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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Marchese MR, Longobardi Y, Libero R, Yesilli-Puzella G, D'Alatri L, Galli J. "Lombard Effect" and Voice Changes in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia: A Pilot Study. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3754-3760. [PMID: 38727193 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to describe the acoustic, auditory-perceptive, and subjective voice changes under the Lombard effect (LE) in adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) patients. METHODS Subjective perception of vocal effort (OMNI Vocal Effort Scale OMNI-VES), Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), and the perceptual severity of dysphonia (GRBAS scale) were assessed in condition of stillness and under LE in 10 AdLD patients and in 10 patients with typical voice. Speakers were asked to produce the sustained vowel /a/ and to read a phonetically balanced text aloud. Using the PRAAT software, the following acoustic parameters were analyzed: Mean Pitch (Hz), Minimum and Maximum Intensity (dB), the Fraction of Locally Unvoiced Frames, the Number of Voice Breaks, the Degree of Voice Breaks (%), the Cepstral Peak Prominence-Smoothed (CPPS) (dB). RESULTS Under LE, the AdLD group showed a decrease of both G and S parameters of GRBAS and subjective effort, mean MPT increased significantly; in the controls there were no significant changes. In both groups under LE, pitch and intensity of the sustained vowel /a/ significantly increased consistently with LE. In the AdLD group the mean gain of OMNI-VES score and the mean gain of each parameter of the speech analysis were significantly greater than the controls' ones. CONCLUSION Auditory feedback deprivation obtained under LE improves subjective, perceptual-auditory, and acoustics parameters of AdLD patients. These findings encourage further research to provide new knowledge into the role of the auditory system in the pathogenesis of AdLD and to develop new therapeutic strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:3754-3760, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Marchese
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia Longobardi
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Libero
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gamze Yesilli-Puzella
- School of Health Sciences, Speech and Language Therapy Department, Cappadocia University, Ürgüp/Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Lucia D'Alatri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa-Collo e Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa-Collo e Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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3
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Stempel AV, Evans DA, Arocas OP, Claudi F, Lenzi SC, Kutsarova E, Margrie TW, Branco T. Tonically active GABAergic neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray control instinctive escape in mice. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3031-3039.e7. [PMID: 38936364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Escape behavior is a set of locomotor actions that move an animal away from threat. While these actions can be stereotyped, it is advantageous for survival that they are flexible.1,2,3 For example, escape probability depends on predation risk and competing motivations,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and flight to safety requires continuous adjustments of trajectory and must terminate at the appropriate place and time.12,13,14,15,16 This degree of flexibility suggests that modulatory components, like inhibitory networks, act on the neural circuits controlling instinctive escape.17,18,19,20,21,22 In mice, the decision to escape from imminent threats is implemented by a feedforward circuit in the midbrain, where excitatory vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive (VGluT2+) neurons in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) compute escape initiation and escape vigor.23,24,25 Here we tested the hypothesis that local GABAergic neurons within the dPAG control escape behavior by setting the excitability of the dPAG escape network. Using in vitro patch-clamp and in vivo neural activity recordings, we found that vesicular GABA transporter-positive (VGAT+) dPAG neurons fire action potentials tonically in the absence of synaptic inputs and are a major source of inhibition to VGluT2+ dPAG neurons. Activity in VGAT+ dPAG cells transiently decreases at escape onset and increases during escape, peaking at escape termination. Optogenetically increasing or decreasing VGAT+ dPAG activity changes the probability of escape when the stimulation is delivered at threat onset and the duration of escape when delivered after escape initiation. We conclude that the activity of tonically firing VGAT+ dPAG neurons sets a threshold for escape initiation and controls the execution of the flight action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanessa Stempel
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dominic A Evans
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oriol Pavón Arocas
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Federico Claudi
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Stephen C Lenzi
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Elena Kutsarova
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Troy W Margrie
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Tiago Branco
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, 25 Howland St, London W1T 4JG, UK.
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de Hoz L, McAlpine D. Noises on-How the Brain Deals with Acoustic Noise. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:501. [PMID: 39056695 PMCID: PMC11274191 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
What is noise? When does a sound form part of the acoustic background and when might it come to our attention as part of the foreground? Our brain seems to filter out irrelevant sounds in a seemingly effortless process, but how this is achieved remains opaque and, to date, unparalleled by any algorithm. In this review, we discuss how noise can be both background and foreground, depending on what a listener/brain is trying to achieve. We do so by addressing questions concerning the brain's potential bias to interpret certain sounds as part of the background, the extent to which the interpretation of sounds depends on the context in which they are heard, as well as their ethological relevance, task-dependence, and a listener's overall mental state. We explore these questions with specific regard to the implicit, or statistical, learning of sounds and the role of feedback loops between cortical and subcortical auditory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia de Hoz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - David McAlpine
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University Hearing, Australian Hearing Hub, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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5
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Rao RPN. A sensory-motor theory of the neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1221-1235. [PMID: 38937581 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies suggest a close interaction between sensory and motor processes across the neocortex. Here, I propose that the neocortex implements active predictive coding (APC): each cortical area estimates both latent sensory states and actions (including potentially abstract actions internal to the cortex), and the cortex as a whole predicts the consequences of actions at multiple hierarchical levels. Feedback from higher areas modulates the dynamics of state and action networks in lower areas. I show how the same APC architecture can explain (1) how we recognize an object and its parts using eye movements, (2) why perception seems stable despite eye movements, (3) how we learn compositional representations, for example, part-whole hierarchies, (4) how complex actions can be planned using simpler actions, and (5) how we form episodic memories of sensory-motor experiences and learn abstract concepts such as a family tree. I postulate a mapping of the APC model to the laminar architecture of the cortex and suggest possible roles for cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P N Rao
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Guan X, Cao P. Brain Mechanisms Underlying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:795-814. [PMID: 37477800 PMCID: PMC11178723 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, with a prevalence of ~ 4% in the general population, causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens. The similarities of animal defense responses to clinical panic attack symptoms in humans make it possible to translate neuroanatomical pathways identified in animal studies to panic disorder in humans. Therefore, in this review we first present a basic overview of panic disorder in humans including the main subtypes, models commonly used to trigger panic attacks, related hypotheses, the neurotransmitter systems that may be involved, and the current clinical treatments to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of panic disorder. The animal section introduces the models that trigger panic-like behavior in animals and the brain regions that may be involved, providing insights for future elucidation of the neural circuit mechanisms behind panic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Guan
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
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7
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La Chioma A, Schneider DM. Auditory neuroscience: Sounds make the face move. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R346-R348. [PMID: 38714161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Animals including humans often react to sounds by involuntarily moving their face and body. A new study shows that facial movements provide a simple and reliable readout of a mouse's hearing ability that is more sensitive than traditional measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Schneider
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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8
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Shi K, Quass GL, Rogalla MM, Ford AN, Czarny JE, Apostolides PF. Population coding of time-varying sounds in the nonlemniscal inferior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:842-864. [PMID: 38505907 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00013.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) of the midbrain is important for complex sound processing, such as discriminating conspecific vocalizations and human speech. The IC's nonlemniscal, dorsal "shell" region is likely important for this process, as neurons in these layers project to higher-order thalamic nuclei that subsequently funnel acoustic signals to the amygdala and nonprimary auditory cortices, forebrain circuits important for vocalization coding in a variety of mammals, including humans. However, the extent to which shell IC neurons transmit acoustic features necessary to discern vocalizations is less clear, owing to the technical difficulty of recording from neurons in the IC's superficial layers via traditional approaches. Here, we use two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice of either sex to test how shell IC neuron populations encode the rate and depth of amplitude modulation, important sound cues for speech perception. Most shell IC neurons were broadly tuned, with a low neurometric discrimination of amplitude modulation rate; only a subset was highly selective to specific modulation rates. Nevertheless, neural network classifier trained on fluorescence data from shell IC neuron populations accurately classified amplitude modulation rate, and decoding accuracy was only marginally reduced when highly tuned neurons were omitted from training data. Rather, classifier accuracy increased monotonically with the modulation depth of the training data, such that classifiers trained on full-depth modulated sounds had median decoding errors of ∼0.2 octaves. Thus, shell IC neurons may transmit time-varying signals via a population code, with perhaps limited reliance on the discriminative capacity of any individual neuron.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The IC's shell layers originate a "nonlemniscal" pathway important for perceiving vocalization sounds. However, prior studies suggest that individual shell IC neurons are broadly tuned and have high response thresholds, implying a limited reliability of efferent signals. Using Ca2+ imaging, we show that amplitude modulation is accurately represented in the population activity of shell IC neurons. Thus, downstream targets can read out sounds' temporal envelopes from distributed rate codes transmitted by populations of broadly tuned neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Gunnar L Quass
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Meike M Rogalla
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Alexander N Ford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jordyn E Czarny
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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9
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Clayton KK, Stecyk KS, Guo AA, Chambers AR, Chen K, Hancock KE, Polley DB. Sound elicits stereotyped facial movements that provide a sensitive index of hearing abilities in mice. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1605-1620.e5. [PMID: 38492568 PMCID: PMC11043000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Sound elicits rapid movements of muscles in the face, ears, and eyes that protect the body from injury and trigger brain-wide internal state changes. Here, we performed quantitative facial videography from mice resting atop a piezoelectric force plate and observed that broadband sounds elicited rapid and stereotyped facial twitches. Facial motion energy (FME) adjacent to the whisker array was 30 dB more sensitive than the acoustic startle reflex and offered greater inter-trial and inter-animal reliability than sound-evoked pupil dilations or movement of other facial and body regions. FME tracked the low-frequency envelope of broadband sounds, providing a means to study behavioral discrimination of complex auditory stimuli, such as speech phonemes in noise. Approximately 25% of layer 5-6 units in the auditory cortex (ACtx) exhibited firing rate changes during facial movements. However, FME facilitation during ACtx photoinhibition indicated that sound-evoked facial movements were mediated by a midbrain pathway and modulated by descending corticofugal input. FME and auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were closely aligned after noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss, yet FME growth slopes were disproportionately steep at spared frequencies, reflecting a central plasticity that matched commensurate changes in ABR wave 4. Sound-evoked facial movements were also hypersensitive in Ptchd1 knockout mice, highlighting the use of FME for identifying sensory hyper-reactivity phenotypes after adult-onset hyperacusis and inherited deficiencies in autism risk genes. These findings present a sensitive and integrative measure of hearing while also highlighting that even low-intensity broadband sounds can elicit a complex mixture of auditory, motor, and reafferent somatosensory neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron K Clayton
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kamryn S Stecyk
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna A Guo
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna R Chambers
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth E Hancock
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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10
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Lemercier CE, Krieger P, Manahan-Vaughan D. Dynamic modulation of mouse thalamocortical visual activity by salient sounds. iScience 2024; 27:109364. [PMID: 38523779 PMCID: PMC10959669 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual responses of the primary visual cortex (V1) are altered by sound. Sound-driven behavioral arousal suggests that, in addition to direct inputs from the primary auditory cortex (A1), multiple other sources may shape V1 responses to sound. Here, we show in anesthetized mice that sound (white noise, ≥70dB) drives a biphasic modulation of V1 visually driven gamma-band activity, comprising fast-transient inhibitory and slow, prolonged excitatory (A1-independent) arousal-driven components. An analogous yet quicker modulation of the visual response also occurred earlier in the visual pathway, at the level of the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), where sound transiently inhibited the early phasic visual response and subsequently induced a prolonged increase in tonic spiking activity and gamma rhythmicity. Our results demonstrate that sound-driven modulations of visual activity are not exclusive to V1 and suggest that thalamocortical inputs from the dLGN to V1 contribute to shaping V1 visual response to sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément E. Lemercier
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrik Krieger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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11
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Huey EL, Turecek J, Delisle MM, Mazor O, Romero GE, Dua M, Sarafis ZK, Hobble A, Booth KT, Goodrich LV, Corey DP, Ginty DD. The auditory midbrain mediates tactile vibration sensing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584077. [PMID: 38496510 PMCID: PMC10942453 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Vibrations are ubiquitous in nature, shaping behavior across the animal kingdom. For mammals, mechanical vibrations acting on the body are detected by mechanoreceptors of the skin and deep tissues and processed by the somatosensory system, while sound waves traveling through air are captured by the cochlea and encoded in the auditory system. Here, we report that mechanical vibrations detected by the body's Pacinian corpuscle neurons, which are unique in their ability to entrain to high frequency (40-1000 Hz) environmental vibrations, are prominently encoded by neurons in the lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC) of the midbrain. Remarkably, most LCIC neurons receive convergent Pacinian and auditory input and respond more strongly to coincident tactile-auditory stimulation than to either modality alone. Moreover, the LCIC is required for behavioral responses to high frequency mechanical vibrations. Thus, environmental vibrations captured by Pacinian corpuscles are encoded in the auditory midbrain to mediate behavior.
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12
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Liu M, Wang Y, Jiang L, Zhang X, Wang C, Zhang T. Research progress of the inferior colliculus: from Neuron, neural circuit to auditory disease. Brain Res 2024; 1828:148775. [PMID: 38244755 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The auditory midbrain, also known as the inferior colliculus (IC), serves as a crucial hub in the auditory pathway. Comprising diverse cell types, the IC plays a pivotal role in various auditory functions, including sound localization, auditory plasticity, sound detection, and sound-induced behaviors. Notably, the IC is implicated in several auditory central disorders, such as tinnitus, age-related hearing loss, autism and Fragile X syndrome. Accurate classification of IC neurons is vital for comprehending both normal and dysfunctional aspects of IC function. Various parameters, including dendritic morphology, neurotransmitter synthesis, potassium currents, biomarkers, and axonal targets, have been employed to identify distinct neuron types within the IC. However, the challenge persists in effectively classifying IC neurons into functional categories due to the limited clustering capabilities of most parameters. Recent studies utilizing advanced neuroscience technologies have begun to shed light on biomarker-based approaches in the IC, providing insights into specific cellular properties and offering a potential avenue for understanding IC functions. This review focuses on recent advancements in IC research, spanning from neurons and neural circuits to aspects related to auditory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chunrui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
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13
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Oude Lohuis MN, Marchesi P, Olcese U, Pennartz CMA. Triple dissociation of visual, auditory and motor processing in mouse primary visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:758-771. [PMID: 38307971 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Primary sensory cortices respond to crossmodal stimuli-for example, auditory responses are found in primary visual cortex (V1). However, it remains unclear whether these responses reflect sensory inputs or behavioral modulation through sound-evoked body movement. We address this controversy by showing that sound-evoked activity in V1 of awake mice can be dissociated into auditory and behavioral components with distinct spatiotemporal profiles. The auditory component began at approximately 27 ms, was found in superficial and deep layers and originated from auditory cortex. Sound-evoked orofacial movements correlated with V1 neural activity starting at approximately 80-100 ms and explained auditory frequency tuning. Visual, auditory and motor activity were expressed by different laminar profiles and largely segregated subsets of neuronal populations. During simultaneous audiovisual stimulation, visual representations remained dissociable from auditory-related and motor-related activity. This three-fold dissociability of auditory, motor and visual processing is central to understanding how distinct inputs to visual cortex interact to support vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs N Oude Lohuis
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pietro Marchesi
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Umberto Olcese
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Research Priority Area Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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14
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Liu M, Gao Y, Xin F, Hu Y, Wang T, Xie F, Shao C, Li T, Wang N, Yuan K. Parvalbumin and Somatostatin: Biomarkers for Two Parallel Tectothalamic Pathways in the Auditory Midbrain. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1655232024. [PMID: 38326037 PMCID: PMC10919325 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1655-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) represents a crucial relay station in the auditory pathway, located in the midbrain's tectum and primarily projecting to the thalamus. Despite the identification of distinct cell classes based on various biomarkers in the IC, their specific contributions to the organization of auditory tectothalamic pathways have remained poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that IC neurons expressing parvalbumin (ICPV+) or somatostatin (ICSOM+) represent two minimally overlapping cell classes throughout the three IC subdivisions in mice of both sexes. Strikingly, regardless of their location within the IC, these neurons predominantly project to the primary and secondary auditory thalamic nuclei, respectively. Cell class-specific input tracing suggested that ICPV+ neurons primarily receive auditory inputs, whereas ICSOM+ neurons receive significantly more inputs from the periaqueductal gray and the superior colliculus (SC), which are sensorimotor regions critically involved in innate behaviors. Furthermore, ICPV+ neurons exhibit significant heterogeneity in both intrinsic electrophysiological properties and presynaptic terminal size compared with ICSOM+ neurons. Notably, approximately one-quarter of ICPV+ neurons are inhibitory neurons, whereas all ICSOM+ neurons are excitatory neurons. Collectively, our findings suggest that parvalbumin and somatostatin expression in the IC can serve as biomarkers for two functionally distinct, parallel tectothalamic pathways. This discovery suggests an alternative way to define tectothalamic pathways and highlights the potential usefulness of Cre mice in understanding the multifaceted roles of the IC at the circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yixiao Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengyuan Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Zhili College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fenghua Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengjun Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningyu Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Kexin Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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15
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Krall RF, Chambers CN, Arnold MP, Brougher LI, Chen J, Deshmukh R, King HB, Morford HJ, Wiemann JM, Williamson RS. Primary auditory cortex is necessary for the acquisition and expression of categorical behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578700. [PMID: 38352355 PMCID: PMC10862902 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The primary auditory cortex (ACtx) is critically involved in the association of sensory information with specific behavioral outcomes. Such sensory-guided behaviors are necessarily brain-wide endeavors, requiring a plethora of distinct brain areas, including those that are involved in aspects of decision making, motor planning, motor initiation, and reward prediction. ACtx comprises a number of distinct excitatory cell-types that allow for the brain-wide propagation of behaviorally-relevant sensory information. Exactly how ACtx involvement changes as a function of learning, as well as the functional role of distinct excitatory cell-types is unclear. Here, we addressed these questions by designing a two-choice auditory task in which water-restricted, head-fixed mice were trained to categorize the temporal rate of a sinusoidal amplitude modulated (sAM) noise burst and used transient cell-type specific optogenetics to probe ACtx necessity across the duration of learning. Our data demonstrate that ACtx is necessary for the ability to categorize the rate of sAM noise, and this necessity grows across learning. ACtx silencing substantially altered the behavioral strategies used to solve the task by introducing a fluctuating choice bias and increasing dependence on prior decisions. Furthermore, ACtx silencing did not impact the animal's motor report, suggesting that ACtx is necessary for the conversion of sensation to action. Targeted inhibition of extratelencephalic projections on just 20% of trials had a minimal effect on task performance, but significantly degraded learning. Taken together, our data suggest that distinct cortical cell-types synergistically control auditory-guided behavior and that extratelencephalic neurons play a critical role in learning and plasticity.
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16
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Li X, You J, Pan Y, Song C, Li H, Ji X, Liang F. Effective Regulation of Auditory Processing by Parvalbumin Interneurons in the Tail of the Striatum. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1171232023. [PMID: 38296650 PMCID: PMC10860494 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1171-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the auditory cortex (AC) play a crucial role in shaping auditory processing, including receptive field formation, temporal precision enhancement, and gain regulation. PV interneurons are also the primary inhibitory neurons in the tail of the striatum (TS), which is one of the major descending brain regions in the auditory nervous system. However, the specific roles of TS-PV interneurons in auditory processing remain elusive. In this study, morphological and slice recording experiments in both male and female mice revealed that TS-PV interneurons, compared with AC-PV interneurons, were present in fewer numbers but exhibited longer projection distances, which enabled them to provide sufficient inhibitory inputs to spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Furthermore, TS-PV interneurons received dense auditory input from both the AC and medial geniculate body (MGB), particularly from the MGB, which rendered their auditory responses comparable to those of AC-PV interneurons. Optogenetic manipulation experiments demonstrated that TS-PV interneurons were capable of bidirectionally regulating the auditory responses of SPNs. Our findings suggest that PV interneurons can effectively modulate auditory processing in the TS and may play a critical role in auditory-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiapeng You
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yidi Pan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
| | - Changbao Song
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
| | - Haifu Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
| | - Xuying Ji
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Feixue Liang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macaoh Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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17
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Huo L, Ye Z, Liu M, He Z, Huang M, Li D, Wu Q, Wang Q, Wang X, Cao P, Dong J, Shang C. Brain circuits for retching-like behavior. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad256. [PMID: 38288368 PMCID: PMC10824557 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are important defensive responses to cope with pathogens and toxins that invade the body. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is important for initiating these responses. However, the molecular heterogeneities and cellular diversities of the NTS occlude a better understanding of these defensive responses. Here, we constructed the single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of NTS cells and found multiple populations of NTS neurons that may be involved in these defensive responses. Among these, we identified Calbindin1-positive (Calb1+) NTS neurons that are molecularly distinct from Tac1+ neurons. These Calb1+ neurons are critical for nausea and retching induced by cereulide; an emetic toxin secreted by Bacillus Cereus. Strikingly, we found that cereulide can directly modulate vagal sensory neurons that innervate Calb1+ NTS neurons, a novel mechanism distinct from that for nausea and retching induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Together, our transcriptomic atlas of NTS neurons and the functional analyses revealed the neural mechanism for cereulide-induced retching-like behavior. These results demonstrate the molecular and cellular complexities in the brain that underlie defensive responses to the diversities of pathogens and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Huo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Ziqing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
| | - Meizhu Huang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Changping Life Science Laboratory, Beijing 102299, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ji Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
| | - Congping Shang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou National Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510799, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China
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18
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Liu J, He Y, Lavoie A, Bouvier G, Liu BH. A direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8467. [PMID: 38123558 PMCID: PMC10733370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices modulate innate behaviors through corticofugal projections targeting phylogenetically-old brainstem nuclei. However, the principles behind the functional connectivity of these projections remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in mice visual cortical neurons projecting to the optic-tract and dorsal-terminal nuclei (NOT-DTN) possess distinct response properties and anatomical connectivity, supporting the adaption of an essential innate eye movement, the optokinetic reflex (OKR). We find that these corticofugal neurons are enriched in specific visual areas, and they prefer temporo-nasal visual motion, matching the direction bias of downstream NOT-DTN neurons. Remarkably, continuous OKR stimulation selectively enhances the activity of these temporo-nasally biased cortical neurons, which can efficiently promote OKR plasticity. Lastly, we demonstrate that silencing downstream NOT-DTN neurons, which project specifically to the inferior olive-a key structure in oculomotor plasticity, impairs the cortical modulation of OKR and OKR plasticity. Our results unveil a direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway that adaptively modulates innate behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Yingtian He
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Andreanne Lavoie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Bao-Hua Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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19
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Wu K, Wang D, Wang Y, Tang P, Li X, Pan Y, Tao HW, Zhang LI, Liang F. Distinct circuits in anterior cingulate cortex encode safety assessment and mediate flexibility of fear reactions. Neuron 2023; 111:3650-3667.e6. [PMID: 37652003 PMCID: PMC10990237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Safety assessment and threat evaluation are crucial for animals to live and survive in the wilderness. However, neural circuits underlying safety assessment and their transformation to mediate flexibility of fear-induced defensive behaviors remain largely unknown. Here, we report that distinct neuronal populations in mouse anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encode safety status by selectively responding under different contexts of auditory threats, with one preferably activated when an animal staysing in a self-deemed safe zone and another specifically activated in more dangerous environmental settings that led to escape behavior. The safety-responding neurons preferentially target the zona incerta (ZI), which suppresses the superior colliculus (SC) via its GABAergic projection, while the danger-responding neurons preferentially target and excite SC. These distinct corticofugal pathways antagonistically modulate SC responses to threat, resulting in context-dependent expression of fear reactions. Thus, ACC serves as a critical node to encode safety/danger assessment and mediate behavioral flexibility through differential top-down circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibin Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dijia Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peiwen Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yidi Pan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Center for Neural Circuits & Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits & Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Feixue Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510220, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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20
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Wang Y, You L, Tan K, Li M, Zou J, Zhao Z, Hu W, Li T, Xie F, Li C, Yuan R, Ding K, Cao L, Xin F, Shang C, Liu M, Gao Y, Wei L, You Z, Gao X, Xiong W, Cao P, Luo M, Chen F, Li K, Wu J, Hong B, Yuan K. A common thalamic hub for general and defensive arousal control. Neuron 2023; 111:3270-3287.e8. [PMID: 37557180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of defensive responses to alerting sensory cues requires both general arousal and a specific arousal state associated with defensive emotions. However, it remains unclear whether these two forms of arousal can be regulated by common brain regions. We discovered that the medial sector of the auditory thalamus (ATm) in mice is a thalamic hub controlling both general and defensive arousal. The spontaneous activity of VGluT2-expressing ATm (ATmVGluT2+) neurons was correlated with and causally contributed to wakefulness. In sleeping mice, sustained ATmVGluT2+ population responses were predictive of sensory-induced arousal, the likelihood of which was markedly decreased by inhibiting ATmVGluT2+ neurons or multiple downstream pathways. In awake mice, ATmVGluT2+ activation led to heightened arousal accompanied by excessive anxiety and avoidance behavior. Notably, blocking their neurotransmission abolished alerting stimuli-induced defensive behaviors. These findings may shed light on the comorbidity of sleep disturbances and abnormal sensory sensitivity in specific brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - KaMun Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meijie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingshan Zou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610036, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fenghua Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Beijing 100084, China
| | - Caiqin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruizhi Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingwei Cao
- Zhili College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengyuan Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Congping Shang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiao Gao
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liqiang Wei
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiwei You
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaorong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kun Li
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kexin Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI), Beijing 100084, China.
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21
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de Araujo Salgado I, Li C, Burnett CJ, Rodriguez Gonzalez S, Becker JJ, Horvath A, Earnest T, Kravitz AV, Krashes MJ. Toggling between food-seeking and self-preservation behaviors via hypothalamic response networks. Neuron 2023; 111:2899-2917.e6. [PMID: 37442130 PMCID: PMC10528369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivated behaviors are often studied in isolation to assess labeled lines of neural connections underlying innate actions. However, in nature, multiple systems compete for expression of goal-directed behaviors via complex neural networks. Here, we examined flexible survival decisions in animals tasked with food seeking under predation threat. We found that predator exposure rapidly induced physiological, neuronal, and behavioral adaptations in mice highlighted by reduced food seeking and consumption contingent on current threat level. Diminishing conflict via internal state or external environment perturbations shifted feeding strategies. Predator introduction and/or selective manipulation of danger-responsive cholecystokinin (Cck) cells of the dorsal premammilary nucleus (PMd) suppressed hunger-sensitive Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, providing a mechanism for threat-evoked hypophagia. Increased caloric need enhanced food seeking under duress through AgRP pathways to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and/or lateral hypothalamus (LH). Our results suggest oscillating interactions between systems underlying self-preservation and food seeking to promote optimal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel de Araujo Salgado
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Joseph Burnett
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shakira Rodriguez Gonzalez
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jordan J Becker
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allison Horvath
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Earnest
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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22
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Tao C, Zhang GW, Huang JJ, Li Z, Tao HW, Zhang LI. The medial preoptic area mediates depressive-like behaviors induced by ovarian hormone withdrawal through distinct GABAergic projections. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1529-1540. [PMID: 37524978 PMCID: PMC11037266 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels are associated with mood disruptions in women, such as in postpartum and perimenopausal depression. However, the neural circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that medial preoptic area (MPOA) GABAergic neurons mediate multifaceted depressive-like behaviors in female mice after ovarian hormone withdrawal (HW), which can be attributed to downregulation of activity in Esr1 (estrogen receptor-1)-expressing GABAergic neurons. Enhancing activity of these neurons ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in HW-treated mice, whereas reducing their activity results in expression of these behaviors. Two separate subpopulations mediate different symptoms: a subpopulation projecting to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) mediates anhedonia and another projecting to the periaqueductal gray mediates immobility. These projections enhance activity of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe, respectively, with increased release of dopamine and serotonin, possibly through disinhibition mechanisms. Thus, the MPOA is a hub that mediates depressive-like behaviors resulting from transitions in reproductive hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junxiang J Huang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Graduate Programs in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Offutt SJ, Rose JE, Crawford KJ, Harris ML, Lim HH. Gradients of response latencies and temporal precision of auditory neurons extend across the whole inferior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:719-735. [PMID: 37609690 PMCID: PMC10650646 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00461.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural responses to acoustic stimulation have long been studied throughout the auditory system to understand how sound information is coded for perception. Within the inferior colliculus (IC), a majority of the studies have focused predominantly on characterizing neural responses within the central region (ICC), as it is viewed as part of the lemniscal system mainly responsible for auditory perception. In contrast, the responses of outer cortices (ICO) have largely been unexplored, though they also function in auditory perception tasks. Therefore, we sought to expand on previous work by completing a three-dimensional (3-D) functional mapping study of the whole IC. We analyzed responses to different pure tone and broadband noise stimuli across all IC subregions and correlated those responses with over 2,000 recording locations across the IC. Our study revealed there are well-organized trends for temporal response parameters across the full IC that do not show a clear distinction at the ICC and ICO border. These gradients span from slow, imprecise responses in the caudal-medial IC to fast, precise responses in the rostral-lateral IC, regardless of subregion, including the fastest responses located in the ICO. These trends were consistent at various acoustic stimulation levels. Weaker spatial trends could be found for response duration and spontaneous activity. Apart from tonotopic organization, spatial trends were not apparent for spectral response properties. Overall, these detailed acoustic response maps across the whole IC provide new insights into the organization and function of the IC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Study of the inferior colliculus (IC) has largely focused on the central nucleus, with little exploration of the outer cortices. Here, we systematically assessed the acoustic response properties from over 2,000 locations in different subregions of the IC. The results revealed spatial trends in temporal response patterns that span all subregions. Furthermore, two populations of temporal response types emerged for neurons in the outer cortices that may contribute to their functional roles in auditory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Offutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jessica E Rose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Kellie J Crawford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Megan L Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Hubert H Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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24
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Shi K, Quass GL, Rogalla MM, Ford AN, Czarny JE, Apostolides PF. Population coding of time-varying sounds in the non-lemniscal Inferior Colliculus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.14.553263. [PMID: 37645904 PMCID: PMC10461978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.553263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) of the midbrain is important for complex sound processing, such as discriminating conspecific vocalizations and human speech. The IC's non-lemniscal, dorsal "shell" region is likely important for this process, as neurons in these layers project to higher-order thalamic nuclei that subsequently funnel acoustic signals to the amygdala and non-primary auditory cortices; forebrain circuits important for vocalization coding in a variety of mammals, including humans. However, the extent to which shell IC neurons transmit acoustic features necessary to discern vocalizations is less clear, owing to the technical difficulty of recording from neurons in the IC's superficial layers via traditional approaches. Here we use 2-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice of either sex to test how shell IC neuron populations encode the rate and depth of amplitude modulation, important sound cues for speech perception. Most shell IC neurons were broadly tuned, with a low neurometric discrimination of amplitude modulation rate; only a subset were highly selective to specific modulation rates. Nevertheless, neural network classifier trained on fluorescence data from shell IC neuron populations accurately classified amplitude modulation rate, and decoding accuracy was only marginally reduced when highly tuned neurons were omitted from training data. Rather, classifier accuracy increased monotonically with the modulation depth of the training data, such that classifiers trained on full-depth modulated sounds had median decoding errors of ~0.2 octaves. Thus, shell IC neurons may transmit time-varying signals via a population code, with perhaps limited reliance on the discriminative capacity of any individual neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Shi
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Gunnar L. Quass
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Meike M. Rogalla
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Alexander N. Ford
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Jordyn E. Czarny
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Pierre F. Apostolides
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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25
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Issa LK, Sekaran NVC, Llano DA. Highly branched and complementary distributions of layer 5 and layer 6 auditory corticofugal axons in mouse. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9566-9582. [PMID: 37386697 PMCID: PMC10431747 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex exerts a powerful, yet heterogeneous, effect on subcortical targets. Auditory corticofugal projections emanate from layers 5 and 6 and have complementary physiological properties. While several studies suggested that layer 5 corticofugal projections branch widely, others suggested that multiple independent projections exist. Less is known about layer 6; no studies have examined whether the various layer 6 corticofugal projections are independent. Therefore, we examined branching patterns of layers 5 and 6 auditory corticofugal neurons, using the corticocollicular system as an index, using traditional and novel approaches. We confirmed that dual retrograde injections into the mouse inferior colliculus and auditory thalamus co-labeled subpopulations of layers 5 and 6 auditory cortex neurons. We then used an intersectional approach to relabel layer 5 or 6 corticocollicular somata and found that both layers sent extensive branches to multiple subcortical structures. Using a novel approach to separately label layers 5 and 6 axons in individual mice, we found that layers 5 and 6 terminal distributions partially spatially overlapped and that giant terminals were only found in layer 5-derived axons. Overall, the high degree of branching and complementarity in layers 5 and 6 axonal distributions suggest that corticofugal projections should be considered as 2 widespread systems, rather than collections of individual projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina K Issa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nathiya V C Sekaran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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26
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Zhao J, Song Q, Wu Y, Yang L. Advances in neural circuits of innate fear defense behavior. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:653-661. [PMID: 37899403 PMCID: PMC10630063 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Fear, a negative emotion triggered by dangerous stimuli, can lead to psychiatric disorders such as phobias, anxiety disorders, and depression. Investigating the neural circuitry underlying congenital fear can offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of related psychiatric conditions. Research on innate fear primarily centers on the response mechanisms to various sensory signals, including olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli. Different types of fear signal inputs are regulated by distinct neural circuits. The neural circuits of the main and accessory olfactory systems receive and process olfactory stimuli, mediating defensive responses like freezing. Escape behaviors elicited by visual stimuli are primarily regulated through the superior colliculus and hypothalamic projection circuits. Auditory stimuli-induced responses, including escape, are mainly mediated through auditory cortex projection circuits. In this article, we review the research progress on neural circuits of innate fear defensive behaviors in animals. We further discuss the different sensory systems, especially the projection circuits of olfactory, visual and auditory systems, to provide references for the mechanistic study of related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Qi Song
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yongye Wu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine School of Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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27
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Schmitt TTX, Andrea KMA, Wadle SL, Hirtz JJ. Distinct topographic organization and network activity patterns of corticocollicular neurons within layer 5 auditory cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1210057. [PMID: 37521334 PMCID: PMC10372447 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1210057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) modulates the activity of upstream pathways in the auditory brainstem via descending (corticofugal) projections. This feedback system plays an important role in the plasticity of the auditory system by shaping response properties of neurons in many subcortical nuclei. The majority of layer (L) 5 corticofugal neurons project to the inferior colliculus (IC). This corticocollicular (CC) pathway is involved in processing of complex sounds, auditory-related learning, and defense behavior. Partly due to their location in deep cortical layers, CC neuron population activity patterns within neuronal AC ensembles remain poorly understood. We employed two-photon imaging to record the activity of hundreds of L5 neurons in anesthetized as well as awake animals. CC neurons are broader tuned than other L5 pyramidal neurons and display weaker topographic order in core AC subfields. Network activity analyses revealed stronger clusters of CC neurons compared to non-CC neurons, which respond more reliable and integrate information over larger distances. However, results obtained from secondary auditory cortex (A2) differed considerably. Here CC neurons displayed similar or higher topography, depending on the subset of neurons analyzed. Furthermore, specifically in A2, CC activity clusters formed in response to complex sounds were spatially more restricted compared to other L5 neurons. Our findings indicate distinct network mechanism of CC neurons in analyzing sound properties with pronounced subfield differences, demonstrating that the topography of sound-evoked responses within AC is neuron-type dependent.
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28
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Martín-Cortecero J, Isaías-Camacho EU, Boztepe B, Ziegler K, Mease RA, Groh A. Monosynaptic trans-collicular pathways link mouse whisker circuits to integrate somatosensory and motor cortical signals. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002126. [PMID: 37205722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC), a conserved midbrain node with extensive long-range connectivity throughout the brain, is a key structure for innate behaviors. Descending cortical pathways are increasingly recognized as central control points for SC-mediated behaviors, but how cortico-collicular pathways coordinate SC activity at the cellular level is poorly understood. Moreover, despite the known role of the SC as a multisensory integrator, the involvement of the SC in the somatosensory system is largely unexplored in comparison to its involvement in the visual and auditory systems. Here, we mapped the connectivity of the whisker-sensitive region of the SC in mice with trans-synaptic and intersectional tracing tools and in vivo electrophysiology. The results reveal a novel trans-collicular connectivity motif in which neurons in motor- and somatosensory cortices impinge onto the brainstem-SC-brainstem sensory-motor arc and onto SC-midbrain output pathways via only one synapse in the SC. Intersectional approaches and optogenetically assisted connectivity quantifications in vivo reveal convergence of motor and somatosensory cortical input on individual SC neurons, providing a new framework for sensory-motor integration in the SC. More than a third of the cortical recipient neurons in the whisker SC are GABAergic neurons, which include a hitherto unknown population of GABAergic projection neurons targeting thalamic nuclei and the zona incerta. These results pinpoint a whisker region in the SC of mice as a node for the integration of somatosensory and motor cortical signals via parallel excitatory and inhibitory trans-collicular pathways, which link cortical and subcortical whisker circuits for somato-motor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martín-Cortecero
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Berin Boztepe
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Katharina Ziegler
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Rebecca Audrey Mease
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Alexander Groh
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Germany
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29
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Leong ATL, Wong EC, Wang X, Wu EX. Hippocampus Modulates Vocalizations Responses at Early Auditory Centers. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119943. [PMID: 36828157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its prominence in learning and memory, hippocampal influence in early auditory processing centers remains unknown. Here, we examined how hippocampal activity modulates sound-evoked responses in the auditory midbrain and thalamus using optogenetics and functional MRI (fMRI) in rodents. Ventral hippocampus (vHP) excitatory neuron stimulation at 5 Hz evoked robust hippocampal activity that propagates to the primary auditory cortex. We then tested 5 Hz vHP stimulation paired with either natural vocalizations or artificial/noise acoustic stimuli. vHP stimulation enhanced auditory responses to vocalizations (with a negative or positive valence) in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex, but not to their temporally reversed counterparts (artificial sounds) or broadband noise. Meanwhile, pharmacological vHP inactivation diminished response selectivity to vocalizations. These results directly reveal the large-scale hippocampal participation in natural sound processing at early centers of the ascending auditory pathway. They expand our present understanding of hippocampus in global auditory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T L Leong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Eddie C Wong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xunda Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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30
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McAlpine D, de Hoz L. Listening loops and the adapting auditory brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1081295. [PMID: 37008228 PMCID: PMC10060829 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1081295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysing complex auditory scenes depends in part on learning the long-term statistical structure of sounds comprising those scenes. One way in which the listening brain achieves this is by analysing the statistical structure of acoustic environments over multiple time courses and separating background from foreground sounds. A critical component of this statistical learning in the auditory brain is the interplay between feedforward and feedback pathways—“listening loops”—connecting the inner ear to higher cortical regions and back. These loops are likely important in setting and adjusting the different cadences over which learned listening occurs through adaptive processes that tailor neural responses to sound environments that unfold over seconds, days, development, and the life-course. Here, we posit that exploring listening loops at different scales of investigation—from in vivo recording to human assessment—their role in detecting different timescales of regularity, and the consequences this has for background detection, will reveal the fundamental processes that transform hearing into the essential task of listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McAlpine
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: David McAlpine,
| | - Livia de Hoz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Bindi RP, Guimarães CC, de Oliveira AR, Melleu FF, de Lima MAX, Baldo MVC, Motta SC, Canteras NS. Anatomical and functional study of the cuneiform nucleus: A critical site to organize innate defensive behaviors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:79-95. [PMID: 36606723 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cuneiform nucleus (CUN) is a midbrain structure located lateral to the caudal part of the periaqueductal gray. In the present investigation, we first performed a systematic analysis of the afferent and efferent projections of the CUN using FluoroGold and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracers, respectively. Next, we examined the behavioral responses to optogenetic activation of the CUN and evaluated the impact of pharmacological inactivation of the CUN in both innate and contextual fear responses to a predatory threat (i.e., a live cat). The present hodologic evidence indicates that the CUN might be viewed as a caudal component of the periaqueductal gray. The CUN has strong bidirectional links with the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (PAGdl). Our hodological findings revealed that the CUN and PAGdl share a similar source of inputs involved in integrating information related to life-threatening events and that the CUN provides particularly strong projections to brain sites influencing antipredatory defensive behaviors. Our functional studies revealed that the CUN mediates innate freezing and flight antipredatory responses but does not seem to influence the acquisition and expression of learned fear responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Bindi
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda R de Oliveira
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Melleu
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel A X de Lima
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Baldo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone C Motta
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Newton S Canteras
- Deptarment of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Liu M, Xie F, Dai J, Zhang J, Yuan K, Wang N. Brain-wide inputs to the non-lemniscal inferior colliculus in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136976. [PMID: 36427816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub along the auditory pathway. Although it is fundamentally an auditory structure, the neurons in the IC, especially its non-lemniscal part also respond to multimodal stimuli. However, the sources of these non-auditory inputs are unclear. In this study, we injected the rAAV2-retro virus, a virus with efficient retrograde function, into the non-lemniscal IC of the Ai14 reporter line. The majority of cortical and subcortical brain areas, including cognitive, motor, somatosensory, auditory, and visual-related regions were revealed. The quantified whole brain input data have showed that the non-lemniscal IC received a higher proportion of inputs from ipsilateral cortical brain regions. The non-lemniscal IC integrates different multimodal patterns, for the dorsal cortex (ICD) receives primarily auditory inputs, and the external cortex (ICE) receives primarily auditory and somatosensory inputs. These findings demonstrate that auditory integration is shaped by a network of multi-sensory connections in the non-lemniscal IC subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsheng Dai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ningyu Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Descending projections to the auditory midbrain: evolutionary considerations. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:131-143. [PMID: 36323876 PMCID: PMC9898193 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian inferior colliculus (IC) is massively innervated by multiple descending projection systems. In addition to a large projection from the auditory cortex (AC) primarily targeting the non-lemniscal portions of the IC, there are less well-characterized projections from non-auditory regions of the cortex, amygdala, posterior thalamus and the brachium of the IC. By comparison, the frog auditory midbrain, known as the torus semicircularis, is a large auditory integration center that also receives descending input, but primarily from the posterior thalamus and without a projection from a putative cortical homolog: the dorsal pallium. Although descending projections have been implicated in many types of behaviors, a unified understanding of their function has not yet emerged. Here, we take a comparative approach to understanding the various top-down modulators of the IC to gain insights into their functions. One key question that we identify is whether thalamotectal projections in mammals and amphibians are homologous and whether they interact with evolutionarily more newly derived projections from the cerebral cortex. We also consider the behavioral significance of these descending pathways, given anurans' ability to navigate complex acoustic landscapes without the benefit of a corticocollicular projection. Finally, we suggest experimental approaches to answer these questions.
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Male and female mice display consistent lifelong ability to address potential life-threatening cues using different post-threat coping strategies. BMC Biol 2022; 20:281. [PMID: 36522765 PMCID: PMC9753375 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences ranging from physiological functions to pathological disorders are developmentally hard-wired in a broad range of animals, from invertebrates to humans. These differences ensure that animals can display appropriate behaviors under a variety of circumstances, such as aggression, hunting, sleep, mating, and parental care, which are often thought to be important in the acquisition of resources, including territory, food, and mates. Although there are reports of an absence of sexual dimorphism in the context of innate fear, the question of whether there is sexual dimorphism of innate defensive behavior is still an open question. Therefore, an in-depth investigation to determine whether there are sex differences in developmentally hard-wired innate defensive behaviors in life-threatening circumstances is warranted. RESULTS We found that innate defensive behavioral responses to potentially life-threatening stimuli between males and females were indistinguishable over their lifespan. However, by using 3 dimensional (3D)-motion learning framework analysis, we found that males and females showed different behavioral patterns after escaping to the refuge. Specifically, the defensive "freezing" occurred primarily in males, whereas females were more likely to return directly to exploration. Moreover, there were also no estrous phase differences in innate defensive behavioral responses after looming stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that visually-evoked innate fear behavior is highly conserved throughout the lifespan in both males and females, while specific post-threat coping strategies depend on sex. These findings indicate that innate fear behavior is essential to both sexes and as such, there are no evolutionary-driven sex differences in defensive ability.
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Beebe NL, Silveira MA, Goyer D, Noftz WA, Roberts MT, Schofield BR. Neurotransmitter phenotype and axonal projection patterns of VIP-expressing neurons in the inferior colliculus. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102189. [PMID: 36375740 PMCID: PMC9772258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain hub of the central auditory pathway, send ascending and descending projections to other auditory brain regions, as well as projections to other sensory and non-sensory brain regions. However, the axonal projection patterns of individual classes of IC neurons remain largely unknown. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide expressed by subsets of neurons in many brain regions. We recently identified a class of IC stellate neurons that we called VIP neurons because they are labeled by tdTomato (tdT) expression in VIP-IRES-Cre x Ai14 mice. Here, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that tdT+ neurons in VIP-IRES-Cre x Ai14 mice express Vglut2, a marker of glutamatergic neurons, and VIP, suggesting that VIP neurons use both glutamatergic and VIPergic signaling to influence their postsynaptic targets. Next, using viral transfections with a Cre-dependent eGFP construct, we labeled the axonal projections of VIP neurons. As a group, VIP neurons project intrinsically, within the ipsilateral and contralateral IC, and extrinsically to all the major targets of the IC. Within the auditory system, VIP neurons sent axons and formed axonal boutons in higher centers, including the medial geniculate nucleus and the nucleus of the brachium of the IC. Less dense projections terminated in lower centers, including the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and dorsal cochlear nucleus. VIP neurons also project to several non-auditory brain regions, including the superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, and cuneiform nucleus. The diversity of VIP projections compared to the homogeneity of VIP neuron intrinsic properties suggests that VIP neurons play a conserved role at the microcircuit level, likely involving neuromodulation through glutamatergic and VIPergic signaling, but support diverse functions at the systems level through their participation in different projection pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole L Beebe
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
| | - Marina A Silveira
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David Goyer
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - William A Noftz
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
| | - Michael T Roberts
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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36
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Liu D, Li S, Ren L, Liu X, Li X, Wang Z. Different coding characteristics between flight and freezing in dorsal periaqueductal gray of mice during exposure to innate threats. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:491-501. [PMID: 36225094 PMCID: PMC9773308 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flight and freezing are two vital defensive behaviors that mice display to avoid natural enemies. When they are exposed to innate threats, visual cues are processed and transmitted by the visual system into the emotional nuclei and finally transmitted to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) to induce defensive behaviors. However, how the dorsal PAG (dPAG) encodes the two defensive behaviors is unclear. METHODS Multi-array electrodes were implanted in the dPAG nuclei of C57BL/6 mice. Two kinds of visual stimuli (looming and sweeping) were used to induce defensive behaviors in mice. Neural signals under different defense behaviors were recorded, and the encoding characteristics of the two behaviors were extracted and analyzed from spike firing and frequency oscillations. Finally, synchronization of neural activity during the defense process was analyzed. RESULTS The neural activity between flight and freezing behaviors showed different firing patterns, and the differences in the inter-spike interval distribution were mainly reflected in the 2-10 ms period. The frequency band activities under both defensive behaviors were concentrated in the theta band; the active frequency of flight was ~8 to 10 Hz, whereas that of freezing behavior was ~6 to 8 Hz. The network connection density under both defense behaviors was significantly higher than the period before and after defensive behavior occurred, indicating that there was a high synchronization of neural activity during the defense process. CONCLUSIONS The dPAG nuclei of mice have different coding features between flight and freezing behaviors; during strong looming stimulation, fast neuro-instinctive decision making is required while encountering weak sweeping stimulation, and computable planning late behavior is predicted in the early stage. The frequency band activities under both defensive behaviors were concentrated in the theta band. There was a high synchronization of neural activity during the defense process, which may be a key factor triggering different defensive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Liu
- School of Electrical and Information EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shouhao Li
- School of Electrical and Information EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Liqing Ren
- School of Electrical and Information EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Intelligent ManufacturingHuanghuai UniversityZhumadianChina
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- School of Electrical and Information EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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37
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Chan RW, Cron GO, Asaad M, Edelman BJ, Lee HJ, Adesnik H, Feinberg D, Lee JH. Distinct local and brain-wide networks are activated by optogenetic stimulation of neurons specific to each layer of motor cortex. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119640. [PMID: 36176220 PMCID: PMC10025169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary motor cortex (M1) consists of a stack of interconnected but distinct layers (L1-L6) which affect motor control through large-scale networks. However, the brain-wide functional influence of each layer is poorly understood. We sought to expand our knowledge of these layers' circuitry by combining Cre-driver mouse lines, optogenetics, fMRI, and electrophysiology. Neuronal activities initiated in Drd3 neurons (within L2/3) were mainly confined within M1, while stimulation of Scnn1a, Rbp4, and Ntsr1 neurons (within L4, L5, and L6, respectively) evoked distinct responses in M1 and motor-related subcortical regions, including striatum and motor thalamus. We also found that fMRI responses from targeted stimulations correlated with both local field potentials (LFPs) and spike changes. This study represents a step forward in our understanding of how different layers of primary motor cortex are embedded in brain-wide circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg O Cron
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mazen Asaad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bradley J Edelman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Feinberg
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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38
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Rapp C, Hamilton J, Richer K, Sajjad M, Yao R, Thanos PK. Alcohol binge drinking decreases brain glucose metabolism and functional connectivity in adolescent rats. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1901-1908. [PMID: 35567647 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse represents a serious health concern, especially during adolescence, with approximately 18% of high school students engaging in binge drinking. Despite widespread misuse of alcohol, its effects on how the brain functions is not fully understood. This study utilized a binge drinking model in adolescent rats to examine effects on brain function as measured by brain glucose metabolism (BGluM). Following an injection of [18 FDG] fluro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, rats had voluntary access to either water or various concentrations of ethanol to obtain the following targeted doses: water (no ethanol), low dose ethanol (0.29 ± 0.03 g/kg), moderate dose ethanol (0.98 ± 0.05), and high dose ethanol (2.19 ± 0.23 g/kg). Rats were subsequently scanned using positron emission tomography. All three doses of ethanol were found to decrease BGluM in the restrosplenial cortex, visual cortex, jaw region of the somatosensory cortex, and cerebellum. For both the LD and MD ethanol dose, decreased BGluM was seen in the superior colliculi. The MD ethanol dose also decreased BGluM in the subiculum, frontal association area, as well as the primary motor cortex. Lastly, the HD ethanol dose decreased BGluM in the hippocampus, thalamus, raphe nucleus, inferior colliculus, and the primary motor cortex. Similar decreases in the hippocampus were also seen in the LD group. Taken together, these results highlight the negative consequences of acute binge drinking on BGluM in many regions of the brain involved in sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. Future studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of alcohol binge drinking on brain function as well as its cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rapp
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University at New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Kaleigh Richer
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States.
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39
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Zhou W, Ye C, Wang H, Mao Y, Zhang W, Liu A, Yang CL, Li T, Hayashi L, Zhao W, Chen L, Liu Y, Tao W, Zhang Z. Sound induces analgesia through corticothalamic circuits. Science 2022; 377:198-204. [PMID: 35857536 PMCID: PMC9636983 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sound-including music and noise-can relieve pain in humans, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. We discovered that analgesic effects of sound depended on a low (5-decibel) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to ambient noise in mice. Viral tracing, microendoscopic calcium imaging, and multitetrode recordings in freely moving mice showed that low-SNR sounds inhibited glutamatergic inputs from the auditory cortex (ACxGlu) to the thalamic posterior (PO) and ventral posterior (VP) nuclei. Optogenetic or chemogenetic inhibition of the ACxGlu→PO and ACxGlu→VP circuits mimicked the low-SNR sound-induced analgesia in inflamed hindpaws and forepaws, respectively. Artificial activation of these two circuits abolished the sound-induced analgesia. Our study reveals the corticothalamic circuits underlying sound-promoted analgesia by deciphering the role of the auditory system in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Chonghuan Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Auditory Research Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Chen-Ling Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tianming Li
- Somatosensation and Pain Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Hayashi
- Somatosensation and Pain Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wan Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Auditory Research Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Somatosensation and Pain Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
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40
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Lenzi SC, Cossell L, Grainger B, Olesen SF, Branco T, Margrie TW. Threat history controls flexible escape behavior in mice. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2972-2979.e3. [PMID: 35659863 PMCID: PMC9616793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many instances, external sensory-evoked neuronal activity is used by the brain to select the most appropriate behavioral response. Predator-avoidance behaviors such as freezing and escape1,2 are of particular interest since these stimulus-evoked responses are behavioral manifestations of a decision-making process that is fundamental to survival.3,4 Over the lifespan of an individual, however, the threat value of agents in the environment is believed to undergo constant revision,5 and in some cases, repeated avoidance of certain stimuli may no longer be an optimal behavioral strategy.6 To begin to study this type of adaptive control of decision-making, we devised an experimental paradigm to probe the properties of threat escape in the laboratory mouse Mus musculus. First, we found that while robust escape to visual looming stimuli can be observed after 2 days of social isolation, mice can also rapidly learn that such stimuli are non-threatening. This learned suppression of escape (LSE) is extremely robust and can persist for weeks and is not a generalized adaptation, since flight responses to novel live prey and auditory threat stimuli in the same environmental context were maintained. We also show that LSE cannot be explained by trial number or a simple form of stimulus desensitization since it is dependent on threat-escape history. We propose that the action selection process mediating escape behavior is constantly updated by recent threat history and that LSE can be used as a robust model system to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying experience-dependent decision-making. Individually housed, but not group-housed, mice show robust escape to looming stimuli Mice can learn to suppress escape, and LSE memory is long lasting LSE is not a general adaptation since it is stimulus specific LSE is not simply habituation and is dependent on recent threat-escape experience
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Lenzi
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Lee Cossell
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Benjamin Grainger
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Sarah F Olesen
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Tiago Branco
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Troy W Margrie
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, 25 Howland Street, London W1T 4JG, UK.
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Stressed rats fail to exhibit avoidance reactions to innately aversive social calls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1145-1155. [PMID: 34848856 PMCID: PMC9018727 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in amygdalar function, a brain area involved in encoding emotionally salient information, has been implicated in stress-related affective disorders. Earlier animal studies on the behavioral consequences of stress-induced abnormalities in the amygdala focused on learned behaviors using fear conditioning paradigms. If and how stress affects unconditioned, innate fear responses to ethologically natural aversive stimuli remains unexplored. Hence, we subjected rats to aversive ultrasonic vocalization calls emitted on one end of a linear track. Unstressed control rats exhibited a robust avoidance response by spending more time away from the source of the playback calls. Unexpectedly, prior exposure to chronic immobilization stress prevented this avoidance reaction, rather than enhancing it. Further, this stress-induced impairment extended to other innately aversive stimuli, such as white noise and electric shock in an inhibitory avoidance task. However, conditioned fear responses were enhanced by the same stress. Inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in control rats prevented this avoidance reaction evoked by the playback. Consistent with this, analysis of the immediate early gene cFos revealed higher activity in the BLA of control, but not stressed rats, after exposure to the playback. Further, in vivo recordings in freely behaving control rats exposed to playback showed enhanced theta activity in the BLA, which also was absent in stressed rats. These findings offer a new framework for studying stress-induced alterations in amygdala-dependent maladaptive responses to more naturally threatening and emotionally relevant social stimuli. The divergent impact of stress on defensive responses--impaired avoidance responses together with increased conditioned fear--also has important implications for models of learned helplessness and depression.
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Wheatcroft T, Saleem AB, Solomon SG. Functional Organisation of the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:792959. [PMID: 35601532 PMCID: PMC9118347 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.792959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) is a highly conserved area of the mammalian midbrain that is widely implicated in the organisation and control of behaviour. SC receives input from a large number of brain areas, and provides outputs to a large number of areas. The convergence and divergence of anatomical connections with different areas and systems provides challenges for understanding how SC contributes to behaviour. Recent work in mouse has provided large anatomical datasets, and a wealth of new data from experiments that identify and manipulate different cells within SC, and their inputs and outputs, during simple behaviours. These data offer an opportunity to better understand the roles that SC plays in these behaviours. However, some of the observations appear, at first sight, to be contradictory. Here we review this recent work and hypothesise a simple framework which can capture the observations, that requires only a small change to previous models. Specifically, the functional organisation of SC can be explained by supposing that three largely distinct circuits support three largely distinct classes of simple behaviours-arrest, turning towards, and the triggering of escape or capture. These behaviours are hypothesised to be supported by the optic, intermediate and deep layers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel G. Solomon
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Lu B, Fan P, Wang Y, Dai Y, Xie J, Yang G, Mo F, Xu Z, Song Y, Liu J, Cai X. Neuronal Electrophysiological Activities Detection of Defense Behaviors Using an Implantable Microelectrode Array in the Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040193. [PMID: 35448253 PMCID: PMC9032743 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Defense is the basic survival mechanism of animals when facing dangers. Previous studies have shown that the midbrain periaqueduct gray (PAG) was essential for the production of defense responses. However, the correlation between the endogenous neuronal activities of the dorsal PAG (dPAG) and different defense behaviors was still unclear. In this article, we designed and manufactured microelectrode arrays (MEAs) whose detection sites were arranged to match the shape and position of dPAG in rats, and modified it with platinum-black nanoparticles to improve the detection performance. Subsequently, we successfully recorded the electrophysiological activities of dPAG neurons via designed MEAs in freely behaving rats before and after exposure to the potent analog of predator odor 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2-MT). Results demonstrated that 2-MT could cause strong innate fear and a series of defensive behaviors, accompanied by the significantly increased average firing rate and local field potential (LFP) power of neurons in dPAG. We also observed that dPAG participated in different defense behaviors with different degrees of activation, which was significantly stronger in the flight stage. Further analysis showed that the neuronal activities of dPAG neurons were earlier than flight, and the intensity of activation was inversely proportional to the distance from predator odor. Overall, our results indicate that dPAG neuronal activities play a crucial role in controlling different types of predator odor-evoked innate fear/defensive behaviors, and provide some guidance for the prediction of defense behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Penghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gucheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaojie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (B.L.); (P.F.); (Y.W.); (Y.D.); (J.X.); (G.Y.); (F.M.); (Z.X.); (Y.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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44
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Sun W, Tang P, Liang Y, Li J, Feng J, Zhang N, Lu D, He J, Chen X. The anterior cingulate cortex directly enhances auditory cortical responses in air-puffing-facilitated flight behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110506. [PMID: 35263590 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For survival, animals encode prominent events in complex environments, which modulates their defense behavior. Here, we design a paradigm that assesses how a mild aversive cue (i.e., mild air puff) interacts with sound-evoked flight behavior in mice. We find that air puffing facilitates sound-evoked flight behavior by enhancing the auditory responses of auditory cortical neurons. We then find that the anterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes the valence of air puffing and modulates the auditory cortex through anatomical examination, physiological recordings, and optogenetic/chemogenetic manipulations. Activating ACC projections to the auditory cortex simulates the facilitating effect of air puffing, whereas inhibiting the ACC or its projections to the auditory cortex neutralizes this facilitating effect. These findings show that the ACC regulates sound-evoked flight behavior by potentiating neuronal responses in the auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Danyi Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518507, P.R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518507, P.R. China.
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45
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Lesicko AM, Geffen MN. Diverse functions of the auditory cortico-collicular pathway. Hear Res 2022; 425:108488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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A glutamatergic basal forebrain to midbrain circuit mediates wakefulness and defensive behavior. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Oberle HM, Ford AN, Dileepkumar D, Czarny J, Apostolides PF. Synaptic mechanisms of top-down control in the non-lemniscal inferior colliculus. eLife 2022; 10:e72730. [PMID: 34989674 PMCID: PMC8735864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticofugal projections to evolutionarily ancient, subcortical structures are ubiquitous across mammalian sensory systems. These 'descending' pathways enable the neocortex to control ascending sensory representations in a predictive or feedback manner, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we combine optogenetic approaches with in vivo and in vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology to study the projection from mouse auditory cortex to the inferior colliculus (IC), a major descending auditory pathway that controls IC neuron feature selectivity, plasticity, and auditory perceptual learning. Although individual auditory cortico-collicular synapses were generally weak, IC neurons often integrated inputs from multiple corticofugal axons that generated reliable, tonic depolarizations even during prolonged presynaptic activity. Latency measurements in vivo showed that descending signals reach the IC within 30 ms of sound onset, which in IC neurons corresponded to the peak of synaptic depolarizations evoked by short sounds. Activating ascending and descending pathways at latencies expected in vivo caused a NMDA receptor-dependent, supralinear excitatory postsynaptic potential summation, indicating that descending signals can nonlinearly amplify IC neurons' moment-to-moment acoustic responses. Our results shed light upon the synaptic bases of descending sensory control and imply that heterosynaptic cooperativity contributes to the auditory cortico-collicular pathway's role in plasticity and perceptual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Oberle
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Alexander N Ford
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Deepak Dileepkumar
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Jordyn Czarny
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute & Department of Otolaryngology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
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48
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Yudintsev G, Asilador AR, Sons S, Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran N, Coppinger M, Nair K, Prasad M, Xiao G, Ibrahim BA, Shinagawa Y, Llano DA. Evidence for Layer-Specific Connectional Heterogeneity in the Mouse Auditory Corticocollicular System. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9906-9918. [PMID: 34670851 PMCID: PMC8638684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2624-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) sends long-range projections to virtually all subcortical auditory structures. One of the largest and most complex of these-the projection between AC and inferior colliculus (IC; the corticocollicular pathway)-originates from layer 5 and deep layer 6. Though previous work has shown that these two corticocollicular projection systems have different physiological properties and network connectivities, their functional organization is poorly understood. Here, using a combination of traditional and viral tracers combined with in vivo imaging in both sexes of the mouse, we observed that layer 5 and layer 6 corticocollicular neurons differ in their areas of origin and termination patterns. Layer 5 corticocollicular neurons are concentrated in primary AC, while layer 6 corticocollicular neurons emanate from broad auditory and limbic areas in the temporal cortex. In addition, layer 5 sends dense projections of both small and large (>1 µm2 area) terminals to all regions of nonlemniscal IC, while layer 6 sends small terminals to the most superficial 50-100 µm of the IC. These findings suggest that layer 5 and 6 corticocollicular projections are optimized to play distinct roles in corticofugal modulation. Layer 5 neurons provide strong, rapid, and unimodal feedback to the nonlemniscal IC, while layer 6 neurons provide heteromodal and limbic modulation diffusely to the nonlemniscal IC. Such organizational diversity in the corticocollicular pathway may help to explain the heterogeneous effects of corticocollicular manipulations and, given similar diversity in corticothalamic pathways, may be a general principle in top-down modulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We demonstrate that a major descending system in the brain is actually two systems. That is, the auditory corticocollicular projection, which exerts considerable influence over the midbrain, comprises two projections: one from layer 5 and the other from layer 6. The layer 6 projection is diffusely organized, receives multisensory inputs, and ends in small terminals; while the layer 5 projection is derived from a circumscribed auditory cortical area and ends in large terminals. These data suggest that the varied effects of cortical manipulations on the midbrain may be related to effects on two disparate systems. These findings have broader implications because other descending systems derive from two layers. Therefore, a duplex organization may be a common motif in descending control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy Yudintsev
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Alexander R Asilador
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stacy Sons
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Nathiya Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Macey Coppinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kavya Nair
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Masumi Prasad
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Gang Xiao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Baher A Ibrahim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Yoshitaka Shinagawa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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49
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Fedotova IB, Surina NM, Nikolaev GM, Revishchin AV, Poletaeva II. Rodent Brain Pathology, Audiogenic Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111641. [PMID: 34829870 PMCID: PMC8615954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data which provides evidence for the internal relationship between the stages of rodent audiogenic seizures and post-ictal catalepsy with the general pattern of animal reaction to the dangerous stimuli and/or situation. The wild run stage of audiogenic seizure fit could be regarded as an intense panic reaction, and this view found support in numerous experimental data. The phenomenon of audiogenic epilepsy probably attracted the attention of physiologists as rodents are extremely sensitive to dangerous sound stimuli. The seizure proneness in this group shares common physiological characteristics and depends on animal genotype. This concept could be the new platform for the study of epileptogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina B. Fedotova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Natalia M. Surina
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Georgy M. Nikolaev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
| | | | - Inga I. Poletaeva
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.B.F.); (N.M.S.); (G.M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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50
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Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran N, Deshpande MS, Ibrahim BA, Xiao G, Shinagawa Y, Llano DA. Patterns of Unilateral and Bilateral Projections From Layers 5 and 6 of the Auditory Cortex to the Inferior Colliculus in Mouse. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:674098. [PMID: 34744644 PMCID: PMC8566350 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.674098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex sends massive projections to the inferior colliculus, but the organization of this pathway is not yet well understood. Previous work has shown that the corticocollicular projection emanates from both layers 5 and 6 of the auditory cortex and that neurons in these layers have different morphological and physiological properties. It is not yet known in the mouse if both layer 5 and layer 6 project bilaterally, nor is it known if the projection patterns differ based on projection location. Using targeted injections of Fluorogold into either the lateral cortex or dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus, we quantified retrogradely labeled neurons in both the left and right lemniscal regions of the auditory cortex, as delineated using parvalbumin immunostaining. After dorsal cortex injections, we observed that approximately 18-20% of labeled cells were in layer 6 and that this proportion was similar bilaterally. After lateral cortex injections, only ipsilateral cells were observed in the auditory cortex, and they were found in both layer 5 and layer 6. The ratio of layer 5:layer 6 cells after lateral cortex injection was similar to that seen after dorsal cortex injection. Finally, injections of different tracers were made into the two inferior colliculi, and an average of 15-17% of cells in the auditory cortex were double-labeled, and these proportions were similar in layers 5 and 6. These data suggest that (1) only the dorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus receives bilateral projections from the auditory cortex, (2) both the dorsal and lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus receive similar layer 5 and layer 6 auditory cortical input, and (3) a subpopulation of individual neurons in both layers 5 and 6 branch to innervate both dorsal cortices of the inferior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathiya Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Meena S. Deshpande
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Baher A. Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yoshitaka Shinagawa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States
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