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Mahmud J, Geiler BW, Biswas J, Miller MJ, Myers JE, Matthews SM, Wass AB, O'Connor CM, Chan GC. Delivery of US28 by incoming HCMV particles rapidly attenuates Akt activity to suppress HCMV lytic replication in monocytes. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadn8727. [PMID: 39190708 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adn8727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Establishing a nonproductive, quiescent infection within monocytes is essential for the spread of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We investigated the mechanisms through which HCMV establishes a quiescent infection in monocytes. US28 is a virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for silent infections within cells of the myeloid lineage. We found that preformed US28 was rapidly delivered to monocytes by HCMV viral particles, whereas the de novo synthesis of US28 was delayed for several days. A recombinant mutant virus lacking US28 (US28Δ) was unable to establish a quiescent infection, resulting in a fully productive lytic infection able to produce progeny virus. Infection with US28Δ HCMV resulted in the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine kinase Akt at Ser473 and Thr308, in contrast with the phosphorylation of Akt only at Ser473 after WT viral infection. Inhibiting the dual phosphorylation of Akt prevented the lytic replication of US28Δ, and ectopic expression of a constitutively phosphorylated Akt variant triggered lytic replication of wild-type HCMV. Mechanistically, we found that US28 was necessary and sufficient to attenuate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling induced during the entry of WT virus, which led to the site-specific phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473. Thus, particle-delivered US28 fine-tunes Akt activity by limiting HCMV-induced EGFR activation during viral entry, enabling quiescent infection in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Brittany W Geiler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Juthi Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Julia E Myers
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen M Matthews
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amanda B Wass
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gary C Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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2
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Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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3
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Mahmud J, Geiler BW, Biswas J, Miller MJ, Myers JE, Matthews SM, Wass AB, O'Connor CM, Chan GC. Virion-associated US28 rapidly modulates Akt activity to suppress HCMV lytic replication in monocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556359. [PMID: 37732204 PMCID: PMC10508783 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a non-productive quiescent/silent infection within monocytes is essential for spread of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Yet, how HCMV establishes a quiescent infection in monocytes remains unclear. US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) essential for silent infections within cells of the myeloid lineage. We found virion-associated US28 was rapidly delivered to monocytes, while de novo synthesized US28 was delayed for several days. A recombinant mutant virus lacking US28 (US28Δ) was unable to establish a quiescent infection, resulting in a fully productive lytic replication cycle. Mechanistically, viral entry of US28Δ phosphorylated Akt at both serine 473 (S473) and threonine 308 (T308), which contrasted with the site-specific phosphorylation of Akt at S473 following WT infection. Preventing Akt bi-phosphorylation prevented lytic replication of US28Δ, and ectopic expression of a constitutively phosphorylated Akt variant triggered lytic replication of WT infection. Our data demonstrate that virion-delivered US28 fine-tunes Akt activity to permit HCMV infection to enter a quiescent state following primary infection of monocytes.
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Mavri M, Glišić S, Senćanski M, Vrecl M, Rosenkilde MM, Spiess K, Kubale V. Patterns of human and porcine gammaherpesvirus-encoded BILF1 receptor endocytosis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:14. [PMID: 36810008 PMCID: PMC9942385 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) BILF1 encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogene and immunoevasin and can downregulate MHC-I molecules at the surface of infected cells. MHC-I downregulation, which presumably occurs through co-internalization with EBV-BILF1, is preserved among BILF1 receptors, including the three BILF1 orthologs encoded by porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV BILFs). This study aimed to understand the detailed mechanisms of BILF1 receptor constitutive internalization, to explore the translational potential of PLHV BILFs compared with EBV-BILF1. METHODS A novel real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based internalization assay combined with dominant-negative variants of dynamin-1 (Dyn K44A) and the chemical clathrin inhibitor Pitstop2 in HEK-293A cells was used to study the effect of specific endocytic proteins on BILF1 internalization. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-saturation analysis was used to study BILF1 receptor interaction with β-arrestin2 and Rab7. In addition, a bioinformatics approach informational spectrum method (ISM) was used to investigate the interaction affinity of BILF1 receptors with β-arrestin2, AP-2, and caveolin-1. RESULTS We identified dynamin-dependent, clathrin-mediated constitutive endocytosis for all BILF1 receptors. The observed interaction affinity between BILF1 receptors and caveolin-1 and the decreased internalization in the presence of a dominant-negative variant of caveolin-1 (Cav S80E) indicated the involvement of caveolin-1 in BILF1 trafficking. Furthermore, after BILF1 internalization from the plasma membrane, both the recycling and degradation pathways are proposed for BILF1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS The similarity in the internalization mechanisms observed for EBV-BILF1 and PLHV1-2 BILF1 provide a foundation for further studies exploring a possible translational potential for PLHVs, as proposed previously, and provides new information about receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Mavri
- Institute for preclinical sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Glišić
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Senćanski
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute for preclinical sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Institute for preclinical sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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5
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Berg C, Rosenkilde MM. Therapeutic targeting of HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28: Progress and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135280. [PMID: 36860859 PMCID: PMC9968965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pervasive human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant morbidity in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment using the current standard-of-care (SOC) is limited by severe toxic adverse effects and anti-viral resistance development. Furthermore, they only affect HCMV in its lytic phase, meaning viral disease is not preventable as latent infection cannot be treated and the viral reservoirs persist. The viral chemokine receptor (vCKR) US28 encoded by HCMV has received much attention in recent years. This broad-spectrum receptor has proven to be a desirable target for development of novel therapeutics through exploitation of its ability to internalize and its role in maintaining latency. Importantly, it is expressed on the surface of infected cells during both lytic and latent infection. US28-targeting small molecules, single-domain antibodies, and fusion toxin proteins have been developed for different treatment strategies, e.g. forcing reactivation of latent virus or using internalization of US28 as a toxin shuttle to kill infected cells. These strategies show promise for providing ways to eliminate latent viral reservoirs and prevent HCMV disease in vulnerable patients. Here, we discuss the progress and challenges of targeting US28 to treat HCMV infection and its associated diseases.
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Wass AB, Krishna BA, Herring LE, Gilbert TSK, Nukui M, Groves IJ, Dooley AL, Kulp KH, Matthews SM, Rotroff DM, Graves LM, O’Connor CM. Cytomegalovirus US28 regulates cellular EphA2 to maintain viral latency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1168. [PMID: 36288299 PMCID: PMC9604534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation from latency following immune dysregulation remains a serious risk for patients, often causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Here, we demonstrate the CMV-encoded G protein-coupled receptor, US28, in coordination with cellular Ephrin receptor A2, attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, thereby limiting viral replication in latently infected primary monocytes. Furthermore, treatment of latently infected primary monocytes with dasatinib, a Food and Drug Association-approved kinase inhibitor used to treat a subset of leukemias, results in CMV reactivation. These ex vivo data correlate with our retrospective analyses of the Explorys electronic health record database, where we find dasatinib treatment is associated with a significant risk of CMV-associated disease (odds ratio 1.58, P = 0.0004). Collectively, our findings elucidate a signaling pathway that plays a central role in the balance between CMV latency and reactivation and identifies a common therapeutic cancer treatment that elevates the risk of CMV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Wass
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Krishna
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Laura E. Herring
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Masatoshi Nukui
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abigail L. Dooley
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Katherine H. Kulp
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen M. Matthews
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel M. Rotroff
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christine M. O’Connor
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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7
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Perera MR, Sinclair JH. The Human Cytomegalovirus β2.7 Long Non-Coding RNA Prevents Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species to Maintain Viral Gene Silencing during Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911017. [PMID: 36232315 PMCID: PMC9569889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant source of disease for the immunosuppressed and immunonaive. The treatment of HCMV is made more problematic by viral latency, a lifecycle stage in which the virus reduces its own gene expression and produces no infectious virus. The most highly expressed viral gene during HCMV latency is the viral β2.7 long non-coding RNA. Although we have recently shown that the β2.7 lncRNA lowers levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection in monocytes, how this impacts latency is unclear. We now show that β2.7 is important for establishing and maintaining HCMV latency by aiding the suppression of viral lytic gene expression and that this is directly related to its ability to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consistent with this, we also find that exogenous inducers of ROS cause reactivation of latent HCMV. These effects can be compensated by treatment with an antioxidant to lower ROS levels. Finally, we show that ROS-mediated reactivation is independent of myeloid differentiation, but instead relies on NF-κB activation. Altogether, these results reveal a novel factor that is central to the complex process that underpins HCMV latency. These findings may be of particular relevance in the transplant setting, in which transplanted tissue/organs are subject to very high ROS levels, and HCMV reactivation poses a significant threat.
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8
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Rosenkilde MM, Tsutsumi N, Knerr JM, Kildedal DF, Garcia KC. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors Encoded by β- and γ-Herpesviruses. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:329-351. [PMID: 35671566 PMCID: PMC9584139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ancient large DNA viruses that have exploited gene capture as part of their strategy to escape immune surveillance, promote virus spreading, or reprogram host cells to benefit their survival. Most acquired genes are transmembrane proteins and cytokines, such as viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), chemokines, and chemokine-binding proteins. This review focuses on the vGPCRs encoded by the human β- and γ-herpesviruses. These include receptors from human cytomegalovirus, which encodes four vGPCRs: US27, US28, UL33, and UL78; human herpesvirus 6 and 7 with two receptors: U12 and U51; Epstein-Barr virus with one: BILF1; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus with one: open reading frame 74. We discuss ligand binding, signaling, and structures of the vGPCRs in light of robust differences from endogenous receptors. Finally, we briefly discuss the therapeutic targeting of vGPCRs as future treatment of acute and chronic herpesvirus infections. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Julius M Knerr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
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9
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Abstract
While many viral infections are limited and eventually resolved by the host immune response or by death of the host, other viruses establish long-term relationships with the host by way of a persistent infection, that range from chronic viruses that may be eventually cleared to those that establish life-long persistent or latent infection. Viruses infecting hosts from bacteria to humans establish quiescent infections that must be reactivated to produce progeny. For mammalian viruses, most notably herpesviruses, this quiescent maintenance of viral genomes in the absence of virus replication is referred to as latency. The latent strategy allows the virus to persist quiescently within a single host until conditions indicate a need to reactivate to reach a new host or, to re-seed a reservoir within the host. Here, I review common themes in viral strategies to regulate the latent cycle and reactivate from it ranging from bacteriophage to herpesviruses with a focus on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Themes central to herpesvirus latency include, epigenetic repression of viral gene expression and mechanisms to regulate host signaling and survival. Critical to the success of a latent program are mechanisms by which the virus can "sense" fluctuations in host biology (within the host) or environment (outside the host) and make appropriate "decisions" to maintain latency or re-initiate the replicative program. The signals or environments that indicate the establishment of a latent state, the very nature of the latent state, as well as the signals driving reactivation have been topics of intense study from bacteriophage to human viruses, as these questions encompass the height of complexity in virus-host interactions-where the host and the virus coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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10
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Ribeiro RVP, Ku T, Wang A, Pires L, Ferreira VH, Michaelsen V, Ali A, Galasso M, Moshkelgosha S, Gazzalle A, Jeppesen MG, Rosenkilde MM, Liu M, Singer LG, Kumar D, Keshavjee S, Sinclair J, Kledal TN, Humar A, Cypel M. Ex vivo treatment of cytomegalovirus in human donor lungs using a novel chemokine-based immunotoxin. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:287-297. [PMID: 34802874 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) via organ transplantation with post-transplant viral reactivation is extremely prevalent and results in substantial adverse impact on outcomes. Therapies targeting the latent reservoir within the allograft to mitigate viral transmission would represent a major advance. Here, we delivered an immunotoxin (F49A-FTP) that targets and kills latent HCMV aiming at reducing the HCMV reservoir from donor lungs using ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). METHODS HCMV seropositive human lungs were placed on EVLP alone or EVLP + 1mg/L of F49A-FTP for 6 hours (n = 6, each). CD14+ monocytes isolated from biopsies pre and post EVLP underwent HCMV reactivation assay designed to evaluate viral reactivation capacity. Off-target effects of F49A-FTP were studied evaluating cell death markers of CD34+ and CD14+ cells using flow cytometry. Lung function on EVLP and inflammatory cytokine production were evaluated as safety endpoints. RESULTS We demonstrate that lungs treated ex-vivo with F49A-FTP had a significant reduction in HCMV reactivation compared to controls, suggesting successful targeting of latent virus (76% median reduction in F49A-FTP vs 15% increase in controls, p = 0.0087). Furthermore, there was comparable cell death rates of the targeted cells between both groups, suggesting no off-target effects. Ex-vivo lung function was stable over 6 hours and no differences in key inflammatory cytokines were observed demonstrating safety of this novel treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ex-vivo F49A-FTP treatment of human lungs targets and kills latent HCMV, markedly attenuating HCMV reactivation. This approach demonstrates the first experiments targeting latent HCMV in a donor organ with promising results towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela V P Ribeiro
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terrance Ku
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aizhou Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Layla Pires
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinicius Michaelsen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcos Galasso
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anajara Gazzalle
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Synklino ApS, Ole Måløes vej X, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianne G Singer
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Atul Humar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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A Viral Long Non-Coding RNA Protects against Cell Death during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of CD14+ Monocytes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020246. [PMID: 35215840 PMCID: PMC8874509 DOI: 10.3390/v14020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA β2.7 is the most highly transcribed viral gene during latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, as yet, no function has ever been ascribed to β2.7 during HCMV latency. Here we show that β2.7 protects against apoptosis induced by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected monocytes, which routinely support latent HCMV infection. Monocytes infected with a wild-type (WT) virus, but not virus deleted for the β2.7 gene (Δβ2.7), are protected against mitochondrial stress and subsequent apoptosis. Protected monocytes display lower levels of ROS and additionally, stress-induced death in the absence of β2.7 can be reversed by an antioxidant which reduces ROS levels. Furthermore, we show that infection with WT but not Δβ2.7 virus results in strong upregulation of a cellular antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in CD14+ monocytes. These observations identify a role for the β2.7 viral transcript, the most abundantly expressed viral RNA during latency but for which no latency-associated function has ever been ascribed, and demonstrate a novel way in which HCMV protects infected monocytes from pro-death signals to optimise latent carriage.
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12
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Mavri M, Kubale V, Depledge DP, Zuo J, Huang CA, Breuer J, Vrecl M, Jarvis MA, Jovičić EJ, Petan T, Ehlers B, Rosenkilde MM, Spiess K. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Orthologues From Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses Display Common Molecular Functionality. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:862940. [PMID: 35721730 PMCID: PMC9204316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.862940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of immunosuppressed transplant patients with the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), an often fatal complication. Immunosuppressed miniature pigs infected with γ-herpesvirus porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (PLHV1) develop a similar disease, identifying pigs as a potential preclinical model for PTLD in humans. BILF1 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by EBV with constitutive activity linked to tumorigenesis and immunoevasive function downregulating MHC-I. In the present study, we compared BILF1-orthologues encoded by the three known PLHVs (PLHV1-3) with EBV-BILF1 to determine pharmacological suitability of BILF1 orthologues as model system to study EBV-BILF1 druggability. Cell surface localization, constitutive internalization, and MHC-I downregulation as well as membrane proximal constitutive Gαi signaling patterns were conserved across all BILFs. Only subtle differences between the individual BILFs were observed in downstream transcription factor activation. Using Illumina sequencing, PLHV1 was observed in lymphatic tissue from PTLD-diseased, but not non-diseased pigs. Importantly, these tissues showed enhanced expression of PLHV1-BILF1 supporting its involvement in PTLD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Mavri
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth; and the University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jarc Jovičić
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Katja Spiess, ; ; Mette M. Rosenkilde,
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Katja Spiess, ; ; Mette M. Rosenkilde,
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13
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Gao Q, Hartwig MG, Todd JL. Bridging the translation gap in cytomegalovirus therapeutics through ex vivo lung perfusion: Opportunities and challenges. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 41:298-299. [PMID: 34969550 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew G Hartwig
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Todd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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14
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Smith NA, Chan GC, O’Connor CM. Modulation of host cell signaling during cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation. Virol J 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01674-1
expr 947873540 + 978833141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resides latently in cells of the myeloid compartment, including CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells and circulating monocytes. Healthy hosts maintain the virus latently, and this infection is, for the most part, asymptomatic. However, given the proper external cues, HCMV reactivates from latency, at which point the virus disseminates, causing disease. The viral and cellular factors dictating the balance between these phases of infection are incompletely understood, though a large body of literature support a role for viral-mediated manipulation of host cell signaling.Main bodyTo establish and maintain latency, HCMV has evolved various means by which it usurps host cell factors to alter the cellular environment to its own advantage, including altering host cell signaling cascades. As early as virus entry into myeloid cells, HCMV usurps cellular signaling to change the cellular milieu, and this regulation includes upregulation, as well as downregulation, of different signaling cascades. Indeed, given proper reactivation cues, this signaling is again altered to allow for transactivation of viral lytic genes.ConclusionsHCMV modulation of host cell signaling is not binary, and many of the cellular pathways altered are finely regulated, wherein the slightest modification imparts profound changes to the cellular milieu. It is also evident that viral-mediated cell signaling differs not only between these phases of infection, but also is myeloid cell type specific. Nonetheless, understanding the exact pathways and the means by which HCMV mediates them will undoubtedly provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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15
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Modulation of host cell signaling during cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation. Virol J 2021; 18:207. [PMID: 34663377 PMCID: PMC8524946 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resides latently in cells of the myeloid compartment, including CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and circulating monocytes. Healthy hosts maintain the virus latently, and this infection is, for the most part, asymptomatic. However, given the proper external cues, HCMV reactivates from latency, at which point the virus disseminates, causing disease. The viral and cellular factors dictating the balance between these phases of infection are incompletely understood, though a large body of literature support a role for viral-mediated manipulation of host cell signaling. Main body To establish and maintain latency, HCMV has evolved various means by which it usurps host cell factors to alter the cellular environment to its own advantage, including altering host cell signaling cascades. As early as virus entry into myeloid cells, HCMV usurps cellular signaling to change the cellular milieu, and this regulation includes upregulation, as well as downregulation, of different signaling cascades. Indeed, given proper reactivation cues, this signaling is again altered to allow for transactivation of viral lytic genes. Conclusions HCMV modulation of host cell signaling is not binary, and many of the cellular pathways altered are finely regulated, wherein the slightest modification imparts profound changes to the cellular milieu. It is also evident that viral-mediated cell signaling differs not only between these phases of infection, but also is myeloid cell type specific. Nonetheless, understanding the exact pathways and the means by which HCMV mediates them will undoubtedly provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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16
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Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102001. [PMID: 34696432 PMCID: PMC8538792 DOI: 10.3390/v13102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpes virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. CMV primary infection causes a clinically mild disease in healthy children, usually in early childhood; the virus then utilises several mechanisms to establish host latency, which allows for periodic reactivation, particularly when the host is immunocompromised. It is this reactivation that is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We review CMV infection in the primary immunodeficient host, including early identification of these infants by newborn screening to allow for CMV infection prevention strategies. Furthermore, clinical CMV is discussed in the context of children treated with secondary immunodeficiency, particularly paediatric cancer patients and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Treatments for CMV are highlighted and include CMV immunotherapy.
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Knerr JM, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular Properties and Therapeutic Targeting of the EBV-Encoded Receptor BILF1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4079. [PMID: 34439235 PMCID: PMC8392491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes lifelong infections in approximately 90% of adults worldwide. Up to 1,000,000 people yearly are estimated to suffer from health conditions attributed to the infection with this virus, such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas as well as several forms of B, T and NK cell lymphoma. To date, no EBV-specific therapeutic option has reached the market, greatly reducing the survival prognoses of affected patients. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV encodes for a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), BILF1, affecting a multitude of cellular signaling pathways. BILF1 has been identified to promote immune evasion and tumorigenesis, effectively ensuring a life-long persistence of EBV in, and driving detrimental health conditions to its host. This review summarizes the epidemiology of EBV-associated malignancies, their current standard-of-care, EBV-specific therapeutics in development, GPCRs and their druggability, and most importantly consolidates the findings of over 15 years of research on BILF1 in the context of EBV-specific drug development. Taken together, BILF1 constitutes a promising target for the development of novel EBV-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Maximilian Knerr
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
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18
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Update on cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients: new agents, prophylaxis, and cell-mediated immunity. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:307-313. [PMID: 34074879 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is an overview of recent advances in diagnostics, therapies, and prevention strategies for cytomegalovirus (CMV), focusing on solid-organ transplant and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS A randomized trial of prophylaxis vs preemptive therapy in donor-seropositive, recipient-seronegative liver transplant recipients found significantly less CMV disease in the preemptive group. Maribavir has shown promise for the treatment of resistant/refractory CMV and for uncomplicated CMV DNAemia. A post hoc mortality analysis, as well as emerging reports of real-world and off-label use, have expanded the spectrum of clinical experience with letermovir. The first interventional trials using CMV cell-mediated immune assays have been published and showed promising results for delineating antiviral strategies. New data from additional interventional trials are expected soon. SUMMARY The past 1-2 years have seen major developments in the area of CMV management in transplant recipients. Expanding diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities provide a foundation for optimizing strategies in the future, to reduce morbidity and mortality from CMV.
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19
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Lee BJ, Min CK, Hancock M, Streblow DN, Caposio P, Goodrum FD, Yurochko AD. Human Cytomegalovirus Host Interactions: EGFR and Host Cell Signaling Is a Point of Convergence Between Viral Infection and Functional Changes in Infected Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660901. [PMID: 34025614 PMCID: PMC8138183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved diverse strategies to manipulate cellular signaling pathways in order to promote infection and/or persistence. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) possesses a number of unique properties that allow the virus to alter cellular events required for infection of a diverse array of host cell types and long-term persistence. Of specific importance is infection of bone marrow derived and myeloid lineage cells, such as peripheral blood monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) because of their essential role in dissemination of the virus and for the establishment of latency. Viral induced signaling through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and other receptors such as integrins are key control points for viral-induced cellular changes and productive and latent infection in host organ systems. This review will explore the current understanding of HCMV strategies utilized to hijack cellular signaling pathways, such as EGFR, to promote the wide-spread dissemination and the classic life-long herpesvirus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Meaghan Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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20
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Perera MR, Wills MR, Sinclair JH. HCMV Antivirals and Strategies to Target the Latent Reservoir. Viruses 2021; 13:817. [PMID: 34062863 PMCID: PMC8147263 DOI: 10.3390/v13050817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. In healthy people, primary infection is generally asymptomatic, and the virus can go on to establish lifelong latency in cells of the myeloid lineage. However, HCMV often causes severe disease in the immunosuppressed: transplant recipients and people living with AIDS, and also in the immunonaive foetus. At present, there are several antiviral drugs licensed to control HCMV disease. However, these are all faced with problems of poor bioavailability, toxicity and rapidly emerging viral resistance. Furthermore, none of them are capable of fully clearing the virus from the host, as they do not target latent infection. Consequently, reactivation from latency is a significant source of disease, and there remains an unmet need for treatments that also target latent infection. This review briefly summarises the most common HCMV antivirals used in clinic at present and discusses current research into targeting the latent HCMV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John H. Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.R.P.); (M.R.W.)
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21
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De Groof TWM, Elder EG, Siderius M, Heukers R, Sinclair JH, Smit MJ. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Attractive Targets for Herpesvirus-Associated Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:828-846. [PMID: 33692148 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of herpesviruses is often asymptomatic or clinically manageable in healthy individuals, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with multiple proliferative cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases. Herpesviruses encode viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking cellular pathways and play important roles in the viral life cycle and these different disease settings. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, their role in the viral life cycle, and their contribution in different diseases. Because of their prominent role, vGPCRs have emerged as promising drug targets, and the potential of vGPCR-targeting therapeutics is being explored. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered as attractive targets moving forward in the development of antiviral, cancer, and/or cardiovascular disease treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the last decade, herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as interesting drug targets with the growing understanding of their critical role in the viral life cycle and in different disease settings. This review presents the pharmacological properties of these viral receptors, their role in the viral life cycle and different diseases, and the emergence of therapeutics targeting viral GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Marco Siderius
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - John H Sinclair
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
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22
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Hutchinson JA, Kronenberg K, Riquelme P, Wenzel JJ, Glehr G, Schilling HL, Zeman F, Evert K, Schmiedel M, Mickler M, Drexler K, Bitterer F, Cordero L, Beyer L, Bach C, Koestler J, Burkhardt R, Schlitt HJ, Hellwig D, Werner JM, Spang R, Schmidt B, Geissler EK, Haferkamp S. Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1439. [PMID: 33664251 PMCID: PMC7933278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced melanoma with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade commonly causes serious immune-mediated complications. Here, we identify a subset of patients predisposed to immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis who are distinguished by chronic expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells). Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM cell expansion occurs primarily during autumn or winter in patients with metastatic disease and high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific serum antibody titres. These clinical features implicate metastasis-dependent, compartmentalised CMV reactivation as the cause of CD4+ TEM expansion. Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM expansion predicts hepatitis in CMV-seropositive patients, opening possibilities for avoidance or prevention. 3 of 4 patients with pre-treatment CD4+ TEM expansion who received αPD-1 monotherapy instead of αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. 4 of 4 patients with baseline CD4+ TEM expansion given prophylactic valganciclovir and αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. Our findings exemplify how pathogen exposure can shape clinical reactions after cancer therapy and how this insight leads to therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Hutchinson
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Kronenberg
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Riquelme
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen J. Wenzel
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Glehr
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Functional Genomics and Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannah-Lou Schilling
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schmiedel
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Mickler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Drexler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bitterer
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cordero
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Beyer
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bach
- grid.411668.c0000 0000 9935 6525Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josef Koestler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J. Schlitt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hellwig
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens M. Werner
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Functional Genomics and Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K. Geissler
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany ,Personalised Tumour Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- grid.411941.80000 0000 9194 7179Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Groves IJ, Jackson SE, Poole EL, Nachshon A, Rozman B, Schwartz M, Prinjha RK, Tough DF, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Bromodomain proteins regulate human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation allowing epigenetic therapeutic intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023025118. [PMID: 33619107 PMCID: PMC7936348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) from latency is a major health consideration for recipients of stem-cell and solid organ transplantations. With over 200,000 transplants taking place globally per annum, virus reactivation can occur in more than 50% of cases leading to loss of grafts as well as serious morbidity and even mortality. Here, we present the most extensive screening to date of epigenetic inhibitors on HCMV latently infected cells and find that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and bromodomain inhibitors are broadly effective at inducing virus immediate early gene expression. However, while HDACis, such as myeloid-selective CHR-4487, lead to production of infectious virions, inhibitors of bromodomain (BRD) and extraterminal proteins (I-BETs), including GSK726, restrict full reactivation. Mechanistically, we show that BET proteins (BRDs) are pivotally connected to regulation of HCMV latency and reactivation. Through BRD4 interaction, the transcriptional activator complex P-TEFb (CDK9/CycT1) is sequestered by repressive complexes during HCMV latency. Consequently, I-BETs allow release of P-TEFb and subsequent recruitment to promoters via the superelongation complex (SEC), inducing transcription of HCMV lytic genes encoding immunogenic antigens from otherwise latently infected cells. Surprisingly, this occurs without inducing many viral immunoevasins and, importantly, while also restricting viral DNA replication and full HCMV reactivation. Therefore, this pattern of HCMV transcriptional dysregulation allows effective cytotoxic immune targeting and killing of latently infected cells, thus reducing the latent virus genome load. This approach could be safely used to pre-emptively purge the virus latent reservoir prior to transplantation, thereby reducing HCMV reactivation-related morbidity and mortality.
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MESH Headings
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/immunology
- Cyclin T/genetics
- Cyclin T/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus/drug effects
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/pathology
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Genes, Immediate-Early
- Genes, Reporter
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B/genetics
- Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- THP-1 Cells
- Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives
- Thalidomide/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Activation/drug effects
- Virus Latency/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Poole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Batsheva Rozman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David F Tough
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
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24
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Krishna BA, Wass AB, Dooley AL, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCR pUL33 activates CREB and facilitates its recruitment to the MIE locus for efficient viral reactivation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs254268. [PMID: 33199520 PMCID: PMC7860128 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes life-long latent infection in hematopoietic progenitor cells and circulating monocytes in infected individuals. Myeloid differentiation coupled with immune dysregulation leads to viral reactivation, which can cause severe disease and mortality. Reactivation of latent virus requires chromatin reorganization and the removal of transcriptional repressors in exchange for transcriptional activators. While some factors involved in these processes are identified, a complete characterization of the viral and cellular factors involved in their upstream regulation remains elusive. Herein, we show the HCMV-encoded G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), UL33, is expressed during latency. Although this viral GPCR is not required to maintain latent infection, our data reveal UL33-mediated signaling is important for efficient viral reactivation. Additionally, UL33 signaling induces cellular cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB1, referred to here as CREB) phosphorylation, a transcription factor that promotes reactivation when recruited to the major immediate early (MIE) enhancer/promoter. Finally, targeted pharmacological inhibition of CREB activity reverses the reactivation phenotype of the UL33 signaling-deficient mutant. In sum, our data reveal UL33-mediated signaling functions to activate CREB, resulting in successful viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Krishna
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amanda B Wass
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abigail L Dooley
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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25
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Mavri M, Spiess K, Rosenkilde MM, Rutland CS, Vrecl M, Kubale V. Methods for Studying Endocytotic Pathways of Herpesvirus Encoded G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:E5710. [PMID: 33287269 PMCID: PMC7730005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. This enables cells to communicate and respond to external environments, maintain cellular homeostasis, and transduce signals. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a family of receptors with seven transmembrane alpha-helical domains (7TM receptors) expressed at the cell surface, where they regulate physiological and pathological cellular processes. Several herpesviruses encode receptors (vGPCRs) which benefits the virus by avoiding host immune surveillance, supporting viral dissemination, and thereby establishing widespread and lifelong infection, processes where receptor signaling and/or endocytosis seem central. vGPCRs are rising as potential drug targets as exemplified by the cytomegalovirus-encoded receptor US28, where its constitutive internalization has been exploited for selective drug delivery in virus infected cells. Therefore, studying GPCR trafficking is of great importance. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of endocytic and cell localization properties of vGPCRs and methodological approaches used for studying receptor internalization. Using such novel approaches, we show constitutive internalization of the BILF1 receptor from human and porcine γ-1 herpesviruses and present motifs from the eukaryotic linear motif (ELM) resources with importance for vGPCR endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Mavri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.S.); (M.M.R.)
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Medical Faculty, Sutton, Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (M.V.)
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26
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Regulation of the MIE Locus During HCMV Latency and Reactivation. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110869. [PMID: 33113934 PMCID: PMC7690695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesviral pathogen that results in life-long infection. HCMV maintains a latent or quiescent infection in hematopoietic cells, which is broadly defined by transcriptional silencing and the absence of de novo virion production. However, upon cell differentiation coupled with immune dysfunction, the virus can reactivate, which leads to lytic replication in a variety of cell and tissue types. One of the mechanisms controlling the balance between latency and reactivation/lytic replication is the regulation of the major immediate-early (MIE) locus. This enhancer/promoter region is complex, and it is regulated by chromatinization and associated factors, as well as a variety of transcription factors. Herein, we discuss these factors and how they influence the MIE locus, which ultimately impacts the phase of HCMV infection.
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27
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Poole E, Sinclair J. Understanding HCMV Latency Using Unbiased Proteomic Analyses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E590. [PMID: 32698381 PMCID: PMC7399836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes either a latent (non-productive) or lytic (productive) infection depending upon cell type, cytokine milieu and the differentiation status of the infected cell. Undifferentiated cells, such as precursor cells of the myeloid lineage, support a latent infection whereas terminally differentiated cells, such as monocytes or dendritic cells are an environment conducive to reactivation and support a lytic infection. The mechanisms which regulate HCMV in either a latent or lytic infection have been the focus of intense investigation with a view to developing novel treatments for HCMV-associated disease which can have a heavy clinical burden after reactivation or primary infection in, especially, the immune compromised. To this end, a number of studies have been carried out in an unbiased manner to address global changes occurring within the latently infected cell to address the molecular changes associated with HCMV latency. In this review, we will concentrate on the proteomic analyses which have been carried out in undifferentiated myeloid cells which either stably express specific viral latency associated genes in isolation or on cells which have been latently infected with virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, box 157, Level 5 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
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28
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Wang YQ, Zhao XY. Human Cytomegalovirus Primary Infection and Reactivation: Insights From Virion-Carried Molecules. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1511. [PMID: 32765441 PMCID: PMC7378892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus, is able to establish lifelong latency after initial infection. Periodical reactivation occurs after immunosuppression, remaining a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. HCMV has to reach a structural and functional balance with the host at its earliest entry. Virion-carried mediators are considered to play pivotal roles in viral adaptation into a new cellular environment upon entry. Additionally, one clear difference between primary infection and reactivation is the idea that virion-packaged factors are already formed such that those molecules can be used swiftly by the virus. In contrast, virion-carried mediators have to be transcribed and translated; thus, they are not readily available during reactivation. Hence, understanding virion-carried molecules helps to elucidate HCMV reactivation. In this article, the impact of virion-packaged molecules on viral structure, biological behavior, and viral life cycle will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,PKU-THU Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
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29
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Mazor R, Pastan I. Immunogenicity of Immunotoxins Containing Pseudomonas Exotoxin A: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1261. [PMID: 32695104 PMCID: PMC7333791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are cytolytic fusion proteins developed for cancer therapy, composed of an antibody fragment that binds to a cancer cell and a protein toxin fragment that kills the cell. Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a potent toxin that is used for the killing moiety in many immunotoxins. Moxetumomab Pasudotox (Lumoxiti) contains an anti-CD22 Fv and a 38 kDa portion of PE. Lumoxiti was discovered in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the U.S. National Cancer Institute and co-developed with Medimmune/AstraZeneca to treat hairy cell leukemia. In 2018 Lumoxiti was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of drug-resistant Hairy Cell Leukemia. Due to the bacterial origin of the killing moiety, immunotoxins containing PE are highly immunogenic in patients with normal immune systems, but less immunogenic in patients with hematologic malignancies, whose immune systems are often compromised. LMB-100 is a de-immunized variant of the toxin with a humanized antibody that targets mesothelin and a PE toxin that was rationally designed for diminished reactivity with antibodies and B cell receptors. It is now being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer and is showing somewhat diminished immunogenicity compared to its un modified parental counterpart. Here we review the immunogenicity of the original and de-immunized PE immunotoxins in mice and patients, the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), their impact on drug availability and their effect on clinical efficacy. Efforts to mitigate the immunogenicity of immunotoxins and its impact on immunogenicity will be described including rational design to identify, remove, or suppress B cell or T cell epitopes, and combination of immunotoxins with immune modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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30
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Munro M, Yadavalli T, Fonteh C, Arfeen S, Lobo-Chan AM. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010055. [PMID: 31905656 PMCID: PMC7022607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disease that primarily affects immunosuppressed patients. CMVR is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is the leading cause of blindness in this group; however, the incidence of CMVR in HIV patients has dramatically decreased with antiretroviral therapy. Other causes of immunosuppression, including organ transplantation, hematologic malignancies, and iatrogenic immunosuppression, can also lead to the development of CMVR. Herein, we describe the pathogenesis of CMVR and compare clinical features, epidemiology, and risk factors in HIV and non-HIV infected individuals with CMVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Munro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cheryl Fonteh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Safa Arfeen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Lobo-Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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31
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Nobre LV, Nightingale K, Ravenhill BJ, Antrobus R, Soday L, Nichols J, Davies JA, Seirafian S, Wang ECY, Davison AJ, Wilkinson GWG, Stanton RJ, Huttlin EL, Weekes MP. Human cytomegalovirus interactome analysis identifies degradation hubs, domain associations and viral protein functions. eLife 2019; 8:e49894. [PMID: 31873071 PMCID: PMC6959991 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) extensively modulates host cells, downregulating >900 human proteins during viral replication and degrading ≥133 proteins shortly after infection. The mechanism of degradation of most host proteins remains unresolved, and the functions of many viral proteins are incompletely characterised. We performed a mass spectrometry-based interactome analysis of 169 tagged, stably-expressed canonical strain Merlin HCMV proteins, and two non-canonical HCMV proteins, in infected cells. This identified a network of >3400 virus-host and >150 virus-virus protein interactions, providing insights into functions for multiple viral genes. Domain analysis predicted binding of the viral UL25 protein to SH3 domains of NCK Adaptor Protein-1. Viral interacting proteins were identified for 31/133 degraded host targets. Finally, the uncharacterised, non-canonical ORFL147C protein was found to interact with elements of the mRNA splicing machinery, and a mutational study suggested its importance in viral replication. The interactome data will be important for future studies of herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Sepehr Seirafian
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Eddie CY Wang
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin WG Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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32
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Elder EG, Krishna BA, Williamson J, Lim EY, Poole E, Sedikides GX, Wills M, O'Connor CM, Lehner PJ, Sinclair J. Interferon-Responsive Genes Are Targeted during the Establishment of Human Cytomegalovirus Latency. mBio 2019; 10:e02574-19. [PMID: 31796538 PMCID: PMC6890990 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02574-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is an active process which remodels the latently infected cell to optimize latent carriage and reactivation. This is achieved, in part, through the expression of viral genes, including the G-protein-coupled receptor US28. Here, we use an unbiased proteomic screen to assess changes in host proteins induced by US28, revealing that interferon-inducible genes are downregulated by US28. We validate that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and two pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) proteins, myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) and IFI16, are downregulated during experimental latency in primary human CD14+ monocytes. We find that IFI16 is targeted rapidly during the establishment of latency in a US28-dependent manner but only in undifferentiated myeloid cells, a natural site of latent carriage. Finally, by overexpressing IFI16, we show that IFI16 can activate the viral major immediate early promoter and immediate early gene expression during latency via NF-κB, a function which explains why downregulation of IFI16 during latency is advantageous for the virus.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus which infects 50 to 100% of humans worldwide. HCMV causes a lifelong subclinical infection in immunocompetent individuals but is a serious cause of mortality and morbidity in the immunocompromised and neonates. In particular, reactivation of HCMV in the transplant setting is a major cause of transplant failure and related disease. Therefore, a molecular understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation could provide insights into potential ways to target the latent viral reservoir in at-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Elder
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Krishna
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Y Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George X Sedikides
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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33
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Critical Issues in the Development of Immunotoxins for Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:104-115. [PMID: 31669121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are attractive anticancer modalities aimed at cancer-specific delivery of highly potent cytotoxic protein toxins. An IT consists of a targeting domain (an antibody, cytokine, or another cell-binding protein) chemically conjugated or recombinantly fused to a highly cytotoxic payload (a bacterial and plant toxin or human cytotoxic protein). The mode of action of ITs is killing designated cancer cells through the effector function of toxins in the cytosol after cellular internalization via the targeted cell-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis. Although numerous ITs of diverse structures have been tested in the past decades, only 3 ITs-denileukin diftitox, tagraxofusp, and moxetumomab pasudotox-have been clinically approved for treating hematological cancers. No ITs against solid tumors have been approved for clinical use. In this review, we discuss critical research and development issues associated with ITs that limit their clinical success as well as strategies to overcome these obstacles. The issues include off-target and on-target toxicities, immunogenicity, human cytotoxic proteins, antigen target selection, cytosolic delivery efficacy, solid-tumor targeting, and developability. To realize the therapeutic promise of ITs, novel strategies for safe and effective cytosolic delivery into designated tumors, including solid tumors, are urgently needed.
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34
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Poole E, Huang CJZ, Forbester J, Shnayder M, Nachshon A, Kweider B, Basaj A, Smith D, Jackson SE, Liu B, Shih J, Kiskin FN, Roche K, Murphy E, Wills MR, Morrell NW, Dougan G, Stern-Ginossar N, Rana AA, Sinclair J. An iPSC-Derived Myeloid Lineage Model of Herpes Virus Latency and Reactivation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2233. [PMID: 31649625 PMCID: PMC6795026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses undergo life-long latent infection which can be life-threatening in the immunocompromised. Models of latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) include primary myeloid cells, cells known to be important for HCMV latent carriage and reactivation in vivo. However, primary cells are limited in availability, and difficult to culture and to genetically modify; all of which have hampered our ability to fully understand virus/host interactions of this persistent human pathogen. We have now used iPSCs to develop a model cell system to study HCMV latency and reactivation in different cell types after their differentiation down the myeloid lineage. Our results show that iPSCs can effectively mimic HCMV latency/reactivation in primary myeloid cells, allowing molecular interrogations of the viral latent/lytic switch. This model may also be suitable for analysis of other viruses, such as HIV and Zika, which also infect cells of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Miri Shnayder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baraa Kweider
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Basaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fedir N. Kiskin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K. Roche
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E. Murphy
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amer A. Rana
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Krishna BA, Wills MR, Sinclair JH. Advances in the treatment of cytomegalovirus. Br Med Bull 2019; 131:5-17. [PMID: 31580403 PMCID: PMC6821982 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a threat to immunologically weak patients. HCMV cannot yet be eliminated with a vaccine, despite recent advances. SOURCES OF DATA Sources of data are recently published research papers and reviews about HCMV treatments. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Current antivirals target the UL54 DNA polymerase and are limited by nephrotoxicity and viral resistance. Promisingly, letermovir targets the HCMV terminase complex and has been recently approved by the FDA and EMA. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Should we screen newborns for HCMV, and use antivirals to treat sensorineural hearing loss after congenital HCMV infection? GROWING POINTS Growing points are developing drugs against latently infected cells. In addition to small molecule inhibitors, a chemokine-based fusion toxin protein, F49A-FTP, has shown promise in killing both lytically and latently infected cells. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH We need to understand what immune responses are required to control HCMV, and how best to raise these immune responses with a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Krishna
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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36
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Gelbmann CB, Kalejta RF. The Golgi sorting motifs of human cytomegalovirus UL138 are not required for latency maintenance. Virus Res 2019; 270:197646. [PMID: 31260705 PMCID: PMC6697590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes latency within incompletely differentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. The viral protein UL138 participates in establishing and maintaining this latent state. UL138 has multiple functions during latency that include silencing productive phase viral gene transcription and modulating intracellular protein trafficking. Trafficking and subsequent downregulation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) by UL138 is mediated by one of four Golgi sorting motifs within UL138. Here we investigate whether any of the Golgi sorting motifs of UL138 are required for the establishment and/or maintenance of HCMV latency in model cell systems in vitro. We determined that a mutant UL138 protein lacking an acidic cluster dileucine sorting motif unable to downregulate MRP1, as well as another mutant lacking all four Golgi sorting motifs still silenced viral immediate early (IE) gene expression and prevented progeny virion formation during latency. We conclude that the Golgi sorting motifs are not required for latency establishment or maintenance in model cell systems in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Gelbmann
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert F Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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37
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De Groof TWM, Mashayekhi V, Fan TS, Bergkamp ND, Sastre Toraño J, van Senten JR, Heukers R, Smit MJ, Oliveira S. Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Selectively Kills Viral GPCR-Expressing Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3145-3156. [PMID: 31244224 PMCID: PMC6728091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Photodynamic
therapy (PDT) eradicates tumors by the local activation
of a photosensitizer with near-infrared light. One of the aspects
hampering the clinical use of PDT is the poor selectivity of the photosensitizer.
To improve this, we have recently introduced a new approach for targeted
PDT by conjugating photosensitizers to nanobodies. Diverse G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) show aberrant overexpression in tumors and are therefore
interesting targets in cancer therapy. Here we show that GPCR-targeting
nanobodies can be used in targeted PDT. We have developed a nanobody
binding the extracellular side of the viral GPCR US28, which is detected
in tumors like glioblastoma. The nanobody was site-directionally conjugated
to the water-soluble photosensitizer IRDye700DX. This nanobody–photosensitizer
conjugate selectively killed US28-expressing glioblastoma cells both
in 2D and 3D cultures upon illumination with near-infrared light.
This is the first example employing a GPCR as target for nanobody-directed
PDT. With the emerging role of GPCRs in cancer, this data provides
a new angle for exploiting this large family of receptors for targeted
therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology , Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Nick D Bergkamp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,QVQ B.V. , Yalelaan 1 , 3484 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology , Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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38
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Stern L, Withers B, Avdic S, Gottlieb D, Abendroth A, Blyth E, Slobedman B. Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Reactivation in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1186. [PMID: 31191499 PMCID: PMC6546901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation is a major infectious cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HCMV is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus which asymptomatically infects immunocompetent individuals but establishes lifelong latency, with the potential to reactivate to a life-threatening productive infection when the host immune system is suppressed or compromised. Opportunistic HCMV reactivation is the most common viral complication following engraftment after HSCT and is associated with a marked increase in non-relapse mortality, which appears to be linked to complex effects on post-transplant immune recovery. This minireview explores the cellular sites of HCMV latency and reactivation in HSCT recipients and provides an overview of the risk factors for HCMV reactivation post-HSCT. The impact of HCMV in shaping post-transplant immune reconstitution and its relationship with patient outcomes such as relapse and graft-versus-host disease will be discussed. Finally, we survey current and emerging strategies to prevent and control HCMV reactivation in HSCT recipients, with recent developments including adoptive T cell therapies to accelerate HCMV-specific T cell reconstitution and new anti-HCMV drug therapy for HCMV reactivation after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stern
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Selmir Avdic
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gottlieb
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Blyth
- Westmead Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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39
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The Membrane-Spanning Peptide and Acidic Cluster Dileucine Sorting Motif of UL138 Are Required To Downregulate MRP1 Drug Transporter Function in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00430-19. [PMID: 30894470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00430-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL138 protein downregulates the cell surface expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) transporter. We examined the genetic requirements within UL138 for MRP1 downregulation. We determined that the acidic cluster dileucine motif is essential for UL138-mediated downregulation of MRP1 steady-state levels and inhibition of MRP1 efflux activity. We also discovered that the naturally occurring UL138 protein isoforms, the full-length long isoform of UL138 and a short isoform missing the N-terminal membrane-spanning domain, have different abilities to inhibit MRP1 function. Cells expressing the long isoform of UL138 show decreased MRP1 steady-state levels and fail to efflux an MRP1 substrate. Cells expressing the short isoform of UL138 also show decreased MRP1 levels, but the magnitude of the decrease is not the same, and they continue to efficiently efflux an MRP1 substrate. Thus, the membrane-spanning domain, while dispensable for a UL138-mediated decrease in MRP1 protein levels, is necessary for a functional inhibition of MRP1 activity. Our work defines the genetic requirements for UL138-mediated MRP1 downregulation and anticipates the possible evolution of viral escape mutants during the use of therapies targeting this function of UL138.IMPORTANCE HCMV UL138 curtails the activity of the MRP1 drug transporter by reducing its steady-state levels, leaving cells susceptible to killing by cytotoxic agents normally exported by MRP1. It has been suggested in the literature that capitalizing on this UL138-induced vulnerability could be a potential antiviral strategy against virally infected cells, particularly those harboring a latent infection during which UL138 is one of the few viral proteins expressed. Therefore, identifying the regions of UL138 required for MRP1 downregulation and predicting genetic variants that may be selected upon UL138-targeted chemotherapy are important ventures. Here we present the first structure-function examination of UL138 activity and determine that its transmembrane domain and acidic cluster dileucine Golgi sorting motif are required for functional MRP1 downregulation.
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40
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Frank T, Niemann I, Reichel A, Stamminger T. Emerging roles of cytomegalovirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors during lytic and latent infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:447-456. [PMID: 30900091 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have developed multiple diverse strategies to ensure their replicative success and to evade immune recognition. Given the fact that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of numerous cellular processes and modify a variety of signaling pathways, it is not surprising that CMVs and other herpesviruses have hijacked mammalian GPCRs during their coevolution. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes for four viral GPCR homologues (vGPCRs), termed US27, US28, UL33, and UL78. Although HCMV-encoded GPCRs were first described in 1990, the pivotal functions of these viral receptor proteins were detected only recently. Here, we summarize seminal knowledge on the functions of herpesviral vGPCRs with a focus on novel roles of cytomegalovirus-encoded vGPCRs for viral spread and the regulation of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Frank
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Niemann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Reichel
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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41
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De Groof TWM, Bobkov V, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobodies: New avenues for imaging, stabilizing and modulating GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:15-24. [PMID: 30690070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest class of membrane proteins and an important drug target due to their role in many (patho)physiological processes. Besides small molecules, GPCRs can be targeted by biologicals including antibodies and antibody fragments. This review describes the use of antibodies and in particular antibody fragments from camelid-derived heavy chain-only antibodies (nanobodies/VHHs/sdAbs) for detecting, stabilizing, modulating and therapeutically targeting GPCRs. Altogether, it becomes increasingly clear that the small size, structure and protruding antigen-binding loops of nanobodies are favorable features for the development of selective and potent GPCRs-binding molecules. This makes them attractive tools to modulate GPCR activity but also as targeting modalities for GPCR-directed therapeutics. In addition, these antibody-fragments are important tools in the stabilization of particular conformations of these receptors. Lastly, nanobodies, in contrast to conventional antibodies, can also easily be expressed intracellularly which render nanobodies important tools for studying GPCR function. Hence, GPCR-targeting nanobodies are ideal modalities to image, stabilize and modulate GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3484 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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42
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Elder E, Krishna B, Williamson J, Aslam Y, Farahi N, Wood A, Romashova V, Roche K, Murphy E, Chilvers E, Lehner PJ, Sinclair J, Poole E. Monocytes Latently Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus Evade Neutrophil Killing. iScience 2019; 12:13-26. [PMID: 30677738 PMCID: PMC6352302 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One site of latency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in vivo is in undifferentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. Although latently infected cells are known to evade host T cell responses by suppression of T cell effector functions, it is not known if they must also evade surveillance by other host immune cells. Here we show that cells latently infected with HCMV can, indeed, be killed by host neutrophils but only in a serum-dependent manner. Specifically, antibodies to the viral latency-associated US28 protein mediate neutrophil killing of latently infected cells. To address this mechanistically, a full proteomic screen was carried out on latently infected monocytes. This showed that latent infection downregulates the neutrophil chemoattractants S100A8/A9, thus suppressing neutrophil recruitment to latently infected cells. The ability of latently infected cells to inhibit neutrophil recruitment represents an immune evasion strategy of this persistent human pathogen, helping to prevent clearance of the latent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Elder
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Krishna
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yusuf Aslam
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neda Farahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alexander Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Veronika Romashova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kate Roche
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eain Murphy
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edwin Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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43
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency and reactivation is regulated by the chromatin structure at the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) within myeloid cells. Both cellular and viral factors are known to control this promoter during latency, here we will review the known mechanisms for MIEP regulation during latency. We will then focus on the virally encoded G-protein coupled receptor, US28, which suppresses the MIEP in early myeloid lineage cells. The importance of this function is underlined by the fact that US28 is essential for HCMV latency in CD34+ progenitor cells and CD14+ monocytes. We will describe cellular signalling pathways modulated by US28 to direct MIEP suppression during latency and demonstrate how US28 is able to ‘regulate the regulators’ of HCMV latency. Finally, we will describe how cell-surface US28 can be a target for antiviral therapies directed at the latent viral reservoir.
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44
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Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, complex pathogens that persistently and systemically colonize most mammals. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital harm, and has proved hard to control. One problem is that key vaccine targets - virus entry and spread in naive hosts - remain ill-defined. As CMVs predate human speciation, those of other mammals can provide new insight. Murine CMV (MCMV) enters new hosts via olfactory neurons. Like HCMV it binds to heparan, which is lacking from most differentiated apical epithelia but is displayed on olfactory neuronal cilia. It then spreads via infected dendritic cells (DCs), which migrate to draining lymph nodes (LNs), rejoin the circulation by entering high endothelial venules (HEVs), and extravasate into other tissues. This migration depends quantitatively on M33, a constitutively active viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The homologous US28 GPCR of HCMV can substitute for M33 in allowing MCMV-infected DCs to leave LNs via HEVs, so HCMV could potentially use the same route. The capacity of DCs to seed MCMV to tissues, and for other DCs to collect it for redistribution, suggest that DC recirculation chronically maintains and links diverse CMV reservoirs through lytic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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45
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Pardieck IN, Beyrend G, Redeker A, Arens R. Cytomegalovirus infection and progressive differentiation of effector-memory T cells. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345004 PMCID: PMC6173108 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15753.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to strong innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus, which prevents serious disease. However, CMV infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality in individuals who are immunocompromised. The adaptive immune response to CMV is characterized by large populations of effector-memory (EM) T cells that are maintained lifelong, a process termed memory inflation. Recent findings indicate that infection with CMV leads to continuous differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like T cells and that high-dose infection accelerates this progression. Whether measures that counteract CMV infection, such as anti-viral drugs, targeting of latently infected cells, adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T cells, and vaccination strategies, are able to impact the progressive differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Beyrend
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Krishna BA, Miller WE, O'Connor CM. US28: HCMV's Swiss Army Knife. Viruses 2018; 10:E445. [PMID: 30127279 PMCID: PMC6116241 DOI: 10.3390/v10080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
US28 is one of four G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The US28 protein (pUS28) is a potent signaling molecule that alters a variety of cellular pathways that ultimately alter the host cell environment. This viral GPCR is expressed not only in the context of lytic replication but also during viral latency, highlighting its multifunctional properties. pUS28 is a functional GPCR, and its manipulation of multiple signaling pathways likely impacts HCMV pathogenesis. Herein, we will discuss the impact of pUS28 on both lytic and latent infection, pUS28-mediated signaling and its downstream consequences, and the influence this viral GPCR may have on disease states, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. We will also discuss the potential for and progress towards exploiting pUS28 as a novel therapeutic to combat HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Krishna
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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47
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Heukers R, Fan TS, de Wit RH, van Senten JR, De Groof TWM, Bebelman MP, Lagerweij T, Vieira J, de Munnik SM, Smits-de Vries L, van Offenbeek J, Rahbar A, van Hoorick D, Söderberg-Naucler C, Würdinger T, Leurs R, Siderius M, Vischer HF, Smit MJ. The constitutive activity of the virally encoded chemokine receptor US28 accelerates glioblastoma growth. Oncogene 2018; 37:4110-4121. [PMID: 29706656 PMCID: PMC6062493 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and an incurable type of brain cancer. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA and encoded proteins, including the chemokine receptor US28, have been detected in GBM tumors. US28 displays constitutive activity and is able to bind several human chemokines, leading to the activation of various proliferative and inflammatory signaling pathways. Here we show that HCMV, through the expression of US28, significantly enhanced the growth of 3D spheroids of U251− and neurospheres of primary glioblastoma cells. Moreover, US28 expression accelerated the growth of glioblastoma cells in an orthotopic intracranial GBM-model in mice. We developed highly potent and selective US28-targeting nanobodies, which bind to the extracellular domain of US28 and detect US28 in GBM tissue. The nanobodies inhibited chemokine binding and reduced the constitutive US28-mediated signaling with nanomolar potencies and significantly impaired HCMV/US28-mediated tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. This study emphasizes the oncomodulatory role of HCMV-encoded US28 and provides a potential therapeutic approach for HCMV-positive tumors using the nanobody technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H de Wit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tonny Lagerweij
- Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Joao Vieira
- Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 21, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium
| | - Sabrina M de Munnik
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Smits-de Vries
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jody van Offenbeek
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Thomas Würdinger
- Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, The Netherlands.
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Human Cytomegalovirus Encodes a Novel FLT3 Receptor Ligand Necessary for Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation and Viral Reactivation. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00682-18. [PMID: 29691342 PMCID: PMC5915732 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00682-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to reactivate from latent infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is intimately linked to cellular differentiation. HCMV encodes UL7 that our group has shown is secreted from infected cells and induces angiogenesis. In this study, we show that UL7 is a ligand for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (Flt-3R), a well-known critical factor in HPC differentiation. We observed that UL7 directly binds Flt-3R and induces downstream signaling cascades, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Importantly, we show that UL7 protein induces differentiation of both CD34+ HPCs and CD14+ monocytes. Last, we show that an HCMV mutant lacking UL7 fails to reactivate in CD34+ HPCs in vitro as well as in humanized mice. These observations define the first virally encoded differentiation factor with significant implications not only for HCMV reactivation but also for alteration of the hematopoietic compartment in transplant patients.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) represent a critical reservoir of latent HCMV in the transplant population, thereby providing a source of virus for dissemination to visceral organs. HCMV reactivation has been linked to HPC/myeloid cellular differentiation; however, the mechanisms involved in these events are poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we show that a viral protein is a ligand for Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (Flt-3R) and that the binding of HCMV UL7 to the Flt-3R triggers HPC and monocyte differentiation. Moreover, the loss of UL7 prevents viral reactivation in HPCs in vitro as well as in humanized mice. These observations define the first virally encoded differentiation factor with significant implications not only for HCMV reactivation but also for alteration of the hematopoietic compartment in transplant patients.
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49
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Viral programming of progenitor cell commitment. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:398-399. [PMID: 29588537 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Murray MJ, Peters NE, Reeves MB. Navigating the Host Cell Response during Entry into Sites of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010030. [PMID: 29547547 PMCID: PMC5874756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The host cell represents a hostile environment that viruses must counter in order to establish infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is no different and encodes a multitude of functions aimed at disabling, re-directing or hijacking cellular functions to promulgate infection. However, during the very early stages of infection the virus relies on the outcome of interactions between virion components, cell surface receptors and host signalling pathways to promote an environment that supports infection. In the context of latent infection—where the virus establishes an infection in an absence of many gene products specific for lytic infection—these initial interactions are crucial events. In this review, we will discuss key host responses triggered by viral infection and how, in turn, the virus ameliorates the impact on the establishment of non-lytic infections of cells. We will focus on strategies to evade intrinsic antiviral and innate immune responses and consider their impact on viral infection. Finally, we will consider the hypothesis that the very early events upon viral infection are important for dictating the outcome of infection and consider the possibility that events that occur during entry into non-permissive cells are unique and thus contribute to the establishment of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Murray
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Nicholas E Peters
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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