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Renard E, Thevenard-Berger A, Meyre D. Medical semiology of patients with monogenic obesity: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024:e13797. [PMID: 38956946 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Patients with monogenic obesity display numerous medical features on top of hyperphagic obesity, but no study to date has provided an exhaustive description of their semiology. Two reviewers independently conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection databases from inception to January 2022 to identify studies that described symptoms of patients carrying pathogenic mutations in at least one of eight monogenic obesity genes (ADCY3, LEP, LEPR, MC3R, MC4R, MRAP2, PCSK1, and POMC). Of 5207 identified references, 269 were deemed eligible after title and abstract screening, full-text reading, and risk of bias and quality assessment. Data extraction included mutation spectrum and mode of inheritance, clinical presentation (e.g., anthropometry, energy intake and eating behaviors, digestive function, puberty and fertility, cognitive features, infectious diseases, morphological characteristics, chronic respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease), biological characteristics (metabolic profile, endocrinology, hematology), radiological features, and treatments. The review provides an exhaustive description of mandatory, non-mandatory, and unique symptoms in heterozygous and homozygous carriers of mutation in eight monogenic obesity genes. This information is critical to help clinicians to orient genetic testing in subsets of patients with suspected monogenic obesity and provide actionable treatments (e.g., recombinant leptin and MC4R agonist).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Renard
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - David Meyre
- INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Nutrition, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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2
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Dashti HS, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R, Garaulet M. Impact of polygenic score for BMI on weight loss effectiveness and genome-wide association analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:694-701. [PMID: 38267484 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While environmental factors play an important role in weight loss effectiveness, genetics may also influence its success. We examined whether a genome-wide polygenic score for BMI was associated with weight loss effectiveness and aimed to identify common genetic variants associated with weight loss. METHODS Participants in the ONTIME study (n = 1210) followed a uniform, multimodal behavioral weight-loss intervention. We first tested associations between a genome-wide polygenic score for higher BMI and weight loss effectiveness (total weight loss, rate of weight loss, and attrition). We then conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for weight loss in the ONTIME study and performed the largest weight loss meta-analysis with earlier studies (n = 3056). Lastly, we ran exploratory GWAS in the ONTIME study for other weight loss outcomes and related factors. RESULTS We found that each standard deviation increment in the polygenic score was associated with a decrease in the rate of weight loss (Beta (95% CI) = -0.04 kg per week (-0.06, -0.01); P = 3.7 × 10-03) and with higher attrition after adjusting by treatment duration. No associations reached genome-wide significance in meta-analysis with previous GWAS studies for weight loss. However, associations in the ONTIME study showed effects consistent with published studies for rs545936 (MIR486/NKX6.3/ANK1), a previously noted weight loss locus. In the meta-analysis, each copy of the minor A allele was associated with 0.12 (0.03) kg/m2 higher BMI at week five of treatment (P = 3.9 × 10-06). In the ONTIME study, we also identified two genome-wide significant (P < 5×10-08) loci for the rate of weight loss near genes implicated in lipolysis, body weight, and metabolic regulation: rs146905606 near NFIP1/SPRY4/FGF1; and rs151313458 near LSAMP. CONCLUSION Our findings are expected to help in developing personalized weight loss approaches based on genetics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Obesity, Nutrigenetics, Timing, and Mediterranean (ONTIME; clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02829619) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, University Clinical Hospital, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA. The fructose survival hypothesis as a mechanism for unifying the various obesity hypotheses. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:12-22. [PMID: 37846155 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obesity remains contested. Although genetics is important, the rapid rise in obesity with Western culture and diet suggests an environmental component. Today, some of the major hypotheses for obesity include the energy balance hypothesis, the carbohydrate-insulin model, the protein-leverage hypothesis, and the seed oil hypothesis. Each hypothesis has its own support, creating controversy over their respective roles in driving obesity. Here we propose that all hypotheses are largely correct and can be unified by another dietary hypothesis, the fructose survival hypothesis. Fructose is unique in resetting ATP levels to a lower level in the cell as a consequence of suppressing mitochondrial function, while blocking the replacement of ATP from fat. The low intracellular ATP levels result in carbohydrate-dependent hunger, impaired satiety (leptin resistance), and metabolic effects that result in the increased intake of energy-dense fats. This hypothesis emphasizes the unique role of carbohydrates in stimulating intake while fat provides the main source of energy. Thus, obesity is a disorder of energy metabolism, in which there is low usable energy (ATP) in the setting of elevated total energy. This leads to metabolic effects independent of excess energy while the excess energy drives weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura G Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Khorisantono PA, Huang 黃飛揚 FY, Sutcliffe MPF, Fletcher PC, Farooqi IS, Grabenhorst F. A Neural Mechanism in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex for Preferring High-Fat Foods Based on Oral Texture. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8000-8017. [PMID: 37845034 PMCID: PMC10669766 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1473-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although overconsumption of high-fat foods is a major driver of weight gain, the neural mechanisms that link the oral sensory properties of dietary fat to reward valuation and eating behavior remain unclear. Here we combine novel food-engineering approaches with functional neuroimaging to show that the human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) translates oral sensations evoked by high-fat foods into subjective economic valuations that guide eating behavior. Male and female volunteers sampled and evaluated nutrient-controlled liquid foods that varied in fat and sugar ("milkshakes"). During oral food processing, OFC activity encoded a specific oral-sensory parameter that mediated the influence of the foods' fat content on reward value: the coefficient of sliding friction. Specifically, OFC responses to foods in the mouth reflected the smooth, oily texture (i.e., mouthfeel) produced by fatty liquids on oral surfaces. Distinct activity patterns in OFC encoded the economic values associated with particular foods, which reflected the subjective integration of sliding friction with other food properties (sugar, fat, viscosity). Critically, neural sensitivity of OFC to oral texture predicted individuals' fat preferences in a naturalistic eating test: individuals whose OFC was more sensitive to fat-related oral texture consumed more fat during ad libitum eating. Our findings suggest that reward systems of the human brain sense dietary fat from oral sliding friction, a mechanical food parameter that likely governs our daily eating experiences by mediating interactions between foods and oral surfaces. These findings identify a specific role for the human OFC in evaluating oral food textures to mediate preference for high-fat foods.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fat and sugar enhance the reward value of food by imparting a sweet taste and rich mouthfeel but also contribute to overeating and obesity. Here we used a novel food-engineering approach to realistically quantify the physical-mechanical properties of high-fat liquid foods on oral surfaces and used functional neuroimaging while volunteers sampled these foods and placed monetary bids to consume them. We found that a specific area of the brain's reward system, the orbitofrontal cortex, detects the smooth texture of fatty foods in the mouth and links these sensory inputs to economic valuations that guide eating behavior. These findings can inform the design of low-calorie fat-replacement foods that mimic the impact of dietary fat on oral surfaces and neural reward systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu A Khorisantono
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Fei-Yang Huang 黃飛揚
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P F Sutcliffe
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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5
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Johnson RJ, Lanaspa MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan D, Nakagawa T, Ishimoto T, Andres-Hernando A, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Stenvinkel P. The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220230. [PMID: 37482773 PMCID: PMC10363705 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The fructose survival hypothesis proposes that obesity and metabolic disorders may have developed from over-stimulation of an evolutionary-based biologic response (survival switch) that aims to protect animals in advance of crisis. The response is characterized by hunger, thirst, foraging, weight gain, fat accumulation, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and increased blood pressure. The process is initiated by the ingestion of fructose or by stimulating endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway. Unlike other nutrients, fructose reduces the active energy (adenosine triphosphate) in the cell, while blocking its regeneration from fat stores. This is mediated by intracellular uric acid, mitochondrial oxidative stress, the inhibition of AMP kinase and stimulation of vasopressin. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed, and glycolysis stimulated. While this response is aimed to be modest and short-lived, the response in humans is exaggerated due to gain of 'thrifty genes' coupled with a western diet rich in foods that contain or generate fructose. We propose excessive fructose metabolism not only explains obesity but the epidemics of diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity-associated cancers, vascular and Alzheimer's dementia, and even ageing. Moreover, the hypothesis unites current hypotheses on obesity. Reducing activation and/or blocking this pathway and stimulating mitochondrial regeneration may benefit health-span. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Miguel A. Lanaspa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - L. Gabriela Sanchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chavez’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Dean Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai-Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1103, Japan
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición ‘Salvador Zubirán’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Merino J, Dashti HS, Levy DE, Del Rocío Sevilla-González M, Hivert MF, Porneala BC, Saxena R, Thorndike AN. Genetic predisposition to macronutrient preference and workplace food choices. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2606-2611. [PMID: 37217678 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Prior research identified genetic variants influencing macronutrient preference, but whether genetic differences underlying nutrient preference affect long-term food choices is unknown. Here we examined the associations of polygenic scores for carbohydrate, fat, and protein preference with 12 months' workplace food purchases among 397 hospital employees from the ChooseWell 365 study. Food purchases were obtained retrospectively from the hospital's cafeteria sales data for the 12 months before participants were enrolled in the ChooseWell 365 study. Traffic light labels, visible to employees when making purchases, measured the quality of workplace purchases. During the 12-month study period, there were 215,692 cafeteria purchases. Each SD increase in the polygenic score for carbohydrate preference was associated with 2.3 additional purchases/month (95%CI, 0.2 to 4.3; p = 0.03) and a higher number of green-labeled purchases (β = 1.9, 95%CI, 0.5-3.3; p = 0.01). These associations were consistent in subgroup and sensitivity analyses accounting for additional sources of bias. There was no evidence of associations between fat and protein polygenic scores and cafeteria purchases. Findings from this study suggest that genetic differences in carbohydrate preference could influence long-term workplace food purchases and may inform follow-up experiments to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying food choice behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Merino
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Del Rocío Sevilla-González
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bianca C Porneala
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne N Thorndike
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Markov DD, Dolotov OV, Grivennikov IA. The Melanocortin System: A Promising Target for the Development of New Antidepressant Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076664. [PMID: 37047638 PMCID: PMC10094937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders, causing significant human suffering and socioeconomic loss. Since conventional antidepressants are not sufficiently effective, there is an urgent need to develop new antidepressant medications. Despite marked advances in the neurobiology of depression, the etiology and pathophysiology of this disease remain poorly understood. Classical and newer hypotheses of depression suggest that an imbalance of brain monoamines, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and immune system, or impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors pathways are cause of depression. It is assumed that conventional antidepressants improve these closely related disturbances. The purpose of this review was to discuss the possibility of affecting these disturbances by targeting the melanocortin system, which includes adrenocorticotropic hormone-activated receptors and their peptide ligands (melanocortins). The melanocortin system is involved in the regulation of various processes in the brain and periphery. Melanocortins, including peripherally administered non-corticotropic agonists, regulate HPAA activity, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, stimulate the levels of neurotrophic factors, and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotransmission. Therefore, endogenous melanocortins and their analogs are able to complexly affect the functioning of those body’s systems that are closely related to depression and the effects of antidepressants, thereby demonstrating a promising antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii D. Markov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Dolotov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A. Grivennikov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Huang FY, Grabenhorst F. Nutrient-Sensitive Reinforcement Learning in Monkeys. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1714-1730. [PMID: 36669886 PMCID: PMC10010454 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0752-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In reinforcement learning (RL), animals choose by assigning values to options and learn by updating these values from reward outcomes. This framework has been instrumental in identifying fundamental learning variables and their neuronal implementations. However, canonical RL models do not explain how reward values are constructed from biologically critical intrinsic reward components, such as nutrients. From an ecological perspective, animals should adapt their foraging choices in dynamic environments to acquire nutrients that are essential for survival. Here, to advance the biological and ecological validity of RL models, we investigated how (male) monkeys adapt their choices to obtain preferred nutrient rewards under varying reward probabilities. We found that the nutrient composition of rewards strongly influenced learning and choices. Preferences of the animals for specific nutrients (sugar, fat) affected how they adapted to changing reward probabilities; the history of recent rewards influenced choices of the monkeys more strongly if these rewards contained the their preferred nutrients (nutrient-specific reward history). The monkeys also chose preferred nutrients even when they were associated with lower reward probability. A nutrient-sensitive RL model captured these processes; it updated the values of individual sugar and fat components of expected rewards based on experience and integrated them into subjective values that explained the choices of the monkeys. Nutrient-specific reward prediction errors guided this value-updating process. Our results identify nutrients as important reward components that guide learning and choice by influencing the subjective value of choice options. Extending RL models with nutrient-value functions may enhance their biological validity and uncover nutrient-specific learning and decision variables.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT RL is an influential framework that formalizes how animals learn from experienced rewards. Although reward is a foundational concept in RL theory, canonical RL models cannot explain how learning depends on specific reward properties, such as nutrients. Intuitively, learning should be sensitive to the nutrient components of the reward to benefit health and survival. Here, we show that the nutrient (fat, sugar) composition of rewards affects how the monkeys choose and learn in an RL paradigm and that key learning variables including reward history and reward prediction error should be modified with nutrient-specific components to account for the choice behavior observed in the monkeys. By incorporating biologically critical nutrient rewards into the RL framework, our findings help advance the ecological validity of RL models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yang Huang
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
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9
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Montal E, Lumaquin D, Ma Y, Suresh S, White RM. Modeling the effects of genetic- and diet-induced obesity on melanoma progression in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:285858. [PMID: 36472402 PMCID: PMC9884122 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a rising concern and associated with an increase in numerous cancers, often in a sex-specific manner. Preclinical models are needed to deconvolute the intersection between obesity, sex and melanoma. Here, we generated a zebrafish system that can be used as a platform for studying these factors. We studied how germline overexpression of Agrp along with a high-fat diet affects melanomas dependent on BRAFV600E and loss of p53. This revealed an increase in tumor incidence and area in male, but not female, obese fish, consistent with the clinical literature. We then determined whether this was further affected by additional somatic mutations in the clinically relevant genes rb1 or ptena/b. We found that the male obesogenic effect on melanoma was present with tumors generated with BRAF;p53;Rb1 but not BRAF;p53;Pten. These data indicate that both germline (Agrp) and somatic (BRAF, Rb1) mutations contribute to obesity-related effects in melanoma. Given the rapid genetic tools available in the zebrafish, this provides a high-throughput system to dissect the interactions of genetics, diet, sex and host factors in obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Montal
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dianne Lumaquin
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yilun Ma
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shruthy Suresh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard M. White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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10
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Matsumura S, Miyakita M, Miyamori H, Kyo S, Ishikawa F, Sasaki T, Jinno T, Tanaka J, Fujita K, Yokokawa T, Goto T, Momma K, Takenaka S, Inoue K. CRTC1 deficiency, specifically in melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing cells, induces hyperphagia, obesity, and insulin resistance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22645. [PMID: 36349991 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200617r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a critical regulator of appetite and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. MC4R deficiency causes hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose metabolism. Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger that regulates several cellular processes. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein-1-regulated transcription coactivator-1 (CRTC1) is a cytoplasmic coactivator that translocates to the nucleus in response to cAMP and is reportedly involved in obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which CRTC1 regulates energy metabolism remains unknown. Additionally, there are no reports linking CRTC1 and MC4R, although both CRTC1 and MC4R are known to be involved in obesity. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking CRTC1, specifically in MC4R cells, are sensitive to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and exhibit hyperphagia and increased body weight gain. Moreover, the loss of CRTC1 in MC4R cells impairs glucose metabolism. MC4R-expressing cell-specific CRTC1 knockout mice did not show changes in body weight gain, food intake, or glucose metabolism when fed a normal-chow diet. Thus, CRTC1 expression in MC4R cells is required for metabolic adaptation to HFD with respect to appetite regulation. Our results revealed an important protective role of CRTC1 in MC4R cells against dietary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyakita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyamori
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Kyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuka Ishikawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Jinno
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kotomi Fujita
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Momma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Ge X, He X, Liu J, Zeng F, Chen L, Xu W, Shao R, Huang Y, Farag MA, Capanoglu E, El-Seedi HR, Zhao C, Liu B. Amelioration of type 2 diabetes by the novel 6, 8-guanidyl luteolin quinone-chromium coordination via biochemical mechanisms and gut microbiota interaction. J Adv Res 2022; 46:173-188. [PMID: 35700921 PMCID: PMC10105086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Luteolin is a plant-derived flavonoid that exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities. Studies on luteolin have mainly focused on its use for hyperlipidaemia prevention, whereas the capacity of the flavonoid to hinder hyperglycaemia development remains underexplored. OBJECTIVES To probe the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of 6,8-guanidyl luteolin quinone-chromium coordination (GLQ.Cr), and to assess its regulatory effect on intestinal microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. METHODS High-sucrose/high-fat diet-induced and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to develop a T2DM model. Glycometabolism related indicators, histopathology, and gut microbiota composition in caecum samples were evaluated, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of liver samples was conducted. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was further used to verify the anti-hyperglycemic activity of intestinal microbiota. RESULTS The administration of GLQ.Cr alleviated hyperglycaemia symptoms by improving liver and pancreatic functions and modulating gut microbe communities (Lactobacillus, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, and Desulfovibrio). RNA-seq analysis showed that GLQ.Cr mainly affected the peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR) signalling pathway in order to regulate abnormal glucose metabolism. FMT significantly modulated the abundance of Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Ruminiclostridium, Brevundimonas and Pseudomonas in the caecum to balance blood glucose levels and counteract T2DM mice inflammation. CONCLUSION GLQ.Cr improved the abnormal glucose metabolism in T2DM mice by regulating the PPAR signalling pathway and modulating intestinal microbial composition. FMT can improve the intestinal microecology of the recipient and in turn ameliorate the symptoms of T2DM-induced hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ge
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ligen Chen
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Rong Shao
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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12
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Matsumura S, Miyakita M, Miyamori H, Kyo S, Shima D, Yokokawa T, Ishikawa F, Sasaki T, Jinno T, Tanaka J, Goto T, Momma K, Ishihara K, Berdeaux R, Inoue K. Stimulation of G s signaling in MC4R cells by DREADD increases energy expenditure, suppresses food intake, and increases locomotor activity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E436-E445. [PMID: 35344393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure in humans and rodents. Impairment of MC4R signaling causes severe obesity. MC4R mainly couples to the G-protein Gs. Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased intracellular cAMP levels. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger, regulating various cellular processes. MC4R can also couple with Gq and other signaling pathways. Therefore, the contribution of MC4R/Gs signaling to energy metabolism and appetite remains unclear. To study the effect of Gs signaling activation in MC4R cells on whole body energy metabolism and appetite, we generated a novel mouse strain that expresses a Gs-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs [Gs-DREADD (GsD)] selectively in MC4R-expressing cells (GsD-MC4R mice). Chemogenetic activation of the GsD by a designer drug [deschloroclozapine (DCZ); 0.01∼0.1 mg/kg body wt] in MC4R-expressing cells significantly increased oxygen consumption and locomotor activity. In addition, GsD activation significantly reduced the respiratory exchange ratio, promoting fatty acid oxidation, but did not affect core (rectal) temperature. A low dose of DCZ (0.01 mg/kg body wt) did not suppress food intake, but a high dose of DCZ (0.1 mg/kg body wt) suppressed food intake in MC4R-GsD mice, although either DCZ dose (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg body wt) did not affect food intake in the control mice. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the stimulation of Gs signaling in MC4R-expressing cells increases energy expenditure and locomotor activity and suppresses appetite.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that Gs signaling in melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing cells regulates energy expenditure, appetite, and locomotor activity. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the regulation of energy metabolism and locomotor activity by MC4R/cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyakita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyamori
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Kyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shima
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuka Ishikawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Jinno
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Momma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Mardones L, Parra-Valencia E, Petermann-Rocha F, Martínez-Sanguinetti MA, Leiva-Ordoñez AM, Lasserre-Laso N, Martorell M, Ulloa N, Sanhueza E, Pérez-Bravo F, Celis-Morales C, Villagrán M. The rs483145 polymorphism of MC4R gene is not associated with obesity in the Chilean population: Results of GENADIO study. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:254-261. [PMID: 35570141 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) participates in the control of appetite at the level of the central nervous system, through the leptin-melanocortin pathway. An association between different polymorphisms of the MC4R gene and obesity has been reported. However, there are few studies of the rs483145 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of this gene. OBJECTIVE To investigate its prevalence and association with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. METHODS The prevalence of SNP rs483145, of the MC4R gene, was determined in 259 participants of the GENADIO study (genes, environment, diabetes and obesity) by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between the risk allele of MC4R (A) and adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index, fat mass percentage, hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) was performed by linear regression analysis and adjusted for confusion variables (socio-demographic and physic activity) using three statistical models. RESULTS It was determined that the prevalence of the risk allele (A) of the SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is 24.5% in the Chilean adult population included in this study, without finding an association with any of the adiposity markers studied, both in adjusted and unadjusted models. CONCLUSION The presence of the risk allele of SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is not associated with adiposity markers in the Chilean adult population studied. New studies with a bigger sample size will be necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mardones
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Esteban Parra-Valencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas y Pre-Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fanny Petermann-Rocha
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ana María Leiva-Ordoñez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicole Lasserre-Laso
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomas, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ulloa
- Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez-Bravo
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Villagrán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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14
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Nelson NG, Wu L, Maier MT, Lam D, Cheang R, Alba D, Huang A, Neumann DA, Hill T, Vagena E, Barsh GS, Medina MW, Krauss RM, Koliwad SK, Xu AW. A gene-diet interaction controlling relative intake of dietary carbohydrates and fats. Mol Metab 2022; 58:101442. [PMID: 35051651 PMCID: PMC9710720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preference for dietary fat vs. carbohydrate varies markedly across free-living individuals. It is recognized that food choice is under genetic and physiological regulation, and that the central melanocortin system is involved. However, how genetic and dietary factors interact to regulate relative macronutrient intake is not well understood. METHODS We investigated how the choice for food rich in carbohydrate vs. fat is influenced by dietary cholesterol availability and agouti-related protein (AGRP), the orexigenic component of the central melanocortin system. We assessed how macronutrient intake and different metabolic parameters correlate with plasma AGRP in a cohort of obese humans. We also examined how both dietary cholesterol levels and inhibiting de novo cholesterol synthesis affect carbohydrate and fat intake in mice, and how dietary cholesterol deficiency during the postnatal period impacts macronutrient intake patterns in adulthood. RESULTS In obese human subjects, plasma levels of AGRP correlated inversely with consumption of carbohydrates over fats. Moreover, AgRP-deficient mice preferred to consume more calories from carbohydrates than fats, more so when each diet lacked cholesterol. Intriguingly, inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis (simvastatin) promoted carbohydrate intake at the expense of fat without altering total caloric consumption, an effect that was remarkably absent in AgRP-deficient mice. Finally, feeding lactating C57BL/6 dams and pups a cholesterol-free diet prior to weaning led the offspring to prefer fats over carbohydrates as adults, indicating that altered cholesterol metabolism early in life programs adaptive changes to macronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS Together, our study illustrates a specific gene-diet interaction in modulating food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi G. Nelson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Lili Wu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA,Department of Integrated Medicine, Guangxi Medical University Cancer
Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Matthew T. Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Diana Lam
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel Cheang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Diana Alba
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alyssa Huang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Drexel A. Neumann
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Tess Hill
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregory S. Barsh
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
CA 94305, USA
| | - Marisa W. Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Suneil K. Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Corresponding author. Diabetes Center, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Allison W. Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA 94143, USA,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Corresponding author. Diabetes Center, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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16
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Dashti HS, Levy DE, Hivert MF, Alimenti K, McCurley JL, Saxena R, Thorndike AN. Genetic risk for obesity and the effectiveness of the ChooseWell 365 workplace intervention to prevent weight gain and improve dietary choices. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:180-188. [PMID: 34581769 PMCID: PMC8755032 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether behavioral interventions to improve diet are effective in people with a genetic predisposition to obesity. OBJECTIVES To examine associations between BMI genetic risk and changes in weight and workplace purchases by employees participating in a randomized controlled trial of an automated behavioral workplace intervention to promote healthy food choices. METHODS Participants were hospital employees enrolled in a 12-mo intervention followed by a 12-mo follow-up. Hospital cafeterias utilized a traffic-light labeling system (e.g., green = healthy, red = unhealthy) that was used to calculate a validated Healthy Purchasing Score (HPS; higher = healthier). A weighted genome-wide BMI genetic score was generated by summing BMI-increasing alleles. RESULTS The study included 397 adults of European ancestry (mean age, 44.9 y; 80.9% female). Participants in the highest genetic quartile (Q4) had a lower HPS and higher purchases of red-labeled items relative to participants in the lowest quartile (Q1) at baseline [Q4-Q1 Beta HPS, -4.66 (95% CI, -8.01 to -1.32); red-labeled items, 4.26% (95% CI, 1.45%-7.07%)] and at the 12-mo [HPS, -3.96 (95% CI, -7.5 to -0.41); red-labeled items, 3.20% (95% CI, 0.31%-6.09%)] and 24-mo [HPS, -3.70 (95% CI, -7.40 to 0.00); red-labeled items, 3.48% (95% CI, 0.54%-6.41%)] follow-up periods. In the intervention group, increases in HPS were similar in Q4 and Q1 at 12 mo (Q4-Q1 Beta, 1.04; 95% CI, -2.42 to 4.50). At the 24-mo follow-up, the change in BMI from baseline was similar between Q4 and Q1 (0.17 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.55 to 0.89 kg/m2) in the intervention group, but higher in Q4 than Q1 (1.20 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.26-2.13 kg/m2) in the control group. No interaction was evident between the treatment arm and genetic score for BMI or HPS. CONCLUSIONS Having a high BMI genetic risk was associated with greater increases in BMI and lower quality purchases over 2 y. The 12-mo behavioral intervention improved employees' food choices, regardless of the genetic burden, and may have attenuated weight gain conferred by having the genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Alimenti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L McCurley
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne N Thorndike
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Ratner C, Shin JH, Dwibedi C, Tremaroli V, Bjerregaard A, Hartmann B, Bäckhed F, Leinninger G, Seeley RJ, Holst B. Anorexia and Fat Aversion Induced by Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Is Attenuated in Neurotensin Receptor 1-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6311588. [PMID: 34190328 PMCID: PMC8294690 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is an anorexic gut hormone and neuropeptide that increases in circulation following bariatric surgery in humans and rodents. We sought to determine the contribution of NT to the metabolic efficacy of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). To explore a potential mechanistic role of NT in VSG, we performed sham or VSG surgeries in diet-induced obese NT receptor 1 (NTSR1) wild-type and knockout (ko) mice and compared their weight and fat mass loss, glucose tolerance, food intake, and food preference after surgery. NTSR1 ko mice had reduced initial anorexia and body fat loss. Additionally, NTSR1 ko mice had an attenuated reduction in fat preference following VSG. Results from this study suggest that NTSR1 signaling contributes to the potent effect of VSG to initially reduce food intake following VSG surgeries and potentially also on the effects on macronutrient selection induced by VSG. However, maintenance of long-term weight loss after VSG requires signals in addition to NT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ratner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: Cecilia Ratner, University of Copenhagen: Kobenhavns Universitet, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark. E-mail:
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chinmay Dwibedi
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anette Bjerregaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gina Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: Birgitte Holst, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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18
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Adropin correlates with aging-related neuropathology in humans and improves cognitive function in aging mice. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 34462439 PMCID: PMC8405681 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural functions of adropin, a secreted peptide highly expressed in the brain, have not been investigated. In humans, adropin is highly expressed in astrocytes and peaks during critical postnatal periods of brain development. Gene enrichment analysis of transcripts correlating with adropin expression suggests processes relevant to aging-related neurodegenerative diseases that vary with age and dementia state, possibly indicating survivor bias. In people aged <40 y and 'old-old' (>75 y) diagnosed with dementia, adropin correlates positively with genes involved in mitochondrial processes. In the 'old-old' without dementia adropin expression correlates positively with morphogenesis and synapse function. Potent neurotrophic responses in primary cultured neurons are consistent with adropin supporting the development and function of neural networks. Adropin expression in the 'old-old' also correlates positively with protein markers of tau-related neuropathologies and inflammation, particularly in those without dementia. How variation in brain adropin expression affects neurological aging was investigated using old (18-month) C57BL/6J mice. In mice adropin is expressed in neurons, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia and shows correlative relationships with groups of genes involved in neurodegeneration and cellular metabolism. Increasing adropin expression using transgenesis improved spatial learning and memory, novel object recognition, resilience to exposure to new environments, and reduced mRNA markers of inflammation in old mice. Treatment with synthetic adropin peptide also reversed age-related declines in cognitive functions and affected expression of genes involved in morphogenesis and cellular metabolism. Collectively, these results establish a link between adropin expression and neural energy metabolism and indicate a potential therapy against neurological aging.
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Mardones L, Parra-Valencia E, Petermann-Rocha F, Martínez-Sanguinetti MA, Leiva-Ordoñez AM, Lasserre-Laso N, Martorell M, Ulloa N, Sanhueza E, Pérez-Bravo F, Celis-Morales C, Villagrán M. The rs483145 polymorphism of MC4R gene is not associated with obesity in the Chilean population: Results of GENADIO study. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021; 69:S2530-0164(21)00156-7. [PMID: 34340956 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) participates in the control of appetite at the level of the central nervous system, through the leptin-melanocortin pathway. An association between different polymorphisms of the MC4R gene and obesity has been reported. However, there are few studies of the rs483145 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of this gene. OBJECTIVE To investigate its prevalence and association with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. METHODS The prevalence of SNP rs483145, of the MC4R gene, was determined in 259 participants of the GENADIO study (genes, environment, diabetes and obesity) by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between the risk allele of MC4R (A) and adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index, fat mass percentage, hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) was performed by linear regression analysis and adjusted for confusion variables (socio-demographic and physic activity) using three statistical models. RESULTS It was determined that the prevalence of the risk allele (A) of the SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is 24.5% in the Chilean adult population included in this study, without finding an association with any of the adiposity markers studied, both in adjusted and unadjusted models. CONCLUSION The presence of the risk allele of SNP rs483145 of the MC4R gene is not associated with adiposity markers in the Chilean adult population studied. New studies with a bigger sample size will be necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mardones
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Esteban Parra-Valencia
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas y Pre-Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fanny Petermann-Rocha
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ana María Leiva-Ordoñez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicole Lasserre-Laso
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomas, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ulloa
- Centro de Vida Saludable, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Sanhueza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez-Bravo
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudio en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Villagrán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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20
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Chalazan B, Palm D, Sridhar A, Lee C, Argos M, Daviglus M, Rehman J, Konda S, Darbar D. Common genetic variants associated with obesity in an African-American and Hispanic/Latino population. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250697. [PMID: 33983957 PMCID: PMC8118531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over 35% of all adults in the world are currently obese and risk of obesity in racial or ethnic minority groups exist in the US, but the causes of these differences are not all known. As obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, an improved understanding of risk factors across racial and ethnic groups may improve outcomes. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if susceptibility to obesity is associated with genetic variation in candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos. Materials and methods We examined data from 534 African Americans and 557 Hispanic/Latinos participants from the UIC Cohort of Patients, Family and Friends. Participants were genotyped for the top 26 obesity-associated SNPs within FTO, MC4R, TUB, APOA2, APOA5, ADIPOQ, ARL15, CDH13, KNG1, LEPR, leptin, and SCG3 genes. Results The mean (SD) age of participants was 49±13 years, 55% were female, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31±7.5 kg/m2. After adjusting for age and sex, we found that rs8050136 in FTO (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.8; P = 0.01) among African Americans and rs2272383 in TUB (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.04–1.71; P = 0.02) among Hispanic/Latinos were associated with obesity. However, none of the SNPs in multivariable analysis of either AA or H/L cohorts were significant when adjusted for multiple correction. Conclusions We show that candidate SNPs in the FTO and TUB genes are associated with obesity in African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos individuals respectively. While the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms by which common genetic variants cause obesity remain unclear, we have identified novel therapeutic targets across racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Chalazan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Denada Palm
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arvind Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christina Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sreenivas Konda
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ahmed RM, Tse NY, Chen Y, Henning E, Hodges JR, Kiernan MC, Irish M, Farooqi IS, Piguet O. Neural correlates of fat preference in frontotemporal dementia: translating insights from the obesity literature. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1318-1329. [PMID: 33973740 PMCID: PMC8164857 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in eating behaviour are one of the diagnostic features of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). It is hypothesised that underlying brain network disturbances and atrophy to key structures may affect macronutrient preference in bvFTD. We aimed to establish whether a preference for dietary fat exists in bvFTD, its association with cognitive symptoms and the underlying neural mechanisms driving these changes. METHODS Using a test meal paradigm, adapted from the obesity literature, with variable fat content (low 20%, medium 40% and high 60%), preference for fat in 20 bvFTD was compared to 16 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 13 control participants. MRI brain scans were analysed to determine the neural correlates of fat preference. RESULTS Behavioural variant FTD patients preferred the high-fat meal compared to both AD (U = 61.5; p = 0.001) and controls (U = 41.5; p = 0.001), with 85% of bvFTD participants consistently rating the high-fat content meal as their preferred option. This increased preference for the high-fat meal was associated with total behavioural change (Cambridge Behavioural Inventory: rs = 0.462; p = 0.001), as well as overall functional decline (Frontotemporal Dementia Rating Scale: rs = -0.420; p = 0.03). A preference for high-fat content in bvFTD was associated with atrophy in an extended brain network including frontopolar, anterior cingulate, insular cortices, putamen and amygdala extending into lateral temporal, posteromedial parietal and occipital cortices. CONCLUSIONS Increased preference for fat content is associated with many of the canonical features of bvFTD. These findings offer new insights into markers of disease progression and pathogenesis, providing potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Ahmed
- Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nga Yan Tse
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R Hodges
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence of Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- ARC Centre of Excellence of Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Piguet
- ARC Centre of Excellence of Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology and Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Yunker AG, Luo S, Jones S, Dorton HM, Alves JM, Angelo B, DeFendis A, Pickering TA, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Appetite-Regulating Hormones Are Reduced After Oral Sucrose vs Glucose: Influence of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Sex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:654-664. [PMID: 33300990 PMCID: PMC7947782 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fructose compared to glucose has adverse effects on metabolic function, but endocrine responses to oral sucrose vs glucose is not well understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated how oral sucrose vs glucose affected appetite-regulating hormones, and how biological factors (body mass index [BMI], insulin sensitivity, sex) influence endocrine responses to these 2 types of sugar. DESIGN Sixty-nine adults (29 men; 23.22 ± 3.74 years; BMI 27.03 ± 4.96 kg/m2) completed the study. On 2 occasions, participants consumed 300-mL drinks containing 75 g of glucose or sucrose. Blood was sampled at baseline, 10, 35, and 120 minutes post drink for plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)(7-36), peptide YY (PYY)total, and acyl-ghrelin measures. Hormone levels were compared between conditions using a linear mixed model. Interaction models were performed, and results were stratified to assess how biological factors influence endocrine responses. RESULTS Sucrose vs glucose ingestion provoked a less robust rise in glucose (P < .001), insulin (P < .001), GLP-1 (P < .001), and PYY (P = .02), whereas acyl-ghrelin suppression was similar between the sugars. We found BMI status by sugar interactions for glucose (P = .01) and PYY (P = .03); obese individuals had smaller increases in glucose and PYY levels after consuming sucrose vs glucose. There were interactions between insulin sensitivity and sugar for glucose (P = .003) and insulin (P = .04), and a sex by sugar interaction for GLP-1 (P = .01); men demonstrated smaller increases in GLP-1 in response to oral sucrose vs glucose. CONCLUSION Sucrose is less efficient at signaling postprandial satiation than glucose, and biological factors influence differential hormone responses to sucrose vs glucose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hilary M Dorton
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jasmin M Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexis DeFendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trevor A Pickering
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Kathleen A. Page, MD, USC Keck School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, 2250 Alcazar St, CSC 209, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. E-mail:
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23
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Dash S, Paterson AD. Genetically determined lean mass and dietary response. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:661-663. [PMID: 33283425 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss attenuates many obesity-related co-morbidities, but is difficult to sustain with dietary change. Dietary adherence, not macronutrient composition, is a better predictor of weight loss. Weight loss-induced endocrine changes promote food intake and increase energy efficiency, contributing to the difficulty with dietary adherence and weight regain. Macronutrient preference is partly genetically determined, suggesting that personalized dietary interventions might be more successful. In this issue, Li et al. report that a genetic risk score comprising the cumulative weighted effects of variants previously associated with increased lean mass is associated with increased satiety and weight loss 6 months after initiating a low- but not a high-fat diet. The effects were attenuated by 2 years. These findings suggest that genetic variants may influence response to specific diet. Further studies are necessary to assess whether genetically determined lean mass is causally associated with dietary response. Significant progress has recently been made in identifying additional genetic determinants of lean mass, which will enable such investigations and potentially inform future nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Dash
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Neural circuits in the hypothalamus play a key role in the regulation of human energy homeostasis. A critical circuit involves leptin-responsive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (the infundibular nucleus in humans) expressing the appetite-suppressing neuropeptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and the appetite-stimulating Agouti-related peptide. In the fed state, the POMC-derived melanocortin peptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulates melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4Rs) expressed on second-order neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Agonism of MC4R leads to reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure. Disruption of this hypothalamic circuit by inherited mutations in the genes encoding leptin, the leptin receptor, POMC, and MC4R can lead to severe obesity in humans. The characterization of these and closely related genetic obesity syndromes has informed our understanding of the neural pathways by which leptin regulates energy balance, neuroendocrine function, and the autonomic nervous system. A broader understanding of these neural and molecular mechanisms has paved the way for effective mechanism-based therapies for patients whose severe obesity is driven by disruption of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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25
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Fromm S, Perszyk EE, Kanyamibwa A, Wall KM, Hutelin Z, Trinh J, Davis XS, Green BG, Flack KD, DiFeliceantonio A, Small DM. Development of MacroPics: A novel food picture set to dissociate the effects of carbohydrate and fat on eating behaviors. Appetite 2020; 159:105051. [PMID: 33242580 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that fat and carbohydrate interact to potentiate the reward value of food (DiFeliceantonio et al., 2018). The primary goal of the current study was to develop a novel picture set to facilitate research into the effects of macronutrient composition on food choice and eating behavior. Toward this aim, we developed "MacroPics." In Experiment 1, we photographed 120-kcal portions of 60 snack foods falling into one of the three macronutrient categories: (1) mostly carbohydrate, (2) mostly fat, or (3) a combination of fat and carbohydrate. Sixty-one participants rated the images for liking, familiarity, frequency of consumption, healthiness, estimated energy content (in kcal), and expected satiation. A subset of these images consisting of 36 items was then selected in an iterative process to minimize differences in ratings between the macronutrient categories while simultaneously ensuring similar within-category variability on a number of food characteristics (e.g., energy density, portion size, retail price) and visual properties (e.g., color, complexity, visual area). In Experiment 2, an independent sample of 67 participants rated the pictures of the final 36-item MacroPics. Both experiments reveal similar participant ratings across categories for item liking, familiarity, frequency, healthiness, and estimated energy content. Protein content was higher in the fat compared to the carbohydrate and combination categories, leading to higher ratings of estimated satiety and energy density for fatty foods. Item and macronutrient category characteristics of the final MacroPics set are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fromm
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily E Perszyk
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arsene Kanyamibwa
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn M Wall
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zach Hutelin
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xue S Davis
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barry G Green
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyle D Flack
- University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexandra DiFeliceantonio
- Virginia Tech, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, VA, USA; Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
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26
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Dashti HS, Hivert MF, Levy DE, McCurley JL, Saxena R, Thorndike AN. Polygenic risk score for obesity and the quality, quantity, and timing of workplace food purchases: A secondary analysis from the ChooseWell 365 randomized trial. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003219. [PMID: 32692747 PMCID: PMC7373257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of genetic risk for obesity on food choice behaviors is unknown and may be in the causal pathway between genetic risk and weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine associations between genetic risk for obesity and food choice behaviors using objectively assessed workplace food purchases. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study is a secondary analysis of baseline data collected prior to the start of the "ChooseWell 365" health-promotion intervention randomized control trial. Participants were employees of a large hospital in Boston, MA, who enrolled in the study between September 2016 and February 2018. Cafeteria sales data, collected retrospectively for 3 months prior to enrollment, were used to track the quantity (number of items per 3 months) and timing (median time of day) of purchases, and participant surveys provided self-reported behaviors, including skipping meals and preparing meals at home. A previously validated Healthy Purchasing Score was calculated using the cafeteria traffic-light labeling system (i.e., green = healthy, yellow = less healthy, red = unhealthy) to estimate the healthfulness (quality) of employees' purchases (range, 0%-100% healthy). DNA was extracted and genotyped from blood samples. A body mass index (BMI) genome-wide polygenic score (BMIGPS) was generated by summing BMI-increasing risk alleles across the genome. Additionally, 3 polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were generated with 97 BMI variants previously identified at the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10-8): (1) BMI97 (97 loci), (2) BMICNS (54 loci near genes related to central nervous system [CNS]), and (3) BMInon-CNS (43 loci not related to CNS). Multivariable linear and logistic regression tested associations of genetic risk score quartiles with workplace purchases, adjusted for age, sex, seasonality, and population structure. Associations were considered significant at P < 0.05. In 397 participants, mean age was 44.9 years, and 80.9% were female. Higher genetic risk scores were associated with higher BMI. The highest quartile of BMIGPS was associated with lower Healthy Purchasing Score (-4.8 percentage points [95% CI -8.6 to -1.0]; P = 0.02), higher quantity of food purchases (14.4 more items [95% CI -0.1 to 29.0]; P = 0.03), later time of breakfast purchases (15.0 minutes later [95% CI 1.5-28.5]; P = 0.03), and lower likelihood of preparing dinner at home (Q4 odds ratio [OR] = 0.3 [95% CI 0.1-0.9]; P = 0.03) relative to the lowest BMIGPS quartile. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest BMICNS quartile was associated with fewer items purchased (P = 0.04), and the highest BMInon-CNS quartile was associated with purchasing breakfast at a later time (P = 0.01), skipping breakfast (P = 0.03), and not preparing breakfast (P = 0.04) or lunch (P = 0.01) at home. A limitation of this study is our data come from a relatively small sample of healthy working adults of European ancestry who volunteered to enroll in a health-promotion study, which may limit generalizability. CONCLUSIONS In this study, genetic risk for obesity was associated with the quality, quantity, and timing of objectively measured workplace food purchases. These findings suggest that genetic risk for obesity may influence eating behaviors that contribute to weight and could be targeted in personalized workplace wellness programs in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02660086.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S. Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Levy
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. McCurley
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne N. Thorndike
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McCormack SE, Blevins JE, Lawson EA. Metabolic Effects of Oxytocin. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5658523. [PMID: 31803919 PMCID: PMC7012298 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that oxytocin (OXT), a hypothalamic hormone well recognized for its effects in inducing parturition and lactation, has important metabolic effects in both sexes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the physiologic effects of OXT on metabolism and to explore its therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders. In model systems, OXT promotes weight loss by decreasing energy intake. Pair-feeding studies suggest that OXT-induced weight loss may also be partly due to increased energy expenditure and/or lipolysis. In humans, OXT appears to modulate both homeostatic and reward-driven food intake, although the observed response depends on nutrient milieu (eg, obese vs. nonobese), clinical characteristics (eg, sex), and experimental paradigm. In animal models, OXT is anabolic to muscle and bone, which is consistent with OXT-induced weight loss occurring primarily via fat loss. In some human observational studies, circulating OXT concentrations are also positively associated with lean mass and bone mineral density. The impact of exogenous OXT on human obesity is the focus of ongoing investigation. Future randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in humans should include rigorous, standardized, and detailed assessments of adherence, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and efficacy in the diverse populations that may benefit from OXT, in particular those in whom hypothalamic OXT signaling may be abnormal or impaired (eg, individuals with Sim1 deficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, or craniopharyngioma). Future studies will also have the opportunity to investigate the characteristics of new OXT mimetic peptides and the obligation to consider long-term effects, especially when OXT is given to children and adolescents. (Endocrine Reviews XX: XX - XX, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana E McCormack
- Neuroendocrine Center, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Zerbini C, Luceri B, Marchetti A, Di Dio C. Shaping consumption propensity through the emotional response evoked by nutritional labels: Evidence from an fMRI study. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108547. [PMID: 31554096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate a) the ability of nutritional labels in pictorial and textual form to guide consumption choices applying the dual-coding theory; b) the effectiveness of a new type of pictorial label (i.e. the body label) that appeals to the self-congruence theory and to positive emotional response. The research hypotheses were tested trough a 2x4x2 fMRI experimental design with 2 levels of product version (regular vs light), 4 levels of label type (text vs traffic light vs star rating vs body) and 2 levels of group of people (normal weight vs overweight). The body light label generates more brain activation in areas involved in the reward circuit compared to the body regular one, and compared to all the other types of labels for both versions, only in the overweight subject group. Furthermore, the star rating label has the worst performance in orienting healthy food choices as it requires more cognitive effort. The results are of interest to policy maker's strategies and to out-of-store and in-store communication strategies with the aim to contract the excessive body-weight phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zerbini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Luceri
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Dio
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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29
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Butler AA, Zhang J, Price CA, Stevens JR, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, King S, Krauss RM, Bremer AA, Havel PJ. Low plasma adropin concentrations increase risks of weight gain and metabolic dysregulation in response to a high-sugar diet in male nonhuman primates. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9706-9719. [PMID: 30988006 PMCID: PMC6597842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse studies linking adropin, a peptide hormone encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated (ENHO) gene, to biological clocks and to glucose and lipid metabolism suggest a potential therapeutic target for managing diseases of metabolism. However, adropin's roles in human metabolism are unclear. In silico expression profiling in a nonhuman primate diurnal transcriptome atlas (GSE98965) revealed a dynamic and diurnal pattern of ENHO expression. ENHO expression is abundant in brain, including ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei regulating appetite and autonomic function. Lower ENHO expression is present in liver, lung, kidney, ileum, and some endocrine glands. Hepatic ENHO expression associates with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified 426 genes co-regulated with ENHO in liver, ileum, kidney medulla, and lung. Gene Ontology analysis of this cluster revealed enrichment for epigenetic silencing by histone H3K27 trimethylation and biological processes related to neural function. Dietary intervention experiments with 59 adult male rhesus macaques indicated low plasma adropin concentrations were positively correlated with fasting glucose, plasma leptin, and apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) concentrations. During consumption of a high-sugar (fructose) diet, which induced 10% weight gain, animals with low adropin had larger increases of plasma leptin and more severe hyperglycemia. Declining adropin concentrations were correlated with increases of plasma APOC3 and triglycerides. In summary, peripheral ENHO expression associates with pathways related to epigenetic and neural functions, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, suggesting co-regulation in nonhuman primates. Low circulating adropin predicts increased weight gain and metabolic dysregulation during consumption of a high-sugar diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Butler
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104,
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Candice A Price
- the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Joseph R Stevens
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - James L Graham
- the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sarah King
- the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, and
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, and
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Peter J Havel
- the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616,
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30
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Immunoglobulin G modulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in obesity and eating disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:87. [PMID: 30755592 PMCID: PMC6372612 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a key role in regulation of appetite activated by its main ligand α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in both central and peripheral targets. α-MSH also binds to circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) but the functional significance of such immune complexes (ICs) in MC4R signaling in normal and pathological conditions of altered appetite has remained unknown. To address this question, we analyzed plasma levels, affinity kinetics, and binding epitopes of α-MSH-reactive IgG extracted from plasma samples of female patients with hyperphagic obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and healthy controls. Ability of α-MSH/IgG IC to bind and activate human MC4R were studied in vitro and to influence feeding behavior in vivo in rodents. We found that α-MSH-reactive IgG were low in obese but increased in anorectic and bulimic patients and displayed different epitope and kinetics of IC formation. Importantly, while α-MSH/IgG IC from all subjects were binding and activating MC4R, the receptor binding affinity was decreased in obesity. Additionally, α-MSH/IgG IC had lower MC4R-mediated cAMP activation threshold as compared with α-MSH alone in all but not obese subjects. Furthermore, the cellular internalization rate of α-MSH/IgG IC by MC4R-expressing cells was decreased in obese but increased in patients with anorexia nervosa. Moreover, IgG from obese patients prevented central anorexigenic effect of α-MSH. These findings reveal that MC4R is physiologically activated by IC formed by α-MSH/IgG and that different levels and molecular properties of α-MSH-reactive IgG underlie biological activity of such IC relevant to altered appetite in obesity and eating disorders.
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31
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Matsui S, Sasaki T, Kohno D, Yaku K, Inutsuka A, Yokota-Hashimoto H, Kikuchi O, Suga T, Kobayashi M, Yamanaka A, Harada A, Nakagawa T, Onaka T, Kitamura T. Neuronal SIRT1 regulates macronutrient-based diet selection through FGF21 and oxytocin signalling in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4604. [PMID: 30389922 PMCID: PMC6214990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet affects health through ingested calories and macronutrients, and macronutrient balance affects health span. The mechanisms regulating macronutrient-based diet choices are poorly understood. Previous studies had shown that NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in part influences the health-promoting effects of caloric restriction by boosting fat use in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that neuronal SIRT1 shifts diet choice from sucrose to fat in mice, matching the peripheral metabolic shift. SIRT1-mediated suppression of simple sugar preference requires oxytocin signalling, and SIRT1 in oxytocin neurons drives this effect. The hepatokine FGF21 acts as an endocrine signal to oxytocin neurons, promoting neuronal activation and Oxt transcription and suppressing the simple sugar preference. SIRT1 promotes FGF21 signalling in oxytocin neurons and stimulates Oxt transcription through NRF2. Thus, neuronal SIRT1 contributes to the homeostatic regulation of macronutrient-based diet selection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Matsui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kohno
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yaku
- Frontier Research Core for Life Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ayumu Inutsuka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suga
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Frontier Research Core for Life Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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32
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Reddon H, Patel Y, Turcotte M, Pigeyre M, Meyre D. Revisiting the evolutionary origins of obesity: lazy versus peppy-thrifty genotype hypothesis. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1525-1543. [PMID: 30261552 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent global obesity epidemic is attributed to major societal and environmental changes, such as excessive energy intake and sedentary lifestyle. However, exposure to 'obesogenic' environments does not necessarily result in obesity at the individual level, as 40-75% of body mass index variation in population is attributed to genetic differences. The thrifty genotype theory posits that genetic variants promoting efficient food sequestering and optimal deposition of fat during periods of food abundance were evolutionarily advantageous for the early hunter-gatherer and were positively selected. However, the thrifty genotype is likely too simplistic and fails to provide a justification for the complex distribution of obesity predisposing gene variants and for the broad range of body mass index observed in diverse ethnic groups. This review proposes that gene pleiotropy may better account for the variability in the distribution of obesity susceptibility alleles across modern populations. We outline the lazy-thrifty versus peppy-thrifty genotype hypothesis and detail the body of evidence in the literature in support of this novel concept. Future population genetics and mathematical modelling studies that account for pleiotropy may further improve our understanding of the evolutionary origins of the current obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reddon
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Y Patel
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M Turcotte
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M Pigeyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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33
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Franks PW, Timpson NJ. Genotype-Based Recall Studies in Complex Cardiometabolic Traits. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e001947. [PMID: 30354344 PMCID: PMC6813040 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In genotype-based recall (GBR) studies, people (or their biological samples) who carry genotypes of special interest for a given hypothesis test are recalled from a larger cohort (or biobank) for more detailed investigations. There are several GBR study designs that offer a range of powerful options to elucidate (1) genotype-phenotype associations (by increasing the efficiency of genetic association studies, thereby allowing bespoke phenotyping in relatively small cohorts), (2) the effects of environmental exposures (within the Mendelian randomization framework), and (3) gene-treatment interactions (within the setting of GBR interventional trials). In this review, we overview the literature on GBR studies as applied to cardiometabolic health outcomes. We also review the GBR approaches used to date and outline new methods and study designs that might enhance the utility of GBR-focused studies. Specifically, we highlight how GBR methods have the potential to augment randomized controlled trials, providing an alternative application for the now increasingly accepted Mendelian randomization methods usually applied to large-scale population-based data sets. Further to this, we consider how functional and basic science approaches alongside GBR designs offer intellectually intriguing and potentially powerful ways to explore the implications of alterations to specific (and potentially druggable) biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, SE-21741, Malmö, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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34
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Targeting AgRP neurons to maintain energy balance: Lessons from animal models. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:224-232. [PMID: 30012460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic is a major worldwide health and economic burden. In the modern environment, an increase in the intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods plays a crucial role in the development of obesity by disrupting the mechanisms governing food intake and energy balance. Food intake and whole-body energy balance are regulated by the central nervous system through a sophisticated neuronal network located mostly in the hypothalamus. In particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a fundamental center that senses hormonal and nutrient-related signals informing about the energy state of the organism. The ARC contains two small, defined populations of neurons with opposite functions: anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons and orexigenic Agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons. AgRP neurons, which also co-produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), are involved in an increase in hunger and a decrease in energy expenditure. In this review, we summarize the key findings from the most common animal models targeting AgRP neurons and the tools used to discern the role of this specific neuronal population in the control of peripheral metabolism, appetite, feeding-related behavior, and other complex behaviors. We also discuss how knowledge gained from these studies has revealed new pathways and key proteins that could be potential therapeutic targets to reduce appetite and food addictions in obesity and other diseases.
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35
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Supra-Additive Effects of Combining Fat and Carbohydrate on Food Reward. Cell Metab 2018; 28:33-44.e3. [PMID: 29909968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-ingestive signals conveying information about the nutritive properties of food are critical for regulating ingestive behavior. Here, using an auction task concomitant to fMRI scanning, we demonstrate that participants are willing to pay more for fat + carbohydrate compared with equally familiar, liked, and caloric fat or carbohydrate foods and that this potentiated reward is associated with response in areas critical for reward valuation, including the dorsal striatum and mediodorsal thalamus. We also show that individuals are better able to estimate the energy density of fat compared with carbohydrate and fat + carbohydrate foods, an effect associated with functional connectivity between visual (fusiform gyrus) and valuation (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) areas. These results provide the first demonstration that foods high in fat and carbohydrate are, calorie for calorie, valued more than foods containing only fat or carbohydrate and that this effect is associated with greater recruitment of central reward circuits.
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36
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Hankir MK, Seyfried F, Miras AD, Cowley MA. Brain Feeding Circuits after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:218-237. [PMID: 29475578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic surgical procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), uniquely reprogram feeding behavior and body weight in obese subjects. Clinical neuroimaging and animal studies are only now beginning to shed light on some of the underlying central mechanisms. We present here the roles of key brain neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems in food choice, value, and intake at various stages after RYGB. In doing so, we elaborate on how known signals emanating from the reorganized gut, including peptide hormones and microbiota products, impinge on newly mapped homeostatic and hedonic brain feeding circuits. Continued progress in the rapidly evolving field of metabolic surgery will inform the design of more effective weight-loss compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany; German Research Foundation Collaborative Research Center in Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony 04103, Germany.
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Department of Investigative Science, Imperial College London Academic Healthcare Centre, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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37
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Corbin LJ, Tan VY, Hughes DA, Wade KH, Paul DS, Tansey KE, Butcher F, Dudbridge F, Howson JM, Jallow MW, John C, Kingston N, Lindgren CM, O'Donavan M, O'Rahilly S, Owen MJ, Palmer CNA, Pearson ER, Scott RA, van Heel DA, Whittaker J, Frayling T, Tobin MD, Wain LV, Smith GD, Evans DM, Karpe F, McCarthy MI, Danesh J, Franks PW, Timpson NJ. Formalising recall by genotype as an efficient approach to detailed phenotyping and causal inference. Nat Commun 2018; 9:711. [PMID: 29459775 PMCID: PMC5818506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed phenotyping is required to deepen our understanding of the biological mechanisms behind genetic associations. In addition, the impact of potentially modifiable risk factors on disease requires analytical frameworks that allow causal inference. Here, we discuss the characteristics of Recall-by-Genotype (RbG) as a study design aimed at addressing both these needs. We describe two broad scenarios for the application of RbG: studies using single variants and those using multiple variants. We consider the efficacy and practicality of the RbG approach, provide a catalogue of UK-based resources for such studies and present an online RbG study planner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Corbin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Vanessa Y Tan
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David A Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Kaitlin H Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Dirk S Paul
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- Core Bioinformatics and Statistics Team, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Frances Butcher
- Oxford School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Joanna M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Momodou W Jallow
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- MRC Unit The Gambia (MRCG), Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, P.O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Catherine John
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Nathalie Kingston
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BioResource for Translational Research in Common and Rare Diseases & NIHR BioResource Centre Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Hospital, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Michael O'Donavan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - John Whittaker
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Statistical Genetics, Projects, Clinical Platforms, and Sciences (PCPS), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Tim Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, 907 37, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
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38
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Sasaki T. Neural and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Controlling the Quality of Feeding Behavior: Diet Selection and Feeding Patterns. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101151. [PMID: 29053636 PMCID: PMC5691767 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We are what we eat. There are three aspects of feeding: what, when, and how much. These aspects represent the quantity (how much) and quality (what and when) of feeding. The quantitative aspect of feeding has been studied extensively, because weight is primarily determined by the balance between caloric intake and expenditure. In contrast, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the qualitative aspects of feeding, although they also significantly impact the control of weight and health. However, two aspects of feeding quality relevant to weight loss and weight regain are discussed in this review: macronutrient-based diet selection (what) and feeding pattern (when). This review covers the importance of these two factors in controlling weight and health, and the central mechanisms that regulate them. The relatively limited and fragmented knowledge on these topics indicates that we lack an integrated understanding of the qualitative aspects of feeding behavior. To promote better understanding of weight control, research efforts must focus more on the mechanisms that control the quality and quantity of feeding behavior. This understanding will contribute to improving dietary interventions for achieving weight control and for preventing weight regain following weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory for Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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39
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Litt MJ, Okoye GD, Lark D, Cakir I, Moore C, Barber MC, Atkinson J, Fessel J, Moslehi J, Cone RD. Loss of the melanocortin-4 receptor in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy. eLife 2017; 6:28118. [PMID: 28829041 PMCID: PMC5577919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the melanocortin-4 receptor, the most common monogenetic obesity syndrome in humans, is associated with a reduction in autonomic tone, bradycardia, and incidence of obesity-associated hypertension. Thus, it has been assumed that melanocortin obesity syndrome may be protective with respect to obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. We show here that absence of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by reduced contractility and increased left ventricular diameter. This cardiomyopathy is independent of obesity as weight matched diet induced obese mice do not display systolic dysfunction. Mc4r cardiomyopathy is characterized by ultrastructural changes in mitochondrial morphology and cardiomyocyte disorganization. Remarkably, testing of myocardial tissue from Mc4r-/- mice exhibited increased ADP stimulated respiratory capacity. However, this increase in respiration correlates with increased reactive oxygen species production - a canonical mediator of tissue damage. Together this study identifies MC4R deletion as a novel and potentially clinically important cause of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Litt
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - G Donald Okoye
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Daniel Lark
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Isin Cakir
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Christy Moore
- Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Department of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Mary C Barber
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - James Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Josh Fessel
- Allergy Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Department of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Cardio-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Roger D Cone
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
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40
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Søberg S, Sandholt CH, Jespersen NZ, Toft U, Madsen AL, von Holstein-Rathlou S, Grevengoed TJ, Christensen KB, Bredie WLP, Potthoff MJ, Solomon TPJ, Scheele C, Linneberg A, Jørgensen T, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Gillum MP, Grarup N. FGF21 Is a Sugar-Induced Hormone Associated with Sweet Intake and Preference in Humans. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1045-1053.e6. [PMID: 28467924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liking and selective ingestion of palatable foods-including sweets-is biologically controlled, and dysfunction of this regulation may promote unhealthy eating, obesity, and disease. The hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) reduces sweet consumption in rodents and primates, whereas knockout of Fgf21 increases sugar consumption in mice. To investigate the relevance of these findings in humans, we genotyped variants in the FGF21 locus in participants from the Danish Inter99 cohort (n = 6,514) and examined their relationship with a detailed range of food and ingestive behaviors. This revealed statistically significant associations between FGF21 rs838133 and increased consumption of candy, as well as nominal associations with increased alcohol intake and daily smoking. Moreover, in a separate clinical study, plasma FGF21 levels increased acutely after oral sucrose ingestion and were elevated in fasted sweet-disliking individuals. These data suggest the liver may secrete hormones that influence eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Søberg
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla H Sandholt
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Z Jespersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Toft
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Centre for Health, Capital Region of Denmark, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anja L Madsen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Centre for Health, Capital Region of Denmark, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stephanie von Holstein-Rathlou
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trisha J Grevengoed
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl B Christensen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Centre for Health, Capital Region of Denmark, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Centre for Health, Capital Region of Denmark, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Grarup
- Section of Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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Huang H, Wang W, Tao YX. Pharmacological chaperones for the misfolded melanocortin-4 receptor associated with human obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2496-2507. [PMID: 28284973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a vital role in regulating energy homeostasis. Mutations in the MC4R cause early-onset severe obesity. The majority of loss of function MC4R mutants are retained intracellularly, many of which are not terminally misfolded and can be stabilized and targeted to the plasma membrane by different chaperones. Some of the mutants might be functional once coaxed to the cell surface. Molecular chaperones and chemical chaperones correct the misfolding of some mutant MC4Rs. However, their therapeutic application is very limited due to their non-specific mechanism of action and, for chemical chaperone, high dosage needed to be effective. Several pharmacological chaperones have been identified for the MC4R and Ipsen 5i and Ipsen 17 are the most potent and efficacious. Here we provide a comprehensive review on how different approaches have been applied to rescue misfolded MC4R mutants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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