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Hokmabadi A, Ranjbar E, Alipour F, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Afshari JT, Rezaei MM, Shafieian R. Protective effect of dental pulp stem cells' conditioned medium against cisplatin-induced testicular damage in rats. Toxicology 2024; 504:153788. [PMID: 38527609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapy drug used to treat most solid tumors. However, one of its side effects is testicular toxicity, which can lead to fertility abnormalities. This study investigated the effectiveness of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium (DPSC-CM) on cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. In this study, 36 eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups equally (n = 12). Group 1 control "CTR", which received normal saline (0.5 ml) intraperitoneally (i.p), group 2 "Cis" which received an intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg), and group 3 "Cis+CM" which received an i.p injection of DPSC-CM (0.5 mg/kg) after cisplatin injection. Biochemical, histomorphometric, and histopathological studies were performed on the testis. Our results exhibited that cis administration led to a decline in total body weight, testis weight, diameter, and volume. A decrease in testosterone and IL-6 serum levels, as well as a decrease in IL-6 and TNFα levels, the activity of catalase and SOD enzymes, and an increase in MDA in testicular tissue were detected. Testicular tissue damage was associated with a significant decrease in tube diameter, germinal epithelium height, number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, along with a noticeable increase in basement membrane thickness, and perivascular fibrosis. DMSC-CM improved all the mentioned parameters. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DMSC-CM due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could be effective in reversing cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Hokmabadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ranjbar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morteza Rezaei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Shafieian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Chermon D, Birk R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene rs925946 associates with Israeli females' obesity predisposition: An interaction between genetics, eating habits, and physical inactivity. Nutr Res 2024; 125:61-68. [PMID: 38503023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The global obesity pandemic presents a pressing health challenge, with an increasing prevalence shaped by an intricate interplay of genetics and environment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a pivotal role in regulating feeding behavior and energy expenditure. BDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms have been linked to obesity risk. We hypothesized that BDNF rs925946 is positively associated with obesity susceptibility in the Israeli population. We aimed to study BDNF rs925946 association with obesity susceptibility and its interaction with environmental factors, including eating habits, sugar-sweetened beverages, and physical activity. A data cohort of 4668 Israeli adults (≥18 years, Jewish) was analyzed. Participants' genotypic data for the BDNF rs925946 and lifestyle and eating behavior questionnaire data were analyzed for the association between obesity predisposition and gene-environment interactions. Female (n = 3259) BDNF rs925946 T-allele carriers had an elevated obesity odd (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.4, P = .02). BDNF rs925946 genotype interacted significantly with physical inactivity, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and eating habits score to enhance obesity odds (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.14-1.7; OR = 1.54, 95% CI, 1.1-2.15; and OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-2.11, respectively). Our data demonstrated a significant association between BDNF rs925946 T-allele female carriers and a higher obesity predisposition, affected by modifiable lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Chermon
- Nutrition Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, 407000, Israel
| | - Ruth Birk
- Nutrition Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, 407000, Israel.
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3
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Okano J, Nakagawa T, Kojima H. Plasticity of bone marrow-derived cell differentiation depending on microenvironments in the skin. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1391640. [PMID: 38699142 PMCID: PMC11063383 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1391640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are heterogeneous populations in which not only pluripotent stem cells, namely, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) but also endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are involved. BMDCs contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and recovery from disrupted homeostasis as the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. The skin is the largest organ in which various tissues, such as the epidermis, dermis, skin appendages (i.e., hair follicles), fats, muscles, and vessels, are tightly and systematically packed. It functions as a physical barrier to block the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microorganisms and properly regulate water evaporation. The skin is exposed to injuries from external stimuli because it is the outermost layer and owing to its specificity. Recovery from physical injuries and DNA mutations occurs constantly in the skin, but medical treatments are required for impaired wound healing. Recently, conservative treatments utilizing scaffolds have attracted attention as alternatives to surgical therapy, which is highly invasive. Against this background, numerous scaffolds are available in a clinical setting, although they have not surpassed surgery because of their distinct disadvantages. Here, we discuss the plasticity of BMDCs in the skin to maintain homeostasis, in addition to their critical roles on recovery from disrupted homeostasis. We also share our perspective on how scaffolds can be developed to establish scaffolds beyond surgery to regenerate skin structure during wound healing by maximally utilizing the plasticity of BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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4
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Salvi J, Andreoletti P, Audinat E, Balland E, Ben Fradj S, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Heurtaux T, Liénard F, Nédélec E, Rovère C, Savary S, Véjux A, Trompier D, Benani A. Microgliosis: a double-edged sword in the control of food intake. FEBS J 2024; 291:615-631. [PMID: 35880408 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining energy balance is essential for survival and health. This physiological function is controlled by the brain, which adapts food intake to energy needs. Indeed, the brain constantly receives a multitude of biological signals that are derived from digested foods or that originate from the gastrointestinal tract, energy stores (liver and adipose tissues) and other metabolically active organs (muscles). These signals, which include circulating nutrients, hormones and neuronal inputs from the periphery, collectively provide information on the overall energy status of the body. In the brain, several neuronal populations can specifically detect these signals. Nutrient-sensing neurons are found in discrete brain areas and are highly enriched in the hypothalamus. In turn, specialized brain circuits coordinate homeostatic responses acting mainly on appetite, peripheral metabolism, activity and arousal. Accumulating evidence shows that hypothalamic microglial cells located at the vicinity of these circuits can influence the brain control of energy balance. However, microglial cells could have opposite effects on energy balance, that is homeostatic or detrimental, and the conditions for this shift are not totally understood yet. One hypothesis relies on the extent of microglial activation, and nutritional lipids can considerably change it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Salvi
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Eglantine Balland
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Selma Ben Fradj
- IPMC, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- IPMC, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Véjux
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- CSGA, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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5
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Katagi M, Nakae Y, Okano J, Fujino K, Tanaka T, Miyazawa I, Ohashi N, Nakagawa T, Kojima H. Aberrant bone marrow-derived microglia in the hypothalamus may dysregulate appetite in diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:132-137. [PMID: 37806251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) migrate into the hypothalamus, where those cells give rise to microglia to regulate food intake. Given the fact that diabetes functionally impairs BMDCs, we hypothesized that diabetic microglia would fail to exhibit physiological function, accounting for hyperphagia in diabetes. To examine the role of BMDCs, total bone marrow cells from GFP transgenic mice were transplanted into wild type mice in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. We first confirmed that bone marrow transplantation could be utilized to examine BMDCs in the brain parenchyma as GFP positive cells could engraft the brain parenchyma and give rise to microglia even when the BBB was intact in the recipient mice. While diabetic mice manifested hyperphagia, BMDCs were in smaller number in the hypothalamus with less response to fasting in the brain parenchyma compared to nondiabetic mice. This finding was also confirmed by examining nondiabetic chimera mice in which BMDCs were diabetic. Those mice also exhibited less response of BMDCs in response to fasting. In conclusion, diabetic BMDCs had less response of microglia to fasting, perhaps accounting for diabetic hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Katagi
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Junko Okano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Fujino
- Department of Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tanaka
- Department of Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Itsuko Miyazawa
- Department of Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ohashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Biocommunication Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan; Department of Regenerative Medicine Development, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Uekawa K, Hattori Y, Ahn SJ, Seo J, Casey N, Anfray A, Zhou P, Luo W, Anrather J, Park L, Iadecola C. Border-associated macrophages promote cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive impairment through vascular oxidative stress. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:73. [PMID: 37789345 PMCID: PMC10548599 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a devastating condition common in patients with Alzheimer's disease but also observed in the general population. Vascular oxidative stress and neurovascular dysfunction have been implicated in CAA but the cellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related signaling mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that brain border-associated macrophages (BAM), yolk sac-derived myeloid cells closely apposed to parenchymal and leptomeningeal blood vessels, are the source of radicals through the Aβ-binding innate immunity receptor CD36, leading to neurovascular dysfunction, CAA, and cognitive impairment. METHODS Tg2576 mice and WT littermates were transplanted with CD36-/- or CD36+/+ bone marrow at 12-month of age and tested at 15 months. This approach enables the repopulation of perivascular and leptomeningeal compartments with CD36-/- BAM. Neurovascular function was tested in anesthetized mice equipped with a cranial window in which cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Amyloid pathology and cognitive function were also examined. RESULTS The increase in blood flow evoked by whisker stimulation (functional hyperemia) or by endothelial and smooth muscle vasoactivity was markedly attenuated in WT → Tg2576 chimeras but was fully restored in CD36-/- → Tg2576 chimeras, in which BAM ROS production was suppressed. CAA-associated Aβ1-40, but not Aβ1-42, was reduced in CD36-/- → Tg2576 chimeras. Similarly, CAA, but not parenchymal plaques, was reduced in CD36-/- → Tg2576 chimeras. These beneficial vascular effects were associated with cognitive improvement. Finally, CD36-/- mice were able to more efficiently clear exogenous Aβ1-40 injected into the neocortex or the striatum. CONCLUSIONS CD36 deletion in BAM suppresses ROS production and rescues the neurovascular dysfunction and damage induced by Aβ. CD36 deletion in BAM also reduced brain Aβ1-40 and ameliorated CAA without affecting parenchyma plaques. Lack of CD36 enhanced the vascular clearance of exogenous Aβ. Restoration of neurovascular function and attenuation of CAA resulted in a near complete rescue of cognitive function. Collectively, these data implicate brain BAM in the pathogenesis of CAA and raise the possibility that targeting BAM CD36 is beneficial in CAA and other conditions associated with vascular Aβ deposition and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Uekawa
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sung Ji Ahn
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - James Seo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Nicole Casey
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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7
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Anderson JM, Boardman AA, Bates R, Zou X, Huang W, Cao L. Hypothalamic TrkB.FL overexpression improves metabolic outcomes in the BTBR mouse model of autism. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282566. [PMID: 36893171 PMCID: PMC9997972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice are used as a model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), displaying similar behavioral and physiological deficits observed in patients with ASD. Our recent study found that implementation of an enriched environment (EE) in BTBR mice improved metabolic and behavioral outcomes. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and its receptor tropomyosin kinase receptor B (Ntrk2) were upregulated in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala by implementing EE in BTBR mice, suggesting that BDNF-TrkB signaling plays a role in the EE-BTBR phenotype. Here, we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to overexpress the TrkB full-length (TrkB.FL) BDNF receptor in the BTBR mouse hypothalamus in order to assess whether hypothalamic BDNF-TrkB signaling is responsible for the improved metabolic and behavioral phenotypes associated with EE. Normal chow diet (NCD)-fed and high fat diet (HFD)-fed BTBR mice were randomized to receive either bilateral injections of AAV-TrkB.FL or AAV-YFP as control, and were subjected to metabolic and behavioral assessments up to 24 weeks post-injection. Both NCD and HFD TrkB.FL overexpressing mice displayed improved metabolic outcomes, characterized as reduced percent weight gain and increased energy expenditure. NCD TrkB.FL mice showed improved glycemic control, reduced adiposity, and increased lean mass. In NCD mice, TrkB.FL overexpression altered the ratio of TrkB.FL/TrkB.T1 protein expression and increased phosphorylation of PLCγ in the hypothalamus. TrkB.FL overexpression also upregulated expression of hypothalamic genes involved in energy regulation and altered expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, lipolysis, and energy expenditure in white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. In HFD mice, TrkB.FL overexpression increased phosphorylation of PLCγ. TrkB.FL overexpression in the hypothalamus did not improve behavioral deficits in either NCD or HFD mice. Together, these results suggest that enhancing hypothalamic TrkB.FL signaling improves metabolic health in BTBR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Amber A. Boardman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Rhiannon Bates
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Xunchang Zou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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8
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Glucose and fructose directly stimulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in microglia. Neuroreport 2022; 33:583-589. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Mukherjee S, Skrede S, Milbank E, Andriantsitohaina R, López M, Fernø J. Understanding the Effects of Antipsychotics on Appetite Control. Front Nutr 2022; 8:815456. [PMID: 35047549 PMCID: PMC8762106 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.815456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) represent a cornerstone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. The effectiveness of the first generation (typical) APDs are hampered by so-called extrapyramidal side effects, and they have gradually been replaced by second (atypical) and third-generation APDs, with less extrapyramidal side effects and, in some cases, improved efficacy. However, the use of many of the current APDs has been limited due to their propensity to stimulate appetite, weight gain, and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this patient group. The mechanisms behind the appetite-stimulating effects of the various APDs are not fully elucidated, partly because their diverse receptor binding profiles may affect different downstream pathways. It is critical to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying drug-induced hyperphagia, both because this may lead to the development of new APDs, with lower appetite-stimulating effects but also because such insight may provide new knowledge about appetite regulation in general. Hence, in this review, we discuss the receptor binding profile of various APDs in relation to the potential mechanisms by which they affect appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.,SOPAM, U1063, INSERM, University of Angers, SFR ICAT, Bat IRIS-IBS, Angers, France
| | | | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Wang XL, Li L. Microglia Regulate Neuronal Circuits in Homeostatic and High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammatory Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:722028. [PMID: 34720877 PMCID: PMC8549960 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.722028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages, which actively survey the surrounding microenvironment and promote tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. During this process, microglia participate in synaptic remodeling, neurogenesis, elimination of unwanted neurons and cellular debris. The complex interplay between microglia and neurons drives the formation of functional neuronal connections and maintains an optimal neural network. However, activation of microglia induced by chronic inflammation increases synaptic phagocytosis and leads to neuronal impairment or death. Microglial dysfunction is implicated in almost all brain diseases and leads to long-lasting functional deficiency, such as hippocampus-related cognitive decline and hypothalamus-associated energy imbalance (i.e., obesity). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption triggers mediobasal hypothalamic microglial activation and inflammation. Moreover, HFD-induced inflammation results in cognitive deficits by triggering hippocampal microglial activation. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of microglial characteristics and biological functions and also reviewed the molecular mechanism of microglia in shaping neural circuitries mainly related to cognition and energy balance in homeostatic and diet-induced inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjian Li
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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11
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Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105243. [PMID: 34063496 PMCID: PMC8155827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully understood, but a maladaptive cross-talk between neurons and surrounding microglial is likely to be a contributing factor. Functional and anatomical connections between microglia and hypothalamic neuronal cells are at the core of how the brain orchestrates changes in the body's metabolic needs. However, such a melodious interaction may become maladaptive in response to prolonged diet-induced metabolic stress, thereby causing overfeeding, body weight gain, and systemic metabolic perturbations. From this perspective, we critically discuss emerging molecular and cellular underpinnings of microglia-neuron communication in the hypothalamic neuronal circuits implicated in energy balance regulation. We explore whether changes in this intercellular dialogue induced by metabolic stress may serve as a protective neuronal mechanism or contribute to disease establishment and progression. Our analysis provides a framework for future mechanistic studies that will facilitate progress into both the etiology and treatments of metabolic disorders.
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12
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Gavriel Y, Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Ezra A, Barbiro B, Solomon B. Subcutaneous Administration of AMD3100 into Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment, Reduced Neuroinflammation, and Improved Pathophysiological Markers. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:653-671. [PMID: 33016905 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the prevalent dementia in the elderly, involves many related and interdependent pathologies that manifest simultaneously, leading to cognitive impairment and death. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain triggers the onset of AD, accompanied by neuroinflammatory response and pathological changes. The CXCR4/CXCL12 (SDF1) axis is one of the major signal transduction cascades involved in the inflammation process and regulation of homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow niche. Inhibition of the axis with AMD3100, a reversible antagonist of CXCR4 mobilizes endogenous HSCs from the bone marrow into the periphery, facilitating the recruitment of bone marrow-derived microglia-like cells into the brain, attenuates the neuroinflammation process that involves release of excitotoxic markers such as TNFα, intracellular Ca2 +, and glutamate and upregulates monocarboxylate transporter 1, the major L-lactate transporter in the brain. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigate if administration of a combination of AMD3100 and L-lactate may have beneficial effects in the treatment of AD. METHODS We tested the feasibility of the combined treatment for short- and long-term efficacy for inducing endogenous stem cells' mobilization and attenuation of neuroinflammation in two distinct amyloid-β-induced AD mouse models. RESULTS The combined treatment did not demonstrate any adverse effects on the mice, and resulted in a significant improvement in cognitive/memory functions, attenuated neuroinflammation, and alleviated AD pathologies compared to each treatment alone. CONCLUSION This study showed AMD3100's beneficial effect in ameliorating AD pathogenesis, suggesting an alternative to the multistep procedures of transplantation of stem cells in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Gavriel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Rabinovich-Nikitin
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Ezra
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Becki Barbiro
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Beka Solomon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Okano J, Nakae Y, Nakagawa T, Katagi M, Terashima T, Nagakubo D, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Suzuki Y, Kojima H. A novel role for bone marrow-derived cells to recover damaged keratinocytes from radiation-induced injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5653. [PMID: 33707490 PMCID: PMC7952382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR), which is sufficient for causing skin injury, can occur during radiation therapy as well as in radiation accidents. Radiation-induced skin injury occasionally recovers, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Moderate-dose IR is frequently utilized for bone marrow transplantation in mice; therefore, this mouse model can help understand the mechanism. We had previously reported that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) migrate to the epidermis-dermis junction in response to IR, although their role remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of BMDCs in radiation-induced skin injury in BMT mice and observed that BMDCs contributed to skin recovery after IR-induced barrier dysfunction. One of the important mechanisms involved the action of CCL17 secreted by BMDCs on irradiated basal cells, leading to accelerated proliferation and recovery of apoptosis caused by IR. Our findings suggest that BMDCs are key players in IR-induced skin injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagakubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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14
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Wang Z, Li H. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with diabetic neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135655. [PMID: 33485990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is one of the most common and severe complications in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to investigate serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with DNP and to evaluate the association between BDNF and disease severity. METHODS A total of 143 T2DM patients were included, according to clinical characteristics and douleur neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire are divided into the DNP group (n = 78) and without the DNP group (n = 65). BDNF levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, other biochemical characteristics were measured using routine laboratory methods. RESULTS Serum levels of BDNF was increased significantly in the DNP group compared to without DNP group. Meanwhile, a binary logistic regression model identified as revealed BDNF (OR = 1.178, 95 %CI = 1.064-1.305,p = 0.002) was a risk factor in T2DM patients. Furthermore, the serum BDNF levels positively correlated with VAS score in the DNP patients. CONCLUSIONS Serum BDNF was elevated in DNP patients and increased gradually with the VAS score. BDNF was identified as risk factors for pain in all T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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15
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of various diseases and mortality. Although nearly 50 % of adults have been reported trying to lose weight, the prevalence of obesity has increased. One factor that hinders weight loss-induced decrease in obesity prevalence is weight regain. Although behavioural, psychological and physiological factors associated with weight regain have been reviewed, the information regarding the relationship between weight regain and genetics has not been previously summarised. In this paper, we comprehensively review the association between genetic polymorphisms and weight regain in adults and children with obesity after weight loss. Based on this information, identification of genetic polymorphism in patients who undergo weight loss intervention might be used to estimate their risks of weight regain. Additionally, the genetic-based risk estimation may be used as a guide for physicians and dietitians to provide each of their patients with the most appropriate strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance.
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16
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Rosin JM, Kurrasch DM. Emerging roles for hypothalamic microglia as regulators of physiological homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100748. [PMID: 31059719 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain's environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia's role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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17
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Morita-Takemura S, Nakahara K, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Isonishi A, Tatsumi K, Okuda H, Tanaka T, Kitabatake M, Ito T, Wanaka A. Responses of perivascular macrophages to circulating lipopolysaccharides in the subfornical organ with special reference to endotoxin tolerance. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 30764851 PMCID: PMC6375194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating endotoxins including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause brain responses such as fever and decrease of food and water intake, while pre-injection of endotoxins attenuates these responses. This phenomenon is called endotoxin tolerance, but the mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. The subfornical organ (SFO) rapidly produces proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in response to peripherally injected LPS, and repeated LPS injection attenuates IL-1β production in the SFO, indicating that the SFO is involved in endotoxin tolerance. The purpose of this study is to investigate features of the IL-1β source cells in the SFO of LPS-non-tolerant and LPS-tolerant mice. METHODS We first established the endotoxin-tolerant mouse model by injecting LPS into adult male mice (C57BL/6J). Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize IL-1β-expressing cells, which were perivascular macrophages in the SFO. We depleted perivascular macrophages using clodronate liposomes to confirm the contribution of IL-1β production. To assess the effect of LPS pre-injection on perivascular macrophages, we transferred bone marrow-derived cells obtained from male mice (C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP)) to male recipient mice (C57BL/6N). Finally, we examined the effect of a second LPS injection on IL-1β expression in the SFO perivascular macrophages. RESULTS We report that perivascular macrophages but not parenchymal microglia rapidly produced the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in response to LPS. We found that peripherally injected LPS localized in the SFO perivascular space. Depletion of macrophages by injection of clodronate liposomes attenuated LPS-induced IL-1β expression in the SFO. When tolerance developed to LPS-induced sickness behavior in mice, the SFO perivascular macrophages ceased producing IL-1β, although bone marrow-derived perivascular macrophages increased in number in the SFO and peripherally injected LPS reached the SFO perivascular space. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicate that perivascular macrophages enable the SFO to produce IL-1β in response to circulating LPS and that its hyporesponsiveness may be the cause of endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Morita-Takemura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nakahara
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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18
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Uto NS, Amitani H, Atobe Y, Sameshima Y, Sakaki M, Rokot N, Ataka K, Amitani M, Inui A. Herbal Medicine Ninjin'yoeito in the Treatment of Sarcopenia and Frailty. Front Nutr 2018; 5:126. [PMID: 30619872 PMCID: PMC6299011 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty and sarcopenia have recently gained considerable attention in terms of preventive care in Japan, which has an ever-increasing aging population. Sarcopenia is defined as atrophy of skeletal muscles caused by the age-related decrease in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor and sex hormones. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare reports that frailty can lead to impairment of both mental and physical functioning. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and dementia may underlie frailty. It is important to prevent progression of frailty and extend the healthy lifespan. In herbal medicine practice, including Japanese Kampo medicine, "Mibyo," a presymptomatic state, has long been recognized and may be applicable to frailty. Kampo medicines may include several medicinal plants and are thought to have the potential to improve symptoms of frailty, such as loss of appetite and body weight, fatigue, and sarcopenia, as well as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. Ninjin'yoeito (Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang) is the most powerful Kampo medicine and has been widely applied to palliative care of cancer patients. This review includes recent anti-aging studies and describes the effects and mechanisms of Ninjin'yoeito (Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang) when used for frailty or to extend a healthy life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sameshima Uto
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Atobe
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sameshima
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mika Sakaki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Natasya Rokot
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koji Ataka
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Marie Amitani
- Education Center for Doctors in Remote Islands and Rural Areas, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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19
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Depletion of embryonic microglia using the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 has adverse sex-specific effects on mice, including accelerated weight gain, hyperactivity and anxiolytic-like behaviour. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:682-697. [PMID: 30056204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Originally thought to be primarily responsible for disposing of cellular debris and responding to neural insults, emerging research now shows that microglia are highly dynamic cells involved in a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. The hypothalamus is a brain region critical for maintaining homeostatic processes such as energy balance, thirst, food intake, reproduction, and circadian rhythms. Given that microglia colonize the embryonic brain alongside key steps of hypothalamic development, here we tested whether microglia are required for the proper establishment of this brain region. The Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (Csf1r) is expressed by microglia, macrophages and osteoclasts, and is required for their proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Therefore, to eliminate microglia from the fetal brain, we treated pregnant dams with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622. We showed that approximately 99% of microglia were eliminated by embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) after pregnant dams were placed on a PLX5622 diet starting at E3.5. Following microglia depletion, we observed elevated numbers of apoptotic cells accumulating throughout the developing hypothalamus. Once the PLX5622 diet was removed, microglia repopulated the postnatal brain within 7 days and did not appear to repopulate from Nestin+ precursors. Embryonic microglia depletion also resulted in a decreased litter size, as well as an increase in the number of pups that died within the first two postnatal days of life. In pups that survived, the elimination of microglia in the fetal brain resulted in a decrease in the number of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and a concomitant accelerated weight gain starting at postnatal day 5 (P5), suggesting that microglia could be important for the development of cell types key to hypothalamic satiety centers. Moreover, surviving PLX5622 exposed animals displayed craniofacial and dental abnormalities, perhaps due to non-CNS effects of PLX5622 on macrophages and/or osteoclasts. Finally, depletion of microglia during embryogenesis had long-term sex-specific effects on behaviour, including the development of hyperactivity and anxiolytic-like behaviour in juvenile and adult female mice, respectively. Together, these data demonstrate an important role for microglia during the development of the embryonic hypothalamus, and perhaps the CNS more broadly.
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20
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Rosin JM, Kurrasch DM. Bisphenol A and microglia: could microglia be responsive to this environmental contaminant during neural development? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E279-E285. [PMID: 29812986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00443.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the functional role of microglia in the developing brain. In our laboratory, we have become particularly intrigued as to whether fetal microglia in the embryonic brain are susceptible to maternal challenges in utero (e.g., maternal infection, stress) and, if so, whether their precocious activation could then adversely influence brain development. One such challenge that is newly arising in this field is whether microglia might be downstream targets to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), which functions in part by mimicking estrogen structure and function. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that gestational exposure to BPA has adverse effects on brain development, although the exact mechanisms are still emerging. Given that microglia express estrogen receptors and steroid-producing enzymes, microglia might be an unappreciated target of BPA. Mechanistically, we propose that BPA binding to estrogen receptors within microglia initiates transcription of downstream target genes, which then leads to activation of microglia that can then perhaps adversely influence brain development. Here, we first briefly outline the current understanding of how microglia may influence brain development and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of BPA's effects during similar time points. We also outline the current literature demonstrating that BPA exposure affects microglia. We conclude by discussing our thoughts on the mechanisms through which exposure to BPA could disrupt normal microglia functions, ultimately affecting brain development that could potentially lead to lasting behavioral effects and perhaps even neuroendocrine diseases such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
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21
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Harcourt BE, Bullen DVR, Kao KT, Tassoni D, Alexander EJ, Burgess T, White SM, Sabin MA. Maternal inheritance of BDNF deletion, with phenotype of obesity and developmental delay in mother and child. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:194-200. [PMID: 29160031 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a significant world health problem. Understanding the genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development of obesity in childhood is important for the rational design of strategies for obesity prevention and treatment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, there is also an evidence that BDNF plays a role in regulation of appetite. Disruption of the expression of this gene in a child has been previously reported to result in a phenotype of severe obesity, hyperphagia, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity. We report a mother and child, both with micro-deletions encompassing the BDNF gene locus, who both have obesity and developmental delay, although without hyperactivity. This report highlights the maternal inheritance of a rare genetic cause of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Harcourt
- Obesity Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kung-Ting Kao
- Obesity Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Erin J Alexander
- Obesity Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trent Burgess
- Victorian Clinical Genetic Services, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetic Services, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matthew A Sabin
- Obesity Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Morphine exposure during early life alters thermal and mechanical thresholds in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 60:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes - Beneficial effects of glatiramer acetate in the R6/2 and YAC128 mouse models of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:12-23. [PMID: 27587303 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a FDA-approved drug which is licensed for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and which may exert neuroprotective effects via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we investigate effects of GA on BDNF expression especially in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo in brains of R6/2 and YAC128 transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) where a pathogenic role of astroglial cells has recently been shown. We show that GA increases the expression of functionally active BDNF in astrocyte culture and in astrocytes of GA treated HD mice. In the brains of these mice, GA decreases neurodegeneration and restores BDNF levels. The beneficial effect of GA in R6/2 mice also comprises reduced weight loss and prolonged life span and, for both models, also improved motor performance. Further studies with this safe and effective drug in HD are warranted.
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24
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Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Ingerslev LR, Qian K, Mechta M, Nordkap L, Mortensen B, Appel EVR, Jørgensen N, Kristiansen VB, Hansen T, Workman CT, Zierath JR, Barrès R. Obesity and Bariatric Surgery Drive Epigenetic Variation of Spermatozoa in Humans. Cell Metab 2016; 23:369-78. [PMID: 26669700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a heritable disorder, with children of obese fathers at higher risk of developing obesity. Environmental factors epigenetically influence somatic tissues, but the contribution of these factors to the establishment of epigenetic patterns in human gametes is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that weight loss remodels the epigenetic signature of spermatozoa in human obesity. Comprehensive profiling of the epigenome of sperm from lean and obese men showed similar histone positioning, but small non-coding RNA expression and DNA methylation patterns were markedly different. In a separate cohort of morbidly obese men, surgery-induced weight loss was associated with a dramatic remodeling of sperm DNA methylation, notably at genetic locations implicated in the central control of appetite. Our data provide evidence that the epigenome of human spermatozoa dynamically changes under environmental pressure and offers insight into how obesity may propagate metabolic dysfunction to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Donkin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Soetkin Versteyhe
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Lars R Ingerslev
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kui Qian
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Mie Mechta
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Loa Nordkap
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2810, Denmark; Center for Diabetes Research, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
| | - Emil Vincent R Appel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Romain Barrès
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Nakagomi A, Okada S, Yokoyama M, Yoshida Y, Shimizu I, Miki T, Kobayashi Y, Minamino T. Role of the central nervous system and adipose tissue BDNF/TrkB axes in metabolic regulation. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015; 1:15009. [PMID: 28721258 PMCID: PMC5514989 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor (tropomyosin-related kinase B: TrkB, also known as Ntrk2) have a key role in central regulation of the energy balance. BDNF and TrkB are also expressed in the peripheral tissues, including adipose tissue, but their peripheral role has been unclear. Here we report on the functional significance of the adipose tissue BDNF/TrkB axis in metabolic homeostasis. Materials and Methods: To examine the role of the BDNF/TrkB axis in the central nervous system and in adipose tissue, we generated adipocyte-specific or neuron-specific BDNF/TrkB conditional knockout (CKO) mice. Then we compared the feeding behavior and metabolic profile between each type of CKO mouse and their littermates. Results: Bdnf expression was significantly increased in the adipose tissue of mice receiving a high-calorie diet, whereas Ntrk2 expression was decreased. The Bdnf/Ntrk2 expression ratio of adipose tissue was higher in female mice than male mice. Fabp4-Cre mice are widely used to establish adipocyte-specific CKO mice. However, we found that Fabp4-Cre-induced deletion of Bdnf or Ntrk2 led to hyperphagia, obesity, and aggressiveness, presumably due to ectopic Fabp4-Cre mediated gene recombination in the brain. Next, we attempted to more specifically delete Bdnf or Ntrk2 in adipocytes using Adipoq-Cre mice. Expression of Ntrk2, but not Bdnf, in the adipose tissue was reduced by Adipoq-Cre mediated gene recombination, indicating that adipocytes only expressed TrkB. No phenotypic changes were detected when Adipoq-Cre TrkB CKO mice were fed a normal diet, whereas female CKO mice receiving a high-calorie diet showed a decrease in food intake and resistance to obesity. Conclusions: The adipose tissue BDNF/TrkB axis has a substantial influence on the feeding behavior and obesity in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakagomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sho Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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26
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Okano J, Kojima H, Katagi M, Nakae Y, Terashima T, Nakagawa T, Kurakane T, Okamoto N, Morohashi K, Maegawa H, Udagawa J. Epidermis-dermis junction as a novel location for bone marrow-derived cells to reside in response to ionizing radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:695-701. [PMID: 25922286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) can migrate into the various organs in the mice irradiated by ionizing radiation (IR). However, it may not be the case in the skin. While IR is used for bone marrow (BM) transplantation, studying with the epidermal sheets demonstrated that the BMDC recruitment is extraordinarily rare in epidermis in the mouse. Herein, using the chimera mice with BM from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, we simply examined if BMDCs migrate into any layers in the total skin, as opposed to the epidermal sheets, in response to IR. Interestingly, we identified the presence of GFP-positive (GFP(+)) cells in the epidermis-dermis junction in the total skin sections although the epidermal cell sheets failed to have any GFP cells. To examine a possibility that the cells in the junction could be mechanically dissociated during separating epidermal sheets, we then salvaged such dissociated cells and examined its characteristics. Surprisingly, some GFP(+) cells were found in the salvaged cells, indicating that these cells could be derived from BM. In addition, such BMDCs were also associated with inflammation in the junction. In conclusion, BMDCs can migrate to and reside in the epidermis-dermis junction after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okano
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miwako Katagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoya Terashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurakane
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keita Morohashi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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27
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Linker RA, Lee DH, Flach AC, Litke T, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM, Lingner T, Bommhardt U, Sendtner M, Gold R, Flügel A, Lühder F. Thymocyte-derived BDNF influences T-cell maturation at the DN3/DN4 transition stage. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1326-38. [PMID: 25627579 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuronal survival, regeneration, and plasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates an essential role for BDNF outside the nervous system, for instance in immune cells. We therefore investigated the impact of BDNF on T cells using BDNF knockout (KO) mice and conditional KO mice lacking BDNF specifically in this lymphoid subset. In both settings, we observed diminished T-cell cellularity in peripheral lymphoid organs and an increase in CD4(+) CD44(+) memory T cells. Analysis of thymocyte development revealed diminished total thymocyte numbers, accompanied by a significant increase in CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) thymocytes due to a partial block in the transition from the DN3 to the DN4 stage. This was neither due to increased thymocyte apoptosis nor defects in the expression of the TCR-β chain or the pre-TCR. In contrast, pERK but not pAKT levels were diminished in DN3 BDNF-deficient thymocytes. BDNF deficiency in T cells did not result in gross deficits in peripheral acute immune responses nor in changes of the homeostatic proliferation of peripheral T cells. Taken together, our data reveal a critical autocrine and/or paracrine role of T-cell-derived BDNF in thymocyte maturation involving ERK-mediated TCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne-Christine Flach
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Litke
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens van den Brandt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- DNA Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Facility, Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, The Hertie Foundation and MPI for Experimental Medicine, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Submyeloablative conditioning with busulfan permits bone marrow-derived cell accumulation in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 588:196-201. [PMID: 25582787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that bone marrow (BM)-derived cells (BMDCs) accumulate within the CNS and could potentially associate with β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To explore the accumulation of BMDCs in murine AD, we transplanted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled BM cells into triple transgenic (3×Tg) and wild-type (wt) mice using non-irradiative myelosuppresive conditioning with busulfan (BU). We find that BU (80mg/kg) is sufficient to obtain adequate chimerism (>85%) in wt mice. In order to obtain appreciable non-irradiative chimerism in the 3×Tg mice (>80%), anti-asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (α-ASGM-1) antibody was also used to reduce natural killer cell function and thereby abrogate the hybrid resistance of the 3×Tg mouse strain. Using BU conditioning and α-ASGM-1 together, we observed sustained BM chimerism and BMDC accumulation within the CNS of the 3×Tg and wt mice. In cortex and hippocampus, BMDC accumulation was perivascular in distribution and similar between 3×Tg and wt mice, with no clear association between BMDCs and AD plaques. We conclude that non-irradiative BM chimerism can be achieved with BU in 3×Tg mice, but requires α-ASGM-1 (or similar appropriate NK-cell depletion). Use of this chimerism protocol permits BMDCs accumulation in the CNS of mixed strain recipient mice although BMDCs appear to be largely perivascular within cortex and hippocampus.
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29
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Morari J, Anhe GF, Nascimento LF, de Moura RF, Razolli D, Solon C, Guadagnini D, Souza G, Mattos AH, Tobar N, Ramos CD, Pascoal VD, Saad MJ, Lopes-Cendes I, Moraes JC, Velloso LA. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is involved in the early activation of hypothalamic inflammation in experimental obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:3770-84. [PMID: 24947351 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation is a common feature of experimental obesity. Dietary fats are important triggers of this process, inducing the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Microglia cells, which are the cellular components of the innate immune system in the brain, are expected to play a role in the early activation of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Here, we use bone marrow transplants to generate mice chimeras that express a functional TLR4 in the entire body except in bone marrow-derived cells or only in bone marrow-derived cells. We show that a functional TLR4 in bone marrow-derived cells is required for the complete expression of the diet-induced obese phenotype and for the perpetuation of inflammation in the hypothalamus. In an obesity-prone mouse strain, the chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) is rapidly induced in the neurons of the hypothalamus after the introduction of a high-fat diet. The inhibition of hypothalamic fractalkine reduces diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and the recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytic cells to the hypothalamus; in addition, this inhibition reduces obesity and protects against diet-induced glucose intolerance. Thus, fractalkine is an important player in the early induction of diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and its inhibition impairs the induction of the obese and glucose intolerance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F Anhe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Souza
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Mattos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tobar
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso D Ramos
- Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius D Pascoal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J Saad
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Moraes
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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30
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Microglia as a critical player in both developmental and late-life CNS pathologies. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:333-45. [PMID: 25056803 PMCID: PMC4131160 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, are attracting increasing attention as key players in brain homeostasis from development through aging. Recent works have highlighted new and unexpected roles for these once-enigmatic cells in both healthy central nervous system function and in diverse pathologies long thought to be primarily the result of neuronal malfunction. In this review, we have chosen to focus on Rett syndrome, which features early neurodevelopmental pathology, and Alzheimer’s disease, a disorder associated predominantly with aging. Interestingly, receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis has emerged as a key function in both developmental and late-life brain pathologies. In a mouse model of Rett syndrome, bone marrow transplant and CNS engraftment of microglia-like cells were associated with surprising improvements in pathology—these benefits were abrogated by block of phagocytic function. In Alzheimer’s disease, large-scale genome-wide association studies have been brought to bear as a method of identifying previously unknown susceptibility genes, which highlight microglial receptors as promising novel targets for therapeutic modulation. Multi-photon in vivo microscopy has provided a method of directly visualizing the effects of manipulation of these target genes. Here, we review the latest findings and concepts emerging from the rapidly growing body of literature exemplified for Rett syndrome and late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.
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31
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Yanev S, Aloe L, Fiore M, Chaldakov GN. Neurotrophic and metabotrophic potential of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Linking cardiometabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:92-99. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of biggest recent achievements of neurobiology is the study on neurotrophic factors. The neurotrophins are exciting examples of these factors. They belong to a family of proteins consisting of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), NT-4/5, NT-6, and NT-7. Today, NGF and BDNF are well recognized to mediate a dizzying number of trophobiological effects, ranging from neurotrophic through immunotrophic and epitheliotrophic to metabotrophic effects. These are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In the same vein, recent studies in adipobiology reveal that this tissue is the body’s largest endocrine and paracrine organ producing multiple signaling proteins collectively termed adipokines, with NGF and BDNF being also produced from adipose tissue. Altogether, neurobiology and adipobiology contribute to the improvement of our knowledge on diseases beyond obesity such as cardiometabolic (atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) and neuropsychiatric (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and depression) diseases. The present review updates evidence for (1) neurotrophic and metabotrophic potentials of NGF and BDNF linking the pathogenesis of these diseases, and (2) NGF- and BDNF-mediated effects in ampakines, NMDA receptor antagonists, antidepressants, selective deacetylase inhibitors, statins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, and purinergic P2X3 receptor up-regulation. This may help to construct a novel paradigm in the field of translational pharmacology of neuro-metabotrophins, particularly NGF and BDNF.
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