1
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Krishna BA, Lim EY, Metaxaki M, Jackson S, Mactavous L, Lyons PA, Doffinger R, Bradley JR, Smith KGC, Sinclair J, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ, Sithole N, Wills MR. Spontaneous, persistent, T cell-dependent IFN-γ release in patients who progress to Long Covid. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi9379. [PMID: 38381822 PMCID: PMC10881041 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
After acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a proportion of patients experience persistent symptoms beyond 12 weeks, termed Long Covid. Understanding the mechanisms that cause this debilitating disease and identifying biomarkers for diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring purposes are urgently required. We detected persistently high levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Long Covid using highly sensitive FluoroSpot assays. This IFN-γ release was seen in the absence of ex vivo peptide stimulation and remains persistently elevated in patients with Long Covid, unlike the resolution seen in patients recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The IFN-γ release was CD8+ T cell-mediated and dependent on antigen presentation by CD14+ cells. Longitudinal follow-up of our study cohort showed that symptom improvement and resolution correlated with a decrease in IFN-γ production to baseline levels. Our study highlights a potential mechanism underlying Long Covid, enabling the search for biomarkers and therapeutics in patients with Long Covid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Y. Lim
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marina Metaxaki
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenette Mactavous
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - NIHR BioResource
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth G. C. Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nyaradzai Sithole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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2
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Ferreira IATM, Lee CYC, Foster WS, Abdullahi A, Dratva LM, Tuong ZK, Stewart BJ, Ferdinand JR, Guillaume SM, Potts MOP, Perera M, Krishna BA, Peñalver A, Cabantous M, Kemp SA, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Ebrahimi S, Lyons P, Smith KGC, Bradley J, Collier DA, McCoy LE, van der Klaauw A, Thaventhiran JED, Farooqi IS, Teichmann SA, MacAry PA, Doffinger R, Wills MR, Linterman MA, Clatworthy MR, Gupta RK. Atypical B cells and impaired SARS-CoV-2 neutralization following heterologous vaccination in the elderly. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112991. [PMID: 37590132 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal responses to a primary vaccination course have been reported in the elderly, but there is little information regarding the impact of age on responses to booster third doses. Here, we show that individuals 70 years or older (median age 73, range 70-75) who received a primary two-dose schedule with AZD1222 and booster third dose with mRNA vaccine achieve significantly lower neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus compared with those younger than 70 (median age 66, range 54-69) at 1 month post booster. Impaired neutralization potency and breadth post third dose in the elderly is associated with circulating "atypical" spike-specific B cells expressing CD11c and FCRL5. However, when considering individuals who received three doses of mRNA vaccine, we did not observe differences in neutralization or enrichment in atypical B cells. This work highlights the finding that AdV and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine formats differentially instruct the memory B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Y C Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - William S Foster
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Dratva
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephane M Guillaume
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin O P Potts
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne Perera
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin A Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Peñalver
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mia Cabantous
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soraya Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Bradley
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Agatha van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul A MacAry
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Bomfim GF, Priviero F, Poole E, Tostes RC, Sinclair JH, Stamou D, Uline MJ, Wills MR, Webb RC. Cytomegalovirus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Hypothetical Role for Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2023; 36:471-480. [PMID: 37148218 PMCID: PMC10403975 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the β-herpesviruses and is ubiquitous, infecting 50%-99% of the human population depending on ethnic and socioeconomic conditions. CMV establishes lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of CMV is usually asymptomatic, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with several cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases (stroke, atherosclerosis, post-transplant vasculopathy, and hypertension). Herpesviruses, including CMV, encode viral G-protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking signaling pathways that play important roles in the viral life cycle and these cardiovascular diseases. In this brief review, we discuss the pharmacology and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, and their contribution to hypertension. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered attractive targets moving forward in the development of novel hypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, campus Sinop (UFMT), Sinop, MT, Brazil
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - John H Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mark J Uline
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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4
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Potts M, Fletcher-Etherington A, Nightingale K, Mescia F, Bergamaschi L, Calero-Nieto FJ, Antrobus R, Williamson J, Parsons H, Huttlin EL, Kingston N, Göttgens B, Bradley JR, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ, Smith KGC, Wills MR, Lyons PA, Weekes MP. Proteomic analysis of circulating immune cells identifies cellular phenotypes associated with COVID-19 severity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112613. [PMID: 37302069 PMCID: PMC10243220 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain serum proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer, have prognostic value in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nonetheless, these factors are non-specific, providing limited mechanistic insight into the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations that drive the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. To identify cellular phenotypes associated with disease, we performed a comprehensive, unbiased analysis of total and plasma-membrane PBMC proteomes from 40 unvaccinated individuals with SARS-CoV-2, spanning the whole disease spectrum. Combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and flow cytometry from the same donors, we define a comprehensive multi-omic profile for each severity level, revealing that immune-cell dysregulation progresses with increasing disease. The cell-surface proteins CEACAMs1, 6, and 8, CD177, CD63, and CD89 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19, corresponding to the emergence of atypical CD3+CD4+CEACAM1/6/8+CD177+CD63+CD89+ and CD16+CEACAM1/6/8+ mononuclear cells. Utilization of these markers may facilitate real-time patient assessment by flow cytometry and identify immune populations that could be targeted to ameliorate immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher-Etherington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Federica Mescia
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Harriet Parsons
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edward L Huttlin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Kingston
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OAW, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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5
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Krishna BA, Metaxaki M, Wills MR, Sithole N. Reduced Incidence of Long Coronavirus Disease Referrals to the Cambridge University Teaching Hospital Long Coronavirus Disease Clinic. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:738-740. [PMID: 35913432 PMCID: PMC9384550 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long coronavirus disease (COVID [LC]) constitutes a potential health emergency as millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections lead to chronic symptoms. We must understand whether vaccines reduce LC because this has major implications for health policy. We report a 79% reduction in LC referrals correlating with vaccination in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Metaxaki
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nyaradzai Sithole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Davies EL, Noor M, Lim EY, Houldcroft CJ, Okecha G, Atkinson C, Reeves MB, Jackson SE, Wills MR. HCMV carriage in the elderly diminishes anti-viral functionality of the adaptive immune response resulting in virus replication at peripheral sites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1083230. [PMID: 36591233 PMCID: PMC9797693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and periodic reactivation is, generally, well controlled by adaptative immune responses in the healthy. In older people, overt HCMV disease is rarely seen despite the association of HCMV with increased risk of mortality; evidence from studies of unwell aged populations suggest that HCMV seropositivity is an important co-morbidity factor. HCMV genomes have been detected in urine from older donors, suggesting that the immune response prevents systemic disease but possibly immunomodulation due to lifelong viral carriage may alter its efficacy at peripheral tissue sites. Previously we have demonstrated that there were no age-related expansions of T cell responses to HCMV or increase in latent viral carriage with age and these T cells produced anti-viral cytokines and viremia was very rarely detected. To investigate the efficacy of anti-HCMV responses with increasing age, we used an in vitro Viral Dissemination Assay (VDA) using autologous dermal fibroblasts to determine the anti-viral effector capacity of total PBMC, as well as important subsets (T cells, NK cells). In parallel we assessed components of the humoral response (antibody neutralization) and combined this with qPCR detection of HCMV in blood, saliva and urine in a cohort of young and old donors. Consistent with previous studies, we again show HCMV specific cIL-10, IFNγ and TNFα T cell responses to peptides did not show an age-related defect. However, assessment of direct anti-viral cellular and antibody-mediated adaptive immune responses using the VDA shows that older donors are significantly less able to control viral dissemination in an in vitro assay compared to young donors. Corroborating this observation, we detected viral genomes in saliva samples only from older donors, these donors had a defect in cellular control of viral spread in our in vitro assay. Phenotyping of fibroblasts used in this study shows expression of a number of checkpoint inhibitor ligands which may contribute to the defects observed. The potential to therapeutically intervene in checkpoint inhibitor pathways to prevent HCMV reactivation in the unwell aged is an exciting avenue to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahlaqua Noor
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Y. Lim
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J. Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Okecha
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Atkinson
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Reeves
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sarah E. Jackson, ; Mark R. Wills,
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Sarah E. Jackson, ; Mark R. Wills,
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7
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Perera MR, Greenwood EJD, Crozier TWM, Elder EG, Schmitt J, Crump CM, Lehner PJ, Wills MR, Sinclair JH. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of Epithelial Cells Increases SARS-CoV-2 Superinfection by Upregulating the ACE2 Receptor. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:543-553. [PMID: 36408607 PMCID: PMC9927080 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused widespread morbidity and mortality since its onset in late 2019. Here, we demonstrate that prior infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) substantially increases infection with SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. HCMV is a common herpesvirus carried by 40%-100% of the population, which can reactivate in the lung under inflammatory conditions, such as those resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show in both endothelial and epithelial cell types that HCMV infection upregulates ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry receptor. These observations suggest that HCMV reactivation events in the lung of healthy HCMV carriers could exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent COVID-19 symptoms. This effect could contribute to the disparity of disease severity seen in ethnic minorities and those with lower socioeconomic status, due to their higher CMV seroprevalence. Our results warrant further clinical investigation as to whether HCMV infection influences the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Perera
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J D Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W M Crozier
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janika Schmitt
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Correspondence: John H. Sinclair, PhD, Box 157, Level 5, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK ()
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8
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Krishna BA, Lim EY, Mactavous L, Lyons PA, Doffinger R, Bradley JR, Smith KGC, Sinclair J, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ, Wills MR, Sithole N. Evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in seronegative patients with long COVID. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104129. [PMID: 35772216 PMCID: PMC9235296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus on the diagnosis, definition, symptoms, or duration of COVID-19 illness. The diagnostic complexity of Long COVID is compounded in many patients who were or might have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 but not tested during the acute illness and/or are SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative. METHODS Given the diagnostic conundrum of Long COVID, we set out to investigate SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or Long COVID from a cohort of mostly non-hospitalised patients. FINDINGS We discovered that IL-2 release (but not IFN-γ release) from T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides is both sensitive (75% +/-13%) and specific (88%+/-7%) for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection >6 months after a positive PCR test. We identified that 42-53% of patients with Long COVID, but without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, nonetheless have detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses. INTERPRETATION Our study reveals evidence (detectable T cell mediated IL-2 release) of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in seronegative patients with Long COVID. FUNDING This work was funded by the Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust (900276 to NS), NIHR award (G112259 to NS) and supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. NJM is supported by the MRC (TSF MR/T032413/1) and NHSBT (WPA15-02). PJL is supported by the Wellcome Trust (PRF 210688/Z/18/Z, 084957/Z/08/Z), a Medical Research Council research grant MR/V011561/1 and the United Kingdom Research and a Innovation COVID Immunology Consortium grant (MR/V028448/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Y Lim
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenette Mactavous
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge NIHR BioResource Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Renal Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Nyaradzai Sithole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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9
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Kotagiri P, Mescia F, Rae WM, Bergamaschi L, Tuong ZK, Turner L, Hunter K, Gerber PP, Hosmillo M, Hess C, Clatworthy MR, Goodfellow IG, Matheson NJ, McKinney EF, Wills MR, Gupta RK, Bradley JR, Bashford-Rogers RJM, Lyons PA, Smith KGC. B cell receptor repertoire kinetics after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110393. [PMID: 35143756 PMCID: PMC8801326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are important in immunity to both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, but B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire development in these contexts has not been compared. We analyze serial samples from 171 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and 63 vaccine recipients and find the global BCR repertoire differs between them. Following infection, immunoglobulin (Ig)G1/3 and IgA1 BCRs increase, somatic hypermutation (SHM) decreases, and, in severe disease, IgM and IgA clones are expanded. In contrast, after vaccination, the proportion of IgD/M BCRs increase, SHM is unchanged, and expansion of IgG clones is prominent. VH1-24, which targets the N-terminal domain (NTD) and contributes to neutralization, is expanded post infection except in the most severe disease. Infection generates a broad distribution of SARS-CoV-2-specific clones predicted to target the spike protein, while a more focused response after vaccination mainly targets the spike's receptor-binding domain. Thus, the nature of SARS-CoV-2 exposure differentially affects BCR repertoire development, potentially informing vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - William M Rae
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kelvin Hunter
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pehuén P Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christoph Hess
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland; Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel and ETH Zurich, Basel 4059, Switzerland
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 1PT, UK
| | - Eoin F McKinney
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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10
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Vlahava VM, Murrell I, Zhuang L, Aicheler RJ, Lim E, Miners KL, Ladell K, Suárez NM, Price DA, Davison AJ, Wilkinson GW, Wills MR, Weekes MP, Wang EC, Stanton RJ. Monoclonal antibodies targeting nonstructural viral antigens can activate ADCC against human cytomegalovirus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:139296. [PMID: 33586678 PMCID: PMC7880312 DOI: 10.1172/jci139296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe disease following congenital infection and in immunocompromised individuals. No vaccines are licensed, and there are limited treatment options. We now show that the addition of anti-HCMV antibodies (Abs) can activate NK cells prior to the production of new virions, through Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), overcoming viral immune evasins. Quantitative proteomics defined the most abundant HCMV proteins on the cell surface, and we screened these targets to identify the viral antigens responsible for activating ADCC. Surprisingly, these were not structural glycoproteins; instead, the immune evasins US28, RL11, UL5, UL141, and UL16 each individually primed ADCC. We isolated human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) specific for UL16 or UL141 from a seropositive donor and optimized them for ADCC. Cloned Abs targeting a single antigen (UL141) were sufficient to mediate ADCC against HCMV-infected cells, even at low concentrations. Collectively, these findings validated an unbiased methodological approach to the identification of immunodominant viral antigens, providing a pathway toward an immunotherapeutic strategy against HCMV and potentially other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia-Maria Vlahava
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Isa Murrell
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lihui Zhuang
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eleanor Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- University of Glasgow-MRC Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- University of Glasgow-MRC Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Wg Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie Cy Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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11
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Bergamaschi L, Mescia F, Turner L, Hanson AL, Kotagiri P, Dunmore BJ, Ruffieux H, De Sa A, Huhn O, Morgan MD, Gerber PP, Wills MR, Baker S, Calero-Nieto FJ, Doffinger R, Dougan G, Elmer A, Goodfellow IG, Gupta RK, Hosmillo M, Hunter K, Kingston N, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ, Nicholson JK, Petrunkina AM, Richardson S, Saunders C, Thaventhiran JED, Toonen EJM, Weekes MP, Göttgens B, Toshner M, Hess C, Bradley JR, Lyons PA, Smith KGC. Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease. Immunity 2021; 54:1257-1275.e8. [PMID: 34051148 PMCID: PMC8125900 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the immune changes in COVID-19 across severity groups have not been rigorously assessed. Using immunophenotyping, RNA sequencing, and serum cytokine analysis, we analyzed serial samples from 207 SARS-CoV2-infected individuals with a range of disease severities over 12 weeks from symptom onset. An early robust bystander CD8+ T cell immune response, without systemic inflammation, characterized asymptomatic or mild disease. Hospitalized individuals had delayed bystander responses and systemic inflammation that was already evident near symptom onset, indicating that immunopathology may be inevitable in some individuals. Viral load did not correlate with this early pathological response but did correlate with subsequent disease severity. Immune recovery is complex, with profound persistent cellular abnormalities in severe disease correlating with altered inflammatory responses, with signatures associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation replacing those driven by cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6. These late immunometabolic and immune defects may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Aimee L Hanson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin J Dunmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hélène Ruffieux
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Aloka De Sa
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Oisín Huhn
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael D Morgan
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome & MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anne Elmer
- Cambridge Clinical Research Centre, NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kelvin Hunter
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nathalie Kingston
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- The Australian National Phenome Centre, Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia WA 6150, Australia
| | - Anna M Petrunkina
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sylvia Richardson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Caroline Saunders
- Cambridge Clinical Research Centre, NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James E D Thaventhiran
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Toxicology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Erik J M Toonen
- R&D Department, Hycult Biotech, 5405 PD Uden, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome & MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christoph Hess
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel & ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. In healthy people, primary infection is generally asymptomatic, and the virus can go on to establish lifelong latency in cells of the myeloid lineage. However, HCMV often causes severe disease in the immunosuppressed: transplant recipients and people living with AIDS, and also in the immunonaive foetus. At present, there are several antiviral drugs licensed to control HCMV disease. However, these are all faced with problems of poor bioavailability, toxicity and rapidly emerging viral resistance. Furthermore, none of them are capable of fully clearing the virus from the host, as they do not target latent infection. Consequently, reactivation from latency is a significant source of disease, and there remains an unmet need for treatments that also target latent infection. This review briefly summarises the most common HCMV antivirals used in clinic at present and discusses current research into targeting the latent HCMV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John H. Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (M.R.P.); (M.R.W.)
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13
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Jackson SE, Chen KC, Groves IJ, Sedikides GX, Gandhi A, Houldcroft CJ, Poole EL, Montanuy I, Mason GM, Okecha G, Reeves MB, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Latent Cytomegalovirus-Driven Recruitment of Activated CD4+ T Cells Promotes Virus Reactivation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657945. [PMID: 33912186 PMCID: PMC8072157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is not cleared by the initial immune response but persists for the lifetime of the host, in part due to its ability to establish a latent infection in cells of the myeloid lineage. HCMV has been shown to manipulate the secretion of cellular proteins during both lytic and latent infection; with changes caused by latent infection mainly investigated in CD34+ progenitor cells. Whilst CD34+ cells are generally bone marrow resident, their derivative CD14+ monocytes migrate to the periphery where they briefly circulate until extravasation into tissue sites. We have analyzed the effect of HCMV latent infection on the secretome of CD14+ monocytes, identifying an upregulation of both CCL8 and CXCL10 chemokines in the CD14+ latency-associated secretome. Unlike CD34+ cells, the CD14+ latency-associated secretome did not induce migration of resting immune cell subsets but did induce migration of activated NK and T cells expressing CXCR3 in a CXCL10 dependent manner. As reported in CD34+ latent infection, the CD14+ latency-associated secretome also suppressed the anti-viral activity of stimulated CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, however, co-culture of activated autologous CD4+ T cells with latently infected monocytes resulted in reactivation of HCMV at levels comparable to those observed using M-CSF and IL-1β cytokines. We propose that these events represent a potential strategy to enable HCMV reactivation and local dissemination of the virus at peripheral tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Chen
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Groves
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George X Sedikides
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amar Gandhi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Poole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Montanuy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin M Mason
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Okecha
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Groves IJ, Jackson SE, Poole EL, Nachshon A, Rozman B, Schwartz M, Prinjha RK, Tough DF, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Bromodomain proteins regulate human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation allowing epigenetic therapeutic intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023025118. [PMID: 33619107 PMCID: PMC7936348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) from latency is a major health consideration for recipients of stem-cell and solid organ transplantations. With over 200,000 transplants taking place globally per annum, virus reactivation can occur in more than 50% of cases leading to loss of grafts as well as serious morbidity and even mortality. Here, we present the most extensive screening to date of epigenetic inhibitors on HCMV latently infected cells and find that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and bromodomain inhibitors are broadly effective at inducing virus immediate early gene expression. However, while HDACis, such as myeloid-selective CHR-4487, lead to production of infectious virions, inhibitors of bromodomain (BRD) and extraterminal proteins (I-BETs), including GSK726, restrict full reactivation. Mechanistically, we show that BET proteins (BRDs) are pivotally connected to regulation of HCMV latency and reactivation. Through BRD4 interaction, the transcriptional activator complex P-TEFb (CDK9/CycT1) is sequestered by repressive complexes during HCMV latency. Consequently, I-BETs allow release of P-TEFb and subsequent recruitment to promoters via the superelongation complex (SEC), inducing transcription of HCMV lytic genes encoding immunogenic antigens from otherwise latently infected cells. Surprisingly, this occurs without inducing many viral immunoevasins and, importantly, while also restricting viral DNA replication and full HCMV reactivation. Therefore, this pattern of HCMV transcriptional dysregulation allows effective cytotoxic immune targeting and killing of latently infected cells, thus reducing the latent virus genome load. This approach could be safely used to pre-emptively purge the virus latent reservoir prior to transplantation, thereby reducing HCMV reactivation-related morbidity and mortality.
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MESH Headings
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/immunology
- Cyclin T/genetics
- Cyclin T/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus/drug effects
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/pathology
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Genes, Immediate-Early
- Genes, Reporter
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B/genetics
- Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- THP-1 Cells
- Thalidomide/analogs & derivatives
- Thalidomide/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Activation/drug effects
- Virus Latency/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Poole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Batsheva Rozman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - David F Tough
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
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15
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Soday L, Potts M, Hunter LM, Ravenhill BJ, Houghton JW, Williamson JC, Antrobus R, Wills MR, Matheson NJ, Weekes MP. Comparative Cell Surface Proteomic Analysis of the Primary Human T Cell and Monocyte Responses to Type I Interferon. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600056. [PMID: 33628210 PMCID: PMC7897682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to interferon (IFN) is essential for antiviral immunity, IFN-based therapy and IFN-related disease. The plasma membrane (PM) provides a critical interface between the cell and its environment, and is the initial portal of entry for viruses. Nonetheless, the effect of IFN on PM proteins is surprisingly poorly understood, and has not been systematically investigated in primary immune cells. Here, we use multiplexed proteomics to quantify IFNα2a-stimulated PM protein changes in primary human CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells from five donors, quantifying 606 and 482 PM proteins respectively. Comparison of cell surface proteomes revealed a remarkable invariance between donors in the overall composition of the cell surface from each cell type, but a marked donor-to-donor variability in the effects of IFNα2a. Furthermore, whereas only 2.7% of quantified proteins were consistently upregulated by IFNα2a at the surface of CD4+ T cells, 6.8% of proteins were consistently upregulated in primary monocytes, suggesting that the magnitude of the IFNα2a response varies according to cell type. Among these differentially regulated proteins, we found the viral target Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE1) to be an IFNα2a-stimulated protein exclusively upregulated at the surface of CD4+ T cells. We therefore provide a comprehensive map of the cell surface of IFNα2a-stimulated primary human immune cells, including previously uncharacterized interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and candidate antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Soday
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leah M. Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack W. Houghton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Mason R, Groves IJ, Wills MR, Sinclair JH, Reeves MB. Human cytomegalovirus major immediate early transcripts arise predominantly from the canonical major immediate early promoter in reactivating progenitor-derived dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:635-644. [PMID: 32375946 PMCID: PMC7414444 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation is a major source of morbidity in immune-suppressed patient populations. Lifelong latent infections are established in CD34+progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which are hallmarked by a lack of major lytic gene expression, genome replication and virus production. A number of studies have shown that inhibition of the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) – the promoter that regulates immediate early (IE) gene expression – is important for the establishment of latency and that, by extension, reactivation requires reversal of this repression of the MIEP. The identification of novel promoters (termed ip1 and ip2) downstream of the MIEP that can drive IE gene expression has led to speculation over the precise role of the MIEP in reactivation. In this study we show that IE transcripts arise from both the MIEP and ip2 promoter in the THP1 cell macrophage cell line and also CD14+monocytes stimulated with phorbol ester. In contrast, we show that in in vitro generated dendritic cells or macrophages that support HCMV reactivation IE transcripts arise predominantly from the MIEP and not the intronic promoters. Furthermore, inhibition of histone modifying enzyme activity confirms the view that the MIEP is predominantly regulated by the activity of cellular chromatin. Finally, we observe that ip2-derived IE transcription is cycloheximide-sensitive in reactivating DCs, behaviour consistent with an early gene designation. Taken together, these data argue that MIEP activity is still important for HCMV reactivation but ip2 activity could play cell-type-specific roles in reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mason
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Ian J Groves
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
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17
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Groves IJ, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Bromodomain Inhibitors as Therapeutics for Herpesvirus-Related Disease: All BETs Are Off? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:329. [PMID: 32714883 PMCID: PMC7343845 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the ubiquitous human herpesviruses (HHVs) are rarely associated with serious disease of the healthy host, primary infection and reactivation in immunocompromised individuals can lead to significant morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. Effective drugs are available for clinical treatment, however resistance is on the rise such that new anti-viral targets, as well as novel clinical treatment strategies, are required. A promising area of development and pre-clinical research is that of inhibitors of epigenetic modifying proteins that control both cellular functions and the viral life cycle. Here, we briefly outline the interaction of the host bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins during different stages of the HHVs' life cycles while giving a full overview of the published work using BET bromodomain inhibitors (BRDis) during HHV infections. Furthermore, we provide evidence that small molecule inhibitors targeting the host BET proteins, and BRD4 in particular, have the potential for therapeutic intervention of HHV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Houldcroft CJ, Jackson SE, Lim EY, Sedikides GX, Davies EL, Atkinson C, McIntosh M, Remmerswaal EBM, Okecha G, Bemelman FJ, Stanton RJ, Reeves M, Wills MR. Assessing Anti-HCMV Cell Mediated Immune Responses in Transplant Recipients and Healthy Controls Using a Novel Functional Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:275. [PMID: 32670891 PMCID: PMC7332694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HCMV infection, reinfection or reactivation occurs in 60% of untreated solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Current clinical approaches to HCMV management include pre-emptive and prophylactic antiviral treatment strategies. The introduction of immune monitoring to better stratify patients at risk of viraemia and HCMV mediated disease could improve clinical management. Current approaches quantify T cell IFNγ responses specific for predominantly IE and pp65 proteins ex vivo, as a proxy for functional control of HCMV in vivo. However, these approaches have only a limited predictive ability. We measured the IFNγ T cell responses to an expanded panel of overlapping peptide pools specific for immunodominant HCMV proteins IE1/2, pp65, pp71, gB, UL144, and US3 in a cohort of D+R- kidney transplant recipients in a longitudinal analysis. Even with this increased antigen diversity, the results show that while all patients had detectable T cell responses, this did not correlate with control of HCMV replication in some. We wished to develop an assay that could directly measure anti-HCMV cell-mediated immunity. We evaluated three approaches, stimulation of PBMC with (i) whole HCMV lysate or (ii) a defined panel of immunodominant HCMV peptides, or (iii) fully autologous infected cells co-cultured with PBMC or isolated CD8+ T cells or NK cells. Stimulation with HCMV lysate often generated non-specific antiviral responses while stimulation with immunodominant HCMV peptide pools produced responses which were not necessarily antiviral despite strong IFNγ production. We demonstrated that IFNγ was only a minor component of secreted antiviral activity. Finally, we used an antiviral assay system to measure the effect of whole PBMC, and isolated CD8+ T cells and NK cells to control HCMV in infected autologous dermal fibroblasts. The results show that both PBMC and especially CD8+ T cells from HCMV seropositive donors have highly specific antiviral activity against HCMV. In addition, we were able to show that NK cells were also antiviral, but the level of this control was highly variable between donors and not dependant on HCMV seropositivity. Using this approach, we show that non-viraemic D+R+ SOT recipients had significant and specific antiviral activity against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J. Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Y. Lim
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George X. Sedikides
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Atkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan McIntosh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester B. M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georgina Okecha
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frederike J. Bemelman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Reeves
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Lim EY, Jackson SE, Wills MR. The CD4+ T Cell Response to Human Cytomegalovirus in Healthy and Immunocompromised People. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:202. [PMID: 32509591 PMCID: PMC7248300 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While CD8+ T cells specific for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been extensively studied in both healthy HCMV seropositive carriers and patients undergoing immunosuppression, studies on the CD4+ T cell response to HCMV had lagged behind. However, over the last few years there has been a significant advance in our understanding of the importance and contribution that CMV-specific CD4+ T cells make, not only to anti-viral immunity but also in the potential maintenance of latently infected cells. During primary infection with HCMV in adults, CD4+ T cells are important for the resolution of symptomatic disease, while persistent shedding of HCMV into urine and saliva is associated with a lack of HCMV specific CD4+ T cell response in young children. In immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients, a delayed appearance of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with prolonged viremia and more severe clinical disease, while in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, it has been suggested that HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells are required for HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells to exert their anti-viral effects. In addition, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in transplant patients has shown that the presence of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells is required for the maintenance of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells. HCMV is a paradigm for immune evasion. The presence of viral genes that down-regulate MHC class II molecules and the expression of viral IL-10 both limit antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells, underlining the important role that this T cell subset has in antiviral immunity. This review will discuss the antigen specificity, effector function, phenotype and direct anti-viral properties of HCMV specific CD4+ T cells, as well as reviewing our understanding of the importance of this T cell subset in primary infection and long-term carriage in healthy individuals. In addition, their role and importance in congenital HCMV infection and during immunosuppression in both solid organ and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Y Lim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Shan L, Li S, Meeldijk J, Blijenberg B, Hendriks A, van Boxtel KJWM, van den Berg SPH, Groves IJ, Potts M, Svrlanska A, Stamminger T, Wills MR, Bovenschen N. Killer cell proteases can target viral immediate-early proteins to control human cytomegalovirus infection in a noncytotoxic manner. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008426. [PMID: 32282833 PMCID: PMC7179929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most frequent viral cause of congenital defects and can trigger devastating disease in immune-suppressed patients. Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells and NK cells) control HCMV infection by releasing interferon-γ and five granzymes (GrA, GrB, GrH, GrK, GrM), which are believed to kill infected host cells through cleavage of intracellular death substrates. However, it has recently been demonstrated that the in vivo killing capacity of cytotoxic T cells is limited and multiple T cell hits are required to kill a single virus-infected cell. This raises the question whether cytotoxic lymphocytes can use granzymes to control HCMV infection in a noncytotoxic manner. Here, we demonstrate that (primary) cytotoxic lymphocytes can block HCMV dissemination independent of host cell death, and interferon-α/β/γ. Prior to killing, cytotoxic lymphocytes induce the degradation of viral immediate-early (IE) proteins IE1 and IE2 in HCMV-infected cells. Intriguingly, both IE1 and/or IE2 are directly proteolyzed by all human granzymes, with GrB and GrM being most efficient. GrB and GrM cleave IE1 after Asp398 and Leu414, respectively, likely resulting in IE1 aberrant cellular localization, IE1 instability, and functional impairment of IE1 to interfere with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, GrB and GrM cleave IE2 after Asp184 and Leu173, respectively, resulting in IE2 aberrant cellular localization and functional abolishment of IE2 to transactivate the HCMV UL112 early promoter. Taken together, our data indicate that cytotoxic lymphocytes can also employ noncytotoxic ways to control HCMV infection, which may be explained by granzyme-mediated targeting of indispensable viral proteins during lytic infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading viral cause of congenital defects, can trigger disease in immune-compromised patients, and plays roles in cancer development. Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill HCMV-infected cells via releasing a set of five cytotoxic serine proteases called granzymes. However, the killing capacity of cytotoxic cells is limited and multiple T cell hits are required to kill a single virus-infected cell. This raises the question whether cytotoxic lymphocytes can use granzymes to control HCMV infection in a noncytotoxic manner. Here, we show that cytotoxic lymphocytes can also use granzymes to inhibit HCMV replication in absence of cell death. All five granzymes cleave and inactivate both viral immediate-early (IE1/2) proteins, which are essential players for initiating HCMV infection. Our data support the model that cytotoxic cells employ granzymes to dampen HCMV replication prior to accumulation of sufficient hits to kill the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Shan
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Meeldijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadet Blijenberg
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hendriks
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ian J. Groves
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Potts
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Svrlanska
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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Poole E, Huang CJZ, Forbester J, Shnayder M, Nachshon A, Kweider B, Basaj A, Smith D, Jackson SE, Liu B, Shih J, Kiskin FN, Roche K, Murphy E, Wills MR, Morrell NW, Dougan G, Stern-Ginossar N, Rana AA, Sinclair J. An iPSC-Derived Myeloid Lineage Model of Herpes Virus Latency and Reactivation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2233. [PMID: 31649625 PMCID: PMC6795026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses undergo life-long latent infection which can be life-threatening in the immunocompromised. Models of latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) include primary myeloid cells, cells known to be important for HCMV latent carriage and reactivation in vivo. However, primary cells are limited in availability, and difficult to culture and to genetically modify; all of which have hampered our ability to fully understand virus/host interactions of this persistent human pathogen. We have now used iPSCs to develop a model cell system to study HCMV latency and reactivation in different cell types after their differentiation down the myeloid lineage. Our results show that iPSCs can effectively mimic HCMV latency/reactivation in primary myeloid cells, allowing molecular interrogations of the viral latent/lytic switch. This model may also be suitable for analysis of other viruses, such as HIV and Zika, which also infect cells of the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Miri Shnayder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baraa Kweider
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Basaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fedir N. Kiskin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K. Roche
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - E. Murphy
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amer A. Rana
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a threat to immunologically weak patients. HCMV cannot yet be eliminated with a vaccine, despite recent advances. SOURCES OF DATA Sources of data are recently published research papers and reviews about HCMV treatments. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Current antivirals target the UL54 DNA polymerase and are limited by nephrotoxicity and viral resistance. Promisingly, letermovir targets the HCMV terminase complex and has been recently approved by the FDA and EMA. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Should we screen newborns for HCMV, and use antivirals to treat sensorineural hearing loss after congenital HCMV infection? GROWING POINTS Growing points are developing drugs against latently infected cells. In addition to small molecule inhibitors, a chemokine-based fusion toxin protein, F49A-FTP, has shown promise in killing both lytically and latently infected cells. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH We need to understand what immune responses are required to control HCMV, and how best to raise these immune responses with a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Krishna
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Fares S, Spiess K, Olesen ETB, Zuo J, Jackson S, Kledal TN, Wills MR, Rosenkilde MM. Distinct Roles of Extracellular Domains in the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Receptor for Signaling and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Downregulation. mBio 2019; 10:e01707-18. [PMID: 30647152 PMCID: PMC6336419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01707-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BILF1 gene encodes a constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and induces signaling-dependent tumorigenesis. Different BILF1 homologs display highly conserved extracellular loops (ECLs) including the conserved cysteine residues involved in disulfide bridges present in class A GPCRs (GPCR bridge between transmembrane helix 3 [TM-3] and ECL-2) and in chemokine receptors (CKR bridge between the N terminus and ECL-3). In order to investigate the roles of the conserved residues in the receptor functions, 25 mutations were created in the extracellular domains. Luciferase reporter assays and flow cytometry were used to investigate the G protein signaling and MHC class I downregulation in HEK293 cells. We find that the cysteine residues involved in the GPCR bridge are important for both signaling and MHC class I downregulation, whereas the cysteine residues in the N terminus and ECL-3 are dispensable for signaling but important for MHC class I downregulation. Multiple conserved residues in the extracellular regions are important for the receptor-induced MHC class I downregulation, but not for signaling, indicating distinct structural requirements for these two functions. In an engineered receptor containing a binding site for Zn+2 ions in a complex with an aromatic chelator (phenanthroline or bipyridine), a ligand-driven inhibition of both the receptor signaling and MHC class I downregulation was observed. Taken together, this suggests that distinct regions in EBV-BILF1 can be pharmacologically targeted to inhibit the signaling-mediated tumorigenesis and interfere with the MHC class I downregulation.IMPORTANCE G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of membrane proteins. As targets of >30% of the FDA-approved drugs, they are valuable for drug discovery. The receptor is composed of seven membrane-spanning helices and intracellular and extracellular domains. BILF1 is a receptor encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which evades the host immune system by various strategies. BILF1 facilitates the virus immune evasion by downregulating MHC class I and is capable of inducing signaling-mediated tumorigenesis. BILF1 homologs from primate viruses show highly conserved extracellular domains. Here, we show that conserved residues in the extracellular domains of EBV-BILF1 are important for downregulating MHC class I and that the receptor signaling and immune evasion can be inhibited by drug-like small molecules. This suggests that BILF1 could be a target to inhibit the signaling-mediated tumorigenesis and interfere with the MHC class I downregulation, thereby facilitating virus recognition by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Fares
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma T B Olesen
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Kledal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark R Wills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Ilca FT, Neerincx A, Wills MR, de la Roche M, Boyle LH. Utilizing TAPBPR to promote exogenous peptide loading onto cell surface MHC I molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9353-E9361. [PMID: 30213851 PMCID: PMC6176578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809465115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The repertoire of peptides displayed at the cell surface by MHC I molecules is shaped by two intracellular peptide editors, tapasin and TAPBPR. While cell-free assays have proven extremely useful in identifying the function of both of these proteins, here we explored whether a more physiological system could be developed to assess TAPBPR-mediated peptide editing on MHC I. We reveal that membrane-associated TAPBPR targeted to the plasma membrane retains its ability to function as a peptide editor and efficiently catalyzes peptide exchange on surface-expressed MHC I molecules. Additionally, we show that soluble TAPBPR, consisting of the luminal domain alone, added to intact cells, also functions as an effective peptide editor on surface MHC I molecules. Thus, we have established two systems in which TAPBPR-mediated peptide exchange on MHC class I can be interrogated. Furthermore, we could use both plasma membrane-targeted and exogenous soluble TAPBPR to display immunogenic peptides on surface MHC I molecules and consequently induce T cell receptor engagement, IFN-γ secretion, and T cell-mediated killing of target cells. Thus, we have developed an efficient way to by-pass the natural antigen presentation pathway of cells and load immunogenic peptides of choice onto cells. Our findings highlight a potential therapeutic use for TAPBPR in increasing the immunogenicity of tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tudor Ilca
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Neerincx
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maike de la Roche
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, CB2 0RE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise H Boyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom;
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25
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Mok HP, Norton NJ, Hirst JC, Fun A, Bandara M, Wills MR, Lever AML. No evidence of ongoing evolution in replication competent latent HIV-1 in a patient followed up for two years. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2639. [PMID: 29422601 PMCID: PMC5805784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of infected T cells harbouring intact HIV proviruses is the barrier to the eradication of HIV. This reservoir is stable over long periods of time despite antiretroviral therapy. There has been controversy on whether low level viral replication is occurring at sanctuary sites periodically reseeding infected cells into the latent reservoir to account its durability. To study viral evolution in a physiologically relevant population of latent viruses, we repeatedly performed virus outgrowth assays on a stably treated HIV positive patient over two years and sequenced the reactivated latent viruses. We sought evidence of increasing sequence pairwise distances with time as evidence of ongoing viral replication. 64 reactivatable latent viral sequences were obtained over 103 weeks. We did not observe an increase in genetic distance of the sequences with the time elapsed between sampling. No evolution could be discerned in these reactivatable latent viruses. Thus, in this patient, the contribution of low-level replication to the maintenance of the latent reservoir detectable in the blood compartment is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jack C Hirst
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikaila Bandara
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
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26
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Norton NJ, Fun A, Bandara M, Wills MR, Mok HP, Lever AML. Innovations in the quantitative virus outgrowth assay and its use in clinical trials. Retrovirology 2017; 14:58. [PMID: 29268753 PMCID: PMC5740843 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust measure of the size of the latent HIV reservoir is essential to quantifying the effect of interventions designed to deplete the pool of reactivatable, replication competent proviruses. In addition to the ability to measure a biologically relevant parameter, any assay designed to be used in a clinical trial needs to be reproducible and scalable. The need to quantify the number of resting CD4+ T cells capable of releasing infectious virus has led to the development of the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (VOA). The assay as originally described has a number of features that limit its scalability for use in clinical trials; however recent developments reducing the time and manpower requirements of the assay, while importantly improving reproducibility mean that it is becoming much more practical for it to enter into more widespread use. This review describes the background to VOA development and the practical issues that they present in utilising them in clinical trials. It describes the innovations that have made their usage more practical and the limitations that still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikaila Bandara
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Pocock JM, Storisteanu DML, Reeves MB, Juss JK, Wills MR, Cowburn AS, Chilvers ER. Human Cytomegalovirus Delays Neutrophil Apoptosis and Stimulates the Release of a Prosurvival Secretome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1185. [PMID: 28993776 PMCID: PMC5622148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of viral disease in the young and the immune-suppressed. At sites of infection, HCMV recruits the neutrophil, a cell with a key role in orchestrating the initial immune response. Herein, we report a profound survival response in human neutrophils exposed to the clinical HCMV isolate Merlin, but not evident with the attenuated strain AD169, through suppression of apoptosis. The initial survival event, which is independent of viral gene expression and involves activation of the ERK/MAPK and NF-κB pathways, is augmented by HCMV-stimulated release of a secretory cytokine profile that further prolongs neutrophil lifespan. As aberrant neutrophil survival contributes to tissue damage, we predict that this may be relevant to the immune pathology of HCMV, and the presence of this effect in clinical HCMV strains and its absence in attenuated strains implies a beneficial effect to the virus in pathogenesis and/or dissemination. In addition, we show that HCMV-exposed neutrophils release factors that enhance monocyte recruitment and drive monocyte differentiation to a HCMV-permissive phenotype in an IL-6-dependent manner, thus providing an ideal vehicle for viral dissemination. This study increases understanding of HCMV-neutrophil interactions, highlighting the potential role of neutrophil recruitment as a virulence mechanism to promote HCMV pathology in the host and influence the dissemination of HCMV infection. Targeting these mechanisms may lead to new antiviral strategies aimed at limiting host damage and inhibiting viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Pocock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. L. Storisteanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Reeves
- Department of Virology, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Cowburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Jackson SE, Sedikides GX, Okecha G, Poole EL, Sinclair JH, Wills MR. Latent Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Does Not Detrimentally Alter T Cell Responses in the Healthy Old, But Increased Latent CMV Carriage Is Related to Expanded CMV-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:733. [PMID: 28694811 PMCID: PMC5483450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection and periodic reactivation of latent virus is generally well controlled by T-cell responses in healthy people. In older donors, overt HCMV disease is not generally seen despite the association of HCMV infection with increased risk of mortality. However, increases in HCMV DNA in urine of older people suggest that, although the immune response retains functionality, immunomodulation of the immune response due to lifelong viral carriage may alter its efficacy. Viral transcription is limited during latency to a handful of viral genes and there is both an IFNγ and cellular IL-10 CD4+ T-cell response to HCMV latency-associated proteins. Production of cIL-10 by HCMV-specific CD4+ T-cells is a candidate for aging-related immunomodulation. To address whether long-term carriage of HCMV changes the balance of cIL-10 and IFNγ-secreting T-cell populations, we recruited a large donor cohort aged 23–78 years and correlated T-cell responses to 11 HCMV proteins with age, HCMV IgG levels, latent HCMV load in CD14+ monocytes, and T-cell numbers in the blood. IFNγ responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells to all HCMV proteins were detected, with no age-related increase in this cohort. IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cell responses were predominant to latency-associated proteins but did not increase with age. Quantification of HCMV genomes in CD14+ monocytes, a known site of latent HCMV carriage, did not reveal any increase in viral genome copies in older donors. Importantly, there was a significant positive correlation between the latent viral genome copy number and the breadth and magnitude of the IFNγ T-cell response to HCMV proteins. This study suggests in healthy aged donors that HCMV-specific changes in the T cell compartment were not affected by age and were effective, as viremia was a very rare event. Evidence from studies of unwell aged has shown HCMV to be an important comorbidity factor, surveillance of latent HCMV load and low-level viremia in blood and body fluids, alongside typical immunological measures and assessment of the antiviral capacity of the HCMV-specific immune cell function would be informative in determining if antiviral treatment of HCMV replication in the old maybe beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George X Sedikides
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Okecha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Poole
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Sinclair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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29
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Kew VG, Wills MR, Reeves MB. LPS promotes a monocyte phenotype permissive for human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression upon infection but not reactivation from latency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:810. [PMID: 28400599 PMCID: PMC5429787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of myeloid cells is closely linked with the differentiation status of the cell. Haematopoietic progenitors and CD14+ monocytes are usually non-permissive for lytic gene expression which can lead to the establishment of latent infections. In contrast, differentiation to macrophage or dendritic cell (DC) phenotypes promotes viral reactivation or renders them permissive for lytic infection. The observation that high doses of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) drove rapid monocyte differentiation in mice led us to investigate the response of human monocytes to HCMV following LPS stimulation in vitro. Here we report that LPS triggers a monocyte phenotype permissiveness for lytic infection directly correlating with LPS concentration. In contrast, addition of LPS directly to latently infected monocytes was not sufficient to trigger viral reactivation which is likely linked with the failure of the monocytes to differentiate to a DC phenotype. Interestingly, we observe that this effect on lytic infection of monocytes is transient, appears to be dependent on COX-2 activation and does not result in a full productive infection. Thus LPS stimulated monocytes are partially permissive lytic gene expression but did not have long term impact on monocyte identity regarding their differentiation and susceptibility for the full lytic cycle of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kew
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M R Wills
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - M B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL Division of Infection & Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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30
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van der Ploeg K, Chang C, Ivarsson MA, Moffett A, Wills MR, Trowsdale J. Modulation of Human Leukocyte Antigen-C by Human Cytomegalovirus Stimulates KIR2DS1 Recognition by Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:298. [PMID: 28424684 PMCID: PMC5372792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules has been characterized in detail. By contrast, activating members of the KIR family, although closely related to inhibitory KIRs, appear to interact weakly, if at all, with HLA class I. KIR2DS1 is the best studied activating KIR and it interacts with C2 group HLA-C (C2-HLA-C) in some assays, but not as strongly as KIR2DL1. We used a mouse 2B4 cell reporter system, which carries NFAT-green fluorescent protein with KIR2DS1 and a modified DAP12 adaptor protein. KIR2DS1 reporter cells were not activated upon coculture with 721.221 cells transfected with different HLA-C molecules, or with interferon-γ stimulated primary dermal fibroblasts. However, KIR2DS1 reporter cells and KIR2DS1+ primary natural killer (NK) cells were activated by C2-HLA-C homozygous human fetal foreskin fibroblasts (HFFFs) but only after infection with specific clones of a clinical strain of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Active viral gene expression was required for activation of both cell types. Primary NKG2A-KIR2DS1+ NK cell subsets degranulated after coculture with HCMV-infected HFFFs. The W6/32 antibody to HLA class I blocked the KIR2DS1 reporter cell interaction with its ligand on HCMV-infected HFFFs but did not block interaction with KIR2DL1. This implies a differential recognition of HLA-C by KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1. The data suggest that modulation of HLA-C by HCMV is required for a potent KIR2DS1-mediated NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiwen Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,*Correspondence: Mark R. Wills, ; John Trowsdale,
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,*Correspondence: Mark R. Wills, ; John Trowsdale,
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31
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Fun A, Mok HP, Wills MR, Lever AM. A highly reproducible quantitative viral outgrowth assay for the measurement of the replication-competent latent HIV-1 reservoir. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43231. [PMID: 28233807 PMCID: PMC5324126 DOI: 10.1038/srep43231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains elusive due to the persistence of HIV in a latent reservoir. Strategies to eradicate latent infection can only be evaluated with robust, sensitive and specific assays to quantitate reactivatable latent virus. We have taken the standard peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) based viral outgrowth methodology and from it created a logistically simpler and more highly reproducible assay to quantify replication-competent latent HIV in resting CD4+ T cells, both increasing accuracy and decreasing cost and labour. Purification of resting CD4+ T cells from whole PBMC is expedited and achieved in 3 hours, less than half the time of conventional protocols. Our indicator cell line, SupT1-CCR5 cells (a clonal cell line expressing CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5) provides a readily available standardised readout. Reproducibility compares favourably to other published assays but with reduced cost, labour and assay heterogeneity without compromising sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Mok
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Cramp
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG
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33
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Sissons JGP, Wills MR. How understanding immunology contributes to managing CMV disease in immunosuppressed patients: now and in future. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:307-16. [PMID: 25896527 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several decades of research on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the principal mammalian cytomegaloviruses which to varying degrees act as models of HCMV infection, particularly murine, guinea pig and rhesus CMV, have led to the recognition of the CMVs as interesting models of persistent infection with a large and complex DNA virus, which have been highly informative of the immunology and molecular pathogenesis of the virus-host relationship in the normal host. However, it is appropriate to ask how this relative wealth of knowledge has influenced the understanding and management of clinical disease due to HCMV. This article considers the immunology of cytomegalovirus in the normal human host, and the interrelated issue of the sites of HCMV latency and mechanisms of reactivation in the myeloid cell lineage, and in related in vitro model systems. The way in which this site of latency conditions the immune response, and emerging information on the special features of the adaptive immune response to HCMV during latency are also considered. Examples of HCMV disease associated with acquired immunosuppression, principally in the context of transplantation, but also as a consequence of HIV/AIDS and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, are then discussed, with a particular emphasis on how understanding the immunology of persistent infection may contribute to managing CMV disease now and in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Patrick Sissons
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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34
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Savory J, Wills MR. Methodological aspects of trace element determination. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 64:144-50. [PMID: 3180821 DOI: 10.1159/000415738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Savory
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville
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Ingolia NT, Brar GA, Stern-Ginossar N, Harris MS, Talhouarne GJS, Jackson SE, Wills MR, Weissman JS. Ribosome profiling reveals pervasive translation outside of annotated protein-coding genes. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1365-79. [PMID: 25159147 PMCID: PMC4216110 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome profiling suggests that ribosomes occupy many regions of the transcriptome thought to be noncoding, including 5' UTRs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Apparent ribosome footprints outside of protein-coding regions raise the possibility of artifacts unrelated to translation, particularly when they occupy multiple, overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). Here, we show hallmarks of translation in these footprints: copurification with the large ribosomal subunit, response to drugs targeting elongation, trinucleotide periodicity, and initiation at early AUGs. We develop a metric for distinguishing between 80S footprints and nonribosomal sources using footprint size distributions, which validates the vast majority of footprints outside of coding regions. We present evidence for polypeptide production beyond annotated genes, including the induction of immune responses following human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Translation is pervasive on cytosolic transcripts outside of conserved reading frames, and direct detection of this expanded universe of translated products enables efforts at understanding how cells manage and exploit its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Gloria A Brar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for RNA Systems Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for RNA Systems Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael S Harris
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Gaëlle J S Talhouarne
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for RNA Systems Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Wills MR, Poole E, Lau B, Krishna B, Sinclair JH. The immunology of human cytomegalovirus latency: could latent infection be cleared by novel immunotherapeutic strategies? Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:128-38. [PMID: 25132454 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the host immune response following primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is generally effective at stopping virus replication and dissemination, virus is never cleared by the host and like all herpesviruses, persists for life. At least in part, this persistence is known to be facilitated by the ability of HCMV to establish latency in myeloid cells in which infection is essentially silent with, importantly, a total lack of new virus production. However, although the viral transcription programme during latency is much suppressed, a number of viral genes are expressed during latent infection at the protein level and many of these have been shown to have profound effects on the latent cell and its environment. Intriguingly, many of these latency-associated genes are also expressed during lytic infection. Therefore, why the same potent host immune responses generated during lytic infection to these viral gene products are not recognized during latency, thereby allowing clearance of latently infected cells, is far from clear. Reactivation from latency is also a major cause of HCMV-mediated disease, particularly in the immune compromised and immune naive, and is also likely to be a major source of virus in chronic subclinical HCMV infection which has been suggested to be associated with long-term diseases such as atherosclerosis and some neoplasias. Consequently, understanding latency and why latently infected cells appear to be immunoprivileged is crucial for an understanding of the pathogenesis of HCMV and may help to design strategies to eliminate latent virus reservoirs, at least in certain clinical settings.
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Mason GM, Jackson S, Okecha G, Poole E, Sissons JGP, Sinclair J, Wills MR. Human cytomegalovirus latency-associated proteins elicit immune-suppressive IL-10 producing CD4⁺ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003635. [PMID: 24130479 PMCID: PMC3795018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widely prevalent human herpesvirus, which, after primary infection, persists in the host for life. In healthy individuals, the virus is well controlled by the HCMV-specific T cell response. A key feature of this persistence, in the face of a normally robust host immune response, is the establishment of viral latency. In contrast to lytic infection, which is characterised by extensive viral gene expression and virus production, long-term latency in cells of the myeloid lineage is characterised by highly restricted expression of viral genes, including UL138 and LUNA. Here we report that both UL138 and LUNA-specific T cells were detectable directly ex vivo in healthy HCMV seropositive subjects and that this response is principally CD4⁺ T cell mediated. These UL138-specific CD4⁺ T cells are able to mediate MHC class II restricted cytotoxicity and, importantly, show IFNγ effector function in the context of both lytic and latent infection. Furthermore, in contrast to CDCD4⁺ T cells specific to antigens expressed solely during lytic infection, both the UL138 and LUNA-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses included CD4⁺ T cells that secreted the immunosuppressive cytokine cIL-10. We also show that cIL-10 expressing CD4⁺ T-cells are directed against latently expressed US28 and UL111A. Taken together, our data show that latency-associated gene products of HCMV generate CD4⁺ T cell responses in vivo, which are able to elicit effector function in response to both lytic and latently infected cells. Importantly and in contrast to CD4⁺ T cell populations, which recognise antigens solely expressed during lytic infection, include a subset of cells that secrete the immunosuppressive cytokine cIL-10. This suggests that HCMV skews the T cell responses to latency-associated antigens to one that is overall suppressive in order to sustain latent carriage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M. Mason
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jackson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Okecha
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Poole
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - J. G. Patrick Sissons
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - John Sinclair
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wills
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Solana R, Tarazona R, Aiello AE, Akbar AN, Appay V, Beswick M, Bosch JA, Campos C, Cantisán S, Cicin-Sain L, Derhovanessian E, Ferrando-Martínez S, Frasca D, Fulöp T, Govind S, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Hill A, Hurme M, Kern F, Larbi A, López-Botet M, Maier AB, McElhaney JE, Moss P, Naumova E, Nikolich-Zugich J, Pera A, Rector JL, Riddell N, Sanchez-Correa B, Sansoni P, Sauce D, van Lier R, Wang GC, Wills MR, Zieliński M, Pawelec G. CMV and Immunosenescence: from basics to clinics. Immun Ageing 2012; 9:23. [PMID: 23114110 PMCID: PMC3585851 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alone among herpesviruses, persistent Cytomegalovirus (CMV) markedly alters the numbers and proportions of peripheral immune cells in infected-vs-uninfected people. Because the rate of CMV infection increases with age in most countries, it has been suggested that it drives or at least exacerbates “immunosenescence”. This contention remains controversial and was the primary subject of the Third International Workshop on CMV & Immunosenescence which was held in Cordoba, Spain, 15-16th March, 2012. Discussions focused on several main themes including the effects of CMV on adaptive immunity and immunosenescence, characterization of CMV-specific T cells, impact of CMV infection and ageing on innate immunity, and finally, most important, the clinical implications of immunosenescence and CMV infection. Here we summarize the major findings of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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Wills MR, Richardson RE, Paul RG. Osteosclerotic Bone Changes in Primary Hyperparathyroidism with Renal Failure. Br Med J 2011; 1:252-5. [PMID: 20789050 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5221.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Bennett NJ, Ashiru O, Morgan FJE, Pang Y, Okecha G, Eagle RA, Trowsdale J, Sissons JGP, Wills MR. Intracellular sequestration of the NKG2D ligand ULBP3 by human cytomegalovirus. J Immunol 2010; 185:1093-102. [PMID: 20530255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV (HCMV) encodes multiple genes that control NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. Some of these HCMV-encoded gene products modulate NK cell activity as ligands expressed at the cell surface that engage inhibitory NK cell receptors, whereas others prevent the infected cell from upregulating ligands that bind to activating NK cell receptors. A major activating NKR is the homodimeric NKG2D receptor, which has eight distinct natural ligands in humans. It was shown that HCMV is able to prevent the surface expression of five of these ligands (MIC A/B and ULBP1, 2, and 6). In this article, we show that the HCMV gene product UL142 can prevent cell surface expression of ULBP3 during infection. We further show that UL142 interacts with ULBP3 and mediates its intracellular retention in a compartment that colocalizes with markers of the cis-Golgi complex. In doing so, UL142 prevents ULBP3 trafficking to the surface and protects transfected cells from NK-mediated cytotoxicity. This is the first description of a viral gene able to mediate downregulation of ULBP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Bennett
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wills MR, Savory J. Lymphocyte analysis in the assessment of total-body burden of trace metals. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 59 Suppl 7:424-6. [PMID: 3776600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Aluminum related osteodystrophy is the most important manifestation of trace metal toxicity related to degenerative diseases of the skeleton. Aluminum overload occurs in chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis treatment and results from transfer from dialysis solutions and from oral intake of aluminum containing phosphate binding gels. Laboratory diagnosis involves serum and bone analysis and bone staining for aluminum. A challenge test with desferrioxamine also aids in the diagnosis. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is widely used for aluminum detection. Guidelines for toxic concentrations of aluminum have been established.
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Abstract
Primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of an immunocompetent individual leads to the generation of a robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response which subsequently controls viral replication. HCMV is never cleared from the host and enters into latency with periodic reactivation and viral replication, which is controlled by reactivation of the memory T cells. In this article, we discuss the magnitude, phenotype and clonality of the T cell response following primary HCMV infection, the selection of responding T cells into the long-term memory pool and maintenance of this memory T cell population in the face of a latent/persistent infection. The article also considers the effect that this long-term surveillance of HCMV has on the T cell memory phenotype, their differentiation, function and the associated concepts of T cell memory inflation and immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C P Waller
- Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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45
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Day EK, Carmichael AJ, ten Berge IJM, Waller ECP, Sissons JGP, Wills MR. Rapid CD8+ T cell repertoire focusing and selection of high-affinity clones into memory following primary infection with a persistent human virus: human cytomegalovirus. J Immunol 2007; 179:3203-13. [PMID: 17709536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of selection of individual human CD8+ T cell clones into long-term memory following primary infection with a persistent human virus (human CMV (HCMV)), we undertook a longitudinal analysis of the diversity of T cell clones directed toward an immunodominant viral epitope: we followed this longitudinally from early T cell expansion through the contraction phase and selection into the memory pool. We show that following initial HCMV infection, the early primary response against a defined epitope was composed of diverse clones possessing many different TCR Vbeta segments. Longitudinal analysis showed that this usage rapidly focused predominantly on a single TCR Vbeta segment within which dominant clones frequently had public TCR usage, in contrast to subdominant or contracted clones. Longitudinal clonotypic analysis showed evidence of disproportionate contraction of certain clones that were abundant in the primary response, and late expansion of clones that were subdominant in the primary response. All dominant clones selected into memory showed similar high functional avidity of their TCR, whereas two clones that greatly contracted showed substantially lower avidity. Expression of the IL-7R is required for survival of murine effector CD8+ T cells into memory, but in primary HCMV infection IL-7R was not detected on circulating Ag-specific cells until memory had been established. Thus, the oligoclonal T cell repertoire against an immunodominant persistent viral epitope is established early in primary infection by the rapid selection of public clonotypes, rather than being a stochastic process.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Day
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Waller ECP, McKinney N, Hicks R, Carmichael AJ, Sissons JGP, Wills MR. Differential costimulation through CD137 (4-1BB) restores proliferation of human virus-specific "effector memory" (CD28(-) CD45RA(HI)) CD8(+) T cells. Blood 2007; 110:4360-6. [PMID: 17878400 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-104604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy carriers of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the virus-specific memory CD8(+) T-cell population is often dominated by CD28(-) CD45RA(hi) cells that exhibit direct ex vivo cytotoxicity but whose capacity for proliferation and generation of further memory cells has been questioned. We show that when highly purified CD28(-) CD45RA(hi) CD8(+) T cells are stimulated with viral peptide presented by autologous monocytes, the virus-specific T cells show early up-regulation of CD137 (4-1BB) and CD278 (ICOS), re-express CD28, and proliferate with similarly high cloning efficiency in limiting dilution analysis as CD28(+) CD45RO(hi) cells or CD28(-) CD45RO(hi) cells. Using peptide-pulsed autologous fibroblasts transfected with individual costimulatory ligands as antigen presenting cells, we showed CD137L to be a key costimulatory ligand for proliferation of CD28(-) CD45RA(hi) CD8(+) T cells and not CD80, CD86, or CD275 (ICOSL). Therefore, CD28(-) CD45RA(hi) CD8(+) T cells were not terminally differentiated but required a specific costimulatory signal for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C P Waller
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Faecal trypsin levels have been estimated by a photometric azo-casein method in 242 children and 45 adults. Analysis of the results shows that this is not a specific test of pancreatic dysfunction but that it appears to be a useful screening test for the selection of patients who may have severe pancreatic disease and on whom further specific investigations should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K McGowan
- Department of Pathology, United Bristol Hospitals
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48
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Weekes MP, Wills MR, Sissons JGP, Carmichael AJ. Large HIV-specific CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones reduce their overall size but maintain high frequencies of memory CTL following highly active antiretroviral therapy. Immunology 2006; 118:25-38. [PMID: 16630020 PMCID: PMC1782266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), most studies have demonstrated a decline in the frequency of HIV-specific CTL. We analysed the effect of HAART on the size, phenotype and function of individual HIV- and HCMV-specific CTL clones, using clonotypic oligonucleotide probing specific for the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain hypervariable sequence of defined immunodominant CTL clones specific for peptides of HIV or HCMV, and quantified the limiting dilution analysis frequencies of CTL precursors (CTLp) specific for the same viral peptides. We found that the clonal composition of CD8+ T cells specific for HIV gag and env epitopes was highly focused and did not change after HAART. Following HAART, there was progressive contraction of HIV-specific CD8+ clones, especially in the CD28- CD27- subpopulation--the remaining cells of contracting HIV-specific clones were predominantly CD28- CD27+ CD45RO(hi). We observed maintenance of strong functional HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in limiting dilution analysis following HAART, indicating preferential loss of HIV-specific cells that have reduced cloning efficiency in vitro. Following HAART, we also observed selective expansion of HCMV-specific CD8+ clones. Most HCMV-specific CD8+ clones were predominantly CD28- CD27+/- CD45RA(hi) following HAART. In one subject, a Vbeta6.4+ clone specific for HCMV pp65 selectively expanded following HAART, without expansion of two other Vbeta6.4+ clones, indicating that individual clonotypes specific for the same peptide can show different kinetics and phenotypes in response to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Weekes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK.
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49
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Abstract
The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D has seven known host ligands encoded by the MHC class I chain-related MIC and ULBP/RAET genes. Why there is such diversity of NKG2D ligands is not known but one hypothesis is that they are differentially expressed in different tissues in response to different stresses. To explore this, we compared expression patterns and promoters of NKG2D ligand genes. ULBP/RAET genes were transcribed independent of each other in a panel of cell lines. ULBP/RAET gene expression was upregulated on infection with human cytomegalovirus; however, a clinical strain, Toledo, induced expression more slowly than did a laboratory strain, AD169. ULBP4/RAET1E was not induced by infection with either strain. To investigate the mechanisms behind the similarities and differences in NKG2D ligand gene expression a comparative sequence analysis of NKG2D ligand gene putative promoter regions was conducted. Sequence alignments demonstrated that there was significant sequence diversity; however, one region of high similarity between most of the genes is evident. This region contains a number of potential transcription factor binding sites, including those involved in shock responses and sites for retinoic acid-induced factors. Promoters of some NKG2D ligand genes are polymorphic and several sequence alterations in these alleles abolished putative transcription factor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Eagle
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Wills MR, Ashiru O, Reeves MB, Okecha G, Trowsdale J, Tomasec P, Wilkinson GWG, Sinclair J, Sissons JGP. Human cytomegalovirus encodes an MHC class I-like molecule (UL142) that functions to inhibit NK cell lysis. J Immunol 2006; 175:7457-65. [PMID: 16301653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and low passage strains of human CMV (HCMV) encode an additional MHC class I-related molecule UL142, in addition to the previously described UL18. The UL142 open reading frame is encoded within the ULb' region which is missing from a number of common high passage laboratory strains. Cells expressing UL142 following transfection, and fibroblasts infected with a recombinant adenovirus-expressing UL142, were used to screen both polyclonal NK cells and NK cell clones, in a completely autologous system. Analysis of 100 NK cell clones derived from five donors, revealed 23 clones that were inhibited by fibroblasts expressing UL142 alone. Small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of UL142 mRNA expression in HCMV-infected cells resulted in increased sensitivity to lysis. From these data we conclude that UL142 is a novel HCMV-encoded MHC class I-related molecule which inhibits NK cell killing in a clonally dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Wills
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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