Characterizing the genetic basis of methylome diversity in histologically normal human lung tissue

Genetic effects on the skin methylome in healthy older twins

Whole-skin DNA methylation variation has been implicated in several diseases, including melanoma, but its genetic basis has not yet been fully characterized. Using bulk skin tissue samples from 414 healthy female UK twins, we performed twin-based heritability and methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) analyses for >400,000 DNA methylation sites. We find that the human skin DNA methylome is on average less heritable than previously estimated in blood and other tissues (mean heritability: 10.02%). meQTL analysis identified local genetic effects influencing DNA methylation at 18.8% (76,442) of tested CpG sites, as well as 1,775 CpG sites associated with at least one distal genetic variant. As a functional follow-up, we performed skin expression QTL (eQTL) analyses in a partially overlapping sample of 604 female twins. Colocalization analysis identified over 3,500 shared genetic effects affecting thousands of CpG sites (10,067) and genes (4,475). Mediation analysis of putative colocalized gene-CpG pairs identified 114 genes with evidence for eQTL effects being mediated by DNA methylation in skin, including in genes implicating skin disease such as ALOX12 and CSPG4. We further explored the relevance of skin meQTLs to skin disease and found that skin meQTLs and CpGs under genetic influence were enriched for multiple skin-related genome-wide and epigenome-wide association signals, including for melanoma and psoriasis. Our findings give insights into the regulatory landscape of epigenomic variation in skin.

An atlas of genetic effects on the monocyte methylome across European and African populations

Elucidating the genetic architecture of DNA methylation (DNAm) is crucial for decoding the etiology of complex diseases. However, current epigenomic studies often suffer from incomplete coverage of methylation sites and the use of tissues containing heterogeneous cell populations. To address these challenges, we present a comprehensive human methylome atlas based on deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of purified monocytes from 298 European Americans (EA) and 160 African Americans (AA) in the Louisiana Osteoporosis Study. Our atlas enables the analysis of over 25 million DNAm sites. We identified 1,383,250 and 1,721,167 methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) in cis -regions for EA and AA populations, respectively, with 880,108 sites shared between ancestries. While cis -meQTLs exhibited population-specific patterns, primarily due to differences in minor allele frequencies, shared cis -meQTLs showed high concordance across ancestries. Notably, cis -heritability estimates revealed significantly higher mean values in the AA population (0.09) compared to the EA population (0.04). Furthermore, we developed population-specific DNAm imputation models using Elastic Net, enabling methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) for 1,976,046 and 2,657,581 methylation sites in EA and AA, respectively. The performance of our MWAS models was validated through a systematic multi-ancestry analysis of 41 complex traits from the Million Veteran Program. Our findings bridge the gap between genomics and the monocyte methylome, uncovering novel methylation-phenotype associations and their transferability across diverse ancestries. The identified meQTLs, MWAS models, and data resources are freely available at www.gcbhub.org and https://osf.io/gct57/ .

High-throughput characterization of functional variants highlights heterogeneity and polygenicity underlying lung cancer susceptibility

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous lung cancer risk-associated loci. However, decoding molecular mechanisms of these associations is challenging since most of these genetic variants are non-protein-coding with unknown function. Here, we implemented massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) to simultaneously measure the allelic transcriptional activity of risk-associated variants. We tested 2,245 variants at 42 loci from 3 recent GWASs in East Asian and European populations in the context of two major lung cancer histological types and exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. This MPRA approach identified one or more variants (median 11 variants) with significant effects on transcriptional activity at 88% of GWAS loci. Multimodal integration of lung-specific epigenomic data demonstrated that 63% of the loci harbored multiple potentially functional variants in linkage disequilibrium. While 22% of the significant variants showed allelic effects in both A549 (adenocarcinoma) and H520 (squamous cell carcinoma) cell lines, a subset of the functional variants displayed a significant cell-type interaction. Transcription factor analyses nominated potential regulators of the functional variants, including those with cell-type-specific expression and those predicted to bind multiple potentially functional variants across the GWAS loci. Linking functional variants to target genes based on four complementary approaches identified candidate susceptibility genes, including those affecting lung cancer cell growth. CRISPR interference of the top functional variant at 20q13.33 validated variant-to-gene connections, including RTEL1, SOX18, and ARFRP1. Our data provide a comprehensive functional analysis of lung cancer GWAS loci and help elucidate the molecular basis of heterogeneity and polygenicity underlying lung cancer susceptibility.

Promoter hypermethylation of Y-chromosome gene PRKY as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer

Aim: To develop a methylation marker of Y-chromosome gene in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).Materials & methods: We utilized bioinformatics analysis to identify the expression and promoter methylation of Y-chromosome gene PRKY in PCa and other common malignancies. Single-center experiments were conducted to validate the diagnostic value of PRKY promoter methylation in PCa.Results:  PRKY expression was significantly down-regulated in PCa and its mechanism may be related to promoter methylation. PRKY promoter methylation is highly specific for the diagnosis of early PCa, which may be superior to prostate-specific antigen, mpMRI and other excellent molecular biomarkers.Conclusion:  PRKY promoter methylation may be a potential marker for the early and accurate diagnosis of PCa.

The effect of type 1 diabetes protection and susceptibility associated HLA class II genotypes on DNA methylation in immune cells

The HLA region, especially HLA class I and II genes, which encode molecules for antigen presentation to T cells, plays a major role in the predisposition to autoimmune disorders. To clarify the mechanisms behind this association, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation by microarrays to cover over 850,000 CpG sites in the CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells of healthy subjects homozygous either for DRB1*15-DQA1*01-DQB1*06:02 (DR2-DQ6, n = 14), associated with a strongly decreased T1D risk, DRB1*03-DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (DR3-DQ2, n = 19), or DRB1*04:01-DQA1*03-DQB1*03:02 (DR4-DQ8, n = 17), associated with a moderately increased T1D risk. In total, we discovered 14 differentially methylated CpG probes, of which 10 were located in the HLA region and six in the HLA-DRB1 locus. The main differences were between the protective genotype DR2-DQ6 and the risk genotypes DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8, where the DR2-DQ6 group was hypomethylated compared to the other groups in all but four of the differentially methylated probes. The differences between the risk genotypes DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 were small. Our results indicate that HLA variants have few systemic effects on methylation and that their effect on autoimmunity is conveyed directly by HLA molecules, possibly by differences in expression levels or function.

Investigating the relationship between DNA methylation, genetic variation, and suicide attempt in bipolar disorder

Individuals with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for suicide, and this can be influenced by a range of biological, clinical, and environmental risk factors. Biological components associated with suicide include DNA modifications that lead to changes in gene expression. Common genetic variation and DNA methylation changes are some of the most frequent types of DNA findings associated with an increased risk for suicidal behavior. Importantly, the interplay between genetic predisposition and DNA methylation patterns is becoming more prevalent in genetic studies. We hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns in specific loci already genetically associated with suicide would be altered in individuals with bipolar disorder and a history of suicide attempt. To test this hypothesis, we searched the literature to identify common genetic variants (N=34) previously associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in individuals with bipolar disorder. We then created a customized sequencing panel that covered our chosen genomic loci. We profiled DNA methylation patterns from blood samples collected from bipolar disorder participants with suicidal behavior (N=55) and without suicidal behavior (N=51). We identified seven differentially methylated CpG sites and five differentially methylated regions between the two groups. Additionally, we found that DNA methylation changes in MIF and CACNA1C were associated with lethality or number of suicide attempts. Finally, we identified three meQTLs in SIRT1 , IMPA2 , and INPP1 . This study illustrates that DNA methylation is altered in individuals with bipolar disorder and a history of suicide attempts in regions known to harbor suicide-related variants.

The Effect of DNA Methylation in the Development and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population: An Epigenome-Wide Association Study Using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Database

BACKGROUND

Although knowledge of the genetic factors influencing kidney disease is increasing, epigenetic profiles, which are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), have not been fully elucidated. We sought to identify the DNA methylation status of CpG sites associated with reduced kidney function and examine whether the identified CpG sites are associated with CKD development.

METHOD

We analyzed DNA methylation patterns of 440 participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² at baseline. CKD development was defined as a decrease in the eGFR of <60 at any time during an 8-year follow-up period ("CKD prediction" analysis). In addition, among the 440 participants, 49 participants who underwent a second methylation profiling were assessed for an association between a decline in kidney function and changes in the degree of methylation of CpG sites during the 8 years ("kidney function slope" analysis).

RESULTS

In the CKD prediction analysis, methylation profiles of a total of 403,129 CpG sites were evaluated at baseline in 440 participants, and increased and decreased methylation of 268 and 189 CpG sites, respectively, were significantly correlated with the development of CKD in multivariable logistic regression. During kidney function slope analysis using follow-up methylation profiles of 49 participants, the percent methylation changes in 913 CpG sites showed a linear relationship with the percent change in eGFR during 8 years. During functional enrichment analyses for significant CpG sites found in the CKD prediction and kidney function slope analyses, we found that those CpG sites represented MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Rap1 pathways. In addition, three CpG sites from three genes, NPHS2, CHCHD4, and AHR, were found to be significant in the CKD prediction analysis and related to a decline in kidney function.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that DNA methylation on specific genes is associated with the development of CKD and the deterioration of kidney function.

Profiling the immune epigenome across global cattle breeds

BACKGROUND

Understanding the variation between well and poorly adapted cattle breeds to local environments and pathogens is essential for breeding cattle with improved climate and disease-resistant phenotypes. Although considerable progress has been made towards identifying genetic differences between breeds, variation at the epigenetic and chromatin levels remains poorly characterized. Here, we generate, sequence and analyse over 150 libraries at base-pair resolution to explore the dynamics of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility of the bovine immune system across three distinct cattle lineages.

RESULTS

We find extensive epigenetic divergence between the taurine and indicine cattle breeds across immune cell types, which is linked to the levels of local DNA sequence divergence between the two cattle sub-species. The unique cell type profiles enable the deconvolution of complex cellular mixtures using digital cytometry approaches. Finally, we show distinct sub-categories of CpG islands based on their chromatin and methylation profiles that discriminate between classes of distal and gene proximal islands linked to discrete transcriptional states.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides a comprehensive resource of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and RNA expression profiles of three diverse cattle populations. The findings have important implications, from understanding how genetic editing across breeds, and consequently regulatory backgrounds, may have distinct impacts to designing effective cattle epigenome-wide association studies in non-European breeds.

meQTL mapping in the GENOA study reveals genetic determinants of DNA methylation in African Americans

Identifying genetic variants that are associated with variation in DNA methylation, an analysis commonly referred to as methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) mapping, is an important first step towards understanding the genetic architecture underlying epigenetic variation. Most existing meQTL mapping studies have focused on individuals of European ancestry and are underrepresented in other populations, with a particular absence of large studies in populations with African ancestry. We fill this critical knowledge gap by performing a large-scale cis-meQTL mapping study in 961 African Americans from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. We identify a total of 4,565,687 cis-acting meQTLs in 320,965 meCpGs. We find that 45% of meCpGs harbor multiple independent meQTLs, suggesting potential polygenic genetic architecture underlying methylation variation. A large percentage of the cis-meQTLs also colocalize with cis-expression QTLs (eQTLs) in the same population. Importantly, the identified cis-meQTLs explain a substantial proportion (median = 24.6%) of methylation variation. In addition, the cis-meQTL associated CpG sites mediate a substantial proportion (median = 24.9%) of SNP effects underlying gene expression. Overall, our results represent an important step toward revealing the co-regulation of methylation and gene expression, facilitating the functional interpretation of epigenetic and gene regulation underlying common diseases in African Americans.

Investigating the prediction of CpG methylation levels from SNP genotype data to help elucidate relationships between methylation, gene expression and complex traits

As popularised by PrediXcan (and related methods), transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), in which gene expression is imputed from single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and tested for association with a phenotype, are a popular approach for investigating the role of gene expression in complex traits. Like gene expression, DNA methylation is an important biological process and, being under genetic regulation, may be imputable from SNP genotypes. Here, we investigate prediction of CpG methylation levels from SNP genotype data to help elucidate relationships between methylation, gene expression and complex traits. We start by examining how well CpG methylation can be predicted from SNP genotypes, comparing three penalised regression approaches and examining whether changing the window size improves prediction accuracy. Although methylation at most CpG sites cannot be accurately predicted from SNP genotypes, for a subset it can be predicted well. We next apply our methylation prediction models (trained using the optimal method and window size) to carry out a methylome-wide association study (MWAS) of primary biliary cholangitis. We intersect the regions identified via MWAS with those identified via TWAS, providing insight into the interplay between CpG methylation, gene expression and disease status. We conclude that MWAS has the potential to improve understanding of biological mechanisms in complex traits.

Colocalization of Gene Expression and DNA Methylation with Genetic Risk Variants Supports Functional Roles of MUC5B and DSP in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Rationale: Common genetic variants have been associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objectives: To determine functional relevance of the 10 IPF-associated common genetic variants we previously identified. Methods: We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) mapping, followed by co-localization of eQTL and mQTL with genetic association signals and functional validation by luciferase reporter assays. Illumina multi-ethnic genotyping arrays, mRNA sequencing, and Illumina 850k methylation arrays were performed on lung tissue of participants with IPF (234 RNA and 345 DNA samples) and non-diseased controls (188 RNA and 202 DNA samples). Measurements and Main Results: Focusing on genetic variants within 10 IPF-associated genetic loci, we identified 27 eQTLs in controls and 24 eQTLs in cases (false-discovery-rate-adjusted P < 0.05). Among these signals, we identified associations of lead variants rs35705950 with expression of MUC5B and rs2076295 with expression of DSP in both cases and controls. mQTL analysis identified CpGs in gene bodies of MUC5B (cg17589883) and DSP (cg08964675) associated with the lead variants in these two loci. We also demonstrated strong co-localization of eQTL/mQTL and genetic signal in MUC5B (rs35705950) and DSP (rs2076295). Functional validation of the mQTL in MUC5B using luciferase reporter assays demonstrates that the CpG resides within a putative internal repressor element. Conclusions: We have established a relationship of the common IPF genetic risk variants rs35705950 and rs2076295 with respective changes in MUC5B and DSP expression and methylation. These results provide additional evidence that both MUC5B and DSP are involved in the etiology of IPF.

MicrobiomeGWAS: A Tool for Identifying Host Genetic Variants Associated with Microbiome Composition

The microbiome is the collection of all microbial genes and can be investigated by sequencing highly variable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Evidence suggests that environmental factors and host genetics may interact to impact human microbiome composition. Identifying host genetic variants associated with human microbiome composition not only provides clues for characterizing microbiome variation but also helps to elucidate biological mechanisms of genetic associations, prioritize genetic variants, and improve genetic risk prediction. Since a microbiota functions as a community, it is best characterized by β diversity; that is, a pairwise distance matrix. We develop a statistical framework and a computationally efficient software package, microbiomeGWAS, for identifying host genetic variants associated with microbiome β diversity with or without interacting with an environmental factor. We show that the score statistics have positive skewness and kurtosis due to the dependent nature of the pairwise data, which makes p-value approximations based on asymptotic distributions unacceptably liberal. By correcting for skewness and kurtosis, we develop accurate p-value approximations, whose accuracy was verified by extensive simulations. We exemplify our methods by analyzing a set of 147 genotyped subjects with 16S rRNA microbiome profiles from non-malignant lung tissues. Correcting for skewness and kurtosis eliminated the dramatic deviation in the quantile–quantile plots. We provided preliminary evidence that six established lung cancer risk SNPs were collectively associated with microbiome composition for both unweighted (p = 0.0032) and weighted (p = 0.011) UniFrac distance matrices. In summary, our methods will facilitate analyzing large-scale genome-wide association studies of the human microbiome.

Genetic Regulation of DNA Methylation Yields Novel Discoveries in GWAS of Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer has a strong epigenetic component that is accompanied by frequent DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations in addition to heritable genetic risk. It is of interest to understand the interrelationship of germline genetics, DNAm, and colorectal cancer risk.

METHODS

We performed a genome-wide methylation quantitative trait locus (meQTL) analysis in 1,355 people, assessing the pairwise associations between genetic variants and lymphocytes methylation data. In addition, we used penalized regression with cis-genetic variants ± 1 Mb of methylation to identify genome-wide heritable DNAm. We evaluated the association of genetically predicted methylation with colorectal cancer risk based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of over 125,000 cases and controls using the multivariate sMiST as well as univariately via examination of marginal association with colorectal cancer risk.

RESULTS

Of the 142 known colorectal cancer GWAS loci, 47 were identified as meQTLs. We identified four novel colorectal cancer-associated loci (NID2, ATXN10, KLHDC10, and CEP41) that reside over 1 Mb outside of known colorectal cancer loci and 10 secondary signals within 1 Mb of known loci.

CONCLUSIONS

Leveraging information of DNAm regulation into genetic association of colorectal cancer risk reveals novel pathways in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Our summary statistics-based framework sMiST provides a powerful approach by combining information from the effect through methylation and residual direct effects of the meQTLs on disease risk. Further validation and functional follow-up of these novel pathways are needed.

IMPACT

Using genotype, DNAm, and GWAS, we identified four new colorectal cancer risk loci. We studied the landscape of genetic regulation of DNAm via single-SNP and multi-SNP meQTL analyses.

A novel HIF1α-STIL-FOXM1 axis regulates tumor metastasis

BACKGROUND

Metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer that involves in multiple steps including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Centrosome is an organelle that functions as the major microtubule organizing center (MTOC), and centrosome abnormalities are commonly correlated with tumor aggressiveness. However, the conclusive mechanisms indicating specific centrosomal proteins participated in tumor progression and metastasis remain largely unknown.

METHODS

The expression levels of centriolar/centrosomal genes in various types of cancers were first examined by in silico analysis of the data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) datasets. The expression of STIL (SCL/TAL1-interrupting locus) protein in clinical specimens was further assessed by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and the oncogenic roles of STIL in tumorigenesis were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo assays, including cell migration, invasion, xenograft tumor formation, and metastasis assays. The transcriptome differences between low- and high-STIL expression cells were analyzed by RNA-seq to uncover candidate genes involved in oncogenic pathways. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reporter assays were performed to confirm the results. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR assay was applied to demonstrate the binding of transcriptional factors to the promoter.

RESULTS

The expression of STIL shows the most significant increase in lung and various other types of cancers, and is highly associated with patients' survival rate. Depletion of STIL inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Interestingly, excess STIL activates the EMT pathway, and subsequently enhances cancer cell migration and invasion. Importantly, we reveal an unexpected role of STIL in tumor metastasis. A subset of STIL translocate into nucleus and associate with FOXM1 (Forkhead box protein M1) to promote tumor metastasis and stemness via FOXM1-mediated downstream target genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) directly binds to the STIL promoter and upregulates STIL expression under hypoxic condition.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that STIL promotes tumor metastasis through the HIF1α-STIL-FOXM1 axis, and highlight the importance of STIL as a promising therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.

Genetic regulation of THBS1 methylation in diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common and serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), but its pathological mechanism, especially the formation mechanism of new blood vessels remains unclear. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and it was found over expressed in DR in our previous study. Our study aimed to determine whether overexpression of THBS1 is associated with its promoter methylation level, and whether methylation of THBS1 is regulated by genetic variants in DR.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with DR and DM patients without retinal problems were included in the case-control study. DNA methylation detection of THBS1 by bisulfite sequencing and genotyping of specific SNPs by MassARRAY analysis were performed in the patients recruited from 2019-2020. Real time quantitative PCR was performed to obtain mRNA expression of THBS1 in the patients recruited from August to October 2022. The differentially methylated CpG loci of THBS1 were identified by logistic regression, and associations between 13 SNPs and methylation levels of CpG loci were tested by methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) analysis. Mediation analysis was applied to determine whether CpG loci were intermediate factors between meQTLs and DR.

RESULTS

150 patients diagnosed with DR and 150 DM patients without retinal complications were enrolled in the first recruitment, seven DR patients and seven DM patients were enrolled in the second recruitment. The patients with DR showed promoter hypomethylation of THBS1 (P value = 0.002), and six out of thirty-nine CpG sites within two CpG islands (CGIs) showed hypomethylation(P value < 0.05). THBS1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood was significantly higher in DR patients than in DM patients. Five out of thirteen cis-meQTLs were identified to be associated with CpG sites: rs13329154, rs34973764 and rs5812091 were associated with cis-meQTLs of CpG-4 (P value=0.0145, 0.0095, 0.0158), rs11070177 and rs1847663 were associated with cis-meQTLs of CpG-2 and CpG-3 respectively (P value=0.0201, 0.0275). CpG-4 methylation significantly mediated the effect of the polymorphism rs34973764 on DR (B=0.0535, Boot 95%CI: 0.004~0.1336).

CONCLUSION

THBS1 overexpression is related to THBS1 hypomethylation in patients with DR. DNA methylation may be genetically controlled in DR.

Cell-type-specific meQTLs extend melanoma GWAS annotation beyond eQTLs and inform melanocyte gene-regulatory mechanisms

Although expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have been powerful in identifying susceptibility genes from genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings, most trait-associated loci are not explained by eQTLs alone. Alternative QTLs, including DNA methylation QTLs (meQTLs), are emerging, but cell-type-specific meQTLs using cells of disease origin have been lacking. Here, we established an meQTL dataset by using primary melanocytes from 106 individuals and identified 1,497,502 significant cis-meQTLs. Multi-QTL colocalization with meQTLs, eQTLs, and mRNA splice-junction QTLs from the same individuals together with imputed methylome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies identified candidate susceptibility genes at 63% of melanoma GWAS loci. Among the three molecular QTLs, meQTLs were the single largest contributor. To compare melanocyte meQTLs with those from malignant melanomas, we performed meQTL analysis on skin cutaneous melanomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 444). A substantial proportion of meQTL probes (45.9%) in primary melanocytes is preserved in melanomas, while a smaller fraction of eQTL genes is preserved (12.7%). Integration of melanocyte multi-QTLs and melanoma meQTLs identified candidate susceptibility genes at 72% of melanoma GWAS loci. Beyond GWAS annotation, meQTL-eQTL colocalization in melanocytes suggested that 841 unique genes potentially share a causal variant with a nearby methylation probe in melanocytes. Finally, melanocyte trans-meQTLs identified a hotspot for rs12203592, a cis-eQTL of a transcription factor, IRF4, with 131 candidate target CpGs. Motif enrichment and IRF4 ChIP-seq analysis demonstrated that these target CpGs are enriched in IRF4 binding sites, suggesting an IRF4-mediated regulatory network. Our study highlights the utility of cell-type-specific meQTLs.

Expression and Clinical Significance of SARS-CoV-2 Human Targets in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Lung Tissues

BACKGROUND

A higher incidence of COVID-19 infection was demonstrated in cancer patients, including lung cancer patients. This study was conducted to get insights into the enhanced frequency of COVID-19 infection in cancer.

METHODS

Using different bioinformatics tools, the expression and methylation patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were analyzed in healthy and malignant tissues, focusing on lung adenocarcinoma and data were correlated to clinical parameters and smoking history.

RESULTS

ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were heterogeneously expressed across 36 healthy tissues with the highest expression levels in digestive, urinary and reproductive organs, while the overall analysis of 72 paired tissues demonstrated significantly lower expression levels of ACE2 in cancer tissues when compared to normal counterparts. In contrast, ACE2, but not TMPRSS2, was overexpressed in LUAD, which inversely correlated to the promoter methylation. This upregulation of ACE2 was age-dependent in LUAD, but not in normal lung tissues. TMPRSS2 expression in non-neoplastic lung tissues was heterogeneous and dependent on sex and smoking history, while it was downregulated in LUAD of smokers. Cancer progression was associated with a decreased TMPRSS2 but unaltered ACE2. In contrast, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 of lung metastases derived from different cancer subtypes was higher than organ metastases of other sites. TMPRSS2, but not ACE2, was associated with LUAD patients' survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Comprehensive molecular analyses revealed a heterogeneous and distinct expression and/or methylation profile of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in healthy lung vs. LUAD tissues across sex, age and smoking history and might have implications for COVID-19 disease.

Hard wiring of normal tissue-specific chromosome-wide gene expression levels is an additional factor driving cancer type-specific aneuploidies

Background

Many carcinomas have recurrent chromosomal aneuploidies specific to the tissue of tumor origin. The reason for this specificity is not completely understood.

Methods

In this study, we looked at the frequency of chromosomal arm gains and losses in different cancer types from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and compared them to the mean gene expression of each chromosome arm in corresponding normal tissues of origin from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, in addition to the distribution of tissue-specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors on different chromosome arms.

Results

This analysis revealed a complex picture of factors driving tumor karyotype evolution in which some recurrent chromosomal copy number reflect the chromosome arm-wide gene expression levels of the their normal tissue of tumor origin.

Conclusions

We conclude that the cancer type-specific distribution of chromosomal arm gains and losses is potentially “hardwiring” gene expression levels characteristic of the normal tissue of tumor origin, in addition to broadly modulating the expression of tissue-specific tumor driver genes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00905-y.

Genetic impacts on DNA methylation: research findings and future perspectives

Multiple recent studies highlight that genetic variants can have strong impacts on a significant proportion of the human DNA methylome. Methylation quantitative trait loci, or meQTLs, allow for the exploration of biological mechanisms that underlie complex human phenotypes, with potential insights for human disease onset and progression. In this review, we summarize recent milestones in characterizing the human genetic basis of DNA methylation variation over the last decade, including heritability findings and genome-wide identification of meQTLs. We also discuss challenges in this field and future areas of research geared to generate insights into molecular processes underlying human complex traits.

Differentially methylated regions within lung cancer risk loci are enriched in deregulated enhancers

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified SNPs linked with lung cancer risk. Our aim was to discover the genes, non-coding RNAs, and regulatory elements within GWAS-identified risk regions that are deregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to identify novel, clinically targetable genes and mechanisms in carcinogenesis. A targeted bisulphite-sequencing approach was used to comprehensively investigate DNA methylation changes occurring within lung cancer risk regions in 17 NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue pairs. We report differences in differentially methylated regions between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Among the minimal regions found to be differentially methylated in at least 50% of the patients, 7 candidates were replicated in 2 independent cohorts (n = 27 and n = 87) and the potential of 6 as methylation-dependent regulatory elements was confirmed by functional assays. This study contributes to understanding the pathways implicated in lung cancer initiation and progression, and provides new potential targets for cancer treatment.

Association of CNVs with methylation variation

Germline copy number variants (CNVs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) form the basis of inter-individual genetic variation. Although the phenotypic effects of SNPs have been extensively investigated, the effects of CNVs is relatively less understood. To better characterize mechanisms by which CNVs affect cellular phenotype, we tested their association with variable CpG methylation in a genome-wide manner. Using paired CNV and methylation data from the 1000 genomes and HapMap projects, we identified genome-wide associations by methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analysis. We found individual CNVs being associated with methylation of multiple CpGs and vice versa. CNV-associated methylation changes were correlated with gene expression. CNV-mQTLs were enriched for regulatory regions, transcription factor-binding sites (TFBSs), and were involved in long-range physical interactions with associated CpGs. Some CNV-mQTLs were associated with methylation of imprinted genes. Several CNV-mQTLs and/or associated genes were among those previously reported by genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We demonstrate that germline CNVs in the genome are associated with CpG methylation. Our findings suggest that structural variation together with methylation may affect cellular phenotype.

DNA Methylation Is Predictive of Mortality in Current and Former Smokers

Rationale: Smoking results in at least a decade lower life expectancy. Mortality among current smokers is two to three times as high as never smokers. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification of the human genome that has been associated with both cigarette smoking and mortality.Objectives: We sought to identify DNA methylation marks in blood that are predictive of mortality in a subset of the COPDGene (Genetic Epidemiology of COPD) study, representing 101 deaths among 667 current and former smokers.Methods: We assayed genome-wide DNA methylation in non-Hispanic white smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using blood samples from the COPDGene enrollment visit. We tested whether DNA methylation was associated with mortality in models adjusted for COPD status, age, sex, current smoking status, and pack-years of cigarette smoking. Replication was performed in a subset of 231 individuals from the ECLIPSE (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints) study.Measurements and Main Results: We identified seven CpG sites associated with mortality (false discovery rate < 20%) that replicated in the ECLIPSE cohort (P < 0.05). None of these marks were associated with longitudinal lung function decline in survivors, smoking history, or current smoking status. However, differential methylation of two replicated PIK3CD (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta) sites were associated with lung function at enrollment (P < 0.05). We also observed associations between DNA methylation and gene expression for the PIK3CD sites.Conclusions: This study is the first to identify variable DNA methylation associated with all-cause mortality in smokers with and without COPD. Evaluating predictive epigenomic marks of smokers in peripheral blood may allow for targeted risk stratification and aid in delivery of future tailored therapeutic interventions.

Allele-specific DNA methylation is increased in cancers and its dense mapping in normal plus neoplastic cells increases the yield of disease-associated regulatory SNPs

BACKGROUND

Mapping of allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) can be a post-GWAS strategy for localizing regulatory sequence polymorphisms (rSNPs). The advantages of this approach, and the mechanisms underlying ASM in normal and neoplastic cells, remain to be clarified.

RESULTS

We perform whole genome methyl-seq on diverse normal cells and tissues and three cancer types. After excluding imprinting, the data pinpoint 15,112 high-confidence ASM differentially methylated regions, of which 1838 contain SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium or coinciding with GWAS peaks. ASM frequencies are increased in cancers versus matched normal tissues, due to widespread allele-specific hypomethylation and focal allele-specific hypermethylation in poised chromatin. Cancer cells show increased allele switching at ASM loci, but disruptive SNPs in specific classes of CTCF and transcription factor binding motifs are similarly correlated with ASM in cancer and non-cancer. Rare somatic mutations affecting these same motif classes track with de novo ASM. Allele-specific transcription factor binding from ChIP-seq is enriched among ASM loci, but most ASM differentially methylated regions lack such annotations, and some are found in otherwise uninformative "chromatin deserts."

CONCLUSIONS

ASM is increased in cancers but occurs by a shared mechanism involving disruptive SNPs in CTCF and transcription factor binding sites in both normal and neoplastic cells. Dense ASM mapping in normal plus cancer samples reveals candidate rSNPs that are difficult to find by other approaches. Together with GWAS data, these rSNPs can nominate specific transcriptional pathways in susceptibility to autoimmune, cardiometabolic, neuropsychiatric, and neoplastic diseases.

Comprehensive analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation data identifies potential biomarkers and functional epigenetic modules for lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer has one of the highest mortality rates of malignant neoplasms. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. DNA methylation is more stable than gene expression and could be used as a biomarker for early tumor diagnosis. This study is aimed to screen potential DNA methylation signatures to facilitate the diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD and integrate gene expression and DNA methylation data of LUAD to identify functional epigenetic modules. We systematically integrated gene expression and DNA methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), bioinformatic models and algorithms were implemented to identify signatures and functional modules for LUAD. Three promising diagnostic and five potential prognostic signatures for LUAD were screened by rigorous filtration, and our tumor-normal classifier and prognostic model were validated in two separate data sets. Additionally, we identified functional epigenetic modules in the TCGA LUAD dataset and GEO independent validation data set. Interestingly, the MUC1 module was identified in both datasets. The potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD are expected to be further verified in clinical practice to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD.

Integration analysis of methylation quantitative trait loci and GWAS identify three schizophrenia risk variants

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, prioritizing risk variants and regulatory elements for follow-up functional studies remains a major challenge. Therefore, we performed an integrated analysis to identify variants who affect methylation levels of nearby genes and contribute to the risk of SCZ, and to explore the potential role of these variants in SCZ pathogenesis. First, we used the Summary data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) method to integrate GWAS and methylation quantitative trait loci data. Then, the SNP-methylation combinations as associated with SCZ were replicated across multiple samples. Totally, we identified and replicated 14 and one SNP-methylation combinations in blood and brain tissues, respectively, that significantly associated with SCZ. Furthermore, our expression quantitative trait loci analysis, differential methylation analysis, neuroimaging genetics, and cognitive genetics analysis consistently supported the potential roles of these 15 SNPs in the pathogenesis of SCZ. Finally, using the convergent functional genomics method, we prioritized three risk SNPs, including rs3765971 (RERE, P_SMR = 3.87 × 10^-8), rs55742290 (ARL6IP4, P_SMR = 1.50 × 10^-7), and rs7293091 (CENPM, P_SMR = 5.09 × 10^-7), may represent promising risk variants in SCZ. These convergent lines of evidence suggest that three risk variants may be involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ. Further investigation of the roles of these variants in the pathogenesis of SCZ is warranted.

Pancan-meQTL: a database to systematically evaluate the effects of genetic variants on methylation in human cancer

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism for regulating gene expression. Aberrant DNA methylation has been observed in various human diseases, including cancer. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms can contribute to tumor initiation, progression and prognosis by influencing DNA methylation, and DNA methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) have been identified in physiological and pathological contexts. However, no database has been developed to systematically analyze meQTLs across multiple cancer types. Here, we present Pancan-meQTL, a database to comprehensively provide meQTLs across 23 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas by integrating genome-wide genotype and DNA methylation data. In total, we identified 8 028 964 cis-meQTLs and 965 050 trans-meQTLs. Among these, 23 432 meQTLs are associated with patient overall survival times. Furthermore, we identified 2 214 458 meQTLs that overlap with known loci identified through genome-wide association studies. Pancan-meQTL provides a user-friendly web interface (http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/Pancan-meQTL/) that is convenient for browsing, searching and downloading data of interest. This database is a valuable resource for investigating the roles of genetics and epigenetics in cancer.

Regulation of DNA methylation signatures on NF-κB and STAT3 pathway genes and TET activity in cigarette smoke extract-challenged cells/COPD exacerbation model in vitro

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the pathobiology of this disease and available therapies are ineffective. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD; however, not all smokers develop COPD. Exacerbations of COPD caused by microbes are common and detrimental. Approximately 20-50% of patient exacerbations are caused by bacterial colonization in the lower airways. It is generally accepted that epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, play an important role during progression of COPD. Thus, we hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns vary significantly following smoke exposure and during exacerbations caused by bacterial infections. To test our hypothesis, we used an in vitro study model that mimics COPD exacerbations and performed extensive studies to understand the role of CpG promoter methylation of NF-κB and STAT3-mediated pathway genes. Both NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factors play critical roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses during cigarette smoke exposure. In brief, human lung adenocarcinoma cells with type II alveolar epithelium characteristics (A549) were challenged with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or DMSO (control) followed by a 3-h challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) prior to the termination of CSE exposure (COPD exacerbation group). The production of cytokines/chemokines, regulation of transcription factors, and DNA methylation of specific genes were then assessed. We also studied changes in the expression and activity of ten-eleven translocases (TETs), the enzymes responsible for DNA demethylation, and assessed their role in regulating DNA methylation in the CSE-challenged group.

RESULTS

There was a significant increase in the release of cytokines/chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 and CCL5) in the COPD exacerbation group as compared to the control group. Hypomethylation of NF-κB-mediated pathway genes correlated with their induction in our COPD exacerbation study model. Further, we observed an important role of TET1/2 in regulating the DNA methylation of NF-κB, STAT3, IKK, and NIK genes and cytokine/chemokine production by A549 cells during CSE challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies to further define the role of TETs in CSE-mediated epigenetic regulation may lead to the development of better and more effective therapeutic intervention strategies for COPD.

Integrating genome-wide association study and expression quantitative trait loci data identifies NEGR1 as a causal risk gene of major depression disorder

BACKGROUND

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genetic variants associated with major depression disorder (MDD). However, pinpointing the causal variants which are responsible for the association signal at a risk locus remains a major challenge.

METHODS

We used Summary data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) with Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) GWAS summary and brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data to identify genes whose expression levels are causally associated with MDD. Then we performed differential expression analysis, methylation quantitative trait loci analysis, and cognitive genetics analysis to investigate the potential roles of risk genes in the pathogenesis of MDD.

RESULTS

Through SMR integrative analysis, we identified the SNP rs10789336 located in Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) gene significantly affected the expression level of RPL31P12 in brain tissues and contributed to the risk of MDD (P = 1.96 × 10^-6). Consistently, the SNP rs10789336 was associated with the methylation levels of three nearby DNA methylation sites, including cg09256413 (NEGR1, P=1.72 × 10^-10), cg11418303 (prostaglandin E receptor 3 [PTGER3], P = 4.78 × 10^-6), and cg23032215 (ZRANB2 antisense RNA 2 [ZRANB2-AS2], P = 1.23 × 10^-4). Differential expression analysis suggested that the NEGR1 gene was upregulated in prefrontal cortex (P = 5.14 × 10^-3). Cognitive genetics analysis showed that the SNP rs10789336 was associated with cognitive performance (P = 2.41 × 10^-16), educational attainment (P = 1.75 × 10^-14), general cognitive function (P = 2.65 × 10^-12), and verbal numerical reasoning (P = 1.36 × 10^-12).

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our results revealed that the SNP rs10789336 in NEGR1 might confer risk to MDD. Further investigation of the roles of NEGR1 in the pathogenesis of MDD is warranted.

Genetically Predicted Levels of DNA Methylation Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Risk: Data From 228 951 Women of European Descent

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation plays a critical role in breast cancer development. Previous studies have identified DNA methylation marks in white blood cells as promising biomarkers for breast cancer. However, these studies were limited by low statistical power and potential biases. Using a new methodology, we investigated DNA methylation marks for their associations with breast cancer risk.

METHODS

Statistical models were built to predict levels of DNA methylation marks using genetic data and DNA methylation data from HumanMethylation450 BeadChip from the Framingham Heart Study (n = 1595). The prediction models were validated using data from the Women's Health Initiative (n = 883). We applied these models to genomewide association study (GWAS) data of 122 977 breast cancer patients and 105 974 controls to evaluate if the genetically predicted DNA methylation levels at CpG sites (CpGs) are associated with breast cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS

Of the 62 938 CpG sites CpGs investigated, statistically significant associations with breast cancer risk were observed for 450 CpGs at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P less than 7.94 × 10-7, including 45 CpGs residing in 18 genomic regions, that have not previously been associated with breast cancer risk. Of the remaining 405 CpGs located within 500 kilobase flaking regions of 70 GWAS-identified breast cancer risk variants, the associations for 11 CpGs were independent of GWAS-identified variants. Integrative analyses of genetic, DNA methylation, and gene expression data found that 38 CpGs may affect breast cancer risk through regulating expression of 21 genes.

CONCLUSION

Our new methodology can identify novel DNA methylation biomarkers for breast cancer risk and can be applied to other diseases.

A Multi-Omics Perspective of Quantitative Trait Loci in Precision Medicine

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis is an important approach to investigate the effects of genetic variants identified through an increasing number of large-scale, multidimensional 'omics data sets. In this 'big data' era, the research community has identified a significant number of molecular QTLs (molQTLs) and increased our understanding of their effects. Herein, we review multiple categories of molQTLs, including those associated with transcriptome, post-transcriptional regulation, epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, and the microbiome. We summarize approaches to identify molQTLs and to infer their causal effects. We further discuss the integrative analysis of molQTLs through a multi-omics perspective. Our review highlights future opportunities to better understand the functional significance of genetic variants and to utilize the discovery of molQTLs in precision medicine.

IMAGE: high-powered detection of genetic effects on DNA methylation using integrated methylation QTL mapping and allele-specific analysis

Identifying genetic variants that are associated with methylation variation-an analysis commonly referred to as methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) mapping-is important for understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying genotype-trait associations. Here, we develop a statistical method, IMAGE, for mQTL mapping in sequencing-based methylation studies. IMAGE properly accounts for the count nature of bisulfite sequencing data and incorporates allele-specific methylation patterns from heterozygous individuals to enable more powerful mQTL discovery. We compare IMAGE with existing approaches through extensive simulation. We also apply IMAGE to analyze two bisulfite sequencing studies, in which IMAGE identifies more mQTL than existing approaches.

Appraising the causal relevance of DNA methylation for risk of lung cancer

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation changes in peripheral blood have recently been identified in relation to lung cancer risk. Some of these changes have been suggested to mediate part of the effect of smoking on lung cancer. However, limitations with conventional mediation analyses mean that the causal nature of these methylation changes has yet to be fully elucidated.

METHODS

We first performed a meta-analysis of four epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of lung cancer (918 cases, 918 controls). Next, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, using genetic instruments for methylation at CpG sites identified in the EWAS meta-analysis, and 29 863 cases and 55 586 controls from the TRICL-ILCCO lung cancer consortium, to appraise the possible causal role of methylation at these sites on lung cancer.

RESULTS

Sixteen CpG sites were identified from the EWAS meta-analysis [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05], for 14 of which we could identify genetic instruments. Mendelian randomization provided little evidence that DNA methylation in peripheral blood at the 14 CpG sites plays a causal role in lung cancer development (FDR > 0.05), including for cg05575921-AHRR where methylation is strongly associated with both smoke exposure and lung cancer risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The results contrast with previous observational and mediation analysis, which have made strong claims regarding the causal role of DNA methylation. Thus, previous suggestions of a mediating role of methylation at sites identified in peripheral blood, such as cg05575921-AHRR, could be unfounded. However, this study does not preclude the possibility that differential DNA methylation at other sites is causally involved in lung cancer development, especially within lung tissue.

Genome-wide identification of DNA methylation QTLs in whole blood highlights pathways for cardiovascular disease

Identifying methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) and integrating them with disease-associated variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may illuminate functional mechanisms underlying genetic variant-disease associations. Here, we perform GWAS of >415 thousand CpG methylation sites in whole blood from 4170 individuals and map 4.7 million cis- and 630 thousand trans-meQTL variants targeting >120 thousand CpGs. Independent replication is performed in 1347 participants from two studies. By linking cis-meQTL variants with GWAS results for cardiovascular disease (CVD) traits, we identify 92 putatively causal CpGs for CVD traits by Mendelian randomization analysis. Further integrating gene expression data reveals evidence of cis CpG-transcript pairs causally linked to CVD. In addition, we identify 22 trans-meQTL hotspots each targeting more than 30 CpGs and find that trans-meQTL hotspots appear to act in cis on expression of nearby transcriptional regulatory genes. Our findings provide a powerful meQTL resource and shed light on DNA methylation involvement in human diseases.

Differentially methylated CpGs can inform on disease mechanisms and be useful as biomarkers. Here, the authors perform GWAS for DNA methylation in whole blood, cis- and trans-meQTL mapping, followed by Mendelian randomization analysis that links meQTLs with cardiovascular diseases.

Epigenome-wide association study of DNA methylation and microRNA expression highlights novel pathways for human complex traits

DNA methylation (DNAm) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in a wide-range of human diseases. While often studied in isolation, DNAm and miRNAs are not independent. We analyzed associations of expression of 283 miRNAs with DNAm at >400K CpG sites in whole blood obtained from 3565 individuals and identified 227 CpGs at which differential methylation was associated with the expression of 40 nearby miRNAs (cis-miR-eQTMs) at FDR<0.01, including 91 independent CpG sites at r² < 0.2. cis-miR-eQTMs were enriched for CpGs in promoter and polycomb-repressed state regions, and 60% were inversely associated with miRNA expression. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis further identified 58 cis-miR-eQTMCpG-miRNA pairs where DNAm changes appeared to drive miRNA expression changes and opposite directional effects were unlikely. Integration of genetic variants in joint analyses revealed an average partial between cis-miR-eQTM CpGs and miRNAs of 2% after conditioning on site-specific genetic variation, suggesting that DNAm is an important epigenetic regulator of miRNA expression. Finally, two-step MR analysis was performed to identify putatively causal CpGs driving miRNA expression in relation to human complex traits. We found that an imprinted region on 14q32 that was previously identified in relation to age at menarche is enriched with cis-miR-eQTMs. Nine CpGs and three miRNAs at this locus tested causal for age at menarche, reflecting novel epigenetic-driven molecular pathways underlying this complex trait. Our study sheds light on the joint genetic and epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and provides insights into the relations of miRNAs to their targets and to complex phenotypes.

CONFINED: distinguishing biological from technical sources of variation by leveraging multiple methylation datasets

Methylation datasets are affected by innumerable sources of variability, both biological (cell-type composition, genetics) and technical (batch effects). Here, we propose a reference-free method based on sparse canonical correlation analysis to separate the biological from technical sources of variability. We show through simulations and real data that our method, CONFINED, is not only more accurate than the state-of-the-art reference-free methods for capturing known, replicable biological variability, but it is also considerably more robust to dataset-specific technical variability than previous approaches. CONFINED is available as an R package as detailed at https://github.com/cozygene/CONFINED.

Prioritization of PLEC and GRINA as Osteoarthritis Risk Genes Through the Identification and Characterization of Novel Methylation Quantitative Trait Loci

OBJECTIVE

To identify methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) correlating with osteoarthritis (OA) risk alleles and to undertake mechanistic characterization as a means of target gene prioritization.

METHODS

We used genome-wide genotyping and cartilage DNA methylation array data in a discovery screen of novel OA risk loci. This was followed by methylation, gene expression analysis, and genotyping studies in additional cartilage samples, accompanied by in silico analyses.

RESULTS

We identified 4 novel OA mQTLs. The most significant mQTL contained 9 CpG sites where methylation correlated with OA risk genotype, with 5 of the CpG sites having P values <1 × 10^-10 . The 9 CpG sites reside in an interval of only 7.7 kb within the PLEC gene and form 2 distinct clusters. We were able to prioritize PLEC and the adjacent gene GRINA as independent targets of the OA risk. We identified PLEC and GRINA expression QTLs operating in cartilage, as well as methylation-expression QTLs operating on the 2 genes. GRINA and PLEC also demonstrated differential expression between OA hip and non-OA hip cartilage.

CONCLUSION

PLEC encodes plectin, a cytoskeletal protein that maintains tissue integrity by regulating intracellular signaling in response to mechanical stimuli. GRINA encodes the ionotropic glutamate receptor TMBIM3 (transmembrane BAX inhibitor 1 motif-containing protein family member 3), which regulates cell survival. Based on our results, we hypothesize that in a joint predisposed to OA, expression of these genes alters in order to combat aberrant biomechanics, and that this is epigenetically regulated. However, carriage of the OA risk-conferring allele at this locus hinders this response and contributes to disease development.

Kidney cytosine methylation changes improve renal function decline estimation in patients with diabetic kidney disease

Epigenetic changes might provide the biological explanation for the long-lasting impact of metabolic alterations of diabetic kidney disease development. Here we examined cytosine methylation of human kidney tubules using Illumina Infinium 450 K arrays from 91 subjects with and without diabetes and varying degrees of kidney disease using a cross-sectional design. We identify cytosine methylation changes associated with kidney structural damage and build a model for kidney function decline. We find that the methylation levels of 65 probes are associated with the degree of kidney fibrosis at genome wide significance. In total 471 probes improve the model for kidney function decline. Methylation probes associated with kidney damage and functional decline enrich on kidney regulatory regions and associate with gene expression changes, including epidermal growth factor (EGF). Altogether, our work shows that kidney methylation differences can be detected in patients with diabetic kidney disease and improve kidney function decline models indicating that they are potentially functionally important.

Patients with diabetes commonly develop diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here Gluck et al. identify a set of probes differentially methylated in renal samples from patients with DKD, and find that inclusion of these methylation probes improves current prediction models of renal function decline.

A genomic atlas of systemic interindividual epigenetic variation in humans

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation is thought to be an important determinant of human phenotypic variation, but its inherent cell type specificity has impeded progress on this question. At exceptional genomic regions, interindividual variation in DNA methylation occurs systemically. Like genetic variants, systemic interindividual epigenetic variants are stable, can influence phenotype, and can be assessed in any easily biopsiable DNA sample. We describe an unbiased screen for human genomic regions at which interindividual variation in DNA methylation is not tissue-specific.

RESULTS

For each of 10 donors from the NIH Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) program, CpG methylation is measured by deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA from tissues representing the three germ layer lineages: thyroid (endoderm), heart (mesoderm), and brain (ectoderm). We develop a computational algorithm to identify genomic regions at which interindividual variation in DNA methylation is consistent across all three lineages. This approach identifies 9926 correlated regions of systemic interindividual variation (CoRSIVs). These regions, comprising just 0.1% of the human genome, are inter-correlated over long genomic distances, associated with transposable elements and subtelomeric regions, conserved across diverse human ethnic groups, sensitive to periconceptional environment, and associated with genes implicated in a broad range of human disorders and phenotypes. CoRSIV methylation in one tissue can predict expression of associated genes in other tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to charting a previously unexplored molecular level of human individuality, this atlas of human CoRSIVs provides a resource for future population-based investigations into how interindividual epigenetic variation modulates risk of disease.

Multi-omics integrative analysis identified SNP-methylation-mRNA: Interaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Genetic variants have potential influence on DNA methylation and thereby regulate mRNA expression. This study aimed to comprehensively reveal the relationships among SNP, methylation and mRNA, and identify methylation-mediated regulation patterns in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Based on in-house multi-omics datasets from 43 Chinese Han female subjects, genome-wide association trios were constructed by simultaneously testing the following three association pairs: SNP-methylation, methylation-mRNA and SNP-mRNA. Causal inference test (CIT) was used to identify methylation-mediated genetic effects on mRNA. A total of 64,184 significant cis-methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) were identified (FDR < 0.05). Among the 745 constructed trios, 464 trios formed SNP-methylation-mRNA regulation chains (CIT). Network analysis (Cytoscape 3.3.0) constructed multiple complex regulation networks among SNP, methylation and mRNA (eg a total of 43 SNPs simultaneously connected to cg22517527 and further to PRMT2, DIP2A and YBEY). The regulation chains were supported by the evidence from 4DGenome database, relevant to immune or inflammatory related diseases/traits, and overlapped with previous eQTLs from dbGaP and GTEx. The results provide new insights into the regulation patterns among SNP, DNA methylation and mRNA expression, especially for the methylation-mediated effects, and also increase our understanding of functional mechanisms underlying the established associations.

Dissecting the association of autophagy-related genes with cardiovascular diseases and intermediate vascular traits: A population-based approach

Autophagy is involved in cellular homeostasis and maintenance and may play a role in cardiometabolic health. We aimed to elucidate the role of autophagy in cardiometabolic traits by investigating genetic variants and DNA methylation in autophagy-related genes in relation to cardiovascular diseases and related traits. To address this research question, we implemented a multidirectional approach using several molecular epidemiology tools, including genetic association analysis with genome wide association studies data and exome sequencing data and differential DNA methylation analysis. We investigated the 21 autophagy-related genes in relation to coronary artery disease and a number of cardiometabolic traits (blood lipids, blood pressure, glycemic traits, type 2 diabetes). We used data from the largest genome wide association studies as well as DNA methylation and exome sequencing data from the Rotterdam Study. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs110389913 in AMBRA1 (p-value = 4.9×10-18) was associated with blood proinsulin levels, whereas rs6587988 in ATG4C and rs10439163 in ATG4D with lipid traits (ATG4C: p-value = 2.5×10-15 for total cholesterol and p-value = 3.1×10-18 for triglycerides, ATG4D: p-value = 9.9×10-12 for LDL and p-value = 1.3×10-10 for total cholesterol). Moreover, rs7635838 in ATG7 was associated with HDL (p-value = 1.9×10-9). Rs2447607 located in ATG7 showed association with systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. Rs2424994 in MAP1LC3A was associated with coronary artery disease (p-value = 5.8×10-6). Furthermore, we identified association of an exonic variant located in ATG3 with diastolic blood pressure (p-value = 6.75×10-6). Using DNA methylation data, two CpGs located in ULK1 (p-values = 4.5×10-7 and 1×10-6) and two located in ATG4B (2×10-13 and 1.48×10-7) were significantly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition one CpG in ATG4D was associated with HDL (p-value = 3.21×10-5). Our findings provide support for the role of autophagy in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as blood pressure regulation.

Bayesian Inference for Mixed Model-Based Genome-Wide Analysis of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci by Gibbs Sampling

The importance of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) has been emphasized in understanding the genetic basis of cellular activities and complex phenotypes. Mixed models can be employed to effectively identify eQTLs by explaining polygenic effects. In these mixed models, the polygenic effects are considered as random variables, and their variability is explained by the polygenic variance component. The polygenic and residual variance components are first estimated, and then eQTL effects are estimated depending on the variance component estimates within the frequentist mixed model framework. The Bayesian approach to the mixed model-based genome-wide eQTL analysis can also be applied to estimate the parameters that exhibit various benefits. Bayesian inferences on unknown parameters are based on their marginal posterior distributions, and the marginalization of the joint posterior distribution is a challenging task. This problem can be solved by employing a numerical algorithm of integrals called Gibbs sampling as a Markov chain Monte Carlo. This article reviews the mixed model-based Bayesian eQTL analysis by Gibbs sampling. Theoretical and practical issues of Bayesian inference are discussed using a concise description of Bayesian modeling and the corresponding Gibbs sampling. The strengths of Bayesian inference are also discussed. Posterior probability distribution in the Bayesian inference reflects uncertainty in unknown parameters. This factor is useful in the context of eQTL analysis where a sample size is too small to apply the frequentist approach. Bayesian inference based on the posterior that reflects prior knowledge, will be increasingly preferred with the accumulation of eQTL data. Extensive use of the mixed model-based Bayesian eQTL analysis will accelerate understanding of eQTLs exhibiting various regulatory functions.

Tissue-Specific Trans Regulation of the Mouse Epigenome

The epigenetic landscape varies greatly among cell types. Although a variety of writers, readers, and erasers of epigenetic features are known, we have little information about the underlying regulatory systems controlling the establishment and maintenance of these features. Here, we have explored how natural genetic variation affects the epigenome in mice. Studying levels of H3K4me3, a histone modification at sites such as promoters, enhancers, and recombination hotspots, we found tissue-specific trans-regulation of H3K4me3 levels in four highly diverse cell types: male germ cells, embryonic stem cells, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. To identify the genetic loci involved, we measured H3K4me3 levels in male germ cells in a mapping population of 59 BXD recombinant inbred lines. We found extensive trans-regulation of H3K4me3 peaks, including six major histone quantitative trait loci (QTL). These chromatin regulatory loci act dominantly to suppress H3K4me3, which at hotspots reduces the likelihood of subsequent DNA double-strand breaks. QTL locations do not correspond with genes encoding enzymes known to metabolize chromatin features. Instead their locations match clusters of zinc finger genes, making these possible candidates that explain the dominant suppression of H3K4me3. Collectively, these data describe an extensive, set of chromatin regulatory loci that control the epigenetic landscape.

Genetic variants influence on the placenta regulatory landscape

From genomic association studies, quantitative trait loci analysis, and epigenomic mapping, it is evident that significant efforts are necessary to define genetic-epigenetic interactions and understand their role in disease susceptibility and progression. For this reason, an analysis of the effects of genetic variation on gene expression and DNA methylation in human placentas at high resolution and whole-genome coverage will have multiple mechanistic and practical implications. By producing and analyzing DNA sequence variation (n = 303), DNA methylation (n = 303) and mRNA expression data (n = 80) from placentas from healthy women, we investigate the regulatory landscape of the human placenta and offer analytical approaches to integrate different types of genomic data and address some potential limitations of current platforms. We distinguish two profiles of interaction between expression and DNA methylation, revealing linear or bimodal effects, reflecting differences in genomic context, transcription factor recruitment, and possibly cell subpopulations. These findings help to clarify the interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in normal human placentas. They also provide strong evidence for genotype-driven modifications of transcription and DNA methylation in normal placentas. In addition to these mechanistic implications, the data and analytical methods presented here will improve the interpretability of genome-wide and epigenome-wide association studies for human traits and diseases that involve placental functions.

The placenta is a critical organ playing multiple roles including oxygen and metabolite transfer from mother to fetus, hormone production, and vascular perfusion. With this study, we aimed to deliver a placenta-specific regulatory map based on a combination of publicly available and newly generated data. To complete this reference, we obtained genotype information (n = 303), DNA methylation (n = 303) and expression data (n = 80) for placentas from healthy women. Our analysis of methylation and expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and correlations between methylation and expression data were designed to identify fundamental associations between genome, transcriptome, and epigenome in this key fetal organ. The results provide high-resolution genetic and epigenetic maps specific to the placenta based on a representative ethnically diverse cohort. As interest and efforts are growing to better understand the etiology of placental disease and the impact of the environment on placental function these data will provide a reference and enhance future investigations.

Use of Mendelian andomization for dentifying isk actors for rain umors

Gliomas are a group of primary brain tumors, the most common and aggressive subtype of which is glioblastoma. Glioblastoma has a median survival of just 15 months after diagnosis. Only previous exposure to ionizing radiation and particular inherited genetic syndromes are accepted risk factors for glioma; the vast majority of cases are thought to occur spontaneously. Previous observational studies have described associations between several risk factors and glioma, but studies are often conflicting and whether these associations reflect true casual relationships is unclear because observational studies may be susceptible to confounding, measurement error and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization (MR) is a form of instrumental variable analysis that can be used to provide supporting evidence for causal relationships between exposures (e.g., risk factors) and outcomes (e.g., disease onset). MR utilizes genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that are robustly associated with an exposure to determine whether there is a causal effect of the exposure on the outcome. MR is less susceptible to confounding, reverse causation and measurement errors as it is based on the random inheritance during conception of genetic variants that can be relatively accurately measured. In previous studies, MR has implicated a genetically predicted increase in telomere length with an increased risk of glioma, and found little evidence that obesity related factors, vitamin D or atopy are causal in glioma risk. In this review, we describe MR and its potential use to discover and validate novel risk factors, mechanistic factors, and therapeutic targets in glioma.

Cell-type-specific eQTL of primary melanocytes facilitates identification of melanoma susceptibility genes

Most expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies to date have been performed in heterogeneous tissues as opposed to specific cell types. To better understand the cell-type-specific regulatory landscape of human melanocytes, which give rise to melanoma but account for <5% of typical human skin biopsies, we performed an eQTL analysis in primary melanocyte cultures from 106 newborn males. We identified 597,335 cis-eQTL SNPs prior to linkage disequilibrium (LD) pruning and 4997 eGenes (FDR < 0.05). Melanocyte eQTLs differed considerably from those identified in the 44 GTEx tissue types, including skin. Over a third of melanocyte eGenes, including key genes in melanin synthesis pathways, were unique to melanocytes compared to those of GTEx skin tissues or TCGA melanomas. The melanocyte data set also identified trans-eQTLs, including those connecting a pigmentation-associated functional SNP with four genes, likely through cis-regulation of IRF4 Melanocyte eQTLs are enriched in cis-regulatory signatures found in melanocytes as well as in melanoma-associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies. Melanocyte eQTLs also colocalized with melanoma GWAS variants in five known loci. Finally, a transcriptome-wide association study using melanocyte eQTLs uncovered four novel susceptibility loci, where imputed expression levels of five genes (ZFP90, HEBP1, MSC, CBWD1, and RP11-383H13.1) were associated with melanoma at genome-wide significant P-values. Our data highlight the utility of lineage-specific eQTL resources for annotating GWAS findings, and present a robust database for genomic research of melanoma risk and melanocyte biology.

Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in buccal cells: a study of monozygotic twins and mQTLs

BACKGROUND

DNA methylation arrays are widely used in epigenome-wide association studies and methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) studies. Here, we performed the first genome-wide analysis of monozygotic (MZ) twin correlations and mQTLs on data obtained with the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip (EPIC array) and compared the performance of the EPIC array to the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (HM450 array) for buccal-derived DNA.

RESULTS

Good-quality EPIC data were obtained for 102 buccal-derived DNA samples from 49 MZ twin pairs (mean age = 7.5 years, range = 1-10). Differences between MZ twins in the cellular content of buccal swabs were a major driver for differences in their DNA methylation profiles, highlighting the importance to adjust for cellular composition in DNA methylation studies of buccal-derived DNA. After adjusting for cellular composition, the genome-wide mean correlation (r) between MZ twins was 0.21 for the EPIC array, and cis mQTL analysis in 84 twins identified 1,296,323 significant associations (FDR 5%), encompassing 33,749 methylation sites and 616,029 genetic variants. MZ twin correlations were slightly larger (p < 2.2 × 10-16) for novel EPIC probes (N = 383,066, mean r = 0.22) compared to probes that are also present on HM450 (N = 406,822, mean r = 0.20). In line with this observation, a larger percentage of novel EPIC probes was associated with genetic variants (novel EPIC probes with significant mQTL 4.7%, HM450 probes with mQTL 3.9%, p < 2.2 × 10-16). Methylation sites with a large MZ correlation and sites associated with mQTLs were most strongly enriched in epithelial cell DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), enhancers, and histone mark H3K4me3.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the contribution of familial factors to individual differences in DNA methylation and the effect of mQTLs are larger for novel EPIC probes, especially those within regulatory elements connected to active regions specific to the investigated tissue.

A Perspective of the Cross-Tissue Interplay of Genetics, Epigenetics, and Transcriptomics, and Their Relation to Brain Based Phenotypes in Schizophrenia

Genetic association studies of psychiatric disorders have provided unprecedented insight into disease risk profiles with high confidence. Yet, the next research challenge is how to translate this rich information into mechanisms of disease, and further help interventions and treatments. Given other comprehensive reviews elsewhere, here we want to discuss the research approaches that integrate information across various tissue types. Taking schizophrenia as an example, the tissues, cells, or organisms being investigated include postmortem brain tissues or neurons, peripheral blood and saliva, in vivo brain imaging, and in vitro cell lines, particularly human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and iPSC derived neurons. There is a wealth of information on the molecular signatures including genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics of various tissues, along with neuronal phenotypic measurements including neuronal morphometry and function, together with brain imaging and other techniques that provide data from various spatial temporal points of disease development. Through consistent or complementary processes across tissues, such as cross-tissue methylation quantitative trait loci (QTL) and expression QTL effects, systemic integration of such information holds the promise to put the pieces of puzzle together for a more complete view of schizophrenia disease pathogenesis.

Epigenome mapping of human normal purified hepatocytes: personal epigenome variation and genome-epigenome correlation

AIM

The aim of this study was to reveal the epigenome landscape of human normal hepatocytes.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Cells purified from partial hepatectomy specimens of Japanese patients were subjected to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing using postbisulfite adaptor tagging, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing.

RESULTS

CHG and CHH methylations were inversely associated with gene expression. Histone modification profiles of personal differentially methylated regions (pDMRs) differed considerably among samples. pDMRs were observed around the transcription start sites of genes whose expression is reportedly regulated by CpG methylation. pDMRs were frequently observed in the vicinity of single-nucleotide variations and insertions/deletions.

CONCLUSION

Genetic variations may induce epigenetic variations, generating individual differences in the phenotypes of normal hepatocytes through variations in expression.