverse group of immune-mediated disorders. Currently, GN is classified largely by histological patterns that are difficult to understand and teach, and most importantly, do not indicate treatment choices. Indeed, altered systemic immunity is the primary pathogenic process and the key therapeutic target in GN. Here, we apply a conceptual framework of immune-mediated disorders to GN guided by immunopathogenesis and hence immunophenotyping: (i) infection-related GN require pathogen identification and control; (ii) autoimmunity-related GN, defined by presence of autoantibodies and (iii) alloimmunity-related GN in transplant recipients both require the suppression of adaptive immunity in lymphoid organs and bone marrow; (iv) autoinflammation-related GN, e.g. inborn errors of immunity diagnosed by genetic testing, requires suppression of single cytokine or complement pathways; and (v) Monoclonal gammopathy-related GN requires B or plasma cell clone-directed therapy. A new GN classification should include disease category, immunological activity to tailor the use of the increasing number of immunomodulatory drugs, and chronicity to trigger standard chronic kidney disease care including the evolving spectrum of cardio-renoprotective drugs. Certain biomarkers allow diagnosis and the assessment of immunological activity and disease chronicity without kidney biopsy. The use of these five GN categories and a therapy-focused GN classification is likely to overcome some of the existing hurdles in GN research, management and teaching by reflecting disease pathogenesis and guiding the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio” and Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Nephrology and Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nelson Leung
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Odler B, Tieu J, Artinger K, Chen-Xu M, Arnaud L, Kitching RA, Terrier B, Thiel J, Cid MC, Rosenkranz AR, Kronbichler A, Jayne DRW. The plethora of immunomodulatory drugs: opportunities for immune-mediated kidney diseases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:ii19-ii28. [PMID: 37816674 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, insights into the molecular pathways involved in disease have revolutionized the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A plethora of targeted therapies have been identified and are at varying stages of clinical development in renal autoimmunity. Some of these agents, such as rituximab or avacopan, have been approved for the treatment of immune-mediated kidney disease, but kidney disease lags behind more common autoimmune disorders in new drug development. Evidence is accumulating as to the importance of adaptive immunity, including abnormalities in T-cell activation and signaling, and aberrant B-cell function. Furthermore, innate immunity, particularly the complement and myeloid systems, as well as pathologic responses in tissue repair and fibrosis, play a key role in disease. Collectively, these mechanistic studies in innate and adaptive immunity have provided new insights into mechanisms of glomerular injury in immune-mediated kidney diseases. In addition, inflammatory pathways common to several autoimmune conditions exist, suggesting that the repurposing of some existing drugs for the treatment of immune-mediated kidney diseases is a logical strategy. This new understanding challenges the clinical investigator to translate new knowledge into novel therapies leading to better disease outcomes. This review highlights promising immunomodulatory therapies tested for immune-mediated kidney diseases as a primary indication, details current clinical trials and discusses pathways that could be targeted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Odler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johanna Tieu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide; Adelaide, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Katharina Artinger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Chen-Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- National Reference Center for Rare Auto-immune and Systemic Diseases Est Sud-Est (RESO), Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard A Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Nephrology and Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jens Thiel
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria C Cid
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander R Rosenkranz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David R W Jayne
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Kishimoto TK, Fournier M, Michaud A, Rizzo G, Roy C, Capela T, Nukolova N, Li N, Doyle L, Fu FN, VanDyke D, Traber PG, Spangler JB, Leung SS, Ilyinskii PO. Rapamycin nanoparticles increase the therapeutic window of engineered interleukin-2 and drive expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells for protection against autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2023; 140:103125. [PMID: 37844543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapies targeting the high affinity IL-2 receptor expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs) have shown promising therapeutic benefit in autoimmune diseases through nonselective expansion of pre-existing Treg populations, but are potentially limited by the inability to induce antigen-specific Tregs, as well as by dose-limiting activation of effector immune cells in settings of inflammation. We recently developed biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin, called ImmTOR, which induce selective immune tolerance to co-administered antigens but do not increase total Treg numbers. Here we demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an engineered Treg-selective IL-2 variant (termed IL-2 mutein) increases the number and durability of total Tregs, as well as inducing a profound synergistic increase in antigen-specific Tregs when combined with a target antigen. We demonstrate that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein leads to durable inhibition of antibody responses to co-administered AAV gene therapy capsid, even at sub-optimal doses of ImmTOR, and provides protection in autoimmune models of type 1 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis. Importantly, ImmTOR also increases the therapeutic window of engineered IL-2 molecules by mitigating effector immune cell expansion and preventing exacerbation of disease in a model of graft-versus-host-disease. At the same time, IL-2 mutein shows potential for dose-sparing of ImmTOR. Overall, these results establish that the combination of ImmTOR and an IL-2 mutein show synergistic benefit on both safety and efficacy to provide durable antigen-specific immune tolerance to mitigate drug immunogenicity and to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gina Rizzo
- Selecta Biosciences, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ning Li
- Selecta Biosciences, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Liam Doyle
- Selecta Biosciences, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Fen-Ni Fu
- Selecta Biosciences, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
| | - Derek VanDyke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | | - Jamie B Spangler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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13
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Ishwarlall TZ, Adeleke VT, Maharaj L, Okpeku M, Adeniyi AA, Adeleke MA. Multi-epitope vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Open Biol 2023; 13:230330. [PMID: 37935359 PMCID: PMC10645115 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans and is characterized by skin lesions. Several studies were performed testing the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in human and animal models and M. ulcerans-specific vaccines in animal models. However, there are currently no clinically accepted vaccines to prevent M. ulcerans infection. The aim of this study was to identify T-cell and B-cell epitopes from the mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins of M. ulcerans. These epitopes were analysed for properties including antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergenicity, non-toxicity, population coverage and the potential to induce cytokines. The final 8 CD8+, 12 CD4+ T-cell and 5 B-cell epitopes were antigenic, non-allergenic and non-toxic. The estimated global population coverage of the CD8+ and CD4+ epitopes was 97.71%. These epitopes were used to construct five multi-epitope vaccine constructs with different adjuvants and linker combinations. The constructs underwent further structural analyses and refinement. The constructs were then docked with Toll-like receptors. Three of the successfully docked complexes were structurally analysed. Two of the docked complexes successfully underwent molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and post-MDS analysis. The complexes generated were found to be stable. However, experimental validation of the complexes is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Z. Ishwarlall
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Victoria T. Adeleke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adebayo A. Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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14
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe multisystem autoimmune disease that can cause injury in almost every body system. While considered a classic example of autoimmunity, it is still relatively poorly understood. Treatment with immunosuppressive agents is challenging, as many agents are relatively non-specific, and the underlying disease is characterized by unpredictable flares and remissions. This State of The Art Review provides a comprehensive current summary of systemic lupus erythematosus based on recent literature. In basic and translational science, this summary includes the current state of genetics, epigenetics, differences by ancestry, and updates about the molecular and immunological pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. In clinical science, the summary includes updates in diagnosis and classification, clinical features and subphenotypes, and current guidelines and strategies for treatment. The paper also provides a comprehensive review of the large number of recent clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus. Current knowns and unknowns are presented, and potential directions for the future are suggested. Improved knowledge of immunological pathogenesis and the molecular differences that exist between patients should help to personalize treatment, minimize side effects, and achieve better outcomes in this difficult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Morand
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Hartman K, Steiner G, Siegel M, Looney CM, Hickling TP, Bray-French K, Springer S, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A. Expanding the MAPPs Assay to Accommodate MHC-II Pan Receptors for Improved Predictability of Potential T Cell Epitopes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1265. [PMID: 37759665 PMCID: PMC10525474 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A critical step in the immunogenicity cascade is attributed to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) II presentation triggering T cell immune responses. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assay is implemented during preclinical risk assessments to identify biotherapeutic-derived T cell epitopes. Although studies indicate that HLA-DP and HLA-DQ alleles are linked to immunogenicity, most MAPPs studies are restricted to using HLA-DR as the dominant HLA II genotype due to the lack of well-characterized immunoprecipitating antibodies. Here, we address this issue by testing various commercially available clones of MHC-II pan (CR3/43, WR18, and Tü39), HLA-DP (B7/21), and HLA-DQ (SPV-L3 and 1a3) antibodies in the MAPPs assay, and characterizing identified peptides according to binding specificity. Our results reveal that HLA II receptor-precipitating reagents with similar reported specificities differ based on clonality and that MHC-II pan antibodies do not entirely exhibit pan-specific tendencies. Since no individual antibody clone is able to recover the complete HLA II peptide repertoire, we recommend a mixed strategy of clones L243, WR18, and SPV-L3 in a single immunoprecipitation step for more robust compound-specific peptide detection. Ultimately, our optimized MAPPs strategy improves the predictability and additional identification of T cell epitopes in immunogenicity risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Cary M. Looney
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Sebastian Springer
- School of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
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16
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Mikami N, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune kidney diseases and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:544-557. [PMID: 37400628 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) are naturally present in the immune system and have roles in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune system and tissue homeostasis. Treg cells suppress T cell activation, expansion and effector functions by various mechanisms, particularly by controlling the functions of antigen-presenting cells. They can also contribute to tissue repair by suppressing inflammation and facilitating tissue regeneration, for example, via the production of growth factors and the promotion of stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Monogenic anomalies of Treg cells and genetic variations of Treg cell functional molecules can cause or predispose patients to the development of autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory disorders, including kidney diseases. Treg cells can potentially be utilized or targeted to treat immunological diseases and establish transplantation tolerance, for example, by expanding natural Treg cells in vivo using IL-2 or small molecules or by expanding them in vitro for adoptive Treg cell therapy. Efforts are also being made to convert antigen-specific conventional T cells into Treg cells and to generate chimeric antigen receptor Treg cells from natural Treg cells for adoptive Treg cell therapies with the aim of achieving antigen-specific immune suppression and tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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17
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Pang Y, Zhao W, Sun P, Li L. Mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel in physiology and pathophysiology of the central nervous system. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102026. [PMID: 37532007 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel in 2010, there has been a significant amount of research conducted to explore its regulatory role in the physiology and pathology of various organ systems. Recently, a growing body of compelling evidence has emerged linking the activity of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel to health and disease of the central nervous system. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these associations remain inadequately comprehended. This review systematically summarizes the current research on the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel and its implications for central nervous system mechanobiology, retrospects the results demonstrating the regulatory role of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel on various cell types within the central nervous system, including neural stem cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, the review discusses the current understanding of the involvement of the Piezo1 channel in central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, stroke, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yige Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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18
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Stražar M, Park J, Abelin JG, Taylor HB, Pedersen TK, Plichta DR, Brown EM, Eraslan B, Hung YM, Ortiz K, Clauser KR, Carr SA, Xavier RJ, Graham DB. HLA-II immunopeptidome profiling and deep learning reveal features of antigenicity to inform antigen discovery. Immunity 2023; 56:1681-1698.e13. [PMID: 37301199 PMCID: PMC10519123 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses are exquisitely antigen specific and directed toward peptide epitopes displayed by human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) on antigen-presenting cells. Underrepresentation of diverse alleles in ligand databases and an incomplete understanding of factors affecting antigen presentation in vivo have limited progress in defining principles of peptide immunogenicity. Here, we employed monoallelic immunopeptidomics to identify 358,024 HLA-II binders, with a particular focus on HLA-DQ and HLA-DP. We uncovered peptide-binding patterns across a spectrum of binding affinities and enrichment of structural antigen features. These aspects underpinned the development of context-aware predictor of T cell antigens (CAPTAn), a deep learning model that predicts peptide antigens based on their affinity to HLA-II and full sequence of their source proteins. CAPTAn was instrumental in discovering prevalent T cell epitopes from bacteria in the human microbiome and a pan-variant epitope from SARS-CoV-2. Together CAPTAn and associated datasets present a resource for antigen discovery and the unraveling genetic associations of HLA alleles with immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stražar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jihye Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Hannah B Taylor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas K Pedersen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Eric M Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Basak Eraslan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yuan-Mao Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kayla Ortiz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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19
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Anders HJ, Kitching AR, Leung N, Romagnani P. Glomerulonephritis: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:453-471. [PMID: 36635359 PMCID: PMC9838307 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
'Glomerulonephritis' (GN) is a term used to describe a group of heterogeneous immune-mediated disorders characterized by inflammation of the filtration units of the kidney (the glomeruli). These disorders are currently classified largely on the basis of histopathological lesion patterns, but these patterns do not align well with their diverse pathological mechanisms and hence do not inform optimal therapy. Instead, we propose grouping GN disorders into five categories according to their immunopathogenesis: infection-related GN, autoimmune GN, alloimmune GN, autoinflammatory GN and monoclonal gammopathy-related GN. This categorization can inform the appropriate treatment; for example, infection control for infection-related GN, suppression of adaptive immunity for autoimmune GN and alloimmune GN, inhibition of single cytokines or complement factors for autoinflammatory GN arising from inborn errors in innate immunity, and plasma cell clone-directed or B cell clone-directed therapy for monoclonal gammopathies. Here we present the immunopathogenesis of GN and immunotherapies in use and in development and discuss how an immunopathogenesis-based GN classification can focus research, and improve patient management and teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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20
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Stadinski BD, Cleveland SB, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Huseby PG, Huseby ES. I-A g7 β56/57 polymorphisms regulate non-cognate negative selection to CD4 + T cell orchestrators of type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:652-663. [PMID: 36807641 PMCID: PMC10623581 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated with homozygous expression of major histocompatibility complex class II alleles that carry specific beta chain polymorphisms. Why heterozygous expression of these major histocompatibility complex class II alleles does not confer a similar predisposition is unresolved. Using a nonobese diabetic mouse model, here we show that heterozygous expression of the type 1 diabetes-protective allele I-Ag7 β56P/57D induces negative selection to the I-Ag7-restricted T cell repertoire, including beta-islet-specific CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, negative selection occurs despite I-Ag7 β56P/57D having a reduced ability to present beta-islet antigens to CD4+ T cells. Peripheral manifestations of non-cognate negative selection include a near complete loss of beta-islet-specific CXCR6+ CD4+ T cells, an inability to cross-prime islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein and insulin-specific CD8+ T cells and disease arrest at the insulitis stage. These data reveal that negative selection on non-cognate self-antigens in the thymus can promote T cell tolerance and protection from autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Stadinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah B Cleveland
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Priya G Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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21
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Palmer DS, Zhou W, Abbott L, Wigdor EM, Baya N, Churchhouse C, Seed C, Poterba T, King D, Kanai M, Bloemendal A, Neale BM. Analysis of genetic dominance in the UK Biobank. Science 2023; 379:1341-1348. [PMID: 36996212 PMCID: PMC10345642 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical statistical genetics theory defines dominance as any deviation from a purely additive, or dosage, effect of a genotype on a trait, which is known as the dominance deviation. Dominance is well documented in plant and animal breeding. Outside of rare monogenic traits, however, evidence in humans is limited. We systematically examined common genetic variation across 1060 traits in a large population cohort (UK Biobank, N = 361,194 samples analyzed) for evidence of dominance effects. We then developed a computationally efficient method to rapidly assess the aggregate contribution of dominance deviations to heritability. Lastly, observing that dominance associations are inherently less correlated between sites at a genomic locus than their additive counterparts, we explored whether they may be leveraged to identify causal variants more confidently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S. Palmer
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liam Abbott
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Nikolas Baya
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cotton Seed
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tim Poterba
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel King
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Bloemendal
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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22
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Racle J, Guillaume P, Schmidt J, Michaux J, Larabi A, Lau K, Perez MAS, Croce G, Genolet R, Coukos G, Zoete V, Pojer F, Bassani-Sternberg M, Harari A, Gfeller D. Machine learning predictions of MHC-II specificities reveal alternative binding mode of class II epitopes. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00129-2. [PMID: 37023751 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells orchestrate the adaptive immune response against pathogens and cancer by recognizing epitopes presented on class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules. The high polymorphism of MHC-II genes represents an important hurdle toward accurate prediction and identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes. Here we collected and curated a dataset of 627,013 unique MHC-II ligands identified by mass spectrometry. This enabled us to precisely determine the binding motifs of 88 MHC-II alleles across humans, mice, cattle, and chickens. Analysis of these binding specificities combined with X-ray crystallography refined our understanding of the molecular determinants of MHC-II motifs and revealed a widespread reverse-binding mode in HLA-DP ligands. We then developed a machine-learning framework to accurately predict binding specificities and ligands of any MHC-II allele. This tool improves and expands predictions of CD4+ T cell epitopes and enables us to discover viral and bacterial epitopes following the aforementioned reverse-binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Racle
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amédé Larabi
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kelvin Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta A S Perez
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giancarlo Croce
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Genolet
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Cancer Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Zhang XD, Lin CX, Cui Z, Gu QH, Yan BJ, Liu L, Song WC, Shi Y, Debiec H, Ronco P, Zhao MH. Mapping the T cell epitopes of the M-type transmembrane phospholipase A2 receptor in primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2023; 103:580-592. [PMID: 36549363 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is the major autoantigen of primary membranous nephropathy (MN). Despite many studies on B-cell epitopes recognized by antibodies, little is known about T-cell epitopes. Herein, we synthesized 123 linear peptides, each consisting of 15-22 amino acids with 8-12 amino acid overlaps, across ten domains of PLA2R. Their binding capacity to risk (DRB1∗1501, DRB1∗0301) and protective (DRB1∗0901, DRB1∗0701) HLA molecules was then assessed by flow cytometry. Proliferation of CD4+ T cells from patients with anti-PLA2R positive MN was analyzed after peptide stimulation. Cytokines produced by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured by cytometric bead arrays. We identified 17 PLA2R peptides that bound to both DRB1∗1501 and DRB1∗0301 molecules with high capacity. Some of these peptides showed decreased binding to heterozygous DRB1∗1501/0901 and DRB1∗0301/0701. Ten of the 17 peptides (CysR1, CysR10, CysR12, FnII-3, CTLD3-9, CTLD3-10, CTLD3-11, CTLD5-2-1, CTLD7-1 and CTLD7-2) induced significant proliferation of CD4+ T cells from patients with MN than cells from healthy individuals. Upon activation by these peptides, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with MN produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, predominantly IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-9 and IL-17. Thus, we mapped and identified ten peptides in the CysR, FnII, CTLD3, CTLD5, and CTLD7 domains of PLA2R as potential T-cell epitopes of MN. These findings are a first step towards developing peptide-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Lin
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiu-Hua Gu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing-Jia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanna Debiec
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Unité Mixte de Recherche S1155, Paris, France; Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Research advances on targeted-Treg therapies on immune-mediated kidney diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103257. [PMID: 36563769 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is blocking the pathogenic immunological response mediated by autoreactive cells, establishing and maintaining immune homeostasis in tissues. Kidney diseases are often caused by Immune imbalance, including alloimmune graft damage after renal transplantation, direct immune-mediated kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy (MN) and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis, as well as indirect immune-mediated ones like Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAVs), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and lupus nephritis (LN). Treg cells are deficient numerically and/or functionally in those kidney diseases. Targeted-Treg therapies, including adoptive Tregs transfer therapy and low-dose IL-2 therapy, have begun to thrive in treating autoimmune diseases in recent years. However, the clinical use of targeted Treg-therapies is rarely mentioned in those kidney diseases above except for kidney transplantation. This article mainly discusses the newest progressions of targeted-Treg therapies in those specific examples of immune-mediated kidney diseases. Meanwhile, we also reviewed the main factors that affect Treg development and differentiation, hoping to inspire new strategies to develop target Tregs-therapies. Lastly, we emphasize the significant impediments and prospects to the clinical translation of target-Treg therapy. We advocate for more preclinical and clinical studies on target Tregs-therapies to decipher Tregs in those diseases.
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25
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Ishina IA, Zakharova MY, Kurbatskaia IN, Mamedov AE, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity. Cells 2023; 12:314. [PMID: 36672249 PMCID: PMC9856717 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules is crucial for eliciting an efficient immune response by CD4+ T cells and maintaining self-antigen tolerance. Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of the development of different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized by the emergence of autoreactive T cells. Apparently, the MHC-II presentation of self-antigens contributes to the autoimmune T cell response, initiated through a breakdown of central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. The appearance of autoreactive T cell might be the result of (i) the unusual interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and self-antigens presented on MHC-II; (ii) the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of self-antigens; (iii) direct loading of the self-antigen to classical MHC-II without additional nonclassical MHC assistance; (iv) the proinflammatory environment effect on MHC-II expression and antigen presentation; and (v) molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. The peculiarities of the processes involved in the MHC-II-mediated presentation may have crucial importance in the elucidation of the mechanisms of triggering and developing ADs as well as for clarification on the protective effect of MHC-II alleles that are negatively associated with ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Ishina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N. Kurbatskaia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Azad E. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Rich RR, Cron RQ. The Human Immune Response. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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27
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Rui Y, Eppler HB, Yanes AA, Jewell CM. Tissue-Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies to Promote Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202238. [PMID: 36417578 PMCID: PMC9992113 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During autoimmunity or organ transplant rejection, the immune system attacks host or transplanted tissue, causing debilitating inflammation for millions of patients. There is no cure for most of these diseases. Further, available therapies modulate inflammation through nonspecific pathways, reducing symptoms but also compromising patients' ability to mount healthy immune responses. Recent preclinical advances to regulate immune dysfunction with vaccine-like antigen specificity reveal exciting opportunities to address the root cause of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Several of these therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials, underscoring the promise of antigen-specific tolerance. Achieving antigen-specific tolerance requires precision and often combinatorial delivery of antigen, cytokines, small molecule drugs, and other immunomodulators. This can be facilitated by biomaterial technologies, which can be engineered to orient and display immunological cues, protect against degradation, and selectively deliver signals to specific tissues or cell populations. In this review, some key immune cell populations involved in autoimmunity and healthy immune tolerance are described. Opportunities for drug delivery to immunological organs are discussed, where specialized tissue-resident immune cells can be programmed to respond in unique ways toward antigens. Finally, cell- and biomaterial-based therapies to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance that are currently undergoing clinical trials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Rui
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Haleigh B. Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alexis A. Yanes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kuang H, Liu J, Jia XY, Cui Z, Zhao MH. Autoimmunity in Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease: A Review of Mechanisms and Prospects for Immunotherapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81:90-99. [PMID: 36334986 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibodies against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes, leading to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and severe alveolar hemorrhage. The noncollagenous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen, α3(IV)NC1, contains the main target autoantigen in this disease. Epitope mapping studies of α3(IV)NC1 have identified several nephritogenic epitopes and critical residues that bind to autoantibodies and trigger anti-GBM disease. The discovery of novel target antigens has revealed the heterogeneous nature of this disease. In addition, both epitope spreading and mimicry have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease. Epitope spreading refers to the development of autoimmunity to new autoepitopes, thus worsening disease progression, whereas epitope mimicry, which occurs via sharing of critical residues with microbial peptides, can initiate autoimmunity. An understanding of these autoimmune responses may open opportunities to explore potential new therapeutic approaches for this disease. We review how current advances in epitope mapping, identification of novel autoantigens, and the phenomena of epitope spreading and mimicry have heightened the understanding of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease, and we discuss prospects for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Kuang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Jia
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Chung EYM, Wang YM, Keung K, Hu M, McCarthy H, Wong G, Kairaitis L, Bose B, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Membranous nephropathy: Clearer pathology and mechanisms identify potential strategies for treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036249. [PMID: 36405681 PMCID: PMC9667740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is one of the common causes of adult-onset nephrotic syndrome and is characterized by autoantibodies against podocyte antigens causing in situ immune complex deposition. Much of our understanding of the disease mechanisms underpinning this kidney-limited autoimmune disease originally came from studies of Heymann nephritis, a rat model of PMN, where autoantibodies against megalin produced a similar disease phenotype though megalin is not implicated in human disease. In PMN, the major target antigen was identified to be M-type phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R) in 2009. Further utilization of mass spectrometry on immunoprecipitated glomerular extracts and laser micro dissected glomeruli has allowed the rapid discovery of other antigens (thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7A, neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein, semaphorin 3B, protocadherin 7, high temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1, netrin G1) targeted by autoantibodies in PMN. Despite these major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of PMN, treatments remain non-specific, often ineffective, or toxic. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the immune mechanisms driving PMN from animal models and clinical studies, and the implications on the development of future targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Y. M. Chung
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan M. Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Keung
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh McCarthy
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Lukas Kairaitis
- Department of Nephrology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bhadran Bose
- Department of Nephrology, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - David C. H. Harris
- The Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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30
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Michelson DA, Mathis D. Thymic mimetic cells: tolerogenic masqueraders. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:782-791. [PMID: 36008259 PMCID: PMC9509455 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) clonally delete or divert autoreactive T cells by ectopically expressing a diverse array of peripheral-tissue antigens (PTAs) within the thymus. Although thymic stromal cells with histological features of extra-thymic cell types, like myocytes or neurons, have been observed by light microscopy since the mid-1800s, most modern work on PTA expression has focused on the transcription factor Aire. Here, we highlight recent work that has refocused attention on such 'misplaced' thymic cells, referred to collectively as thymic mimetic cells. We review the molecular underpinnings of mimetic cells and their roles in establishing T cell tolerance, and we propose that mimetic cells play important roles in autoimmunity. Finally, we suggest future directions for this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Lapierre P, Alvarez F. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis: Genetic susceptibility. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025343. [PMID: 36248826 PMCID: PMC9556705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are recognized; AIH-1 is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies, while AIH-2 is associated with the presence of anti-Liver kidney microsome and/or anti-Liver Cytosol antibodies. The autoantigens targeted by AIH-2 autoantibodies are the cytochrome P450 2D6 and Formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase for anti-LKM1 and anti-LC1 respectively. Both autoantigens are expressed in hepatocytes at higher levels than in any other cell type. Therefore, compared to AIH-1, the autoantigens targeted in AIH-2 are predominantly tissue-specific. Distinct clinical features are specific to AIH-2 compared to AIH-1, including diagnosis in younger patients (mean age 6.6 years), onset as fulminant hepatitis in very young patients (3 years of age or less), higher frequency in children than in adults and is frequently associated with extrahepatic T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. AIH-2 is also often diagnosed in patients with primary immunodeficiency. AIH-2 is associated with specific HLA class II susceptibility alleles; DQB1*0201 is considered the main determinant of susceptibility while DRB1*07/DRB1*03 is associated with the type of autoantibody present. HLA DQB1*0201 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with both HLA DRB1*03 and DRB1*07. Interestingly, as in humans, MHC and non-MHC genes strongly influence the development of the disease in an animal model of AIH-2. Altogether, these findings suggest that AIH-2 incidence is likely dependent on specific genetic susceptibility factors combined with distinct environmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lapierre
- Laboratoire d’hépatologie cellulaire, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Service de gastroentérologie, hépatologie et nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fernando Alvarez,
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32
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Benlaribi R, Gou Q, Takaba H. Thymic self-antigen expression for immune tolerance and surveillance. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:28. [PMID: 36056452 PMCID: PMC9440513 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are a group of lymphocytes that play a central role in the immune system, notably, eliminating pathogens and attacking cancer while being tolerant of the self. Elucidating how immune tolerance is ensured has become a significant research issue for understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as cancer immunity. T cell immune tolerance is established mainly in the thymic medulla by the removal of self-responsive T cells and the generation of regulatory T cells, this process depends mainly on the expression of a variety of tissue restricted antigens (TRAs) by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). The expression of TRAs is known to be regulated by at least two independent factors, Fezf2 and Aire, which play non-redundant and complementary roles by different mechanisms. In this review, we introduce the molecular logic of thymic self-antigen expression that underlies T cell selection for the prevention of autoimmunity and the establishment of immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayene Benlaribi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiao Gou
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaba
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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33
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Chung EYM, Blazek K, Teixeira-Pinto A, Sharma A, Kim S, Lin Y, Keung K, Bose B, Kairaitis L, McCarthy H, Ronco P, Alexander SI, Wong G. Predictive Models for Recurrent Membranous Nephropathy After Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1357. [PMID: 35935023 PMCID: PMC9355108 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent membranous nephropathy (MN) posttransplantation affects 35% to 50% of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and accounts for 50% allograft loss 5 y after diagnosis. Predictive factors for recurrent MN may include HLA-D risk alleles, but other factors have not been explored with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Y M Chung
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina Blazek
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ankit Sharma
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Siah Kim
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Yingxin Lin
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Keung
- Department of Renal Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Bhadran Bose
- Department of Renal Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Lukas Kairaitis
- Department of Renal Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh McCarthy
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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34
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Covalent TCR-peptide-MHC interactions induce T cell activation and redirect T cell fate in the thymus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4951. [PMID: 35999236 PMCID: PMC9399087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between a T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand are typically mediated by noncovalent bonds. By studying T cells expressing natural or engineered TCRs, here we describe covalent TCR-pMHC interactions that involve a cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond between the TCR and the peptide. By introducing cysteines into a known TCR-pMHC combination, we demonstrate that disulfide bond formation does not require structural rearrangement of the TCR or the peptide. We further show these disulfide bonds still form even when the initial affinity of the TCR-pMHC interaction is low. Accordingly, TCR-peptide disulfide bonds facilitate T cell activation by pMHC ligands with a wide spectrum of affinities for the TCR. Physiologically, this mechanism induces strong Zap70-dependent TCR signaling, which triggers T cell deletion or agonist selection in the thymus cortex. Covalent TCR-pMHC interactions may thus underlie a physiological T cell activation mechanism that has applications in basic immunology and potentially in immunotherapy. Differentiation and activation of T cells are normally modulated by non-covalent interactions between T cell receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptides. Here the authors use step-wise mutations, biochemical characterization and structural insights to describe the contributions of natural covalent bonds between TCR and antigenic peptides during these processes.
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35
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Shochet L, Kitching AR. Identifying Antigen-Specific T Cells in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Glimpse of the Future? J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1435-1437. [PMID: 35906086 PMCID: PMC9342648 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lani Shochet
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Li Y, Jiang W, Mellins ED. TCR-like antibodies targeting autoantigen-mhc complexes: a mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968432. [PMID: 35967436 PMCID: PMC9363607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (p/MHC) that are expressed on cell surfaces; while B cell-derived antibodies (Abs) recognize soluble or cell surface native antigens of various types (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.). Immune surveillance by T and B cells thus inspects almost all formats of antigens to mount adaptive immune responses against cancer cells, infectious organisms and other foreign insults, while maintaining tolerance to self-tissues. With contributions from environmental triggers, the development of autoimmune disease is thought to be due to the expression of MHC risk alleles by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting self-antigen (autoantigen), breaking through self-tolerance and activating autoreactive T cells, which orchestrate downstream pathologic events. Investigating and treating autoimmune diseases have been challenging, both because of the intrinsic complexity of these diseases and the need for tools targeting T cell epitopes (autoantigen-MHC). Naturally occurring TCRs with relatively low (micromolar) affinities to p/MHC are suboptimal for autoantigen-MHC targeting, whereas the use of engineered TCRs and their derivatives (e.g., TCR multimers and TCR-engineered T cells) are limited by unpredictable cross-reactivity. As Abs generally have nanomolar affinity, recent advances in engineering TCR-like (TCRL) Abs promise advantages over their TCR counterparts for autoantigen-MHC targeting. Here, we compare the p/MHC binding by TCRs and TCRL Abs, review the strategies for generation of TCRL Abs, highlight their application for identification of autoantigen-presenting APCs, and discuss future directions and limitations of TCRL Abs as immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
| | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
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37
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Kühnl A, Hartwig L, Dähnrich C, Schlumberger W. Serodiagnosis of Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Disease Using a Newly Developed Chemiluminescence Immunoassay. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:915754. [PMID: 35860736 PMCID: PMC9289136 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.915754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies directed against the kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens are important markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune glomerulonephritides, including the classic Goodpasture's syndrome. Rapid and reliable diagnostic tools for the detection of anti-GBM autoantibodies are crucial as anti-GBM disease can progress rapidly and, if too late or incorrectly diagnosed, can have serious, even fatal consequences. The performance of the newly developed standardized chemiluminescence immunoassay (ChLIA) was evaluated in comparison with the established Anti-GBM ELISA (IgG) (EUROIMMUN). For the assessment of its diagnostic performance, sera from 67 clinically characterized anti-GBM disease patients and 221 disease controls were analyzed. The clinical sensitivity of the Anti-GBM ChLIA (IgG) reached 100% at a specificity of 98.6%. The Anti-GBM ELISA (IgG) performance was less sensitive (89.6%) without any positive findings in the control group, indicating a specificity of 100%. Both methods were homogeneous (κ = 0.901). The Anti-GBM ChLIA (IgG) represents a promising alternative tool for accurate anti-GBM assessment in routine diagnostic settings with the advantage of rapid turnaround time and fully automated random-access processing.
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38
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Wang C, Daley SR. How Thymocyte Deletion in the Cortex May Curtail Antigen-Specific T-Regulatory Cell Development in the Medulla. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892498. [PMID: 35693793 PMCID: PMC9176388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell responses to self-antigens are pivotal for immunological self-tolerance. Activation of Foxp3– T-conventional (T-conv) cells can precipitate autoimmune disease, whereas activation of Foxp3+ T-regulatory (T-reg) cells is essential to prevent autoimmune disease. This distinction indicates the importance of the thymus in controlling the differentiation of self-reactive CD4+ T cells. Thymocytes and thymic antigen-presenting cells (APC) depend on each other for normal maturation and differentiation. In this Hypothesis and Theory article, we propose this mutual dependence dictates which self-antigens induce T-reg cell development in the thymic medulla. We postulate self-reactive CD4+ CD8– thymocytes deliver signals that stabilize and amplify the presentation of their cognate self-antigen by APC in the thymic medulla, thereby seeding a niche for the development of T-reg cells specific for the same self-antigen. By limiting the number of antigen-specific CD4+ thymocytes in the medulla, thymocyte deletion in the cortex may impede the formation of medullary T-reg niches containing certain self-antigens. Susceptibility to autoimmune disease may arise from cortical deletion creating a “hole” in the self-antigen repertoire recognized by T-reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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39
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Zhou HS, Cui Z, Wang H, Gao TT, Wang L, Wu J, Xiong ZY, Hao J, Zhao MH. The therapeutic effects of human embryonic stem cells-derived immunity-and-matrix regulatory cells on membranous nephropathy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:240. [PMID: 35672767 PMCID: PMC9172125 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is a kidney-specific autoimmune disease. Human embryonic stem cells-derived immunity-and-matrix regulatory cells (hESC-IMRCs) have immunoregulatory functions. We hypothesized that hESC-IMRCs might have therapeutic effects on MN and be a potential treatment in clinical practice. Methods Rats of Heymann nephritis were injected with sheep anti-rat Fx1A serum. hESC-IMRCs were intravenously administrated upon the detection of proteinuria, with 6 × 106 cells (high-dose) or 3 × 106 cells (low-dose) in 1 ml every other day. Splenocytes and IMRCs were co-cultured at different times and ratios. Cell types and cytokines were detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The urinary protein of rats with Heymann nephritis was reduced remarkably to a level comparable to negative controls, in both low-dose (45.6 vs. 282.3 mg/d, P < 0.001) and high-dose (35.2 vs. 282.3 mg/d, P < 0.001) hESC-IMRC treatment groups. IgG and C3 deposit, glomerular basement membrane thickness and foot process effacement were alleviated and the reduced podocin was recovered in the kidneys. The proportions of CD4 + CD25 + T cells in circulation and spleen were increased, and the circulating level of IL-10 was increased, after IMRC interventions. IL-17 and TNF-α were reduced after IMRCs treatments. IL-10 increased remarkably in the co-culture supernatant of lymphocytes and IMRCs at 48 h with ratio 10:1. Conclusions The intravenously delivered hESC-IMRCs alleviated proteinuria and kidney injuries of Heymann nephritis, by their immunosuppressive functions through regulatory T cells and IL-10. These pre-clinical results indicate that IMRCs worth careful consideration for human trials in the treatment of MN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02917-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Song Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100034, China.,Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gao
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liu Wang
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Wu
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zu-Ying Xiong
- Renal Division, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Jie Hao
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China; Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100034, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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Panhuber A, Lamorte G, Bruno V, Cetin H, Bauer W, Höftberger R, Erber AC, Frommlet F, Koneczny I. A systematic review and meta-analysis of HLA class II associations in patients with IgG4 autoimmunity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9229. [PMID: 35654912 PMCID: PMC9163138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases caused by pathogenic IgG4 subclass autoantibodies (IgG4-AID) include diseases like MuSK myasthenia gravis, pemphigus vulgaris or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Their etiology is still unknown. Polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene locus, particularly in HLA-DRB1, are known genetic susceptibility factors for autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized a similar role for HLA polymorphisms in IgG4-AID and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with case-control studies on IgG4-AID based on MOOSE/ HuGENet guidelines. Genotype (G) and allele (A) frequencies of HLA-DQB1*05 (G: OR 3.8; 95% CI 2.44-5.9; p < 0.00001; A: OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.82-3.55; p < 0.00001) and HLA-DRB1*14 (G: OR 4.31; 95% CI 2.82-6.59; p < 0.00001; A: OR 4.78; 95% CI 3.52-6.49; p < 0.00001) and the HLA-DRB1*14-DQB1*05 haplotype (OR 6.3; 95% CI 3.28-12.09; p < 0.00001/OR 4.98; 95% CI 3.8-6.53; p < 0.00001) were increased while HLA-DRB1*13 (G: OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.34-0.68; p < 0.0001; A: OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.34-0.62; p < 0.00001) was decreased in IgG4-AID patients. In conclusion, the HLA-DQB1*05, HLA-DRB1*14 alleles and the HLA-DQB1*05-DRB1*14 haplotype could be genetic risk factors that predispose for the production of pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies and the HLA-DRB1*13 allele may protect from IgG4 autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Panhuber
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Lamorte
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Bruno
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakan Cetin
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid C Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Florian Frommlet
- Center for Medical Statistics Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Das P, Minz RW, Saikia B, Sharma A, Anand S, Singh H, Singh S. Association of Human Leucocyte Antigen Class II, with viral load and immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in adult and pediatric Systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2022; 31:1054-1066. [PMID: 35607991 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, which is known to be associated with HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In the Indian subcontinent where there is high seroendemicity of EBV, we postulated that the association of this virus in adult SLE (aSLE) and pediatric SLE (pSLE) patients would be different and differentially associate with the HLA-DRB1 susceptibility and protective genes. METHODS A total of 109 aSLE, 52 pSLE, 215 adult healthy and 63 pediatric healthy controls were recruited. HLA-DRB1 genotyping by PCR-SSP, EBV load estimation by real-time PCR and antibody profiling (IgG & IgM) to EBV antigens by line blot assay were performed. RESULTS DRB1*15 was found predominant in pSLE patients and DRB1*03 in aSLE patients. DRB1*15/X heterozygous was predominant in overall SLE patients, although disease severity, like hypocomplementemia, higher autoantibody levels and more organ involvement was observed in *15/*15 homozygous state. EBV strongly associated with pSLE patients showing higher percent of EA-D IgG (p < 0.0001) and p22 IgG (p = 0.035) along with higher viral load (p = 0.001) as compared to healthy controls. In addition, the higher EBV DNA load significantly associated with anti-EA-D IgG (p = 0.013) and DRB1*15/*15 (p = 0.007) in pSLE patients as compared to aSLE patients. CONCLUSIONS This study therefore indicates that different HLA-DRB1 allotypes confer susceptibility to SLE in children and adults and disease may be triggered by increased EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Das
- Department of Immunopathology, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Heera Singh
- Department of Immunopathology, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Advanced Pediatric Centre, 29751Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Nagai K, Iwase M, Ueda A. A case of anti-GBM nephritis following centipede bites and COVID-19 vaccination. CEN Case Rep 2022; 11:166-170. [PMID: 34524643 PMCID: PMC8441946 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-021-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of newly developed anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN) following centipede bites and COVID-19 vaccination is presented. A 70-year-old woman presented for investigation of mild fever, generalized fatigue, and macroscopic hematuria with no past history of renal disease. One year earlier, she had been bitten by a centipede. Based on the governmental policy, she was given the first COVID-19 vaccination, and the second injection was planned 3 weeks later. Accidentally, she was again bitten by a centipede, and the injured site had swollen severely. Based on a physician's judgment, the interval between vaccinations was extended to 8 weeks. One week after the second vaccination, macroscopic hematuria occurred suddenly, coincident with mild fever. Her serum anti-GBM titer was above the upper limit. There was no pulmonary involvement. Renal pathology showed anti-GBM GN, and she was treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy followed by sequential plasmapheresis. She had advanced renal dysfunction, but was independent of dialysis therapy during the one month of the remission induction therapy phase, and she is being treated with immunosuppressant therapy. Both vaccination and animal bites skew towards Th1 immunity, a key mechanism involved in the development of necrotizing GN evoked by anti-GBM antibody. Though there is no direct evidence for causality linking centipede bites, vaccination, and anti-GBM GN, the risk of anti-GBM GN appears to be increased by excessively induced Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1 Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan.
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Iwase
- Department of Nephrology, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1 Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Department of Nephrology, Hitachi General Hospital, 2-1-1 Jonan-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 317-0077, Japan
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43
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Mitchell AM, Michels AW. Self-Antigens Targeted by Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3155. [PMID: 35328581 PMCID: PMC8954990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made toward understanding mechanisms that lead to the development of autoimmunity, there is less knowledge regarding protective mechanisms from developing such diseases. For example, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, the role of pathogenic T cells in the destruction of pancreatic islets is well characterized, but immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to T1D protection have not been fully elucidated. One potential protective mechanism includes the suppression of immune responses by regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) that recognize self-peptides from islets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. In this review, we summarize what is known about the antigenic self-peptides recognized by Tregs in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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44
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Variegated Outcomes of T Cell Activation by Dendritic Cells in the Steady State. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:539-547. [PMID: 35042789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) control adaptive immunity by sensing damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and then inducing defined differentiation programs in T cells. Nevertheless, in the absence of specific proimmunogenic innate signals, generally referred to as the steady state, cDC also activate T cells to induce specific functional fates. Consistent with the maintenance of homeostasis, such specific outcomes of T cell activation in the steady state include T cell clonal anergy, deletion, and conversion of peripheral regulatory T cells (pTregs). However, the robust induction of protolerogenic mechanisms must be reconciled with the initiation of autoimmune responses and cancer immunosurveillance that are also observed under homeostatic conditions. Here we review the diversity of fates and functions of T cells involved in the opposing immunogenic and tolerogenic processes induced in the steady state by the relevant mechanisms of systemic cDC present in murine peripheral lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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45
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Endmayr V, Tunc C, Ergin L, De Rosa A, Weng R, Wagner L, Yu TY, Fichtenbaum A, Perkmann T, Haslacher H, Kozakowski N, Schwaiger C, Ricken G, Hametner S, Klotz S, Dutra LA, Lechner C, de Simoni D, Poppert KN, Müller GJ, Pirker S, Pirker W, Angelovski A, Valach M, Maestri M, Guida M, Ricciardi R, Frommlet F, Sieghart D, Pinter M, Kircher K, Artacker G, Höftberger R, Koneczny I. Anti-Neuronal IgG4 Autoimmune Diseases and IgG4-Related Diseases May Not Be Part of the Same Spectrum: A Comparative Study. Front Immunol 2022; 12:785247. [PMID: 35095860 PMCID: PMC8795769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IgG4 is associated with two emerging groups of rare diseases: 1) IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID) and 2) IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RLD). Anti-neuronal IgG4-AID include MuSK myasthenia gravis, LGI1- and Caspr2-encephalitis and autoimmune nodo-/paranodopathies (CNTN1/Caspr1 or NF155 antibodies). IgG4-RLD is a multiorgan disease hallmarked by tissue-destructive fibrotic lesions with lymphocyte and IgG4 plasma cell infiltrates and increased serum IgG4 concentrations. It is unclear whether IgG4-AID and IgG4-RLD share relevant clinical and immunopathological features. Methods We collected and analyzed clinical, serological, and histopathological data in 50 patients with anti-neuronal IgG4-AID and 19 patients with IgG4-RLD. Results A significantly higher proportion of IgG4-RLD patients had serum IgG4 elevation when compared to IgG4-AID patients (52.63% vs. 16%, p = .004). Moreover, those IgG4-AID patients with elevated IgG4 did not meet the diagnostic criteria of IgG4-RLD, and their autoantibody titers did not correlate with their serum IgG4 concentrations. In addition, patients with IgG4-RLD were negative for anti-neuronal/neuromuscular autoantibodies and among these patients, men showed a significantly higher propensity for IgG4 elevation, when compared to women (p = .005). Last, a kidney biopsy from a patient with autoimmune paranodopathy due to CNTN1/Caspr1-complex IgG4 autoantibodies and concomitant nephrotic syndrome did not show fibrosis or IgG4+ plasma cells, which are diagnostic hallmarks of IgG4-RLD. Conclusion Our observations suggest that anti-neuronal IgG4-AID and IgG4-RLD are most likely distinct disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cansu Tunc
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara Ergin
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna De Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Weng
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thin-Yau Yu
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Fichtenbaum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carmen Schwaiger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Klotz
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lívia Almeida Dutra
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Lechner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Désirée de Simoni
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital St. Poelten, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Kai-Nicolas Poppert
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Johannes Müller
- Department of Neurology and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Klinik Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Matus Valach
- Department of Pathology, Klinik Landstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelangelo Maestri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Melania Guida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Florian Frommlet
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Sieghart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miklos Pinter
- Wiener Privatklinik – Health Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kircher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Artacker
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inga Koneczny
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hinchcliff M, Garcia-Milian R, Di Donato S, Dill K, Bundschuh E, Galdo FD. Cellular and Molecular Diversity in Scleroderma. Semin Immunol 2021; 58:101648. [PMID: 35940960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing armamentarium of high-throughput tools available at manageable cost, it is attractive and informative to determine the molecular underpinnings of patient heterogeneity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Given the highly variable clinical outcomes of patients labelled with the same diagnosis, unravelling the cellular and molecular basis of disease heterogeneity will be crucial to predicting disease risk, stratifying management and ultimately informing a patient-centered precision medicine approach. Herein, we summarise the findings of the past several years in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics that contribute to unraveling the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of SSc. Expansion of these findings and their routine integration with quantitative analysis of histopathology and imaging studies into clinical care promise to inform a scientifically driven patient-centred personalized medicine approach to SSc in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Hinchcliff
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA.
| | | | - Stefano Di Donato
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK.
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Pandi S, Chinniah R, Sevak V, Ravi PM, Raju M, Vellaiappan NA, Karuppiah B. Association of HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles and haplotype in Parkinson's disease from South India. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136296. [PMID: 34655711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative motor disease exhibiting familial and sporadic forms. The present study was aimed to elucidate the association of HLA-DRB1*, DQA1* and DQB1* alleles with PD. A total of 105 PD patients and 100 healthy controls were typed by PCR-SSP method. We further carried out high-resolution genotyping for DQB1 and DQA1. Results revealed the increased frequencies of alleles DRB1*04 (OR = 2.36), DRB1* 13 (OR = 4.04), DQA1* 01:04:01 (OR = 4.51), DQB1*02:01 (OR = 2.66) and DQB1*06:03 (OR = 2.65) in PD patients suggesting susceptible associations. Further, decreased frequencies observed for alleles DRB1*10 (OR = 0.34), DRB1*15 (OR = 0.44), DQA1*04:01 (OR = 0.28), DQA1*06:01 (OR = 0.11) and HLA-DQB1*05:01 (OR = 0.37) among patients have suggested protective associations. Significant disease associations were observed for two-locus haplotype such as DRB1*13-DQB1*06:03 (OR = 11.52), DQA1*01:041-DQB1*06:03 (OR = 16.50), DQA1*01:041-DQB1*05:02 (OR = 5.38) and DQA1*04:01-DQB1*06:03 (OR = 3.027). Protective associations were observed for haplotypes DRB1*10-DQB1*05:01 (OR = 0.21), DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (OR = 0.006), DQA1*04:01-DQB1*05:01 (OR = 0.400) and DQA1*04:01-DQB1*05:03 (OR = 0.196). The critical amino acid residue analyses have revealed strong susceptible association for the residues of DQB1 alleles such as: L26, S28, K71, T71 and A74, Y9, S30, D37, I37, A38, A57 and S57; and for the residues of DQA1 alleles such as: C11, F61, I74, and M76. Similarly, amino acid residues such as A13, G26, Y26, A71, S74, L9 and V38 of HLA-DQB1 alleles and residues such as Y11, G61, S74 and L76 of DQA1 alleles showed protective associations. Thus, our study documented the susceptible and protective associations of DRB1*, DQB1 and DQA1 alleles and haplotypes in developing the disease and their influence on longevity of PD patients in south India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiharan Pandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Vandit Sevak
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Padma Malini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Muthuppandi Raju
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | | | - Balakrishnan Karuppiah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021, India.
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Lai Y, Wei X, Ye T, Hang L, Mou L, Su J. Interrelation Between Fibroblasts and T Cells in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747335. [PMID: 34804029 PMCID: PMC8602099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium. The interrelations between multiple immune cells and stromal cells participate in the pathogenesis of ILDs. While fibroblasts contribute to the development of ILDs through secreting extracellular matrix and proinflammatory cytokines upon activation, T cells are major mediators of adaptive immunity, as well as inflammation and autoimmune tissue destruction in the lung of ILDs patients. Fibroblasts play important roles in modulating T cell recruitment, differentiation and function and conversely, T cells can balance fibrotic sequelae with protective immunity in the lung. A more precise understanding of the interrelation between fibroblasts and T cells will enable a better future therapeutic design by targeting this interrelationship. Here we highlight recent work on the interactions between fibroblasts and T cells in ILDs, and consider the implications of these interactions in the future development of therapies for ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lilin Hang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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49
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Goldberg SD, Felix N, McCauley M, Eberwine R, Casta L, Haskell K, Lin T, Palovick E, Klein D, Getts L, Getts R, Zhou M, Bansal-Pakala P, Dudkin V. A Strategy for Selective Deletion of Autoimmunity-Related T Cells by pMHC-Targeted Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1669. [PMID: 34683962 PMCID: PMC8540115 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are caused by immune system recognition of self-proteins and subsequent production of effector T cells that recognize and attack healthy tissue. Therapies for these diseases typically utilize broad immune suppression, which can be effective, but which also come with an elevated risk of susceptibility to infection and cancer. T cell recognition of antigens is driven by binding of T cell receptors to peptides displayed on major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHCs) on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. Technology for recombinant production of the extracellular domains of MHC proteins and loading with peptides to produce pMHCs has provided reagents for detection of T cell populations, and with the potential for therapeutic intervention. However, production of pMHCs in large quantities remains a challenge and a translational path needs to be established. Here, we demonstrate a fusion protein strategy enabling large-scale production of pMHCs. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 259-273 of collagen II was fused to the N-terminus of the MHC_II beta chain, and the alpha and beta chains were each fused to human IgG4 Fc domains and co-expressed. A tag was incorporated to enable site-specific conjugation. The cytotoxic drug payload, MMAF, was conjugated to the pMHC and potent, peptide-specific killing of T cells that recognize the collagen pMHC was demonstrated with tetramerized pMHC-MMAF conjugates. Finally, these pMHCs were incorporated into MMAF-loaded 3DNA nanomaterials in order to provide a biocompatible platform. Loading and pMHC density were optimized, and peptide-specific T cell killing was demonstrated. These experiments highlight the potential of a pMHC fusion protein-targeted, drug-loaded nanomaterial approach for selective delivery of therapeutics to disease-relevant T cells and new treatment options for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom D. Goldberg
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Nathan Felix
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Michael McCauley
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Ryan Eberwine
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Lou Casta
- Genisphere LLC, Hatfield, PA 19440, USA; (L.C.); (E.P.); (L.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Kathleen Haskell
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Tricia Lin
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | | | - Donna Klein
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Lori Getts
- Genisphere LLC, Hatfield, PA 19440, USA; (L.C.); (E.P.); (L.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Getts
- Genisphere LLC, Hatfield, PA 19440, USA; (L.C.); (E.P.); (L.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Mimi Zhou
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Pratima Bansal-Pakala
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
| | - Vadim Dudkin
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Montgomery, PA 19477, USA; (N.F.); (M.M.); (R.E.); (K.H.); (T.L.); (D.K.); (P.B.-P.); (V.D.)
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50
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Billiard S, Castric V, Llaurens V. The integrative biology of genetic dominance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2925-2942. [PMID: 34382317 PMCID: PMC9292577 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dominance is a basic property of inheritance systems describing the link between a diploid genotype at a single locus and the resulting phenotype. Models for the evolution of dominance have long been framed as an opposition between the irreconcilable views of Fisher in 1928 supporting the role of largely elusive dominance modifiers and Wright in 1929, who viewed dominance as an emerging property of the structure of enzymatic pathways. Recent theoretical and empirical advances however suggest that these opposing views can be reconciled, notably using models investigating the regulation of gene expression and developmental processes. In this more comprehensive framework, phenotypic dominance emerges from departures from linearity between any levels of integration in the genotype‐to‐phenotype map. Here, we review how these different models illuminate the emergence and evolution of dominance. We then detail recent empirical studies shedding new light on the diversity of molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying dominance and its evolution. By reconciling population genetics and functional biology, we hope our review will facilitate cross‐talk among research fields in the integrative study of dominance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Billiard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Castric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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