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Li T, Song Y, Wei L, Song X, Duan R. Disulfidptosis: a novel cell death modality induced by actin cytoskeleton collapse and a promising target for cancer therapeutics. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:491. [PMID: 39394612 PMCID: PMC11470700 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Disulfidptosis is a novel discovered form of programmed cell death (PCD) that diverges from apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, stemming from disulfide stress-induced cytoskeletal collapse. In cancer cells exhibiting heightened expression of the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), excessive cystine importation and reduction will deplete nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) under glucose deprivation, followed by an increase in intracellular disulfide stress and aberrant disulfide bond formation within actin networks, ultimately culminating in cytoskeletal collapse and disulfidptosis. Disulfidptosis involves crucial physiological processes in eukaryotic cells, such as cystine and glucose uptake, NADPH metabolism, and actin dynamics. The Rac1-WRC pathway-mediated actin polymerization is also implicated in this cell death due to its contribution to disulfide bond formation. However, the precise mechanisms underlying disulfidptosis and its role in tumors are not well understood. This is probably due to the multifaceted functionalities of SLC7A11 within cells and the complexities of the downstream pathways driving disulfidptosis. This review describes the critical roles of SLC7A11 in cells and summarizes recent research advancements in the potential pathways of disulfidptosis. Moreover, the less-studied aspects of this newly discovered cell death process are highlighted to stimulate further investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyi Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruifeng Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, Jilin, China.
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Klohonatz K, Durrant B, Sirard MA, Ruggeri E. Granulosa cells provide transcriptomic information on ovarian follicle dynamics in southern white rhinoceros. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19321. [PMID: 39164442 PMCID: PMC11336098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the reproductive physiology of southern white rhinoceros (SWR) and the effect of ovarian stimulation prior to ovum pickup (OPU) have not been fully elucidated. Granulosa cells (GC) provide valuable insight into follicle growth and oocyte maturation status. The goals of this study were to evaluate transcriptomic changes in GC from three stages of follicle development and to identify biomarkers possibly associated with follicular growth and maturation as a result of ovarian stimulation. GC collected from SWRs following OPU were assigned stages based upon follicle size. Total RNA was isolated, and cDNA libraries were prepared and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000. All bioinformatics analyses were performed utilizing the Galaxy web platform. Reads were aligned to CerSimCot1.0, and the manual curation was performed with EquCab3.0. Overall, 39,455 transcripts (21,612 genes) were identified across follicle stages, and manual curation yielded a 61% increase in gene identification from the original annotation. Granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles expressed the highest number of unique transcripts. The following seven biomarkers were determined based upon cluster analysis and patterns of expression: COL1A1, JMY, FBXW11, NRG1, TMPO, MACIR and COL4A1. These data can be used to potentially evaluate the effects of different ovarian stimulation protocols on follicle dynamics, improve OPU results, and support conservation efforts in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Klohonatz
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Durrant
- Reproductive Sciences, Conservation Science Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Ruggeri
- Reproductive Sciences, Conservation Science Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, USA.
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Coulter AM, Cortés V, Theodore CJ, Cianciolo RE, Korstanje R, Campellone KG. WHAMM functions in kidney reabsorption and polymerizes actin to promote autophagosomal membrane closure and cargo sequestration. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar80. [PMID: 38598293 PMCID: PMC11238085 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for many functions of eukaryotic cells, but the factors that nucleate actin assembly are not well understood at the organismal level or in the context of disease. To explore the function of the actin nucleation factor WHAMM in mice, we examined how Whamm inactivation impacts kidney physiology and cellular proteostasis. We show that male WHAMM knockout mice excrete elevated levels of albumin, glucose, phosphate, and amino acids, and display structural abnormalities of the kidney proximal tubule, suggesting that WHAMM activity is important for nutrient reabsorption. In kidney tissue, the loss of WHAMM results in the accumulation of the lipidated autophagosomal membrane protein LC3, indicating an alteration in autophagy. In mouse fibroblasts and human proximal tubule cells, WHAMM and its binding partner the Arp2/3 complex control autophagic membrane closure and cargo receptor recruitment. These results reveal a role for WHAMM-mediated actin assembly in maintaining kidney function and promoting proper autophagosome membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. Coulter
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | | | - Corey J. Theodore
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | | | | | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
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Theodore CJ, Wagner LH, Campellone KG. Autophagosome turnover requires Arp2/3 complex-mediated maintenance of lysosomal integrity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584718. [PMID: 38559247 PMCID: PMC10980047 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains homeostasis, responds to stress, and plays key roles in the prevention of aging and disease. Autophagosome biogenesis, vesicle rocketing, and autolysosome tubulation are controlled by multiple actin nucleation factors, but the impact of actin assembly on completion of the autophagic pathway is not well understood. Here we studied autophagosome and lysosome remodeling in fibroblasts harboring an inducible knockout (iKO) of the Arp2/3 complex, an essential actin nucleator. Arp2/3 complex ablation resulted in increased basal levels of autophagy receptors and lipidated membrane proteins from the LC3 and GABARAP families. Under both steady-state and starvation conditions, Arp2/3 iKO cells accumulated abnormally high numbers of autolysosomes, suggesting a defect in autophagic flux. The inability of Arp2/3 complex-deficient cells to complete autolysosome degradation and turnover is explained by the presence of damaged, leaky lysosomes. In cells treated with an acute lysosomal membrane-damaging agent, the Arp2/3-activating protein WHAMM is recruited to lysosomes, where Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly is crucial for restoring intact lysosomal structure. These results establish the Arp2/3 complex as a central player late in the canonical autophagy pathway and reveal a new role for the actin nucleation machinery in maintaining lysosomal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J. Theodore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Lianna H. Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Center on Aging, UConn Health; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
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Dong Y, Quan C. NPFs-mediated actin cytoskeleton: a new viewpoint on autophagy regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:111. [PMID: 38347641 PMCID: PMC10860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process induced by various cellular stress conditions, maintaining the homeostasis of cells, tissues and organs. Autophagy is a series of membrane-related events involving multiple autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Most studies to date have focused on various signaling pathways affecting ATG proteins to control autophagy. However, mounting evidence reveals that the actin cytoskeleton acts on autophagy-associated membranes to regulate different events of autophagy. The actin cytoskeleton assists in vesicle formation and provides the mechanical forces for cellular activities that involve membrane deformation. Although the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and membrane makes the role of actin in autophagy recognized, how the actin cytoskeleton is recruited and assembles on membranes during autophagy needs to be detailed. Nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex to produce actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize the important roles of the actin cytoskeleton in autophagy regulation and focus on the effect of NPFs on actin cytoskeleton assembly during autophagy, providing new insights into the occurrence and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, ChangchunJilin, 130021, China.
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Coulter AM, Cortés V, Theodore CJ, Cianciolo RE, Korstanje R, Campellone KG. WHAMM functions in kidney reabsorption and polymerizes actin to promote autophagosomal membrane closure and cargo sequestration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576497. [PMID: 38328079 PMCID: PMC10849548 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for many functions of eukaryotic cells, but the factors that nucleate actin assembly are not well understood at the organismal level or in the context of disease. To explore the function of the actin nucleation factor WHAMM in mice, we examined how Whamm inactivation impacts kidney physiology and cellular proteostasis. We show that male WHAMM knockout mice excrete elevated levels of albumin, glucose, phosphate, and amino acids, and display abnormalities of the kidney proximal tubule, suggesting that WHAMM activity is important for nutrient reabsorption. In kidney tissue, the loss of WHAMM results in the accumulation of the lipidated autophagosomal membrane protein LC3, indicating an alteration in autophagy. In mouse fibroblasts and human proximal tubule cells, WHAMM and its binding partner the Arp2/3 complex control autophagic membrane closure and cargo receptor recruitment. These results reveal a role for WHAMM-mediated actin assembly in maintaining kidney function and promoting proper autophagosome membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Coulter
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | | | - Corey J Theodore
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Center on Aging; UConn Health, Farmington CT, USA
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7
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Halász H, Szatmári Z, Kovács K, Koppán M, Papp S, Szabó-Meleg E, Szatmári D. Changes of Ex Vivo Cervical Epithelial Cells Due to Electroporation with JMY. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16863. [PMID: 38069185 PMCID: PMC10706833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionic environment within the nucleoplasm might diverge from the conditions found in the cytoplasm, potentially playing a role in the cellular stress response. As a result, it is conceivable that interactions of nuclear actin and actin-binding proteins (ABPs) with apoptosis factors may differ in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The primary intracellular stress response is Ca2+ influx. The junctional mediating and regulating Y protein (JMY) is an actin-binding protein and has the capability to interact with the apoptosis factor p53 in a Ca2+-dependent manner, forming complexes that play a regulatory role in cytoskeletal remodelling and motility. JMY's presence is observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Here, we show that ex vivo ectocervical squamous cells subjected to electroporation with JMY protein exhibited varying morphological alterations. Specifically, the highly differentiated superficial and intermediate cells displayed reduced nuclear size. In inflamed samples, nuclear enlargement and simultaneous cytoplasmic reduction were observable and showed signs of apoptotic processes. In contrast, the less differentiated parabasal and metaplastic cells showed increased cytoplasmic activity and the formation of membrane protrusions. Surprisingly, in severe inflammation, vaginosis or ASC-US (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance), JMY appears to influence only the nuclear and perinuclear irregularities of differentiated cells, and cytoplasmic abnormalities still existed after the electroporation. Our observations can provide an appropriate basis for the exploration of the relationship between cytopathologically relevant morphological changes of epithelial cells and the function of ABPs. This is particularly important since ABPs are considered potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for both cancers and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Halász
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
| | | | - Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | | | - Szilárd Papp
- DaVinci Clinics, 7635 Pécs, Hungary; (M.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Dávid Szatmári
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (H.H.); (E.S.-M.)
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Rodriguez-Pastrana I, Birli E, Coutts AS. p53-dependent DNA repair during the DNA damage response requires actin nucleation by JMY. Cell Death Differ 2023:10.1038/s41418-023-01170-9. [PMID: 37142657 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is a nuclear transcription factor with key roles during DNA damage to enable a variety of cellular responses including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. JMY is an actin nucleator and DNA damage-responsive protein whose sub-cellular localisation is responsive to stress and during DNA damage JMY undergoes nuclear accumulation. To gain an understanding of the wider role for nuclear JMY in transcriptional regulation, we performed transcriptomics to identify JMY-mediated changes in gene expression during the DNA damage response. We show that JMY is required for effective regulation of key p53 target genes involved in DNA repair, including XPC, XRCC5 (Ku80) and TP53I3 (PIG3). Moreover, JMY depletion or knockout leads to increased DNA damage and nuclear JMY requires its Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation function to promote the clearance of DNA lesions. In human patient samples a lack of JMY is associated with increased tumour mutation count and in cells results in reduced cell survival and increased sensitivity to DNA damage response kinase inhibition. Collectively, we demonstrate that JMY enables p53-dependent DNA repair under genotoxic stress and suggest a role for actin in JMY nuclear activity during the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rodriguez-Pastrana
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Eleni Birli
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Amanda S Coutts
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Vieira RC, Pinho LG, Westerberg LS. Understanding immunoactinopathies: A decade of research on WAS gene defects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e13951. [PMID: 37102395 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoactinopathies caused by mutations in actin-related proteins are a growing group of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Immunoactinopathies are caused by a dysregulated actin cytoskeleton and affect hematopoietic cells especially because of their unique capacity to survey the body for invading pathogens and altered self, such as cancer cells. These cell motility and cell-to-cell interaction properties depend on the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is the archetypical immunoactinopathy and the first described. WAS is caused by loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in the actin regulator WASp, uniquely expressed in hematopoietic cells. Mutations in WAS cause a profound disturbance of actin cytoskeleton regulation of hematopoietic cells. Studies during the last 10 years have shed light on the specific effects on different hematopoietic cells, revealing that they are not affected equally by mutations in the WAS gene. Moreover, the mechanistic understanding of how WASp controls nuclear and cytoplasmatic activities may help to find therapeutic alternatives according to the site of the mutation and clinical phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have added to the complexity and increased our understanding of WAS-related diseases and immunoactinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaissa Calixto Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lia Goncalves Pinho
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Campellone KG, Lebek NM, King VL. Branching out in different directions: Emerging cellular functions for the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family actin nucleation factors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151301. [PMID: 36907023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton impacts practically every function of a eukaryotic cell. Historically, the best-characterized cytoskeletal activities are in cell morphogenesis, motility, and division. The structural and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton are also crucial for establishing, maintaining, and changing the organization of membrane-bound organelles and other intracellular structures. Such activities are important in nearly all animal cells and tissues, although distinct anatomical regions and physiological systems rely on different regulatory factors. Recent work indicates that the Arp2/3 complex, a broadly expressed actin nucleator, drives actin assembly during several intracellular stress response pathways. These newly described Arp2/3-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements are coordinated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation-promoting factors. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family proteins are emerging as crucial players in cytoplasmic and nuclear activities including autophagy, apoptosis, chromatin dynamics, and DNA repair. Characterizations of the functions of the actin assembly machinery in such stress response mechanisms are advancing our understanding of both normal and pathogenic processes, and hold great promise for providing insights into organismal development and interventions for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Nadine M Lebek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Virginia L King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
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Ding G, Wang T, Liu S, Zhou Z, Ma J, Wu J. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102824. [PMID: 37122750 PMCID: PMC10130519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The abnormal expression of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) encoded by the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) gene has been implicated in tumor invasion and immune regulation. However, prognostic implications of WAS and its correlation tumor infiltrating in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is not clear cut. Methods The correlation between WAS expression, clinicopathological variables and clinical outcomes were evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), UALCAN, Gene Expression Profiling Interaction Analysis (GEPIA), Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter and other databases. Furthermore, we assessed the transcription expression of WAS in renal cancer tissues, various renal carcinoma cell lines and human renal tubular cells (HK2) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A comprehensive analysis of multiple databases including TIMER, GEPIA, TISIDB, ESTIMATE algorithm, and CIBERSORT algorithm were performed to determine the correlation between WAS and tumor infiltrating immune cells in ccRCC. Results The results displayed an increase in WAS mRNA level in ccRCC compared to normal tissue. WAS protein level was found highly expressed in cancer tissues, particularly within renal tumor cells via the human protein atlas (HPA). Interestingly, we found that elevated WAS expression was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, B cells, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Macrophages, T cell regulation, NK cells, and Dendritic cells in ccRCC. Bioinformatics demonstrated a strong correlation between WAS expression and 42 immune checkpoints, including the T cell exhaustion gene PD-1, which is critical for exploring immunotherapy for ccRCC. We revealed that patients with high WAS expression were less sensitive to immunotherapy medications. Conclusion In conclusion, our study identified that WAS was a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Ding
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shangjing Liu
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongbao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jitao Wu, ; Jian Ma,
| | - Jitao Wu
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jitao Wu, ; Jian Ma,
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Delgado M, Lennon-Duménil AM. How cell migration helps immune sentinels. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:932472. [PMID: 36268510 PMCID: PMC9577558 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.932472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system relies on the migratory capacity of its cellular components, which must be mobile in order to defend the host from invading micro-organisms or malignant cells. This applies in particular to immune sentinels from the myeloid lineage, i.e. macrophages and dendritic cells. Cell migration is already at work during mammalian early development, when myeloid cell precursors migrate from the yolk sac, an extra embryonic structure, to colonize tissues and form the pool of tissue-resident macrophages. Later, this is accompanied by a migration wave of precursors and monocytes from the bone marrow to secondary lymphoid organs and the peripheral tissues. They differentiate into DCs and monocyte-derived macrophages. During adult life, cell migration endows immune cells with the ability to patrol their environment as well as to circulate between peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs. Hence migration of immune cells is key to building an efficient defense system for an organism. In this review, we will describe how cell migratory capacity regulates the various stages in the life of myeloid cells from development to tissue patrolling, and migration to lymph nodes. We will focus on the role of the actin cytoskeletal machinery and its regulators, and how it contributes to the establishment and function of the immune system.
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The p53 and Calcium Regulated Actin Rearrangement in Model Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169078. [PMID: 36012344 PMCID: PMC9408879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term cellular stress maintains high intracellular Ca2+ concentrations which ultimately initiates apoptosis. Our interest is focused on how the gelsolin (GSN) and junctional mediating and regulating Y protein (JMY) play important roles in stress response. Both of these proteins can bind p53 and actin. We investigated using in vitro fluorescence spectroscopy and found that the p53 competes with actin in GSN to inhibit p53–JMY complex formation. A high Ca2+ level initializes p53 dimerization; the dimer competes with actin on JMY, which can lead to p53–JMY cotransport into the nucleus. Here we investigated how the motility and division rate of HeLa cells changes due to low-voltage electroporation of GSN or JMY in scratching assays. We revealed that JMY inhibits their motion, but that it can accelerate the cell division. GSN treatment slows down cell division but does not affect cell motility. HeLa cells fully recovered the gap 20 h after the electroporation with JMY and then started to release from the glass slides. Taken together, our in vitro results indicate that GSN and JMY may play an important role in the cellular stress response.
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Jaganathan D, Bruscia EM, Kopp BT. Emerging Concepts in Defective Macrophage Phagocytosis in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7750. [PMID: 35887098 PMCID: PMC9319215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Chronic inflammation and decline in lung function are major reasons for morbidity in CF. Mutant CFTR expressed in phagocytic cells such as macrophages contributes to persistent infection, inflammation, and lung disease in CF. Macrophages play a central role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogenic microbes by a process called phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is required for tissue homeostasis, balancing inflammation, and crosstalk with the adaptive immune system for antigen presentation. This review focused on (1) current understandings of the signaling underlying phagocytic mechanisms; (2) existing evidence for phagocytic dysregulation in CF; and (3) the emerging role of CFTR modulators in influencing CF phagocytic function. Alterations in CF macrophages from receptor initiation to phagosome formation are linked to disease progression in CF. A deeper understanding of macrophages in the context of CFTR and phagocytosis proteins at each step of phagosome formation might contribute to the new therapeutic development of dysregulated innate immunity in CF. Therefore, the review also indicates future areas of research in the context of CFTR and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Jaganathan
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Emanuela M. Bruscia
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Benjamin T. Kopp
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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15
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Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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16
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Tang H, Liu J, Huang J. GMFG (glia maturation factor gamma) inhibits lung cancer growth by activating p53 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9284-9293. [PMID: 35383531 PMCID: PMC9161896 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2049958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing functions of Glia maturation factor gamma (GMFG) were described in several cancers. However, how GMFG regulates lung cancer progression is elusive. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to analyze GMFG expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cancer (LUSC) as well as its significance in prognosis prediction and diagnosis in lung cancer patients. CCK8 and colony formation assays were adopted to evaluate the impact of GMFG overexpressing and depleting on lung cancer cell proliferation. And in vivo experiments were implemented. Luciferase reporter assays were used to disclose the signaling pathway mediated by GMFG in lung cancer. GMFG expression was lower in LUSC and LUAD tissues compared with normal lung tissues based on TCGA and GTEx databases. Low GMFG expression was associated with lower overall survival and shorter disease specific survival compared high GMFG expression. In vitro loss and gain functions assays demonstrated that ectopically GMFG expression dampened the lung cancer cell proliferation while GMFG knockout escalated the cell proliferation. The promoting effect of GMFG knockout on lung cancer tumorgenesis was also observed in vivo. More interesting, GMFG overexpression reinforced the p53 signaling pathway in lung cancer cells, conversely GMFG deficiency disrupted p53 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we revealed that GMFG is fundamental to p53 signaling pathway to inhibit lung cancer progression, highlighting the importance of GMFG as a p53 inducer for lung cancer patient's diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Army medical university, Southwest hospital, Chongqing, Sichuan , China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Brunetti RM, Kockelkoren G, Raghavan P, Bell GR, Britain D, Puri N, Collins SR, Leonetti MD, Stamou D, Weiner OD. WASP integrates substrate topology and cell polarity to guide neutrophil migration. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202104046. [PMID: 34964841 PMCID: PMC8719638 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To control their movement, cells need to coordinate actin assembly with the geometric features of their substrate. Here, we uncover a role for the actin regulator WASP in the 3D migration of neutrophils. We show that WASP responds to substrate topology by enriching to sites of inward, substrate-induced membrane deformation. Superresolution imaging reveals that WASP preferentially enriches to the necks of these substrate-induced invaginations, a distribution that could support substrate pinching. WASP facilitates recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to these sites, stimulating local actin assembly that couples substrate features with the cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, WASP only enriches to membrane deformations in the front half of the cell, within a permissive zone set by WASP's front-biased regulator Cdc42. While WASP KO cells exhibit relatively normal migration on flat substrates, they are defective at topology-directed migration. Our data suggest that WASP integrates substrate topology with cell polarity by selectively polymerizing actin around substrate-induced membrane deformations in the front half of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Brunetti
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gabriele Kockelkoren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preethi Raghavan
- University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - George R.R. Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Derek Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Center for Geometrically Engineered Cellular Membranes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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18
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Alhebshi H, Tian K, Patnaik L, Taylor R, Bezecny P, Hall C, Muller PAJ, Safari N, Creamer DPM, Demonacos C, Mutti L, Bittar MN, Krstic-Demonacos M. Evaluation of the Role of p53 Tumour Suppressor Posttranslational Modifications and TTC5 Cofactor in Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413198. [PMID: 34947995 PMCID: PMC8707832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor are found in over 50% of cancers. p53 function is controlled through posttranslational modifications and cofactor interactions. In this study, we investigated the posttranslationally modified p53, including p53 acetylated at lysine 382 (K382), p53 phosphorylated at serine 46 (S46), and the p53 cofactor TTC5/STRAP (Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 5/ Stress-responsive activator of p300-TTC5) proteins in lung cancer. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of lung cancer tissues from 250 patients was carried out and the results were correlated with clinicopathological features. Significant associations between total or modified p53 with a higher grade of the tumour and shorter overall survival (OS) probability were detected, suggesting that mutant and/or modified p53 acts as an oncoprotein in these patients. Acetylated at K382 p53 was predominantly nuclear in some samples and cytoplasmic in others. The localization of the K382 acetylated p53 was significantly associated with the gender and grade of the disease. The TTC5 protein levels were significantly associated with the grade, tumor size, and node involvement in a complex manner. SIRT1 expression was evaluated in 50 lung cancer patients and significant positive correlation was found with p53 S46 intensity, whereas negative TTC5 staining was associated with SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, p53 protein levels showed positive association with poor OS, whereas TTC5 protein levels showed positive association with better OS outcome. Overall, our results indicate that an analysis of p53 modified versions together with TTC5 expression, upon testing on a larger sample size of patients, could serve as useful prognostic factors or drug targets for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasen Alhebshi
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Cockcroft Building 305, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (H.A.); (N.S.); (D.P.M.C.)
| | - Kun Tian
- Institute of Biological Anthropology, School of Basical Medical Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China;
| | - Lipsita Patnaik
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK; (L.P.); (R.T.); (P.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Rebecca Taylor
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK; (L.P.); (R.T.); (P.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Pavel Bezecny
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK; (L.P.); (R.T.); (P.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Callum Hall
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester SK10 4TG, UK; (C.H.); (P.A.J.M.)
| | - Patricia Anthonia Johanna Muller
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester SK10 4TG, UK; (C.H.); (P.A.J.M.)
| | - Nazila Safari
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Cockcroft Building 305, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (H.A.); (N.S.); (D.P.M.C.)
| | - Delta Patricia Menendez Creamer
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Cockcroft Building 305, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (H.A.); (N.S.); (D.P.M.C.)
| | - Constantinos Demonacos
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, 3.124 Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Mohamad Nidal Bittar
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK; (L.P.); (R.T.); (P.B.); (M.N.B.)
| | - Marija Krstic-Demonacos
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Cockcroft Building 305, Manchester M5 4WT, UK; (H.A.); (N.S.); (D.P.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Izadi M, Seemann E, Schlobinski D, Schwintzer L, Qualmann B, Kessels MM. Functional interdependence of the actin nucleator Cobl and Cobl-like in dendritic arbor development. eLife 2021; 10:67718. [PMID: 34264190 PMCID: PMC8282341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Local actin filament formation is indispensable for development of the dendritic arbor of neurons. We show that, surprisingly, the action of single actin filament-promoting factors was insufficient for powering dendritogenesis. Instead, this required the actin nucleator Cobl and its only evolutionary distant ancestor Cobl-like acting interdependently. This coordination between Cobl-like and Cobl was achieved by physical linkage by syndapins. Syndapin I formed nanodomains at convex plasma membrane areas at the base of protrusive structures and interacted with three motifs in Cobl-like, one of which was Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated. Consistently, syndapin I, Cobl-like’s newly identified N terminal calmodulin-binding site and the single Ca2+/calmodulin-responsive syndapin-binding motif all were critical for Cobl-like’s functions. In dendritic arbor development, local Ca2+/CaM-controlled actin dynamics thus relies on regulated and physically coordinated interactions of different F-actin formation-promoting factors and only together they have the power to bring about the sophisticated neuronal morphologies required for neuronal network formation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Izadi
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Seemann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlobinski
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwintzer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael M Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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20
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Proteomic analysis identifies the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104944118. [PMID: 34135125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104944118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling is a conserved pathway that regulates morphogenetic processes during vertebrate development [R. T. Moon et al, Development 119, 97-111 (1993); I. Oishi et al, Genes Cells 8, 645-654 (2003)], but its downstream signaling events remain poorly understood. Through a large-scale proteomic screen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pdzrn3 as a regulatory target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Upon pathway activation, Pdzrn3 is degraded in a β-catenin-independent, ubiquitin-proteasome system-dependent manner. We developed a flow cytometry-based reporter to monitor Pdzrn3 abundance and delineated a signaling cascade involving Frizzled, Dishevelled, Casein kinase 1, and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 that regulates Pdzrn3 stability. Epistatically, Pdzrn3 is regulated independently of Kif26b, another Wnt5a-Ror effector. Wnt5a-dependent degradation of Pdzrn3 requires phosphorylation of three conserved amino acids within its C-terminal LNX3H domain [M. Flynn, O. Saha, P. Young, BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 235 (2011)], which acts as a bona fide Wnt5a-responsive element. Importantly, this phospho-dependent degradation is essential for Wnt5a-Ror modulation of cell migration. Collectively, this work establishes a Wnt5a-Ror cell morphogenetic cascade involving Pdzrn3 phosphorylation and degradation.
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21
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The Role of Protein Arginine Methylation as Post-Translational Modification on Actin Cytoskeletal Components in Neuronal Structure and Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051079. [PMID: 34062765 PMCID: PMC8147392 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain encompasses a complex network of neurons with exceptionally elaborated morphologies of their axonal (signal-sending) and dendritic (signal-receiving) parts. De novo actin filament formation is one of the major driving and steering forces for the development and plasticity of the neuronal arbor. Actin filament assembly and dynamics thus require tight temporal and spatial control. Such control is particularly effective at the level of regulating actin nucleation-promoting factors, as these are key components for filament formation. Arginine methylation represents an important post-translational regulatory mechanism that had previously been mainly associated with controlling nuclear processes. We will review and discuss emerging evidence from inhibitor studies and loss-of-function models for protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), both in cells and whole organisms, that unveil that protein arginine methylation mediated by PRMTs represents an important regulatory mechanism in neuritic arbor formation, as well as in dendritic spine induction, maturation and plasticity. Recent results furthermore demonstrated that arginine methylation regulates actin cytosolic cytoskeletal components not only as indirect targets through additional signaling cascades, but can also directly control an actin nucleation-promoting factor shaping neuronal cells—a key process for the formation of neuronal networks in vertebrate brains.
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22
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Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA, Grinstein S. The cytoskeleton in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R619-R632. [PMID: 34033794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system, notably macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells, perform essential antimicrobial and homeostatic functions. These functions rely on the dynamic surveillance of the environment supported by the formation of elaborate membrane protrusions. Such protrusions - pseudopodia, lamellipodia and filopodia - facilitate the sampling of the surrounding fluid by macropinocytosis, as well as the engulfment of particulates by phagocytosis. Both processes entail extreme plasma membrane deformations that require the coordinated rearrangement of cytoskeletal polymers, which exert protrusive force and drive membrane coalescence and scission. The resulting vacuolar compartments undergo pronounced remodeling and ultimate resolution by mechanisms that also involve the cytoskeleton. Here, we describe the regulation and functions of cytoskeletal assembly and remodeling during macropinocytosis and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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23
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The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid Arp2/3 complex-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009512. [PMID: 33872315 PMCID: PMC8084344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a well-known player in most vital cellular processes, but comparably little is understood about how the actin assembly machinery impacts programmed cell death pathways. In the current study, we explored roles for the human Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation factors in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Inactivation of each WASP-family gene revealed that two of them, JMY and WHAMM, are necessary for rapid apoptotic responses. JMY and WHAMM participate in a p53-dependent cell death pathway by enhancing mitochondrial permeabilization, initiator caspase cleavage, and executioner caspase activation. JMY-mediated apoptosis requires actin nucleation via the Arp2/3 complex, and actin filaments are assembled in cytoplasmic territories containing clusters of cytochrome c and active caspase-3. The loss of JMY additionally results in significant changes in gene expression, including upregulation of the WHAMM-interacting G-protein RhoD. Depletion or deletion of RHOD increases cell death, suggesting that RhoD normally contributes to cell survival. These results give rise to a model in which JMY and WHAMM promote intrinsic cell death responses that can be opposed by RhoD.
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24
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Fokin AI, Gautreau AM. Assembly and Activity of the WASH Molecular Machine: Distinctive Features at the Crossroads of the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658865. [PMID: 33869225 PMCID: PMC8047104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex generates branched actin networks at different locations of the cell. The WASH and WAVE Nucleation Promoting Factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex at the surface of endosomes or at the cell cortex, respectively. In this review, we will discuss how these two NPFs are controlled within distinct, yet related, multiprotein complexes. These complexes are not spontaneously assembled around WASH and WAVE, but require cellular assembly factors. The centrosome, which nucleates microtubules and branched actin, appears to be a privileged site for WASH complex assembly. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are both responsible for endosome shape and membrane remodeling. Motors, such as dynein, pull endosomes and extend membrane tubules along microtubule tracks, whereas branched actin pushes onto the endosomal membrane. It was recently uncovered that WASH assembles a super complex with dynactin, the major dynein activator, where the Capping Protein (CP) is exchanged from dynactin to the WASH complex. This CP swap initiates the first actin filament that primes the autocatalytic nucleation of branched actin at the surface of endosomes. Possible coordination between pushing and pulling forces in the remodeling of endosomal membranes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem I. Fokin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alexis M. Gautreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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25
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Lin Q, Banu K, Ni Z, Leventhal JS, Menon MC. Podocyte Autophagy in Homeostasis and Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061184. [PMID: 33809036 PMCID: PMC7998595 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protective mechanism that removes dysfunctional components and provides nutrition for cells. Podocytes are terminally differentiated specialized epithelial cells that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerular filtration barrier and show high autophagy level at the baseline. Here, we provide an overview of cellular autophagy and its regulation in homeostasis with specific reference to podocytes. We discuss recent data that have focused on the functional role and regulation of autophagy during podocyte injury in experimental and clinical glomerular diseases. A thorough understanding of podocyte autophagy could shed novel insights into podocyte survival mechanisms with injury and offer potential targets for novel therapeutics for glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Q.L.); (K.B.); (J.S.L.)
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Khadija Banu
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Q.L.); (K.B.); (J.S.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Jeremy S. Leventhal
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Q.L.); (K.B.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Madhav C. Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (Q.L.); (K.B.); (J.S.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Correspondence:
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26
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Zweifel ME, Courtemanche N. Profilin's Affinity for Formin Regulates the Availability of Filament Ends for Actin Monomer Binding. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166688. [PMID: 33289668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleation-promoting proteins tightly regulate actin polymerization in cells. Whereas many of these proteins bind actin monomers directly, formins use the actin-binding protein profilin to dynamically load actin monomers onto their flexible Formin Homology 1 (FH1) domains. Following binding, FH1 domains deliver profilin-actin complexes to filament ends. To investigate profilin's role as an adaptor protein in formin-mediated elongation, we engineered a chimeric formin that binds actin monomers directly via covalent attachment of profilin to its binding site in the formin. This formin mediates slow filament elongation owing to a high probability of profilin binding at filament ends. Varying the position at which profilin is tethered to the formin alters the elongation rate by modulating profilin occupancy at the filament end. By regulating the availability of the barbed end, we propose that profilin binding establishes a secondary point of control over the rate of filament elongation mediated by formins. Profilin's differential affinities for actin monomers, barbed ends and polyproline are thus tuned to adaptively bridge actin and formins and optimize the rate of actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Zweifel
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Naomi Courtemanche
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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27
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The HIF1α/JMY pathway promotes glioblastoma stem-like cell invasiveness after irradiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18742. [PMID: 33128011 PMCID: PMC7603339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. A minor subpopulation of cancer cells, known as glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), are thought to play a major role in tumor relapse due to their stem cell-like properties, their high resistance to conventional treatments and their high invasion capacity. We show that ionizing radiation specifically enhances the motility and invasiveness of human GSCs through the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), which in turn transcriptionally activates the Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY). Finally, JMY accumulates in the cytoplasm where it stimulates GSC migration via its actin nucleation-promoting activity. Targeting JMY could thus open the way to the development of new therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy and prevent glioma recurrence.
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28
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Abstract
The presence of actin in the nucleus has historically been a highly contentious issue. It is now, however, well accepted that actin has physiologically important roles in the nucleus. In this Review, we describe the evolution of our thinking about actin in the nucleus starting with evidence supporting its involvement in transcription, chromatin remodeling and intranuclear movements. We also review the growing literature on the mechanisms that regulate the import and export of actin and how post-translational modifications of actin could regulate nuclear actin. We end with an extended discussion of the role of nuclear actin in the repair of DNA double stranded breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Serebryannyy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Primal de Lanerolle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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29
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Beer AJ, González Delgado J, Steiniger F, Qualmann B, Kessels MM. The actin nucleator Cobl organises the terminal web of enterocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11156. [PMID: 32636403 PMCID: PMC7341751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brush borders of intestinal epithelial cells are mandatory for nutrient uptake. Yet, which actin nucleators are crucial for forming the F-actin bundles supporting microvilli and the actin filaments of the terminal web, in which microvilli are rooted, is unknown. We show that mice lacking the actin nucleator Cobl surprisingly did not display reduced microvilli densities or changes in microvillar F-actin bundles or microvilli diameter but particularly in the duodenum displayed increased microvillar length. Interestingly, Cobl-deficient mice furthermore showed a significant widening of the terminal web. Quantitative analyses of high-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy (EM) of deep-etched duodenum samples revealed that Cobl is specifically important for the formation of fine filaments in the central terminal web that connect the apical structure of the terminal web underlying the plasma membrane, the microvilli rootlets and the basal structure of the terminal web with each other. Thus, the actin nucleator Cobl is critically involved in generating one of the cellular structures of the brush border-decorated apical cortex of enterocytes representing the absorptive intestinal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Beer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jule González Delgado
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Centre of Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michael M Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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30
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Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: From structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:131-196. [PMID: 33066873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a central factor contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating the involvement of actin regulatory proteins in malignancy, and their dysregulation was shown to predict poor clinical prognosis. Although enhanced cytoskeletal activity is often associated with cancer progression, the expression of several inducers of actin polymerization is remarkably reduced in certain malignancies, and it is not completely clear how these changes promote tumorigenesis and metastases. The complexities involved in cytoskeletal induction of cancer progression therefore pose considerable difficulties for therapeutic intervention; it is not always clear which cytoskeletal regulator should be targeted in order to impede cancer progression, and whether this targeting may inadvertently enhance alternative invasive pathways which can aggravate tumor growth. The entire constellation of cytoskeletal machineries in eukaryotic cells are numerous and complex; the system is comprised of and regulated by hundreds of proteins, which could not be covered in a single review. Therefore, we will focus here on the actin cytoskeleton, which encompasses the biological machinery behind most of the key cellular functions altered in cancer, with specific emphasis on actin nucleating factors and nucleation-promoting factors. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies for cancer which aim to target the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - B Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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31
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Oliveira MMS, Westerberg LS. Cytoskeletal regulation of dendritic cells: An intricate balance between migration and presentation for tumor therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1051-1065. [PMID: 32557835 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0520-014rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main players in many approaches for cancer therapy. The idea with DC tumor therapy is to promote activation of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells. This requires that DCs take up tumor Ag and present peptides on MHC class I molecules in a process called cross-presentation. For this process to be efficient, DCs have to migrate to the tumor draining lymph node and there activate the machinery for cross-presentation. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in understanding the role of actin regulators for control of DC migration and Ag presentation. The potential to target actin regulators for better DC-based tumor therapy will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Liu Y, Fan J, Yan Y, Dang X, Zhao R, Xu Y, Ding Z. JMY expression by Sertoli cells contributes to mediating spermatogenesis in mice. FEBS J 2020; 287:5478-5497. [PMID: 32279424 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells are crucial for spermatogenesis in the seminiferous epithelium because their actin cytoskeleton supports vesicular transport, cell junction formation, protein anchoring, and spermiation. Here, we show that a junction-mediating and actin-regulatory protein (JMY) affects the blood-tissue barrier (BTB) function through remodeling of the Sertoli cell junctional integrity and it also contributes to controlling endocytic vesicle trafficking. These functions are critical for the maintenance of sperm fertility since loss of Sertoli cell-specific Jmy function induced male subfertility in mice. Specifically, these mice have (a) impaired BTB integrity and spermatid adhesion in the seminiferous tubules; (b) high incidence of sperm structural deformity; and (c) reduced sperm count and poor sperm motility. Moreover, the cytoskeletal integrity was compromised along with endocytic vesicular trafficking. These effects impaired junctional protein recycling and reduced Sertoli cell BTB junctional integrity. In addition, JMY interaction with actin-binding protein candidates α-actinin1 and sorbin and SH3 domain containing protein 2 was related to JMY activity, and in turn, actin cytoskeletal organization. In summary, JMY affects the control of spermatogenesis through the regulation of actin filament organization and endocytic vesicle trafficking in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jiaying Fan
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.,Center for Experimental Medical Science Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xuening Dang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhide Ding
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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33
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Zweifel ME, Courtemanche N. Competition for delivery of profilin-actin to barbed ends limits the rate of formin-mediated actin filament elongation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4513-4525. [PMID: 32075907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins direct the elongation of unbranched actin filaments by binding their barbed ends and processively stepping onto incoming actin monomers to incorporate them into the filament. Binding of profilin to actin monomers creates profilin-actin complexes, which then bind polyproline tracts located in formin homology 1 (FH1) domains. Diffusion of these natively disordered domains enables direct delivery of profilin-actin to the barbed end, speeding the rate of filament elongation. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of coordinated actin delivery from the multiple polyproline tracts in formin FH1 domains. We found that each polyproline tract can efficiently mediate polymerization, but that all tracts do not generate the same rate of elongation. In WT FH1 domains, the multiple polyproline tracts compete to deliver profilin-actin to the barbed end. This competition ultimately limits the rate of formin-mediated elongation. We propose that intrinsic properties of the filament-binding FH2 domain tune the efficiency of FH1-mediated elongation by directly regulating the rate of monomer incorporation at the barbed end. A strong correlation between competitive FH1-mediated profilin-actin delivery and FH2-regulated gating of the barbed end effectively limits the elongation rate, thereby obviating the need for evolutionary optimization of FH1 domain sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Zweifel
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Naomi Courtemanche
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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34
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Kabrawala S, Zimmer MD, Campellone KG. WHIMP links the actin nucleation machinery to Src-family kinase signaling during protrusion and motility. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008694. [PMID: 32196488 PMCID: PMC7112243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is governed by cooperation between the Arp2/3 complex and nucleation-promoting factors from the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family, which together assemble actin filament networks to drive membrane protrusion. Here we identify WHIMP (WAVE Homology In Membrane Protrusions) as a new member of the WASP family. The Whimp gene is encoded on the X chromosome of a subset of mammals, including mice. Murine WHIMP promotes Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly, but is less potent than other nucleation factors. Nevertheless, WHIMP-mediated Arp2/3 activation enhances both plasma membrane ruffling and wound healing migration, whereas WHIMP depletion impairs protrusion and slows motility. WHIMP expression also increases Src-family kinase activity, and WHIMP-induced ruffles contain the additional nucleation-promoting factors WAVE1, WAVE2, and N-WASP, but not JMY or WASH. Perturbing the function of Src-family kinases, WAVE proteins, or Arp2/3 complex inhibits WHIMP-driven ruffling. These results suggest that WHIMP-associated actin assembly plays a direct role in membrane protrusion, but also results in feedback control of tyrosine kinase signaling to modulate the activation of multiple WASP-family members. The actin cytoskeleton is a collection of protein polymers that assemble and disassemble within cells at specific times and locations. Sophisticated cytoskeletal regulators called nucleation-promoting factors ensure that actin polymerizes when and where it is needed, and many of these factors are members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family. Several of the 8 known WASP-family proteins function in cell motility, but how the different factors collaborate with one another is not well understood. In this study, we identified WHIMP, a new WASP-family member that is encoded on the X chromosome of a variety of mammals. In mouse cells, WHIMP enhances cell motility by assembling actin filaments that push the plasma membrane forward. Unexpectedly, WHIMP also activates tyrosine kinases, enzymes that stimulate multiple WASP-family members during motility. Our results open new avenues of research into how nucleation factors cooperate during movement and how the molecular activities that underlie motility differ in distinct cell types and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shail Kabrawala
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Margaret D. Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Venkatesh K, Mathew A, Koushika SP. Role of actin in organelle trafficking in neurons. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:97-109. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keertana Venkatesh
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Amal Mathew
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
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36
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Domeier PP, Chodisetti SB, Schell SL, Kawasawa YI, Fasnacht MJ, Soni C, Rahman ZSM. B-Cell-Intrinsic Type 1 Interferon Signaling Is Crucial for Loss of Tolerance and the Development of Autoreactive B Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 24:406-418. [PMID: 29996101 PMCID: PMC6089613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferon (T1IFN) signaling promotes inflammation and lupus pathology, but its role in autoreactive B cell development in the antibody-forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) pathways is unclear. Using a lupus model that allows for focused study of the AFC and GC responses, we show that T1IFN signaling is crucial for autoreactive B cell development in the AFC and GC pathways. Through bone marrow chimeras, DNA-reactive B cell transfer, and GC-specific Cre mice, we confirm that IFNαR signaling in B cells promotes autoreactive B cell development into both pathways. Transcriptomic analysis reveals gene expression alterations in multiple signaling pathways in non-GC and GC B cells in the absence of IFNαR. Finally, we find that T1IFN signaling promotes autoreactive B cell development in the AFC and GC pathways by regulating BCR signaling. These data suggest value for anti-IFNαR therapy in individuals with elevated T1IFN activity before clinical disease onset. The B-cell-intrinsic mechanisms of type 1 interferon (T1IFN) signaling in regulating B cell tolerance is unclear. Domeier et al. show that T1IFN signaling in B cells causes loss of B cell tolerance, promoting autoreactive B cell development into the antibody-forming cell and germinal center pathways by regulating BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Melinda J Fasnacht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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38
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Thomason EJ, Escalante M, Osterhout DJ, Fuss B. The oligodendrocyte growth cone and its actin cytoskeleton: A fundamental element for progenitor cell migration and CNS myelination. Glia 2019; 68:1329-1346. [PMID: 31696982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte (OLG) lineage engage in highly motile behaviors that are crucial for effective central nervous system (CNS) myelination. These behaviors include the guided migration of OLG progenitor cells (OPCs), the surveying of local environments by cellular processes extending from differentiating and pre-myelinating OLGs, and during the process of active myelin wrapping, the forward movement of the leading edge of the myelin sheath's inner tongue along the axon. Almost all of these motile behaviors are driven by actin cytoskeletal dynamics initiated within a lamellipodial structure that is located at the tip of cellular OLG/OPC processes and is structurally as well as functionally similar to the neuronal growth cone. Accordingly, coordinated stoichiometries of actin filament (F-actin) assembly and disassembly at these OLG/OPC growth cones have been implicated in directing process outgrowth and guidance, and the initiation of myelination. Nonetheless, the functional importance of the OLG/OPC growth cone still remains to be fully understood, and, as a unique aspect of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, F-actin depolymerization and disassembly start to predominate at the transition from myelination initiation to myelin wrapping. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about OLG/OPC growth cones, and it proposes a model in which actin cytoskeletal dynamics in OLG/OPC growth cones are a main driver for morphological transformations and motile behaviors. Remarkably, these activities, at least at the later stages of OLG maturation, may be regulated independently from the transcriptional gene expression changes typically associated with CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Thomason
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Miguel Escalante
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Donna J Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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39
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Lin ZL, Li YH, Jin YX, Kim NH. A Maternal Transcription Factor, Junction Mediating and Regulatory
Protein is Required for Preimplantation Development in the Mouse. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:285-295. [PMID: 31660455 PMCID: PMC6812975 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a regulator of both
transcription and actin filament assembly. The actin-regulatory activity of JMY
is based on a cluster of three actin-binding Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
homology 2 (WH2) domains that nucleate actin filaments directly and promote
nucleation of the Arp2/3 complex. In addition to these activities, we examined
the activity of JMY generation in early embryo of mice carrying mutations in the
JMY gene by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome engineering. We demonstrated that JMY
protein shuttled expression between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Knockout of
exon 2, CA (central domain and Arp2/3-binding acidic domain) and NLS-2 (nuclear
localization signal domain) on the JMY gene by CRISPR/Cas9
system was effective and markedly impeded embryonicdevelopment. Additionally, it
impaired transcription and zygotic genome activation (ZGA)-related genes. These
results suggest that JMY acts as a transcription factor, which is essential for
the early embryonic development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Li Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin
University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Yanbian
University, Yanji, Jilin Province,
China
| | - Yong-Xun Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin
University, Changchun, China
- Corresponding Author : Nam-Hyung Kim, Ph.D.,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2546, E-mail:
, Yong-Xun Jin, College of Animal
Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China. Tel:
+86-431-8516-6316, E-mail:
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin
University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Corresponding Author : Nam-Hyung Kim, Ph.D.,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2546, E-mail:
, Yong-Xun Jin, College of Animal
Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China. Tel:
+86-431-8516-6316, E-mail:
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40
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Caridi CP, Plessner M, Grosse R, Chiolo I. Nuclear actin filaments in DNA repair dynamics. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1068-1077. [PMID: 31481797 PMCID: PMC6736642 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of innovative tools for live imaging of actin filaments (F-actin) enabled the detection of surprising nuclear structures responding to various stimuli, challenging previous models that actin is substantially monomeric in the nucleus. We review these discoveries, focusing on double-strand break (DSB) repair responses. These studies revealed a remarkable network of nuclear filaments and regulatory mechanisms coordinating chromatin dynamics with repair progression and led to a paradigm shift by uncovering the directed movement of repair sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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41
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Purnell MC. Bio-Field Array: The Influence of Junction Mediating and Regulatory Protein Expression on Cytoskeletal Filament Behavior During Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 13:1178223419830981. [PMID: 30833811 PMCID: PMC6396045 DOI: 10.1177/1178223419830981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The Bio-Field Array (BFA) is a device that generates a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field (DEP-EMF) when placed in a hypotonic saline solution and a direct current (dc) of ~3 amperes is applied. Human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells) is known to have a high percentage of apoptotic (P53) deficient cells and some patients can have poor outcomes with current treatments. Objectives: Previously, we reported a strong upregulation of the apoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response, via reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), as well as positive annexin staining in this human breast carcinoma, when grown in media prepared with BFA’s dc DEP-EMF treated saline. Here we will examine and discuss cytoskeletal microtubule changes that were noted in the treated breast carcinoma that are strongly suggestive of apoptosis and the possible correlation of these microtubule changes to the upregulation of Junction Mediating and Regulatory Protein (JMY, a P53/TP53 cofactor) that is known to drive cytoskeleton microfilaments (actin) function. Methods: In addition to microarray and RT-qPCR analyses, we conducted 7 days of fluorescent microscopic analyses of tubulin assays in these treated versus control MDA-MB-231 cells. Results: These data suggest 2 possible forms of apoptosis, rounded and irregular, may be occurring and possibly facilitated by the significant upregulation (via microarray and RT-qPCR) of an important but poorly understood Nucleation-Promoting Factor (NPF), JMY. Conclusions: The ability of the BFA dc DEP-EMF to significantly upregulate JMY and possibly influence the regulation of unbranched (nucleation-microtubule spikes) and branched forms (autophagy) of actin in the cytoplasmic domains may facilitate a “two coffins” or round and irregular necrosis-like apoptosis for this highly aggressive and often apoptotic-deficient breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy C Purnell
- The Loewenberg College of Nursing, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Hu X, Mullins RD. LC3 and STRAP regulate actin filament assembly by JMY during autophagosome formation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:251-266. [PMID: 30420355 PMCID: PMC6314544 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, actin filament networks move and remodel cellular membranes to form autophagosomes that enclose and metabolize cytoplasmic contents. Two actin regulators, WHAMM and JMY, participate in autophagosome formation, but the signals linking autophagy to actin assembly are poorly understood. We show that, in nonstarved cells, cytoplasmic JMY colocalizes with STRAP, a regulator of JMY's nuclear functions, on nonmotile vesicles with no associated actin networks. Upon starvation, JMY shifts to motile, LC3-containing membranes that move on actin comet tails. LC3 enhances JMY's de novo actin nucleation activity via a cryptic actin-binding sequence near JMY's N terminus, and STRAP inhibits JMY's ability to nucleate actin and activate the Arp2/3 complex. Cytoplasmic STRAP negatively regulates autophagy. Finally, we use purified proteins to reconstitute LC3- and JMY-dependent actin network formation on membranes and inhibition of network formation by STRAP. We conclude that LC3 and STRAP regulate JMY's actin assembly activities in trans during autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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Velle KB, Campellone KG. Enteropathogenic E. coli relies on collaboration between the formin mDia1 and the Arp2/3 complex for actin pedestal biogenesis and maintenance. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007485. [PMID: 30550556 PMCID: PMC6310289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EPEC and EHEC) are closely related extracellular pathogens that reorganize host cell actin into “pedestals” beneath the tightly adherent bacteria. This pedestal-forming activity is both a critical step in pathogenesis, and it makes EPEC and EHEC useful models for studying the actin rearrangements that underlie membrane protrusions. To generate pedestals, EPEC relies on the tyrosine phosphorylated bacterial effector protein Tir to bind host adaptor proteins that recruit N-WASP, a nucleation-promoting factor that activates the Arp2/3 complex to drive actin polymerization. In contrast, EHEC depends on the effector EspFU to multimerize N-WASP and promote Arp2/3 activation. Although these core pathways of pedestal assembly are well-characterized, the contributions of additional actin nucleation factors are unknown. We investigated potential cooperation between the Arp2/3 complex and other classes of nucleators using chemical inhibitors, siRNAs, and knockout cell lines. We found that inhibition of formins impairs actin pedestal assembly, motility, and cellular colonization for bacteria using the EPEC, but not the EHEC, pathway of actin polymerization. We also identified mDia1 as the formin contributing to EPEC pedestal assembly, as its expression level positively correlates with the efficiency of pedestal formation, and it localizes to the base of pedestals both during their initiation and once they have reached steady state. Collectively, our data suggest that mDia1 enhances EPEC pedestal biogenesis and maintenance by generating seed filaments to be used by the N-WASP-Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation machinery and by sustaining Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tir. Microbial pathogens that rearrange the host actin cytoskeleton have made valuable contributions to our understanding of cell signaling and movement. The assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeleton is driven by proteins called nucleators, which can be manipulated by bacteria including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a frequent cause of pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. After ingestion, EPEC adhere tightly to cells of the intestine and hijack the underlying cytoskeleton to create protrusions called actin pedestals. While mechanisms of pedestal assembly involving a nucleator called the Arp2/3 complex have been defined for EPEC, the contribution of additional host nucleators has not been determined. We assessed the roles of several actin nucleators in EPEC pedestals and found that in addition to Arp2/3 complex-mediated nucleation, the formin mDia1 is a key contributor to actin assembly. These findings highlight the importance of nucleator collaboration in pathogenesis, and also advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of EPEC infection, which is ultimately important for the discovery of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B. Velle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mullins RD, Bieling P, Fletcher DA. From solution to surface to filament: actin flux into branched networks. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1537-1551. [PMID: 30470968 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton comprises a set of filament networks that perform essential functions in eukaryotic cells. The idea that actin filaments incorporate monomers directly from solution forms both the "textbook picture" of filament elongation and a conventional starting point for quantitative modeling of cellular actin dynamics. Recent work, however, reveals that filaments created by two major regulators, the formins and the Arp2/3 complex, incorporate monomers delivered by nearby proteins. Specifically, actin enters Arp2/3-generated networks via binding sites on nucleation-promoting factors clustered on membrane surfaces. Here, we describe three functions of this surface-associated actin monomer pool: (1) regulating network density via product inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex, (2) accelerating filament elongation as a distributive polymerase, and (3) converting profilin-actin into a substrate for the Arp2/3 complex. These linked functions control the architecture of branched networks and explain how capping protein enhances their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dyche Mullins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Bieling
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Kluge F, Weissbach J, Weber A, Stradal T, Posern G. Regulation of MRTF-A by JMY via a nucleation-independent mechanism. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:86. [PMID: 30463620 PMCID: PMC6249979 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MRTF-A (myocardin-related transcription factor A) is a coactivator for SRF-mediated gene expression. The activity of MRTF-A is critically dependent on the dissociation of G-actin from N-terminal RPEL motifs. MRTF-SRF induction often correlates with enhanced polymerization of F-actin. Here we investigate MRTF regulation by the multifunctional JMY protein, which contains three WASP/verprolin homology 2 (WH2/V) domains and facilitates Arp2/3-dependent and -independent actin nucleation. Methods Co-immunoprecipitation experiments, immunofluorescence and luciferase reporter assays were combined with selective inhibitors to investigate the effect of JMY and its domains on MRTF-A in NIH 3 T3 mouse fibroblasts. Results JMY induced MRTF-A transcriptional activity and enhanced its nuclear translocation. Unexpectedly, MRTF-A was hyperactivated when the Arp2/3-recruiting CA region of JMY was deleted or mutated, suggesting an autoinhibitory mechanism for full-length JMY. Moreover, isolated WH2/V domains which are unable to nucleate actin were sufficient for nuclear accumulation and SRF activation. Recombinant WH2/V regions of JMY biochemically competed with MRTF-A for actin binding. Activation of MRTF-A by JMY was unaffected by Arp3 knockdown, by an Arp2/3 inhibitor, and by latrunculin which disassembles cellular F-actin. Restriction of JMY to the nucleus abrogated its MRTF-A activation. Finally, JMY RNAi reduced basal and stimulated transcriptional activation via MRTF-A. Conclusions Our results suggest that JMY activates MRTF-SRF independently of F-actin via WH2/V-mediated competition with the RPEL region for G-actin binding in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the C-terminal region facilitates an autoinhibitory effect on full-length JMY, possibly by intramolecular folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kluge
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Weissbach
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Weber
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Theresia Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Courtemanche N. Mechanisms of formin-mediated actin assembly and dynamics. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1553-1569. [PMID: 30392063 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular viability requires tight regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Distinct families of nucleation-promoting factors enable the rapid assembly of filament nuclei that elongate and are incorporated into diverse and specialized actin-based structures. In addition to promoting filament nucleation, the formin family of proteins directs the elongation of unbranched actin filaments. Processive association of formins with growing filament ends is achieved through continuous barbed end binding of the highly conserved, dimeric formin homology (FH) 2 domain. In cooperation with the FH1 domain and C-terminal tail region, FH2 dimers mediate actin subunit addition at speeds that can dramatically exceed the rate of spontaneous assembly. Here, I review recent biophysical, structural, and computational studies that have provided insight into the mechanisms of formin-mediated actin assembly and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Courtemanche
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave SE, 6-130 MCB, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Stradal TEB, Schelhaas M. Actin dynamics in host-pathogen interaction. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3658-3669. [PMID: 29935019 PMCID: PMC6282728 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and Rho GTPase signaling to actin assembly are prime targets of bacterial and viral pathogens, simply because actin is involved in all motile and membrane remodeling processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion events, motility, and last but not least, autophagy. This article aims at providing an overview of the most prominent pathogen‐induced or ‐hijacked actin structures, and an outlook on how future research might uncover additional, equally sophisticated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Institute of Cellular Virology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany
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The Role of JMY in p53 Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060173. [PMID: 29857553 PMCID: PMC6025294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the event of DNA damage, the level of tumour suppressor protein p53 increases inducing either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Junctional Mediating and Regulating Y protein (JMY) is a transcription co-factor involved in p53 regulation. In event of DNA damage, JMY levels also upregulate in the nucleus where JMY forms a co-activator complex with p300/CREB-binding protein (p300/CBP), Apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (ASPP) and Stress responsive activator of p53 (Strap). This co-activator complex then binds to and increases the ability of p53 to induce transcription of proteins triggering apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest. This then suggests that the increase of JMY levels due to DNA damage putatively "directs" p53 activity toward triggering apoptosis. JMY expression is also linked to increased cell motility as it: (1) downregulates the expression of adhesion molecules of the Cadherin family and (2) induces actin nucleation, making cells less adhesive and more mobile, favouring metastasis. All these characteristics taken together imply that JMY possesses both tumour suppressive and tumour metastasis promoting capabilities.
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Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics play vital roles in most forms of intracellular trafficking by promoting the biogenesis and transport of vesicular cargoes. Mounting evidence indicates that actin dynamics and membrane-cytoskeleton scaffolds also have essential roles in macroautophagy, the process by which cellular waste is isolated inside specialized vesicles called autophagosomes for recycling and degradation. Branched actin polymerization is necessary for the biogenesis of autophagosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Actomyosin-based transport is then used to feed the growing phagophore with pre-selected cargoes and debris derived from different membranous organelles inside the cell. Finally, mature autophagosomes detach from the ER membrane by an as yet unknown mechanism, undergo intracellular transport and then fuse with lysosomes, endosomes and multivesicular bodies through mechanisms that involve actin- and microtubule-mediated motility, cytoskeleton-membrane scaffolds and signaling proteins. In this review, we highlight the considerable progress made recently towards understanding the diverse roles of the cytoskeleton in autophagy.
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Innocenti M. New insights into the formation and the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2018. [PMID: 29513145 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1448352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia and ruffles are veil-shaped cell protrusions composed of a highly branched actin filament meshwork assembled by the Arp2/3 complex. These structures not only hallmark the leading edge of cells adopting the adhesion-based mesenchymal mode of migration but are also thought to drive cell movement. Although regarded as textbook knowledge, the mechanism of formation of lamellipodia and ruffles has been revisited in the last years leveraging new technologies. Furthermore, recent observations have also challenged our current view of the function of lamellipodia and ruffles in mesenchymal cell migration. Here, I review this literature and compare it with older studies to highlight the controversies and the outstanding open issues in the field. Moreover, I outline simple and plausible explanations to reconcile conflicting results and conclusions. Finally, I integrate the mechanisms regulating actin-based protrusion in a unifying model that accounts for random and ballistic mesenchymal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- a Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam , CX , The Netherlands
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