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Geng W, Thomas H, Chen Z, Yan Z, Zhang P, Zhang M, Huang W, Ren X, Wang Z, Ding K, Zhang J. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to HER2-Positive breast cancer therapies induced by HER3: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176725. [PMID: 38851563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface receptors with kinase activity that play a crucial role in diverse cellular processes. Among the RTK family members, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and HER3 are particularly relevant to breast cancer. The review delves into the complexities of receptor tyrosine kinase interactions, resistance mechanisms, and the potential of anti-HER3 drugs, offering valuable insights into the clinical implications and future directions in this field of study. It assesses the potential of anti-HER3 drugs, such as pertuzumab, in overcoming resistance observed in HER2-positive breast cancer therapies. The review also explores the resistance mechanisms associated with various drugs, including trastuzumab, lapatinib, and PI3K inhibitors, providing insights into the intricate molecular processes underlying resistance development. The review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for further clinical trials to assess the efficacy of HER3 inhibitors and the potential of developing safe and effective anti-HER3 treatments to improve treatment outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Holly Thomas
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhixiu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weixue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Streatham Campus, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhou F, Xu S, Shi D, Ding D, Wang S, Poongavanam V, Tang K, Liu X, Zhan P. Hydrophobic tagging of small molecules: an overview of the literature and future outlook. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:799-813. [PMID: 38825802 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2360416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrophobic tagging (HyT) technology presents a distinct therapeutic strategy diverging from conventional small molecule drugs, providing an innovative approach to drug design. This review aims to provide an overview of the HyT literature and future outlook to offer guidance for drug design. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors introduce the composition, mechanisms and advantages of HyT technology, as well as summarize the detailed applications of HyT technology in anti-cancer, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and other fields. Furthermore, this review discusses key aspects of the future development of HyT molecules. EXPERT OPINION HyT emerges as a highly promising targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategy, following the successful development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) and molecular glue. Based on exploring new avenues, modification of the HyT molecule itself potentially enhances the technology. Improved synthetic pathways and emphasis on pharmacokinetic (PK) properties will facilitate the development of HyT. Furthermore, elucidating the biochemical basis by which the compound's hydrophobic moiety recruits the protein homeostasis network will enable the development of more precise assays that can guide the optimization of the linker and hydrophobic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Dazhou Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | | | - Kai Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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3
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Momeny M, Tienhaara M, Sharma M, Chakroborty D, Varjus R, Takala I, Merisaari J, Padzik A, Vogt A, Paatero I, Elenius K, Laajala TD, Kurppa KJ, Westermarck J. DUSP6 inhibition overcomes neuregulin/HER3-driven therapy tolerance in HER2+ breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s44321-024-00088-0. [PMID: 38886591 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite clinical benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in cancer, most tumors can reactivate proliferation under TKI therapy. Here we present transcriptional profiling of HER2+ breast cancer cells transitioning from dormant drug tolerant cells to re-proliferating cells under continuous HER2 inhibitor (HER2i) therapy. Focusing on phosphatases, expression of dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP6 was found inhibited in dormant cells, but strongly induced upon regrowth. DUSP6 expression also selectively associated with poor patient survival in HER2+ breast cancers. DUSP6 overexpression conferred apoptosis resistance, whereas its pharmacological blockade prevented therapy tolerance development under HER2i therapy. DUSP6 targeting also synergized with clinically used HER2i combination therapies. Mechanistically DUSP6 is a positive regulator of HER3 expression, and its impact on HER2i tolerance was mediated by neuregulin-HER3 axis. In vivo, genetic targeting of DUSP6 reduced tumor growth in brain metastasis model, whereas its pharmacological targeting induced synthetic lethal therapeutic effect in combination with HER2i. Collectively this work demonstrates that DUSP6 drives escape from HER2i-induced dormancy, and that DUSP6 is a druggable target to overcome HER3-driven TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Momeny
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Mari Tienhaara
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mukund Sharma
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Deepankar Chakroborty
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Roosa Varjus
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Iina Takala
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Joni Merisaari
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Artur Padzik
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Andreas Vogt
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh Technology Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu D Laajala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Medicity Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Dessaux C, Ganier L, Guiraud L, Borg JP. Recent insights into the therapeutic strategies targeting the pseudokinase PTK7 in cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1973-1984. [PMID: 38773263 PMCID: PMC11196218 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The generation of drugs counteracting deregulated protein kinases has been a major focus in cancer therapy development. Breakthroughs in this effort have produced many therapeutic agents to the benefit of patients, mostly through the development of chemical or antibody-based drugs targeting active kinases. These strategies are challenged when considering catalytically inactive protein kinases (or pseudokinases), which represent 10% of the human kinome with many of relevance in cancer. Among the so-called pseudotyrosine kinases, the PTK7 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) stands as a bona fide target overexpressed in several solid tumors and hematological malignancies and linked to metastasis, poor prognosis, and resistance to treatment. Despite the lack of catalytic activity, PTK7 has signaling capacities through heterodimerization with active RTKs and offers pharmacological targeting opportunities through its inactive kinase domain. Moreover, PTK7-targeting strategies based on antibody-drug conjugates, aptamers, and CAR-T cell-based therapies have demonstrated encouraging results in preclinical and clinical settings. We review the most recent data assigning to PTK7 a prominent role in cancer progression as well as current preclinical and clinical targeting strategies against RTK family pseudokinases including PTK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dessaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Ganier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louis Guiraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Equipe labellisée Ligue 'Cell polarity, Cell signaling and Cancer', Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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5
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Singh K, Showalter CA, Manring HR, Haque SJ, Chakravarti A. "Oh, Dear We Are in Tribble": An Overview of the Oncogenic Functions of Tribbles 1. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1889. [PMID: 38791967 PMCID: PMC11120034 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudokinases are catalytically inactive proteins in the human genome that lack the ability to transfer phosphate from ATP to their substrates. The Tribbles family of pseudokinases contains three members: Tribbles 1, 2, and 3. Tribbles 1 has recently gained importance because of its involvement in various diseases, including cancer. It acts as a scaffolding protein that brings about the degradation of its substrate proteins, such as C/EBPα/β, MLXIPL, and RAR/RXRα, among others, via the ubiquitin proteasome system. It also serves as an adapter protein, which sequesters different protein molecules and activates their downstream signaling, leading to processes, such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and lipid metabolism. It has been implicated in cancers such as AML, prostate cancer, breast cancer, CRC, HCC, and glioma, where it activates oncogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT and MAPK and inhibits the anti-tumor function of p53. TRIB1 also causes treatment resistance in cancers such as NSCLC, breast cancer, glioma, and promyelocytic leukemia. All these effects make TRIB1 a potential drug target. However, the lack of a catalytic domain renders TRIB1 "undruggable", but knowledge about its structure, conformational changes during substrate binding, and substrate binding sites provides an opportunity to design small-molecule inhibitors against specific TRIB1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Li X, Hu M, Zhang Y, Hua H, Sun Y, Xiang Q, Zhu D. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Hydrophobic-Tagged Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) Degraders. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107115. [PMID: 38232684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of oxidative cell death induced by lipid peroxidation accumulation. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) plays a key role in the regulation of ferroptosis and is considered to be a promising therapeutic target for cancer and other human diseases. Herein, we describe our design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of HyT-based degraders of the GPX4. One of the most promising compounds, 7b (ZX782), effectively induces dose- and time-dependent degradation of GPX4 protein and potently suppresses the growth of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, which are highly sensitive to ferroptosis and widely used for evaluating compound specificity in ferroptosis. Mechanism investigation indicated that 7b depletes GPX4 through both the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome. Furthermore, the degradation of GPX4 induced by 7b could significantly increase the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT1080 cells, ultimately leading to ferroptosis. Overall, compound 7b exhibits robust potency in depleting endogenous GPX4, thereby modulating ferroptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China; Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Mengdie Hu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China; Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China; Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Qiuping Xiang
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China; Guoke Ningbo Life Science and Health Industry Research Institute, Ningbo 315010, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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7
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He T, Wen C, Yang G, Yang X. Targeted Protein Degradation: Principles, Strategies, and Applications. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300083. [PMID: 37518856 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation is a general process to maintain cell homeostasis. The intracellular protein quality control system mainly includes the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the lysosome pathway. Inspired by the physiological process, strategies to degrade specific proteins have developed, which emerge as potent and effective tools in biological research and drug discovery. This review focuses on recent advances in targeted protein degradation techniques, summarizing the principles, advantages, and challenges. Moreover, the potential applications and future direction in biological science and clinics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Wen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
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8
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He Q, Zhao X, Wu D, Jia S, Liu C, Cheng Z, Huang F, Chen Y, Lu T, Lu S. Hydrophobic tag-based protein degradation: Development, opportunity and challenge. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115741. [PMID: 37607438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a promising approach for drug development, particularly for undruggable targets. TPD technology has also been instrumental in overcoming drug resistance. While some TPD molecules utilizing proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTACs) or molecular glue strategies have been approved or evaluated in clinical trials, hydrophobic tag-based protein degradation (HyT-PD) has also gained significant attention as a tool for medicinal chemists. The increasing number of reported HyT-PD molecules possessing high efficiency in degrading protein and good pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, has further fueled interest in this approach. This review aims to present the design rationale, hydrophobic tags in use, and diverse mechanisms of action of HyT-PD. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of HyT-PD in protein degradation are discussed. This review may help inspire the development of more HyT-PDs with superior drug-like properties for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindi He
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Donglin Wu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Siming Jia
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Canlin Liu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Zitian Cheng
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Shuai Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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Majumder A. HER3: Toward the Prognostic Significance, Therapeutic Potential, Current Challenges, and Future Therapeutics in Different Types of Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2517. [PMID: 37947595 PMCID: PMC10648638 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is the only family member of the EGRF/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases that lacks an active kinase domain (KD), which makes it an obligate binding partner with other receptors for its oncogenic role. When HER3 is activated in a ligand-dependent (NRG1/HRG) or independent manner, it can bind to other receptors (the most potent binding partner is HER2) to regulate many biological functions (growth, survival, nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, etc.) through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. HER3 has been found to promote tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and drug resistance in different cancer types, especially breast and non-small cell lung cancer. Given its ubiquitous expression across different solid tumors and role in oncogenesis and drug resistance, there has been a long effort to target HER3. As HER3 cannot be targeted through its KD with small-molecule kinase inhibitors via the conventional method, pharmaceutical companies have used various other approaches, including blocking either the ligand-binding domain or extracellular domain for dimerization with other receptors. The development of treatment options with anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and different combination therapies showed limited clinical efficiency for various reasons. Recent reports showed that the extracellular domain of HER3 is not required for its binding with other receptors, which raises doubt about the efforts and applicability of the development of the HER3-antibodies for treatment. Whereas HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugates showed potentiality for treatment, these drugs are still under clinical trial. The currently understood model for dimerization-induced signaling remains incomplete due to the absence of the crystal structure of HER3 signaling complexes, and many lines of evidence suggest that HER family signaling involves more than the interaction of two members. This review article will significantly expand our knowledge of HER3 signaling and shed light on developing a new generation of drugs that have fewer side effects than the current treatment regimen for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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10
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Zeng Y, Xiao J, Xu Y, Wei F, Tian L, Gao Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Degradation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/Cyclin T1 by Optimized Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta-Recruiting Coumarin Analogs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12877-12893. [PMID: 37671907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an efficient and attractive protein degradation pathway in addition to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, systematic optimization of coumarin analogs linked with the CDK9 inhibitor SNS-032 is reported that may bind to cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) simultaneously, which leads to the selective autophagic degradation of targeted CDK9/cyclin T1 and is different from the PROTAC degrader THAL-SNS-032. Further mechanism studies revealed an autophagy-lysosome pathway, where the degraders possibly formed a ternary complex with CDK9 and LC3B. In addition, degrader 10 showed antitumor efficacy in vivo. Our work optimized a potent LC3B recruiter and demonstrated the feasibility of autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs), which could be applied for the degradation of diverse intracellular pathogenic proteins to treat related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lina Tian
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yinglei Gao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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11
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Xie S, Zhu J, Li J, Zhan F, Yao H, Xu J, Xu S. Small-Molecule Hydrophobic Tagging: A Promising Strategy of Druglike Technology for Targeted Protein Degradation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10917-10933. [PMID: 37535706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies have catalyzed a paradigm shift in therapeutic strategies and offer innovative avenues for drug design. Hydrophobic tags (HyTs) are bifunctional TPD molecules consisting of a ″lipophilic small-molecule tags″ group and a small-molecule ligand for the target protein. Despite the vast potential of HyTs, they have received relatively limited attention as a promising frontier. Leveraging their lower molecular weight and reduced numbers of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors (HBDs/HBAs) in comparison with proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), HyTs present a compelling approach for enhancing druglike properties. In this Perspective, we explore the diverse range of HyT structures and their corresponding degradation mechanisms, thereby illuminating their broad applicability in targeting a diverse array of proteins, including previously elusive targets. Moreover, we scrutinize the challenges and opportunities entailed in developing this technology as a viable and fruitful strategy for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jingjie Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Junda Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Feiyan Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China
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12
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Teng M, Gray NS. The rise of degrader drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:864-878. [PMID: 37494935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The cancer genomics revolution has served up a plethora of promising and challenging targets for the drug discovery community. The field of targeted protein degradation (TPD) uses small molecules to reprogram the protein homeostasis system to destroy desired target proteins. In the last decade, remarkable progress has enabled the rational development of degraders for a large number of target proteins, with over 20 molecules targeting more than 12 proteins entering clinical development. While TPD has been fully credentialed by the prior development of immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) class for the treatment of multiple myeloma, the field is poised for a "Gleevec moment" in which robust clinical efficacy of a rationally developed novel degrader against a preselected target is firmly established. Here, we endeavor to provide a high-level evaluation of exciting developments in the field and comment on steps that may realize the full potential of this new therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Teng
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Lin R, Yang J, Liu T, Wang M, Ke C, Luo C, Lin J, Li J, Lin H. Discovery of HyT-Based Degraders of CDK9-Cyclin T1 Complex. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300769. [PMID: 37349855 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct modulation of the non-kinase functions of cyclin and CDK-cyclin complexes poses challenges. We utilize hydrophobic tag (HyT) based small-molecule degraders induced degradation of cyclin T1 and its corresponding kinase partner CDK9. LL-CDK9-12 demonstrated the most potent and selective degradation ability, with DC50 values of 0.362 μM against CDK9 and 0.680 μM against cyclin T1. In prostate cancer cells, LL-CDK9-12 showed enhanced anti-proliferative activity than its parental molecule SNS032 and LL-K9-3, the previous reported CDK9-cyclin T1 degrader. Moreover, LL-CDK9-12 suppressed the downstream signaling of CDK9 and AR efficiently. Altogether, LL-CDK9-12 was an effective dual degrader of CDK9-cyclin T1 and helped study the unknown function of CDK9-cyclin T1. These results suggest that HyT-based degraders could be used as a strategy to induce the degradation of protein complexes, providing insights for the design of protein complexes' degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongrong Ke
- National and Local United Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528437, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
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14
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Raghav KP, Moasser MM. Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms of HER2 in Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2351-2361. [PMID: 36574481 PMCID: PMC10293474 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene ERBB2 encoding the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (HER2) is frequently overexpressed or amplified and occasionally mutated in a variety of human cancers. The early discovery of this oncogene, its established oncogenic relevance in diverse cancers, its substantial expression on the surface of cancer cells, and its druggable catalytic activity have made it one of the most pursued targets in the history of cancer drug development. Initiatives targeting HER2 provided the early stimulus for several transformational pharmaceutical technologies, including mAbs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and others. The seismic impact of these efforts has been felt in treatment of many cancers, including breast, gastroesophageal, lung, colorectal, and others. This impact continues to broaden with increasing indications on the horizon and a plethora of novel agents in development. However, implementation of these therapeutic strategies has been complex. The clinical translation of every one of these classes of agents has been notable for underperformance or overperformance characteristics that have informed new lines of research providing deeper insights into the mechanistic complexities and unrealized opportunities provided by this molecular target. Despite all the successes to date, the preponderance of scientific evidence indicates that the full potential of HER2 as a target for cancer therapeutics is far greater than currently realized, and numerous lines of investigation are ongoing to deepen and broaden the scope of impact of HER2 as a signaling, homing, or immunologic target. In this review, we explore the existing data and evolving paradigms surrounding this remarkable target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal P.S. Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark M. Moasser
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Wang M, Lin R, Li J, Suo Y, Gao J, Liu L, Zhou L, Ni Y, Yang Z, Zheng J, Lin J, Zhou H, Luo C, Lin H. Discovery of LL-K8-22: A Selective, Durable, and Small-Molecule Degrader of the CDK8-Cyclin C Complex. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4932-4951. [PMID: 36930701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The CDK8-cyclin C complex is an important anti-tumor target, but unlike CDK8, cyclin C remains undruggable. Modulators regulating cyclin C activity directly are still under development. Here, a series of hydrophobic tagging-based degraders of the CDK8-cyclin C complex were designed, synthesized, and evaluated to identify the first dual degrader, LL-K8-22, which induced selective and synchronous degradation of CDK8 and cyclin C. Proteomic and immunoblot studies exhibited that LL-K8-22 significantly degraded CDK8 without reducing CDK19 and did not degrade other cyclin proteins except cyclin C. Moreover, LL-K8-22 showed enhanced anti-proliferative effects over its parental molecule, BI-1347, with potency increased by 5-fold in MDA-MB-468 cells. LL-K8-22 exhibited more pronounced effects on CDK8-cyclin C downstream signaling than BI-1347, suppressing STAT1 phosphorylation more persistently. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that LL-K8-22 inhibited E2F- and MYC-driven carcinogenic transcriptional programs. Overall, LL-K8-22 is the first-in-class degrader of cyclin C and would be useful for studying the unknown functions of cyclin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongkun Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528437, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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16
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Xie S, Zhan F, Zhu J, Sun Y, Zhu H, Liu J, Chen J, Zhu Z, Yang DH, Chen ZS, Yao H, Xu J, Xu S. Discovery of Norbornene as a Novel Hydrophobic Tag Applied in Protein Degradation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217246. [PMID: 36670545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic tagging (HyT) is a potential therapeutic strategy for targeted protein degradation (TPD). Norbornene was discovered as an unprecedented hydrophobic tag in this study and was used to degrade the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein by linking it to ALK inhibitors. The most promising degrader, Hyt-9, potently reduced ALK levels through Hsp70 and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in vitro without compensatory upregulation of ALK. Furthermore, Hyt-9 exhibited a significant tumor-inhibiting effect in vivo with moderate oral bioavailability. More importantly, norbornene can also be used to degrade the intractable enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) when tagged with the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat. Thus, the discovery of novel hydrophobic norbornene tags shows promise for the future development of TPD technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Feiyan Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Jingjie Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215300, China
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17
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Duran-Frigola M, Cigler M, Winter GE. Advancing Targeted Protein Degradation via Multiomics Profiling and Artificial Intelligence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2711-2732. [PMID: 36706315 PMCID: PMC9912273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Only around 20% of the human proteome is considered to be druggable with small-molecule antagonists. This leaves some of the most compelling therapeutic targets outside the reach of ligand discovery. The concept of targeted protein degradation (TPD) promises to overcome some of these limitations. In brief, TPD is dependent on small molecules that induce the proximity between a protein of interest (POI) and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, causing ubiquitination and degradation of the POI. In this perspective, we want to reflect on current challenges in the field, and discuss how advances in multiomics profiling, artificial intelligence, and machine learning (AI/ML) will be vital in overcoming them. The presented roadmap is discussed in the context of small-molecule degraders but is equally applicable for other emerging proximity-inducing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Duran-Frigola
- CeMM
Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of
Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Ersilia
Open Source Initiative, 28 Belgrave Road, CB1 3DE, Cambridge, United Kingdom,
| | - Marko Cigler
- CeMM
Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of
Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg E. Winter
- CeMM
Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of
Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria,
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18
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Emerging TACnology: Heterobifunctional Small Molecule Inducers of Targeted Posttranslational Protein Modifications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020690. [PMID: 36677746 PMCID: PMC9867477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in cell signaling and they are often deregulated in disease. This review addresses recent advances in the development of heterobifunctional small molecules that enable targeting or hijacking PTMs. This emerging field is spearheaded by proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), that induce ubiquitination of their targets and, thus, tag them for degradation by the proteasome. Within the last decade, several improvements have been made to enhance spatiotemporal control of PROTAC-induced degradation as well as cell permeability. Inspired by the success story of PROTACs, additional concepts based on chimeric small molecules have emerged such as phosphatase-recruiting chimeras (PhoRCs). Herein, an overview of strategies causing (de-)phosphorylation, deubiquitination as well as acetylation is provided, and the opportunities and challenges of heterobifunctional molecules for drug discovery are highlighted. Although significant progress has been achieved, a plethora of PTMs have not yet been covered and PTM-inducing chimeras will be helpful tools for chemical biology and could even find application in pharmacotherapy.
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19
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Kilroy MK, Park S, Feroz W, Patel H, Mishra R, Alanazi S, Garrett JT. HER3 Alterations in Cancer and Potential Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246174. [PMID: 36551663 PMCID: PMC9776947 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the third member of the HER family, kinase impaired HER3, has become a target of interest in cancer as there is accumulating evidence that HER3 plays a role in tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on HER3 activation in bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer disease progression. HER3 mutations occur at a rate up to ~10% of tumors dependent on the tumor type. With patient tumors routinely sequenced for gene alterations in recent years, we have focused on HER3 mutations in bladder, breast, colon, and lung cancers particularly in response to targeted therapies and the potential to become a resistance mechanism. There are currently several HER3 targeting drugs in the pipeline, possibly improving outcomes for cancer patients with tumors containing HER3 activation and/or alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Kilroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Cancer Research Scholars Program, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Wasim Feroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hima Patel
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rosalin Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Samar Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Joan T. Garrett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Salama AKAA, Trkulja MV, Casanova E, Uras IZ. Targeted Protein Degradation: Clinical Advances in the Field of Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15440. [PMID: 36499765 PMCID: PMC9741350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a rapidly developing therapeutic modality with the promise to tame disease-relevant proteins in ways that are difficult or impossible to tackle with other strategies. While we move into the third decade of TPD, multiple degrader drugs have entered the stage of the clinic and many more are expected to follow. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent advances in the field of targeted degradation with insights into possible clinical implications for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iris Z. Uras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Extended Applications of Small-Molecule Covalent Inhibitors toward Novel Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121478. [PMID: 36558928 PMCID: PMC9786830 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, small-molecule covalent inhibitors have been accepted as a practical tool for targeting previously "undruggable" proteins. The high target selectivity of modern covalent inhibitors is now alleviating toxicity concerns regarding the covalent modifications of proteins. However, despite the tremendous clinical success of current covalent inhibitors, there are still unmet medical needs that covalent inhibitors have not yet addressed. This review categorized representative covalent inhibitors based on their mechanism of covalent inhibition: conventional covalent inhibitors, targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), and expanded TCIs. By reviewing both Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and drug candidates from recent literature, we provide insight into the future direction of covalent inhibitor development.
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22
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Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. HER3 in cancer: from the bench to the bedside. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:310. [PMID: 36271429 PMCID: PMC9585794 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER3 protein, that belongs to the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, is expressed in several types of tumors. That fact, together with the role of HER3 in promoting cell proliferation, implicate that targeting HER3 may have therapeutic relevance. Furthermore, expression and activation of HER3 has been linked to resistance to drugs that target other HER receptors such as agents that act on EGFR or HER2. In addition, HER3 has been associated to resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. Because of those circumstances, efforts to develop and test agents targeting HER3 have been carried out. Two types of agents targeting HER3 have been developed. The most abundant are antibodies or engineered antibody derivatives that specifically recognize the extracellular region of HER3. In addition, the use of aptamers specifically interacting with HER3, vaccines or HER3-targeting siRNAs have also been developed. Here we discuss the state of the art of the preclinical and clinical development of drugs aimed at targeting HER3 with therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- grid.411068.a0000 0001 0671 5785Hospital Clínico San Carlos and CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Li J, Liu T, Song Y, Wang M, Liu L, Zhu H, Li Q, Lin J, Jiang H, Chen K, Zhao K, Wang M, Zhou H, Lin H, Luo C. Discovery of Small-Molecule Degraders of the CDK9-Cyclin T1 Complex for Targeting Transcriptional Addiction in Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11034-11057. [PMID: 35925880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hyperactivation of cyclins results in carcinogenesis and therapy resistance in cancers. Direct degradation of the specific cyclin or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin complex by small-molecule degraders remains a great challenge. Here, we applied the first application of hydrophobic tagging to induce degradation of CDK9-cyclin T1 heterodimer, which is required to keep productive transcription of oncogenes in cancers. LL-K9-3 was identified as a potent small-molecule degrader of CDK9-cyclin T1. Quantitative and time-resolved proteome profiling exhibited LL-K9-3 induced selective and synchronous degradation of CDK9 and cyclin T1. The expressions of androgen receptor (AR) and cMyc were reduced by LL-K9-3 in 22RV1 cells. LL-K9-3 exhibited enhanced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects compared with its parental CDK9 inhibitor SNS032 and suppressed downstream signaling of CDK9 and AR more effectively than SNS032. Moreover, LL-K9-3 inhibited AR and Myc-driven oncogenic transcriptional programs and exerted stronger inhibitory effects on several intrinsic target genes of AR than the monomeric CDK9 PROTAC (Thal-SNS032).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Li
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuanli Song
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Liu
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qi Li
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kehao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Lin
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.,The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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24
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Histone Deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) with Anti-Neuroblastoma Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147535. [PMID: 35886887 PMCID: PMC9322761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to involvement in epigenetic gene regulation, histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate multiple cellular processes through mediating the activity of non-histone protein substrates. The knockdown of HDAC8 isozyme is associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis enhancement in several cancer cell lines. As shown in several studies, HDAC8 can be considered a potential target in the treatment of cancer forms such as childhood neuroblastoma. The present work describes the development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of HDAC8 based on substituted benzhydroxamic acids previously reported as potent and selective HDAC8 inhibitors. Within this study, we investigated the HDAC8-degrading profiles of the synthesized PROTACs and their effect on the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. The combination of in vitro screening and cellular testing demonstrated selective HDAC8 PROTACs that show anti-neuroblastoma activity in cells.
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25
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Moasser MM. Inactivating amplified HER2: challenges, dilemmas, and future directions. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2811-2820. [PMID: 35731927 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical inactivation of driver oncogenes has revolutionized the treatment of cancer replacing cytotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches with kinase inhibitor therapies for many types of cancers. This approach has not yet been realized for the treatment of HER2-amplified cancers. The monotherapy activities associated with HER2-targeting antibodies and kinase inhibitors are modest, and their clinical use has been in combination with, and not in replacement of cytotoxic chemotherapies. This stands in sharp contrast to achievements in the treatment of many other oncogene-driven cancers. The mechanism-based treatment hypothesis regarding the inactivation of HER2 justifies expectations far beyond what is currently realized. Overcoming this barrier requires mechanistic insights that can fuel new directions for pursuit, but scientific investigation of this treatment hypothesis, particularly with regards to trastuzumab, has been complicated by conflicting and confusing data sets, ironclad dogma, and mechanistic conclusions that have repeatedly failed to translate clinically. We are now approaching a point of convergence regarding the challenges and resiliency in this tumor driver, and I will provide here a review and opinion to inform where we currently stand with this treatment hypothesis and where the future potential lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Moasser
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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26
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Soini L, Leysen S, Davis J, Ottmann C. Molecular glues to stabilise protein-protein interactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 69:102169. [PMID: 35749929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become a common approach to tackle various diseases whose pathobiology is driven by their mis-regulation in important signalling pathways. Modulating PPIs has tremendous untapped therapeutic potential and different approaches can be used to modulate PPIs. Initially, therapeutic effects were mostly sought by inhibiting PPIs. However, by gaining insight in the mode of action of certain therapeutic compounds, it became clear that stabilising (i.e. enhancing) PPIs can also be useful. The latter strategy is recently gaining a lot of attention, as stabilising physiologic, or even inducing novel interactions of a target protein with E3 ubiquitin ligases forms the basis of the targeted protein degradation (TPD) approach. An emerging additional example for drug discovery based on PPI stabilisation are the 14-3-3 proteins, a family of regulatory proteins, which engages in many protein-protein interactions, some of which might become therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Soini
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Structural Biology and Biophysics, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Seppe Leysen
- Department of Structural Biology and Biophysics, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Jeremy Davis
- Department of Chemistry, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK.
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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27
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Targeting the HER3 pseudokinase domain with small molecule inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:455-505. [PMID: 35525551 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HER3 is a potent oncogenic growth factor receptor belonging to the human epidermal growth factor (HER/EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. In contrast to other EGFR family members, HER3 is a pseudokinase, lacking functional kinase activity. As such, efforts to develop small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors against this family member have been limited. In response to HER3-specific growth factors such as neuregulin (NRG, also known as heregulin or HRG), HER3 must couple with catalytically active family members, including its preferred partner HER2. Dimerization of the intracellular HER2:HER3 kinase domains is a critical part of the activation mechanism and HER3 plays a specialized role as an allosteric activator of the active HER2 kinase partner. Intriguingly, many pseudokinases retain functionally important nucleotide binding capacity, despite loss of kinase activity. We demonstrated that occupation of the nucleotide pocket of the pseudokinase HER3 retains functional importance for growth factor signaling through oncogenic HER2:HER3 heterodimers. Mutation of the HER3 nucleotide pocket both disrupts signaling and disrupts HER2:HER3 dimerization. Conversely, ATP competitive drugs which bind to HER3, but not HER2, can stabilize HER2:HER3 dimers, induce signaling and promote cell growth in breast cancer models. This indicates a nucleotide-dependent conformational role for the HER3 kinase domain. Critically, our recent proof-of-concept work demonstrated that HER3-directed small molecule inhibitors can also disrupt HER2:HER3 dimerization and signaling, supporting the prospect that HER3 can be a direct drug target despite its lack of intrinsic activity. In this chapter we will describe methods for identifying and validating small molecule inhibitors against the HER3 pseudokinase.
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28
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The HER family as therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 174:103681. [PMID: 35462030 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER, ErbB) family has four members, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, and HER4. Although distinct in ligands and functions, all of the HER family members are receptor tyrosine kinases playing important roles in the pathogenesis of cancers. In the era of precision medicine, the HER family is one of the most important and successful cancer therapeutic targets, hallmarked by the approval of anti-EGFR therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and anti-HER2 therapies for the treatment of breast cancer and gastric cancer. This review briefly discusses how HER family members were discovered, their functions and roles in cancer, and most importantly, the developmental history and recent updates of therapies targeting HER family members, with colorectal cancer as a focus. We also discussed the patient selection and drug resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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29
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Targeted protein degradation: mechanisms, strategies and application. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:113. [PMID: 35379777 PMCID: PMC8977435 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional drug discovery mainly focuses on direct regulation of protein activity. The development and application of protein activity modulators, particularly inhibitors, has been the mainstream in drug development. In recent years, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to remove specific disease-associated proteins by exploiting cells’ own destruction machinery. In addition to PROTAC, many different targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies including, but not limited to, molecular glue, Lysosome-Targeting Chimaera (LYTAC), and Antibody-based PROTAC (AbTAC), are emerging. These technologies have not only greatly expanded the scope of TPD, but also provided fresh insights into drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances of major TPD technologies, discuss their potential applications, and hope to provide a prime for both biologists and chemists who are interested in this vibrant field.
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30
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Silva MC, Nandi G, Donovan KA, Cai Q, Berry BC, Nowak RP, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Ferguson FM, Haggarty SJ. Discovery and Optimization of Tau Targeted Protein Degraders Enabled by Patient Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Neuronal Models of Tauopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:801179. [PMID: 35317195 PMCID: PMC8934437 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.801179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded, aggregating proteins concurrent with disease onset and progression is a hallmark of neurodegenerative proteinopathies. An important class of these are tauopathies, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), associated with accumulation of aberrant forms of tau protein in the brain. Pathological tau undergoes abnormal post-translational modifications, misfolding, oligomerization and changes in solubility, cellular redistribution, and spreading. Development and testing of experimental therapeutics that target these pathological tau conformers requires use of cellular models that recapitulate neuronal endogenous, non-heterologous tau expression under genomic and physiological contexts relevant to disease. In this study, we employed FTD-patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived neurons, expressing a tau variant or mutation, as primary models for driving a medicinal chemistry campaign around tau targeting degrader series. Our screening goal was to establish structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the different chemical series to identify the molecular composition that most efficiently led to tau degradation in human FTD ex vivo neurons. We describe the identification of the lead compound QC-01-175 and follow-up optimization strategies for this molecule. We present three final lead molecules with tau degradation activity in mutant neurons, which establishes potential disease relevance and will drive future studies on specificity and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quan Cai
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bethany C. Berry
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Radoslaw P. Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fleur M. Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Fleur M. Ferguson,
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Stephen J. Haggarty,
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31
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Zhong Y, Chi F, Wu H, Liu Y, Xie Z, Huang W, Shi W, Qian H. Emerging targeted protein degradation tools for innovative drug discovery: From classical PROTACs to the novel and beyond. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Guo M, He S, Cheng J, Li Y, Dong G, Sheng C. Hydrophobic Tagging-Induced Degradation of PDEδ in Colon Cancer Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:298-303. [PMID: 35178186 PMCID: PMC8842115 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of KRAS-PDEδ protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors is generally hampered by limited antitumor activity. Herein, the first hydrophobic tagging (HyT)-based PDEδ degraders were designed. Compound 17c efficiently bound to PDEδ and induced degradation of PDEδ in SW480 colon cancer cells. As compared with PDEδ inhibitor deltazinone, HyT-based degrader 17c exhibited improved antitumor activity toward KRAS mutant cancer cells. This study highlighted the potential of HyT as a valuable chemical tool for tumorigenic PDEδ knockdown, which could be developed into a promising strategy for antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Guo
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute
of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junfei Cheng
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China,
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School
of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China,
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33
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Wang Z, Huang W, Zhou K, Ren X, Ding K. Targeting the Non-Catalytic Functions: a New Paradigm for Kinase Drug Discovery? J Med Chem 2022; 65:1735-1748. [PMID: 35000385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have been highly fruitful targets for cancer drug discovery in the past two decades, while most of these drugs bind to the "adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-site" and inhibit kinase catalytic activity. Recently, accumulated evidence suggests that kinases possess functions beyond catalysis through their scaffolds, and the scaffolding functions could play critical roles in multiple cellular signaling and cell fate controls. Small molecules modulating the noncatalytic functions of kinases are rarely reported but emerge as new promising therapeutic strategies for various diseases. Herein, we summarize the characterized noncatalytic functions of kinases, and highlight the recent progress on developing small-molecule modulators of the noncatalytic functions of kinases. Mechanisms and characteristics of different kinds of modulators are also discussed. It is also speculated that targeting the noncatalytic functions would represent a new direction for kinase-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MoE) of People's Republic of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MoE) of People's Republic of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital (Huaqiao Hospital), Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
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34
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Chen X, Huang Y, Xu W, Cai Y, Yang Y. 4-Aminopyrazolopyrimidine scaffold and its deformation in the design of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase inhibitors in medicinal chemistry. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1008-1028. [DOI: 10.1039/d2md00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation of the 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine scaffold in designing small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Yajiao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Wanghan Xu
- Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311202, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yuanrong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
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35
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Gil V, Miranda S, Riisnaes R, Gurel B, D'Ambrosio M, Vasciaveo A, Crespo M, Ferreira A, Brina D, Troiani M, Sharp A, Sheehan B, Christova R, Seed G, Figueiredo I, Lambros M, Dolling D, Rekowski J, Alajati A, Clarke M, Pereira R, Flohr P, Fowler G, Boysen G, Sumanasuriya S, Bianchini D, Rescigno P, Aversa C, Tunariu N, Guo C, Paschalis A, Bertan C, Buroni L, Ning J, Carreira S, Workman P, Swain A, Califano A, Shen MM, Alimonti A, Neeb A, Welti J, Yuan W, de Bono J. HER3 Is an Actionable Target in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:6207-6218. [PMID: 34753775 PMCID: PMC8932336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized for decades that ERBB signaling is important in prostate cancer, but targeting ERBB receptors as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer has been ineffective clinically. However, we show here that membranous HER3 protein is commonly highly expressed in lethal prostate cancer, associating with reduced time to castration resistance (CR) and survival. Multiplex immunofluorescence indicated that the HER3 ligand NRG1 is detectable primarily in tumor-infiltrating myelomonocytic cells in human prostate cancer; this observation was confirmed using single-cell RNA sequencing of human prostate cancer biopsies and murine transgenic prostate cancer models. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patient-derived xenograft organoids with high HER3 expression as well as mouse prostate cancer organoids, recombinant NRG1 enhanced proliferation and survival. Supernatant from murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells promoted murine prostate cancer organoid growth in vitro, which could be reversed by a neutralizing anti-NRG1 antibody and ERBB inhibition. Targeting HER3, especially with the HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugate U3-1402, exhibited antitumor activity against HER3-expressing prostate cancer. Overall, these data indicate that HER3 is commonly overexpressed in lethal prostate cancer and can be activated by NRG1 secreted by myelomonocytic cells in the tumor microenvironment, supporting HER3-targeted therapeutic strategies for treating HER3-expressing advanced CRPC. SIGNIFICANCE: HER3 is an actionable target in prostate cancer, especially with anti-HER3 immunoconjugates, and targeting HER3 warrants clinical evaluation in prospective trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neuregulin-1/genetics
- Neuregulin-1/metabolism
- Organoids/drug effects
- Organoids/metabolism
- Organoids/pathology
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gil
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Miranda
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mateus Crespo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Ferreira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Brina
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Troiani
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maryou Lambros
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dolling
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rekowski
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Alajati
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Clarke
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Pereira
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Flohr
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Fowler
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunther Boysen
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Semini Sumanasuriya
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Aversa
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Guo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Bertan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Buroni
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Ning
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Workman
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Swain
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Califano
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Michael M Shen
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Passirani C, Vessières A, La Regina G, Link W, Silvestri R. Modulating undruggable targets to overcome cancer therapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 60:100788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Asawa Y, Nishida K, Kawai K, Domae K, Ban HS, Kitazaki A, Asami H, Kohno JY, Okada S, Tokuma H, Sakano D, Kume S, Tanaka M, Nakamura H. Carborane as an Alternative Efficient Hydrophobic Tag for Protein Degradation. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2377-2385. [PMID: 34699716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carboranes 1 and 2 were designed and synthesized for hydrophobic tag (HyT)-induced degradation of HaloTag fusion proteins. The levels of the hemagglutinin (HA)-HaloTag2-green fluorescent protein (EGFP) stably expressed in Flp-In 293 cells were significantly reduced by HyT13, HyT55, and carboranes 1 and 2, with expression levels of 49, 79, 43, and 65%, respectively, indicating that carborane is an alternative novel hydrophobic tag (HyT) for protein degradation under an intracellular environment. To clarify the mechanism of HyT-induced proteolysis, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as an extracellular protein and modified with maleimide-conjugated m-carborane (MIC). The measurement of the ζ-potentials and the lysine residue modification with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) of BSA-MIC conjugates suggested that the conjugation of carborane induced the exposure of lysine residues on BSA, resulting in the degradation via ubiquitin E3 ligase-related proteasome pathways in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Asawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Nishida
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Domae
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hyun Seung Ban
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Akihiro Kitazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Facility of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroya Asami
- Department of Chemistry, Facility of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Kohno
- Department of Chemistry, Facility of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiraku Tokuma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakano
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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38
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Russ N, Schröder M, Berger BT, Mandel S, Aydogan Y, Mauer S, Pohl C, Drewry DH, Chaikuad A, Müller S, Knapp S. Design and Development of a Chemical Probe for Pseudokinase Ca 2+/calmodulin-Dependent Ser/Thr Kinase. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14358-14376. [PMID: 34543009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CASK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent Ser/Thr kinase) is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family that functions as neurexin kinases with roles implicated in neuronal synapses and trafficking. The lack of a canonical DFG motif, which is altered to GFG in CASK, led to the classification as a pseudokinase. However, functional studies revealed that CASK can still phosphorylate substrates in the absence of divalent metals. CASK dysfunction has been linked to many diseases, including colorectal cancer, Parkinson's disease, and X-linked mental retardation, suggesting CASK as a potential drug target. Here, we exploited structure-based design for the development of highly potent and selective CASK inhibitors based on 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-5-carboxamides targeting an unusual pocket created by the GFG motif. The presented inhibitor design offers a more general strategy for the development of pseudokinase ligands that harbor unusual sequence motifs. It also provides a first chemical probe for studying the biological roles of CASK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Russ
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Schröder
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mandel
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Yagmur Aydogan
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Sandy Mauer
- Buchman Institute for Molecular Life Science and Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Christian Pohl
- Buchman Institute for Molecular Life Science and Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,German Cancer Network (DKTK) and Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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39
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Dale B, Cheng M, Park KS, Kaniskan HÜ, Xiong Y, Jin J. Advancing targeted protein degradation for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:638-654. [PMID: 34131295 PMCID: PMC8463487 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human proteome contains approximately 20,000 proteins, and it is estimated that more than 600 of them are functionally important for various types of cancers, including nearly 400 non-enzyme proteins that are challenging to target by traditional occupancy-driven pharmacology. Recent advances in the development of small-molecule degraders, including molecular glues and heterobifunctional degraders such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), have made it possible to target many proteins that were previously considered undruggable. In particular, PROTACs form a ternary complex with a hijacked E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein, leading to polyubiquitination and degradation of the target protein. The broad applicability of this approach is facilitated by the flexibility of individual E3 ligases to recognize different substrates. The vast majority of the approximately 600 human E3 ligases have not been explored, thus presenting enormous opportunities to develop degraders that target oncoproteins with tissue, tumour and subcellular selectivity. In this Review, we first discuss the molecular basis of targeted protein degradation. We then offer a comprehensive account of the most promising degraders in development as cancer therapies to date. Lastly, we provide an overview of opportunities and challenges in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Dale
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kwang-Su Park
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Cullgen Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Al‐Akhrass H, Pietilä M, Lilja J, Vesilahti E, Anttila JM, Haikala HM, Munne PM, Klefström J, Peuhu E, Ivaska J. Sortilin-related receptor is a druggable therapeutic target in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:116-129. [PMID: 34564954 PMCID: PMC8732349 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, the currently approved anti‐receptor tyrosine‐protein kinase erbB‐2 (HER2) therapies do not fully meet the expected clinical goals due to therapy resistance. Identifying alternative HER2‐related therapeutic targets could offer a means to overcome these resistance mechanisms. We have previously demonstrated that an endosomal sorting protein, sortilin‐related receptor (SorLA), regulates the traffic and signaling of HER2 and HER3, thus promoting resistance to HER2‐targeted therapy in breast cancer. This study aims to assess the feasibility of targeting SorLA using a monoclonal antibody. Our results demonstrate that anti‐SorLA antibody (SorLA ab) alters the resistance of breast cancer cells to HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab in vitro and in ovo. We found that SorLA ab and trastuzumab combination therapy also inhibits tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell density in a mouse xenograft model of HER2‐positive breast cancer. In addition, SorLA ab inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer patient‐derived explant three‐dimensional cultures. These results provide, for the first time, proof of principle that SorLA is a druggable target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Al‐Akhrass
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
| | - Mika Pietilä
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Present address:
Janssen‐Cilag OyVaisalantie 2Espoo02130Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
| | | | - Johanna M. Anttila
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Heidi M. Haikala
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina M. Munne
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Klefström
- Finnish Cancer InstituteFICAN South Helsinki University Hospital & Medical FacultyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN WestUniversity of TurkuFinland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityFinland
- Department of Life TechnologiesUniversity of TurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterUniversity of TurkuFinland
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41
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Li H, Dong J, Cai M, Xu Z, Cheng XD, Qin JJ. Protein degradation technology: a strategic paradigm shift in drug discovery. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:138. [PMID: 34488823 PMCID: PMC8419833 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting pathogenic proteins with small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) has become a widely used strategy for treating malignant tumors. However, most intracellular proteins have been proven to be undruggable due to a lack of active sites, leading to a significant challenge in the design and development of SMIs. In recent years, the proteolysis-targeting chimeric technology and related emerging degradation technologies have provided additional approaches for targeting these undruggable proteins. These degradation technologies show a tendency of superiority over SMIs, including the rapid and continuous target consumption as well as the stronger pharmacological effects, being a hot topic in current research. This review mainly focuses on summarizing the development of protein degradation technologies in recent years. Their advantages, potential applications, and limitations are also discussed. We hope this review would shed light on the design, discovery, and clinical application of drugs associated with these degradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Maohua Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
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42
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Molavipordanjani S, Hosseinimehr SJ. The Radiolabeled HER3 Targeting Molecules for Tumor Imaging. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:141-152. [PMID: 34400948 PMCID: PMC8170765 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114677.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family plays pivotal roles in physiologic and pathologic conditions (such as tumor growth, proliferation, and progression in multiple epithelial malignancies). All the family members are considered tyrosine kinase, while HER3 as a member of this family shows no intrinsic tyrosine kinase. HER3 is called ‘pseudokinase’ because it undergoes heterodimerization and forms dimers such as HER2-HER3 and HER1 (EGFR)-HER3. The exact role of HER3 in cancer is still unclear; however, the overexpression of this receptor is involved in the poor prognosis of malignancies. To that end, different studies investigated the development of radiotracers for imaging of HER3. The main focus of this review is to gather all the studies on developing new radiotracers for imaging of HER3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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43
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Powell M, Blaskovich MAT, Hansford KA. Targeted Protein Degradation: The New Frontier of Antimicrobial Discovery? ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2050-2067. [PMID: 34259518 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation aims to hijack endogenous protein quality control systems to achieve direct knockdown of protein targets. This exciting technology utilizes event-based pharmacology to produce therapeutic outcomes, a feature that distinguishes it from classical occupancy-based inhibitor agents. Early degrader candidates display resilience to mutations while possessing potent nanomolar activity and high target specificity. Paired with the rapid advancement of our knowledge in the factors driving targeted degradation, the expansion of this style of therapeutic agent to a range of disease indications is eagerly awaited. In particular, the area of antibiotic discovery is sorely lacking in novel approaches, with the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) crisis looming as the next potential global health calamity. Here, the current advances in targeted protein degradation are highlighted, and potential approaches for designing novel antimicrobial protein degraders are proposed, ranging from adaptations of current strategies to completely novel approaches to targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Powell
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karl A. Hansford
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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44
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Barghout SH. Targeted Protein Degradation: An Emerging Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:214-230. [PMID: 32275492 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200410082652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery in the scope of cancer therapy has been focused on conventional agents that nonselectively induce DNA damage or selectively inhibit the activity of key oncogenic molecules without affecting their protein levels. An emerging therapeutic strategy that garnered attention in recent years is the induction of Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD) of cellular targets by hijacking the intracellular proteolysis machinery. This novel approach offers several advantages over conventional inhibitors and introduces a paradigm shift in several pharmacological aspects of drug therapy. While TPD has been found to be the major mode of action of clinically approved anticancer agents such as fulvestrant and thalidomide, recent years have witnessed systematic endeavors to expand the repertoire of proteins amenable to therapeutic ablation by TPD. Such endeavors have led to three major classes of agents that induce protein degradation, including molecular glues, Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) and Hydrophobic Tag (HyT)-based degraders. Here, we briefly highlight agents in these classes and key advances made in the field with a focus on clinical translation in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Barghout
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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45
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LaPlante G, Zhang W. Targeting the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System for Cancer Therapeutics by Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3079. [PMID: 34203106 PMCID: PMC8235664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a critical regulator of cellular protein levels and activity. It is, therefore, not surprising that its dysregulation is implicated in numerous human diseases, including many types of cancer. Moreover, since cancer cells exhibit increased rates of protein turnover, their heightened dependence on the UPS makes it an attractive target for inhibition via targeted therapeutics. Indeed, the clinical application of proteasome inhibitors in treatment of multiple myeloma has been very successful, stimulating the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting other UPS components. On the other hand, while the discovery of potent and selective chemical compounds can be both challenging and time consuming, the area of targeted protein degradation through utilization of the UPS machinery has seen promising developments in recent years. The repertoire of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which employ E3 ligases for the degradation of cancer-related proteins via the proteasome, continues to grow. In this review, we will provide a thorough overview of small-molecule UPS inhibitors and highlight advancements in the development of targeted protein degradation strategies for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel LaPlante
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada;
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, MaRS Centre West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
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Choi SR, Wang HM, Shin MH, Lim HS. Hydrophobic Tagging-Mediated Degradation of Transcription Coactivator SRC-1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6407. [PMID: 34203850 PMCID: PMC8232704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) is a transcription coactivator playing a pivotal role in mediating a wide range of signaling pathways by interacting with related transcription factors and nuclear receptors. Aberrantly elevated SRC-1 activity is associated with cancer metastasis and progression, and therefore, suppression of SRC-1 is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we developed a novel SRC-1 degrader for targeted degradation of cellular SRC-1. This molecule consists of a selective ligand for SRC-1 and a bulky hydrophobic group. Since the hydrophobic moiety on the protein surface could mimic a partially denatured hydrophobic region of a protein, SRC-1 could be recognized as an unfolded protein and experience the chaperone-mediated degradation in the cells through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Our results demonstrate that a hydrophobic-tagged chimeric molecule is shown to significantly reduce cellular levels of SRC-1 and suppress cancer cell migration and invasion. Together, these results highlight that our SRC-1 degrader represents a novel class of therapeutic candidates for targeting cancer metastasis. Moreover, we believe that the hydrophobic tagging strategy would be widely applicable to develop peptide-based protein degraders with enhanced cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.R.C.); (H.M.W.)
| | - Hee Myeong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.R.C.); (H.M.W.)
| | - Min Hyeon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.R.C.); (H.M.W.)
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (S.R.C.); (H.M.W.)
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Synthesis and evaluation of bifunctional PTP4A3 phosphatase inhibitors activating the ER stress pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 46:128167. [PMID: 34089839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed JMS-053, a potent inhibitor of the dual specificity phosphatase PTP4A3 that is potentially suitable for cancer therapy. Due to the emerging role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cancer pathology, we sought to identify derivatives that combine PTP4A3 inhibition with induction of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, with the goal to generate more potent anticancer agents. We have now generated bifunctional analogs that link the JMS-053 pharmacophore to an adamantyl moiety and act in concert with the phosphatase inhibitor to induce ER stress and cell death. The most potent compound in this series, 7a, demonstrated a ca. 5-fold increase in cytotoxicity in a breast cancer cell line and strong activation of UPR and ER stress response genes in spite of a ca. 13-fold decrease in PTP4A3 inhibition. These results demonstrate that the combination of phosphatase inhibition with UPR/ER-stress upregulation potentiates efficacy.
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48
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Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is a broad and expanding field aimed at the modulation of protein homeostasis. A focus of this field has been directed toward molecules that hijack the ubiquitin proteasome system with heterobifunctional ligands that recruit a target protein to an E3 ligase to facilitate polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. Despite the success of these chimeras toward a number of clinically relevant targets, the ultimate breadth and scope of this approach remains uncertain. Here we highlight recent advances in assays and tools available to evaluate targeted protein degradation, including and beyond the study of E3-targeted chimeric ligands. We note several challenges associated with degrader development and discuss various approaches to expanding the protein homeostasis toolbox.
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Majumder A, Sandhu M, Banerji D, Steri V, Olshen A, Moasser MM. The role of HER2 and HER3 in HER2-amplified cancers beyond breast cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9091. [PMID: 33907275 PMCID: PMC8079373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2 and HER3 play key driving functions in the pathophysiology of HER2-amplified breast cancers, but this function is less well characterized in other cancers driven by HER2 amplification. This study aimed to explore the role of HER2 and HER3 signaling in other types of HER2-amplified cancer. The expression and signaling activity of HER2, HER3, and downstream pathway proteins were studied in cell panels representing HER2-amplified cancers of the breast, bladder, colon and rectal, stomach, esophagus, lung, tongue, and endometrium along with controls lacking HER2 amplification. We report that HER2-amplified cancers are addicted to HER2 across different cancer types and the depth of addiction is best linked with the expression level of HER2, but not with HER3 expression. We report that the expression and constitutive phosphorylation of HER3 are ubiquitous in HER2-amplified breast cancer cell lines, but much more variable in HER2-amplified cancer cells from other tissues. We observed the lapatinib-induced compensatory upregulation of HER3 signaling in many types of HER2-amplified cancers, although with much variability. We find that HER3 expression is essential for in vivo tumorigenic growth in some HER2-amplified tumors but not others. Importantly HER3 expression level does not correlate well with its functional importance. More biomarkers will be needed to guide the optimal use of HER3 inhibitors in HER2-amplified cancers from non-breast origin. Unlike oncogenes activated through mutational events, the activation of HER2 through overexpression represents a gradient of activities and depth of addiction and the response to inhibitors follows a similar gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 3111, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Manbir Sandhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Debarko Banerji
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Adam Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 3111, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Kastl JM, Davies G, Godsman E, Holdgate GA. Small-Molecule Degraders beyond PROTACs-Challenges and Opportunities. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:524-533. [PMID: 33632029 DOI: 10.1177/2472555221991104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a recent strategy, utilizing the cell's proteostasis machinery to deplete specific proteins. This represents a paradigm shift in early drug discovery, away from occupancy-driven to event-driven mechanisms.Recent efforts have focused on the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs). These heterobifunctional molecules combine a target-specific binding moiety linked to an E3 ligase ligand and trigger selective ubiquitination of the target protein, marking it for proteasomal degradation. While these molecules can be highly efficacious, they generally have unfavorable physicochemical properties due to their large size.In contrast, smaller molecules that induce degradation could represent an attractive, simple option to overcoming the limitations of both traditional modulators and PROTACs. These molecules may have a range of mechanisms: recruitment of an E3 ligase (molecular glues), introduction of hydrophobic areas, or inducing local unfolding, each of which triggers degradation.We recently completed a high-throughput screen of 111,000 compounds in a cellular HiBiT assay in an effort to identify such molecules. Preliminary analysis indicates that we have been able to identify alternative small-molecule degraders. We highlight methods for triage, characterization, selectivity, and mode of action. In summary, we believe that these types of small-molecule degraders, which may possibly have more acceptable physicochemical properties than the inherently larger heterobifunctional molecules, are an exciting approach for inducing TPD, and we illustrate that a general screening approach can be successful in identifying useful start points for developing such molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Kastl
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Gareth Davies
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Eleanor Godsman
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Holdgate
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
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