1
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Salama EA, Elgammal Y, Wijeratne A, Lanman NA, Utturkar SM, Farhangian A, Li J, Meunier B, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Lansoprazole interferes with fungal respiration and acts synergistically with amphotericin B against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2322649. [PMID: 38431850 PMCID: PMC10911247 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2322649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged as a problematic fungal pathogen associated with high morbidity and mortality. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the most effective antifungal used to treat invasive fungal candidiasis, with resistance rarely observed among clinical isolates. However, C. auris possesses extraordinary resistant profiles against all available antifungal drugs, including AmB. In our pursuit of potential solutions, we screened a panel of 727 FDA-approved drugs. We identified the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole (LNP) as a potent enhancer of AmB's activity against C. auris. LNP also potentiates the antifungal activity of AmB against other medically important species of Candida and Cryptococcus. Our investigations into the mechanism of action unveiled that LNP metabolite(s) interact with a crucial target in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex III, known as cytochrome bc1). This interaction increases oxidative stress within fungal cells. Our results demonstrated the critical role of an active respiratory function in the antifungal activity of LNP. Most importantly, LNP restored the efficacy of AmB in an immunocompromised mouse model, resulting in a 1.7-log (∼98%) CFU reduction in the burden of C. auris in the kidneys. Our findings strongly advocate for a comprehensive evaluation of LNP as a cytochrome bc1 inhibitor for combating drug-resistant C. auris infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A. Salama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Aruna Wijeratne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nadia A. Lanman
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sagar M. Utturkar
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Atena Farhangian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brigitte Meunier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tony R. Hazbun
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Chilamakuru NB, Vn AD, G VB, Pallaprolu N, Dande A, Nair D, Pemmadi RV, Reddy Y P, Peraman R. New synergistic benzoquinone scaffolds as inhibitors of mycobacterial cytochrome bc1 complex to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116479. [PMID: 38733886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Through a comprehensive molecular docking study, a unique series of naphthoquinones clubbed azetidinone scaffolds was arrived with promising binding affinity to Mycobacterial Cytbc1 complex, a drug target chosen to kill multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-Mtb). Five compounds from series-2, 2a, 2c, 2g, 2h, and 2j, showcased significant in vitro anti-tubercular activities against Mtb H37Rv and MDR clinical isolates. Further, synergistic studies of these compounds in combination with INH and RIF revealed a potent bactericidal effect of compound 2a at concentration of 0.39 μg/mL, and remaining (2c, 2g, 2h, and 2j) at 0.78 μg/mL. Exploration into the mechanism study through chemo-stress assay and proteome profiling uncovered the down-regulation of key proteins of electron-transport chain and Cytbc1 inhibition pathway. Metabolomics corroborated these proteome findings, and heightened further understanding of the underlying mechanism. Notably, in vitro and in vivo animal toxicity studies demonstrated minimal toxicity, thus underscoring the potential of these compounds as promising anti-TB agents in combination with RIF and INH. These active compounds adhered to Lipinski's Rule of Five, indicating the suitability of these compounds for drug development. Particular significance of molecules NQ02, 2a, and 2h, which have been patented (Published 202141033473).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Babu Chilamakuru
- Research Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Azger Dusthackeer Vn
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat G
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil Pallaprolu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Aishwarya Dande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Dina Nair
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghuveer Varma Pemmadi
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A.K.R.G College of Pharmacy, Nallajerla, Andhra Pradesh 534112.
| | - Padmanabha Reddy Y
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India.
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3
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Nyenhuis DA, Watanabe S, Bernstein R, Swenson RE, Raju N, Sabbasani VR, Mushti C, Lee D, Carter C, Tjandra N. Structural Relationships to Efficacy for Prazole-Derived Antivirals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308312. [PMID: 38447164 PMCID: PMC11095225 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Here, an in vitro characterization of a family of prazole derivatives that covalently bind to the C73 site on Tsg101 and assay their ability to inhibit viral particle production is presented. Structurally, increased steric bulk on the 4-pyridyl of the prazole expands the prazole site on the UEV domain toward the β-hairpin in the Ub-binding site and is coupled to increased inhibition of virus-like particle production in HIV-1. Increased bulk also increased toxicity, which is alleviated by increasing flexibility. Further, the formation of a novel secondary Tsg101 adduct for several of the tested compounds and the commercial drug lansoprazole. The secondary adduct involved the loss of the 4-pyridyl substituent to form an irreversible species, with implications for increasing the half-life of the active species or its specificity toward Tsg101 UEV. It is also determined that sulfide derivatives display effective viral inhibition, presumably through cellular sulfoxidation, allowing for delayed conversion within the cellular environment, and identify SARS-COV-2 as a target of prazole inhibition. These results open multiple avenues for the design of prazole derivatives for antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Nyenhuis
- Biochemistry and Biophysics CenterNHLBINIH50 South Drive, Bld 50, Rm 3503BethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Susan Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyRenaissance School of MedicineStonybrook UniversityLife Sciences Bldg, Rm 248StonybrookNY11790USA
| | - Rebecca Bernstein
- Biochemistry and Biophysics CenterNHLBINIH50 South Drive, Bld 50, Rm 3503BethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis CenterNHLBINIH9800 Medical Center Drive, Bldg B, #2034RockvilleMD20850USA
| | - Natarajan Raju
- Chemistry and Synthesis CenterNHLBINIH9800 Medical Center Drive, Bldg B, #2034RockvilleMD20850USA
| | - Venkata R. Sabbasani
- Chemistry and Synthesis CenterNHLBINIH9800 Medical Center Drive, Bldg B, #2034RockvilleMD20850USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis CenterNHLBINIH9800 Medical Center Drive, Bldg B, #2034RockvilleMD20850USA
| | - Duck‐Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core FacilityNHLBINIHBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Carol Carter
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyRenaissance School of MedicineStonybrook UniversityLife Sciences Bldg, Rm 248StonybrookNY11790USA
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Biochemistry and Biophysics CenterNHLBINIH50 South Drive, Bld 50, Rm 3503BethesdaMD20892USA
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4
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Gries R, Chhen J, van Gumpel E, Theobald SJ, Sonnenkalb L, Utpatel C, Metzen F, Koch M, Dallenga T, Djaout K, Baulard A, Dal Molin M, Rybniker J. Discovery of dual-active ethionamide boosters inhibiting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1 secretion system. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:699-711.e6. [PMID: 38181799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a major public health concern requiring complementary approaches to standard anti-tuberculous regimens. Anti-virulence molecules or compounds that enhance the activity of antimicrobial prodrugs are promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Exploiting host cell-based drug discovery, we identified an oxadiazole compound (S3) that blocks the ESX-1 secretion system, a major virulence factor of Mtb. S3-treated mycobacteria showed impaired intracellular growth and a reduced ability to lyse macrophages. RNA sequencing experiments of drug-exposed bacteria revealed strong upregulation of a distinct set of genes including ethA, encoding a monooxygenase activating the anti-tuberculous prodrug ethionamide. Accordingly, we found a strong ethionamide boosting effect in S3-treated Mtb. Extensive structure-activity relationship experiments revealed that anti-virulence and ethionamide-boosting activity can be uncoupled by chemical modification of the primary hit molecule. To conclude, this series of dual-active oxadiazole compounds targets Mtb via two distinct mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gries
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason Chhen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Edeltraud van Gumpel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lindsay Sonnenkalb
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Utpatel
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Fabian Metzen
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Kamel Djaout
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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5
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Harden SA, Courbon GM, Liang Y, Kim AS, Rubinstein JL. A simple assay for inhibitors of mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105483. [PMID: 37992805 PMCID: PMC10770618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation, the combined activities of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase, has emerged as a valuable target for antibiotics to treat infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related pathogens. In oxidative phosphorylation, the ETC establishes a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis. Monitoring oxidative phosphorylation with luciferase-based detection of ATP synthesis or measurement of oxygen consumption can be technically challenging and expensive. These limitations reduce the utility of these methods for characterization of mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Here, we show that fluorescence-based measurement of acidification of inverted membrane vesicles (IMVs) can detect and distinguish between inhibition of the ETC, inhibition of ATP synthase, and nonspecific membrane uncoupling. In this assay, IMVs from Mycobacterium smegmatis are acidified either through the activity of the ETC or ATP synthase, the latter modified genetically to allow it to serve as an ATP-driven proton pump. Acidification is monitored by fluorescence from 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine, which accumulates and quenches in acidified IMVs. Nonspecific membrane uncouplers prevent both succinate- and ATP-driven IMV acidification. In contrast, the ETC Complex III2IV2 inhibitor telacebec (Q203) prevents succinate-driven acidification but not ATP-driven acidification, and the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline prevents ATP-driven acidification but not succinate-driven acidification. We use the assay to show that, as proposed previously, lansoprazole sulfide is an inhibitor of Complex III2IV2, whereas thioridazine uncouples the mycobacterial membrane nonspecifically. Overall, the assay is simple, low cost, and scalable, which will make it useful for identifying and characterizing new mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A Harden
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gautier M Courbon
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yingke Liang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelina S Kim
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Zhao RN, Zhu BW, Xu Y, Yu SF, Wang WJ, Liu DH, Hu JN. Cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework materials: Classifications, synthesis strategies and applications in variegated delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121198. [PMID: 37567724 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination compounds that possess an adjustable structure and controllable function. Despite their wide applications in various industries, the use of MOFs in the fields of food and biomedicine is limited mainly due to their potential biological toxicity. Researchers have thus focused on developing biocompatible MOFs to address this issue. Among them, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have emerged as a promising alternative. CD-MOFs are novel MOFs synthesized using naturally carbohydrate cyclodextrin and alkali metal cations, and possess renewable, non-toxic, and edible characteristics. Due to their high specific surface area, controllable porosity, great biocompatibility, CD-MOFs have been widely used in various delivery systems, such as encapsulation of nutraceuticals, flavors, and antibacterial agents. Although the field of CD-MOF materials is still in its early stages, they provide a promising direction for the development of MOF materials in the delivery field. This review describes classification and structural characteristics, followed by an introduction to formation mechanism and commonly used synthetic methods for CD-MOFs. Additionally, we discuss the status of the application of various delivery systems based on CD-MOFs. Finally, we address the challenges and prospects of CD-MOF materials, with the aim of providing new insights and ideas for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Song-Feng Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Hong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Bai S, Song J, Pu H, Yu Y, Song W, Chen Z, Wang M, Campbell-Valois FX, Wong WL, Cai Q, Wan M, Zhang C, Bai Y, Feng X. Chemical Biology Approach to Reveal the Importance of Precise Subcellular Targeting for Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Eradication. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23372-23384. [PMID: 37838963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that may hide in intracellular vacuoles represent the most significant manifestation of bacterial persistence. They are critically associated with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance, as conventional antibiotics are ineffective against such intracellular persisters due to permeability issues and mechanistic reasons. Direct subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles suggests an explicit opportunity for the eradication of these persisters, but a comprehensive understanding of the chemical biology nature and significance of precise S. aureus vacuole targeting remains limited. Here, we report an oligoguanidine-based peptidomimetic that effectively targets and eradicates intracellular S. aureus persisters in the phagolysosome lumen, and this oligomer was utilized to reveal the mechanistic insights linking precise targeting to intracellular antimicrobial efficacy. The oligomer has high cellular uptake via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway and colocalizes with S. aureus persisters in phagolysosomes as a result of endosome-lysosome interconversion and lysosome-phagosome fusion. Moreover, the observation of a bacterium's altered susceptibility to the oligomer following a modification in its intracellular localization offers direct evidence of the critical importance of precise intracellular targeting. In addition, eradication of intracellular S. aureus persisters was achieved by the oligomer's membrane/DNA dual-targeting mechanism of action; therefore, its effectiveness is not hampered by the hibernation state of the persisters. Such precise subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles also increases the agent's biocompatibility by minimizing its interaction with other organelles, endowing excellent in vivo bacterial targeting and therapeutic efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Junfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel NanoOptoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | | | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Muyang Wan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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8
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Murnane R, Zloh M, Tanna S, Allen R, Santana-Gomez F, Parish T, Brucoli F. Synthesis and antitubercular activity of novel 4-arylalkyl substituted thio-, oxy- and sulfoxy-quinoline analogues targeting the cytochrome bc1 complex. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106659. [PMID: 37336104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A library of 4-substituted quinolines was synthesised based on the structural features of the privileged 4-(benzylthio)-6-methoxy-2-methylquinoline scaffold. Quinoline-based chemical probes have proven to be effective anti-tuberculosis agents with the ability of inhibiting components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) respiratory chain including the b subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex. Novel 4-(arylalkyl)-thio, -oxy and sulfoxy-quinoline analogues were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of MTB H37Rv and QcrB mutant strains, and the compounds mode of action was investigated. Members of the 4-subtituted thio- and sulfoxyquinoline series exhibited significant growth inhibitory activity in the high nanomolar range against wild-type MTB and induced depletion of intracellular ATP. These probes also showed reduced potency in the QcrB T313I mutant strain, thus indicating the cytochrome bc1 oxidase complex as the molecular target. Interestingly, new 4-(quinolin-2-yl)oxy-quinoline 4i was more selective for the QcrB T313I strain compared to the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Murnane
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mire Zloh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Business Academy, Novi Sad 2100, Serbia; UCL School of Pharmacy, UCL, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sangeeta Tanna
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Renee Allen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Felipe Santana-Gomez
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
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9
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Gries R, Dal Molin M, Chhen J, van Gumpel E, Dreyer V, Niemann S, Rybniker J. Characterization of Two Novel Inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bc1 Complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0025123. [PMID: 37358461 PMCID: PMC10353358 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00251-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a global health care threat calling for novel effective treatment options. Here, we report on two novel cytochrome bc1 inhibitors (MJ-22 and B6) targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiratory chain with excellent intracellular activities in human macrophages. Both hit compounds revealed very low mutation frequencies and distinct cross-resistance patterns with other advanced cytochrome bc1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gries
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason Chhen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edeltraud van Gumpel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viola Dreyer
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Barelier S, Avellan R, Gnawali GR, Fourquet P, Roig-Zamboni V, Poncin I, Point V, Bourne Y, Audebert S, Camoin L, Spilling CD, Canaan S, Cavalier JF, Sulzenbacher G. Direct capture, inhibition and crystal structure of HsaD (Rv3569c) from M. tuberculosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1563-1582. [PMID: 36197115 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the aetiologic agent of tuberculosis, is its ability to metabolise host-derived lipids. However, the enzymes and mechanisms underlying such metabolism are still largely unknown. We previously reported that the Cyclophostin & Cyclipostins (CyC) analogues, a new family of potent antimycobacterial molecules, react specifically and covalently with (Ser/Cys)-based enzymes mostly involved in bacterial lipid metabolism. Here, we report the synthesis of new CyC alkyne-containing inhibitors (CyCyne ) and their use for the direct fishing of target proteins in M. tb culture via bio-orthogonal click-chemistry activity-based protein profiling (CC-ABPP). This approach led to the capture and identification of a variety of enzymes, and many of them involved in lipid or steroid metabolisms. One of the captured enzymes, HsaD (Rv3569c), is required for the survival of M. tb within macrophages and is thus a potential therapeutic target. This prompted us to further explore and validate, through a combination of biochemical and structural approaches, the specificity of HsaD inhibition by the CyC analogues. We confirmed that the CyC bind covalently to the catalytic Ser114 residue, leading to a total loss of enzyme activity. These data were supported by the X-ray structures of four HsaD-CyC complexes, obtained at resolutions between 1.6 and 2.6 Å. The identification of mycobacterial enzymes directly captured by the CyCyne probes through CC-ABPP paves the way to better understand and potentially target key players at crucial stages of the bacilli life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Avellan
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Giri Raj Gnawali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Fourquet
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | | | | | - Vanessa Point
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Yves Bourne
- CNRS, AFMB, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Aix-Marseille University, France
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11
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Williams JT, Abramovitch RB. Molecular Mechanisms of MmpL3 Function and Inhibition. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:190-212. [PMID: 36809064 PMCID: PMC10171966 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria species include a large number of pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and various non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) is an essential mycolic acid and lipid transporter required for growth and cell viability. In the last decade, numerous studies have characterized MmpL3 with respect to protein function, localization, regulation, and substrate/inhibitor interactions. This review summarizes new findings in the field and seeks to assess future areas of research in our rapidly expanding understanding of MmpL3 as a drug target. An atlas of known MmpL3 mutations that provide resistance to inhibitors is presented, which maps amino acid substitutions to specific structural domains of MmpL3. In addition, chemical features of distinct classes of Mmpl3 inhibitors are compared to provide insights into shared and unique features of varied MmpL3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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12
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Lake MA, Adams KN, Nie F, Fowler E, Verma AK, Dei S, Teodori E, Sherman DR, Edelstein PH, Spring DR, Troll M, Ramakrishnan L. The human proton pump inhibitors inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis rifampicin efflux and macrophage-induced rifampicin tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215512120. [PMID: 36763530 PMCID: PMC7614234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215512120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis treatment requires months-long combination chemotherapy with multiple drugs, with shorter treatments leading to relapses. A major impediment to shortening treatment is that Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes tolerant to the administered drugs, starting early after infection and within days of infecting macrophages. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that macrophage-induced drug tolerance is mediated by mycobacterial drug efflux pumps. Here, using assays to directly measure drug efflux, we find that M. tuberculosis transports the first-line antitubercular drug rifampicin through a proton gradient-dependent mechanism. We show that verapamil, a known efflux pump inhibitor, which inhibits macrophage-induced rifampicin tolerance, also inhibits M.tuberculosis rifampicin efflux. As with macrophage-induced tolerance, the calcium channel-inhibiting property of verapamil is not required for its inhibition of rifampicin efflux. By testing verapamil analogs, we show that verapamil directly inhibits M. tuberculosis drug efflux pumps through its human P-glycoprotein (PGP)-like inhibitory activity. Screening commonly used drugs with incidental PGP inhibitory activity, we find many inhibit rifampicin efflux, including the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole. Like verapamil, the PPIs inhibit macrophage-induced rifampicin tolerance as well as intramacrophage growth, which has also been linked to mycobacterial efflux pump activity. Our assays provide a facile screening platform for M. tuberculosis efflux pump inhibitors that inhibit in vivo drug tolerance and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alexandra Lake
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AWCambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QHCambridge, UK
| | - Kristin N. Adams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle98195
| | - Feilin Nie
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, UK
| | - Elaine Fowler
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, UK
| | - Amit K. Verma
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AWCambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Dei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - David R. Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle98195
| | - Paul H. Edelstein
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AWCambridge, UK
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - David R. Spring
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mark Troll
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AWCambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QHCambridge, UK
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0AWCambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QHCambridge, UK
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13
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Jeffreys LN, Ardrey A, Hafiz TA, Dyer LA, Warman AJ, Mosallam N, Nixon GL, Fisher NE, Hong WD, Leung SC, Aljayyoussi G, Bibby J, Almeida DV, Converse PJ, Fotouhi N, Berry NG, Nuermberger EL, Upton AM, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Identification of 2-Aryl-Quinolone Inhibitors of Cytochrome bd and Chemical Validation of Combination Strategies for Respiratory Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:221-238. [PMID: 36606559 PMCID: PMC9926492 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (cyt bd), the alternative terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain, has been identified as playing a key role during chronic infection and presents a putative target for the development of novel antitubercular agents. Here, we report confirmation of successful heterologous expression of M. tuberculosis cytochrome bd. The heterologous M. tuberculosis cytochrome bd expression system was used to identify a chemical series of inhibitors based on the 2-aryl-quinolone pharmacophore. Cytochrome bd inhibitors displayed modest efficacy in M. tuberculosis growth suppression assays together with a bacteriostatic phenotype in time-kill curve assays. Significantly, however, inhibitor combinations containing our front-runner cyt bd inhibitor CK-2-63 with either cyt bcc-aa3 inhibitors (e.g., Q203) and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., bedaquiline) displayed enhanced efficacy with respect to the reduction of mycobacterium oxygen consumption, growth suppression, and in vitro sterilization kinetics. In vivo combinations of Q203 and CK-2-63 resulted in a modest lowering of lung burden compared to treatment with Q203 alone. The reduced efficacy in the in vivo experiments compared to in vitro experiments was shown to be a result of high plasma protein binding and a low unbound drug exposure at the target site. While further development is required to improve the tractability of cyt bd inhibitors for clinical evaluation, these data support the approach of using small-molecule inhibitors to target multiple components of the branched respiratory chain of M. tuberculosis as a combination strategy to improve therapeutic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices related to efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Jeffreys
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Alison Ardrey
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Taghreed A Hafiz
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Lauri-Anne Dyer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ashley J Warman
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Nada Mosallam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Nicholas E Fisher
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Jaclyn Bibby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Deepak V Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Nader Fotouhi
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York10005, United States
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York10005, United States.,Evotec (US) Inc., 303B College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
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14
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Sindhu T, Rajamanikandan S, Jeyakanthan J, Pal D. Investigation of protein-ligand binding motions through protein conformational morphing and clustering of cytochrome bc1-aa3 super complex. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108347. [PMID: 36208591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b (QcrB) is considered an essential subunit in the electron transport chain that coordinates the action of the entire cytochrome bc1 oxidase. It has been identified as an attractive drug target for a new promising clinical candidate Q203 that depletes the intracellular ATP levels in the bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, single point polymorphism (T313A/I) near the quinol oxidation site of QcrB developed resistance to Q203. In the present study, we analyze the structural changes and drug-resistance mechanism of QcrB due to the point mutation in detail through conformational morphing and molecular docking studies. By morphing, we generated conformers between the open and closed state of the electron transporting cytochrome bc1-aa3 super complex. We clustered them to identify four intermediate structures and relevant intra- and intermolecular motions that may be of functional relevance, especially the binding of Q203 in wild and mutant QcrB intermediate structures and their alteration in developing drug resistance. The difference in the binding score and hydrogen bond interactions between Q203 and the wild-type and mutant intermediate structures of QcrB from molecular docking studies showed that the point mutation T313A severely affected the binding affinity of the candidate drug. Together, the findings provide an in-depth understanding of QcrB inhibition in different conformations, including closed, intermediate, and open states of cytochrome bc1-aa3 super complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the atomic level. We also obtain insights for designing QcrB and cytochrome bc1-aa3 inhibitors as potential therapeutics that may combat drug resistance in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Sindhu
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sundarraj Rajamanikandan
- Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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15
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Sarrazin M, Martin BP, Avellan R, Gnawali GR, Poncin I, Le Guenno H, Spilling CD, Cavalier JF, Canaan S. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Fluorescent Cyclipostins and Cyclophostin Analogues: New Insights for the Diagnosis of Mycobacterial-Related Diseases. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2564-2578. [PMID: 36379042 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a significantly higher risk of acquiring nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, predominantly due to Mycobacterium abscessus, than the healthy population. Because M. abscessus infections are a major cause of clinical decline and morbidity in CF patients, improving treatment and the detection of this mycobacterium in the context of a polymicrobial culture represents a critical component to better manage patient care. We report here the synthesis of fluorescent Dansyl derivatives of four active cyclipostins and cyclophostin analogues (CyCs) and provide new insights regarding the CyC's lack of activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and above all into their mode of action against intramacrophagic M. abscessus cells. Our results pointed out that the intracellularly active CyC accumulate in acidic compartments within macrophage cells, that this accumulation appears to be essential for their delivery to mycobacteria-containing phagosomes, and consequently, for their antimicrobial effect against intracellular replicating M. abscessus, and that modification of such intracellular localization via disruption of endolysosomal pH strongly affects the CyC accumulation and efficacy. Moreover, we discovered that these fluorescent compounds could become efficient probes to specifically label mycobacterial species with high sensitivity, including M. abscessus in the presence several other pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Collectively, all present and previous data emphasized the therapeutic potential of unlabeled CyCs and the attractiveness of the fluorescent CyC as a potential new efficient diagnostic tool to be exploited in future diagnostic developments against mycobacterial-related infections, especially against M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sarrazin
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Benjamin P Martin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Romain Avellan
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Giri Raj Gnawali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Hugo Le Guenno
- Microscopy Core Facility, IMM FR3479, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | | | - Stéphane Canaan
- CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille 13009, France
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16
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Zhang JY, Zhu XQ. Comparison of the Hydride-Donating Ability and Activity of Five- and Six-Membered Benzoheterocyclic Compounds in Acetonitrile. Molecules 2022; 27:7252. [PMID: 36364079 PMCID: PMC9658978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we compared the hydride-donating ability of five-membered benzoheterocyclic compounds (FMB) and six-membered benzoheterocyclic compounds (SMB), isomers of DMBI and DMIZ and of DMPZ and DMPX, using detailed thermodynamic driving forces [ΔGo (XH)], kinetic intrinsic barriers (ΔG≠XH/X), and thermo-kinetic parameters [ΔG≠° (XH)]. For DMBI and DMIZ, the values of ΔGo (XH), ΔG≠XH/X, and ΔG≠° (XH) are 49.2 and 53.7 kcal/mol, 35.88 and 42.04 kcal/mol, and 42.54 and 47.87 kcal/mol, respectively. For DMPZ and DMPX, the values of ΔGo (XH), ΔG≠XH/X, and ΔG≠° (XH) are 73.2 and 79.5 kcal/mol, 35.34 and 25.02 kcal/mol, and 54.27 and 52.26 kcal/mol, respectively. It is easy to see that the FMB isomers are thermodynamically dominant and that the SMB isomers are kinetically dominant. Moreover, according to the analysis of ΔG≠° (XH), compared to the SMB isomers, the FMB isomers have a stronger hydride-donating ability in actual chemical reactions.
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17
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Beebe J, Josephraj S, Wang CJ, Danielson J, Cui Q, Huang C, Barlow L, Zhang RH, Zhang T, Nakshatri H, Dong Z, Li X, Liu JY, Zhang JT. Therapeutic Activity of the Lansoprazole Metabolite 5-Hydroxy Lansoprazole Sulfide in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Inhibiting the Enoyl Reductase of Fatty Acid Synthase. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13681-13691. [PMID: 36257066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a sole cytosolic enzyme responsible for de-novo lipid synthesis, is overexpressed in cancer but not in normal non-lipogenic tissues. FASN has been targeted, albeit no such inhibitor has been approved. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), approved for digestive disorders, were found to inhibit FASN with anticancer activities in attempting to repurpose Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Indeed, PPI usage benefited breast cancer patients and increased their response rate. Due to structural similarity, we thought that their metabolites might extend anticancer effects of PPIs by inhibiting FASN. Here, we tested this hypothesis and found that 5-hydroxy lansoprazole sulfide (5HLS), the end lansoprazole metabolite, was more active than lansoprazole in inhibiting FASN function and regulation of NHEJ repair of oxidative DNA damage via PARP1. Surprisingly, 5HLS inhibits the enoyl reductase, whereas lansoprazole inhibits the thioesterase of FASN. Thus, PPI metabolites may contribute to the lasting anticancer effects of PPIs by inhibiting FASN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Beebe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Sophia Josephraj
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Chao J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jacob Danielson
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Caoqinglong Huang
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Lincoln Barlow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ryan H Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Taolan Zhang
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Zizheng Dong
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell & Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
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18
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Novel Antibacterial Activity of Febuxostat, an FDA-Approved Antigout Drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0076222. [PMID: 36040172 PMCID: PMC9487535 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00762-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that drug repurposing has drawn attention as an anticipative strategy for controlling tuberculosis (TB), considering the dwindling drug discovery and development pipeline. In this study, we explored the antigout drug febuxostat and evaluated its antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium species. Based on MIC evaluation, we found that febuxostat treatment significantly inhibited mycobacterial growth, especially that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its phylogenetically close neighbors, M. bovis, M. kansasii, and M. shinjukuense, but these microorganisms were not affected by allopurinol and topiroxostat, which belong to a similar category of antigout drugs. Febuxostat concentration-dependently affected Mtb and durably mediated inhibitory functions (duration, 10 weeks maximum), as evidenced by resazurin microtiter assay, time-kill curve analysis, phenotypic susceptibility test, and the Bactec MGIT 960 system. Based on these results, we determined whether the drug shows antimycobacterial activity against Mtb inside murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Notably, febuxostat markedly suppressed the intracellular growth of Mtb in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the viability of BMDMs. Moreover, orally administered febuxostat was efficacious in a murine model of TB with reduced bacterial loads in both the lung and spleen without the exacerbation of lung inflammation, which highlights the drug potency. Taken together, unexpectedly, our data demonstrated that febuxostat has the potential for treating TB.
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Khan A, Poojary SS, Bhave KK, Nandan SR, Iyer KR, Coutinho EC. Prediction of QcrB Inhibition as a Measure of Antitubercular Activity with Machine Learning Protocols. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18094-18102. [PMID: 35664614 PMCID: PMC9161412 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
It has always been a challenge to develop interventional therapies for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Over the years, several attempts at developing such therapies have hit a dead-end owing to rapid mutation rates of the tubercular bacilli and their ability to lay dormant for years. Recently, cytochrome bcc complex (QcrB) has shown some promise as a novel target against the tubercular bacilli, with Q203 being the first molecule acting on this target. In this paper, we report the deployment of several ML-based approaches to design molecules against QcrB. Machine learning (ML) models were developed based on a data set of 350 molecules using three different sets of molecular features, i.e., MACCS keys, ECFP6 fingerprints, and Mordred descriptors. Each feature set was trained on eight ML classifier algorithms and optimized to classify molecules accurately. The support vector machine-based classifier using the ECFP6 feature set was found to be the best classifier in this study. Further, screening of the known imidazopyridine amide inhibitors demonstrated that the model correctly classified the most potent molecules as actives, hence validating the model for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen
A. Khan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasvik Research Centre, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Sannidhi S. Poojary
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasvik Research Centre, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Ketki K. Bhave
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasvik Research Centre, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Santosh R. Nandan
- Ambernath
Organics Pvt. Ltd., 222,
The Summit Business Bay, Andheri (E), Mumbai 400 093, India
| | - Krishna R. Iyer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasvik Research Centre, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
| | - Evans C. Coutinho
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vasvik Research Centre, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai 400 098, India
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Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity against pathogenic mycobacteria of conjugated hydroxamic acids, hydrazides and O-alkyl/O-acyl protected hydroxamic derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 64:128692. [PMID: 35307568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to discover new antituberculous molecules, three novel series of 23 hydroxamic acids, 13 hydrazides, and 9O-alkyl/O-acyl protected hydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized, and fully characterized by spectral 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS) analysis. These compounds were further biologically screened for their in vitro antibacterial activities against three pathogenic mycobacteria - M. abscessus S and R, M. marinum, and M. tuberculosis - as well as for their toxicity towards murine macrophages by the resazurin microtiter assay (REMA). Among the 45 derivatives, 17 compounds (3 hydroxamic acids, 9 hydrazides, and 5O-alkyl/O-acyl protected hydroxamic acids) were nontoxic against murine macrophages. When tested for their antibacterial activity, hydroxamic acid 9 h was found to be the most potent inhibitor against M. abscessus S and R only. Regarding hydrazide series, only 7h was active against M. abscessus R, M. marinum and M. tuberculosis; while the O-acyl protected hydroxamic acid derivatives 14d and 15d displayed promising antibacterial activity against both M. marinum and M. tuberculosis. Since such hydroxamic- and hydrazide-chelating groups have been reported to impair the activity of the peptide deformylase, in silico molecular docking studies in M. tuberculosis peptide deformylase enzyme active site were further performed with 7h in order to predict the possible interaction mode and binding energy of this molecule at the molecular level.
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Repurposing Lansoprazole and Posaconazole to treat leishmaniasis: Integration of in vitro testing, pharmacological corroboration, and mechanisms of action. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:128-149. [PMID: 35647721 PMCID: PMC9931003 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a serious public health problem in many tropical regions of the world. Among neglected tropical diseases, the mortality rate of leishmaniasis is second only to malaria. All currently approved therapeutics have toxic side effects and face rapidly increasing resistance. To identify existing drugs with antileishmanial activity and predict the mechanism of action, we designed a drug-discovery pipeline utilizing both in-silico and in-vitro methods. First, we screened compounds from the Selleckchem Bio-Active Compound Library containing ~1622 FDA-approved drugs and narrowed these down to 96 candidates based on data mining for possible anti-parasitic properties. Next, we completed preliminary in-vitro testing of compounds against Leishmania amastigotes and selected the most promising active compounds, Lansoprazole and Posaconazole. We identified possible Leishmania drug targets of Lansoprazole and Posaconazole using several available servers. Our in-silico screen identified likely Lansoprazole targets as the closely related calcium-transporting ATPases (LdBPK_352080.1, LdBPK_040010.1, and LdBPK_170660.1), and the Posaconazole target as lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (LdBPK_111100.1). Further validation showed LdBPK_352080.1 to be the most plausible target based on induced-fit docking followed by long (100ns) MD simulations to confirm the stability of the docked complexes. We present a likely ion channel-based mechanism of action of Lansoprazole against Leishmania calcium-transporting ATPases, which are essential for parasite metabolism and infectivity. The LdBPK_111100.1 interaction with Posaconazole is very similar to the known fungal orthologue. Herein, we present two novel anti-leishmanial agents, Posaconazole and Lansoprazole, already approved by the FDA for different indications and propose plausible mechanisms of action for their antileishmanial activity.
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Abstract
We previously identified a series of triazolopyrimidines with antitubercular activity. We determined that Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with mutations in QcrB, a subunit of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 supercomplex, were resistant. A cytochrome bd oxidase deletion strain was more sensitive to this series. We isolated resistant mutants with mutations in Rv1339. Compounds led to the depletion of intracellular ATP levels and were active against intracellular bacteria, but they did not inhibit human mitochondrial respiration. These data are consistent with triazolopyrimidines acting via inhibition of QcrB.
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Tembe N, Machaba KE, Ndagi U, Kumalo HM, Mhlongo NN. Ursolic acid as a potential inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bc1 oxidase-a molecular modelling perspective. J Mol Model 2022; 28:35. [PMID: 35022913 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The escalating burden of tuberculosis disease and drastic effects of current medicine has stimulated a search for alternative drugs. A medicinal plant Warburgia salutaris has been reported to possess inhibitory properties against M. tuberculosis. In this study, we apply computational methods to investigate the probability of W. salutaris compounds as potential inhibitors of M. tuberculosis QcrB protein. We performed molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, radius of gyration, principal component analysis (PCA), and molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding-free energy calculations in explicit solvent to achieve our objective. The results suggested that ursolic acid (UA) and ursolic acid acetate (UAA) could serve as preferred potential inhibitors of mycobacterial QcrB compared to lansoprazole sulphide (LSPZ) and telacebec (Q203)-UA and UAA have a higher binding affinity to QcrB compared to LSPZ and Q203 drugs. UA binding affinity is attributed to hydrogen bond formation with Val120, Arg364 and Arg366, and largely resonated from van der Waals forces resulting from UA interactions with hydrophobic amino acids in its vicinity. UAA binds to the porphyrin ring binding site with higher binding affinity compared to LSPZ. The binding affinity results primarily from van der Waals forces between UAA and hydrophobic residues of QcrB in the porphyrin ring binding site where UAA binds competitively. UA and UAA formed stable complexes with the protein with reduced overall residue mobility, consequently supporting the magnitude of binding affinity of the respective ligands. UAA could potentially compete with the porphyrin ring for the binding site and deprive the mycobacterial cell from oxygen, consequently disturbing mycobacterial oxygen-dependent metabolic processes. Therefore, discovery of a compound that competes with porphyrin ring for the binding site may be useful in QcrB pharmocological studies. UA proved to be a superior compound, although its estimated toxicity profile revealed UA to be hepatotoxic within acceptable parameters. Although preliminary findings of this report still warrant experimental validation, they could serve as a baseline for the development of new anti-tubercular drugs from natural resources that target QcrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombikayise Tembe
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Kgothatso E Machaba
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Umar Ndagi
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ndumiso N Mhlongo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Matsa R, Makam P, Sethi G, Thottasseri AA, Kizhakkandiyil AR, Ramadas K, Mariappan V, Pillai AB, Kannan T. Pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives: design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico antimycobacterial studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18333-18346. [PMID: 35799934 PMCID: PMC9215125 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives has been synthesized to discover novel chemotherapeutic agents for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The drug-likeness of pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives was validated using the Lipinski and Veber rules. The designed thiazole molecules have been synthesized through Hantzsch thiazole methodologies. The in vitro antimycobacterial studies have been conducted using Luciferase reporter phage (LRP) assay. Out of thirty pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives, the compounds 2b, 3b, 5b, and 8b have exhibited good antimycobacterial activity against Mtb, an H37Rv strain with the minimum inhibitory concentration in the range of 6.40–7.14 μM. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of active molecules has been observed against Human Embryonic Kidney Cell lines (HEK293t) using MTT assay. The compounds 3b and 8b are nontoxic and their cell viability is 87% and 96.71% respectively. The in silico analyses of the pyridine appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives have been studied to find the mode of binding of the active compounds with KasA protein of Mtb. The active compounds showed a strong binding score (−5.27 to −6.23 kcal mol−1). Thirty novel pyridine-appended 2-hydrazinylthiazole derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their antimycobacterial activity against Mictrobactrium tuberculosis, H37Rv strain.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkishore Matsa
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Dr Param Laboratories, Plot No. 478, BN. Reddy Nagar, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 051, India
- Division of Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Guneswar Sethi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | | | | | - Krishna Ramadas
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry 607 402, India
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry 607 402, India
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Ahmed S, Nandi S, Saxena AK. An updated patent review on drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis (2018-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:243-260. [PMID: 34846976 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2012151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has been a global challenge as 1.4 million deaths were reported in 2019, which included deaths attributed to HIV-TB co-infection. It is curable by the prescribed Directly Observed Treatment Short (DOTS) course, but the situation becomes critical and alarming due to multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. Hence there has been an urgent need to develop novel M.tb chemotherapeutics to overcome this situation. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview and update on recent developments on the novel therapeutics for the treatment of TB from the important published and granted patents (2018-present). EXPERT OPINION The discovery of potent chemotherapeutics with reduced toxicity to combat M.tb particularly MDR and XDR-TB is a major challenge in antitubercular drug development. The missing of any doses during the DOTS treatment and poor immunity particularly in HIV patients has been a major cause for the development of drug resistance. Hence the major focus has to be on novel targets with their inhibitors and novel molecules both of natural and synthetic origins along with repurposed drugs for the complete eradication of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, India
| | - Anil K Saxena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, India
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26
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Mir FA, Jha SK. Proton Pump Inhibitor "Lansoprazole" Inhibits Locus Coeruleus's Neuronal Activity and Increases Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4265-4274. [PMID: 34730349 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the bodily CO2 concentration and proton pump activity affects the sleep architecture. The brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) area plays an essential role in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep generation and chemoregulation. Previously, we reported that lansoprazole injections (intraperitoneal) increased REM sleep in the rats. However, it is not known if proton pumps in the LC influence REM sleep. Here, we studied the effects of lansoprazole in the LC on the neuronal activity and REM sleep expression. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were surgically prepared for sleep recording and drug microinjections into the LC. We determined the localization of proton pumps and expression levels of cFOS in the LC neurons immunohistochemically. Sleep-wake was recorded before and after the microinjections of drugs/vehicles. Our results demonstrate (i) the presence of proton pumps in the LC neurons, (ii) that the microinjection of lansoprazole into the LC reduced the number of cFOS+ve-TH+ve double-labeled neurons in the LC by 52.6% (p < 0.001) compared to the vehicle and (iii) that low and high doses of lansoprazole significantly increased REM sleep by 32% (p < 0.001) and 60% (p < 0.001), respectively, compared to the vehicle. Our results suggest that the proton pumps modulate the LC's noradrenergic (NE-ergic) neuronal activity and REM sleep. The increased amount of REM sleep can be attributed to the inhibition of the LC NE-ergic activity. Further, the REM sleep amount increased after the lansoprazole microinjections into the LC with a significant increase in the REM sleep episode numbers. Overall, our results suggest that proton pumps in the LC may be involved in REM sleep generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz A. Mir
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sushil K. Jha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wani MA, Dhaked DK. Targeting the cytochrome bc 1 complex for drug development in M. tuberculosis: review. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2949-2965. [PMID: 34762234 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The terminal oxidases of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway play a significant role in the survival and growth of M. tuberculosis, targeting these components lead to inhibition of M. tuberculosis. Many drug candidates targeting various components of the electron transport chain in M. tuberculosis have recently been discovered. The cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex is one of the most important components of the electron transport chain in M. tuberculosis, and it has emerged as the novel target for several promising candidates. There are two cryo-electron microscopy structures (PDB IDs: 6ADQ and 6HWH) of the cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex that aid in the development of effective and potent inhibitors for M. tuberculosis. In recent years, a number of potential candidates targeting the QcrB subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex have been developed. In this review, we describe the recently identified inhibitors that target the electron transport chain's terminal oxidase enzyme in M. tuberculosis, specifically the QcrB subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
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Pettinari C, Pettinari R, Di Nicola C, Tombesi A, Scuri S, Marchetti F. Antimicrobial MOFs. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Yanofsky DJ, Di Trani JM, Król S, Abdelaziz R, Bueler SA, Imming P, Brzezinski P, Rubinstein JL. Structure of mycobacterial CIII 2CIV 2 respiratory supercomplex bound to the tuberculosis drug candidate telacebec (Q203). eLife 2021; 10:e71959. [PMID: 34590581 PMCID: PMC8523172 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The imidazopyridine telacebec, also known as Q203, is one of only a few new classes of compounds in more than 50 years with demonstrated antituberculosis activity in humans. Telacebec inhibits the mycobacterial respiratory supercomplex composed of complexes III and IV (CIII2CIV2). In mycobacterial electron transport chains, CIII2CIV2 replaces canonical CIII and CIV, transferring electrons from the intermediate carrier menaquinol to the final acceptor, molecular oxygen, while simultaneously transferring protons across the inner membrane to power ATP synthesis. We show that telacebec inhibits the menaquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity of purified Mycobacterium smegmatis CIII2CIV2 at concentrations similar to those needed to inhibit electron transfer in mycobacterial membranes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in culture. We then used electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) to determine structures of CIII2CIV2 both in the presence and absence of telacebec. The structures suggest that telacebec prevents menaquinol oxidation by blocking two different menaquinol binding modes to prevent CIII2CIV2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Yanofsky
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Justin M Di Trani
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Sylwia Król
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Rana Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | | | - Peter Imming
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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Sindhu T, Debnath P. Cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase supercomplex as emerging and potential drug target against tuberculosis. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:380-392. [PMID: 34602044 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210928152512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex plays an essential role in the cellular respiratory system of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It transfers electrons from menaquinol to cytochrome aa3 (Complex IV) via cytochrome bc1 (Complex III), which reduces the oxygen. The electron transfer from a variety of donors into oxygen through the respiratory electron transport chain is essential to pump protons across the membrane creating an electrochemical transmembrane gradient (proton motive force, PMF) that regulates the synthesis of ATP via the oxidative phosphorylation process. Cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex in M. tuberculosis is, therefore, a major drug target for antibiotic action. In recent years, several respiratory chain components have been targeted for developing new candidate drugs, illustrating the therapeutic potential of obstructing energy conversion of M. tuberculosis. The recently available cryo-EM structure of mycobacterial cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex with open and closed conformations has opened new avenues for understanding its structure and function for developing more effective, new therapeutics against pulmonary tuberculosis. In this review, we discuss the role and function of several components, subunits, and drug targeting elements of the supercomplex cytochrome bc1-aa3, and its potential inhibitors in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Sindhu
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Pal Debnath
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
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Nitric Oxide-Dependent Electron Transport Chain Inhibition by the Cytochrome bc1 Inhibitor and Pretomanid Combination Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0095621. [PMID: 34152815 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00956-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis, harbors a branched electron transport chain, preventing the bactericidal action of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors (e.g., TB47). Here, we investigated, using luminescent mycobacterial strains, the in vitro combination activity of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors and nitric oxide (NO) donors including pretomanid (PMD) and explored the mechanisms of combination activity. The TB47 and PMD combination quickly abolished the light emission of luminescent bacilli, as was the case for the combination of TB47 and aurachin D, a putative cytochrome bd inhibitor. The TB47 and PMD combination inhibited M. tuberculosis oxygen consumption, decreased ATP levels, and had a delayed bactericidal effect. The NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO prevented the bactericidal activity of the drug combination, suggesting the requirement for NO. In addition, cytochrome bc1 inhibitors were largely bactericidal when administered with DETA NONOate, another NO donor. Proteomic analysis revealed that the cotreated bacilli had a compromised expression of the dormancy regulon proteins, PE/PPE proteins, and proteins required for the biosynthesis of several cofactors, including mycofactocin. Some of these proteomic changes, e.g., the impaired dormancy regulon induction, were attributed to PMD. In conclusion, combination of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors with PMD inhibited M. tuberculosis respiration and killed the bacilli. The activity of cytochrome bc1 inhibitors can be greatly enhanced by NO donors. Monitoring of luminescence may be further exploited to screen cytochrome bd inhibitors.
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Karale UB, Shinde AU, Babar DA, Sangu KG, Vagolu SK, Eruva VK, Jadav SS, Misra S, Dharmarajan S, Rode HB. 3-Aryl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as antituberculosis agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000419. [PMID: 34185337 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel inhibitors are needed to tackle tuberculosis. Herein, we report the 3-aryl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as potent antituberculosis agents. A small library of 3-aryl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines was synthesized using direct arylation, followed by nitro reduction and finally Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling reactions. The compounds thus obtained were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Compound 26 was identified as an antituberculosis lead with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.3 μg/ml against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. This compound showed a selectivity index of 35. The docking of 26 in the active site of the M. tuberculosis cytochrome bc1 complex cytochrome b subunit (Mtb QcrB) revealed key π-π interactions of compound 26 with the Tyr389 and Trp312 residues of Mtb QcrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam B Karale
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash U Shinde
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dattatraya A Babar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Komal G Sangu
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siva Krishna Vagolu
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vamshi K Eruva
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Surender S Jadav
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil Misra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sriram Dharmarajan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Haridas B Rode
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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33
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Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Paiardini A, Hoogewijs D, Forte E, Giuffrè A, Poole RK. Bacterial Oxidases of the Cytochrome bd Family: Redox Enzymes of Unique Structure, Function, and Utility As Drug Targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1280-1318. [PMID: 32924537 PMCID: PMC8112716 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cytochrome bd is a ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase of many prokaryotic respiratory chains with a unique structure and functional characteristics. Its primary role is to couple the reduction of molecular oxygen, even at submicromolar concentrations, to water with the generation of a proton motive force used for adenosine triphosphate production. Cytochrome bd is found in many bacterial pathogens and, surprisingly, in bacteria formally denoted as anaerobes. It endows bacteria with resistance to various stressors and is a potential drug target. Recent Advances: We summarize recent advances in the biochemistry, structure, and physiological functions of cytochrome bd in the light of exciting new three-dimensional structures of the oxidase. The newly discovered roles of cytochrome bd in contributing to bacterial protection against hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen sulfide are assessed. Critical Issues: Fundamental questions remain regarding the precise delineation of electron flow within this multihaem oxidase and how the extraordinarily high affinity for oxygen is accomplished, while endowing bacteria with resistance to other small ligands. Future Directions: It is clear that cytochrome bd is unique in its ability to confer resistance to toxic small molecules, a property that is significant for understanding the propensity of pathogens to possess this oxidase. Since cytochrome bd is a uniquely bacterial enzyme, future research should focus on harnessing fundamental knowledge of its structure and function to the development of novel and effective antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Siletsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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34
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Law CSW, Yeong KY. Benzimidazoles in Drug Discovery: A Patent Review. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1861-1877. [PMID: 33646618 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic ring system that has been widely studied in the pharmaceutical field. For the past decade, numerous benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their wide range of pharmacological activities, which are beneficial for drug development. This article presents the biological effects of benzimidazole derivatives in each invention from 2015 to 2020. Two patent databases, Google Patents and Lens, were used to locate relevant granted patent applications. Specifically, this review delineates the role of patented benzimidazoles from a disease-centric perspective and examines the mechanisms of action of these compounds in related diseases. Most of the benzimidazoles have shown good activities against various target proteins. Whilst several of them have progressed into clinical trials, most patents presented novel therapeutic approaches for respective target diseases. Hence, their potential in being developed into clinical drugs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S W Law
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Y Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology (TMB) multidisciplinary platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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35
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Kenyon EJ, Kirkwood NK, Kitcher SR, Goodyear RJ, Derudas M, Cantillon DM, Baxendale S, de la Vega de León A, Mahieu VN, Osgood RT, Wilson CD, Bull JC, Waddell SJ, Whitfield TT, Ward SE, Kros CJ, Richardson GP. Identification of a series of hair-cell MET channel blockers that protect against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145704. [PMID: 33735112 PMCID: PMC8133782 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify small molecules that shield mammalian sensory hair cells from the ototoxic side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics, 10,240 compounds were initially screened in zebrafish larvae, selecting for those that protected lateral-line hair cells against neomycin and gentamicin. When the 64 hits from this screen were retested in mouse cochlear cultures, 8 protected outer hair cells (OHCs) from gentamicin in vitro without causing hair-bundle damage. These 8 hits shared structural features and blocked, to varying degrees, the OHC's mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channel, a route of aminoglycoside entry into hair cells. Further characterization of one of the strongest MET channel blockers, UoS-7692, revealed it additionally protected against kanamycin and tobramycin and did not abrogate the bactericidal activity of gentamicin. UoS-7692 behaved, like the aminoglycosides, as a permeant blocker of the MET channel; significantly reduced gentamicin-Texas red loading into OHCs; and preserved lateral-line function in neomycin-treated zebrafish. Transtympanic injection of UoS-7692 protected mouse OHCs from furosemide/kanamycin exposure in vivo and partially preserved hearing. The results confirmed the hair-cell MET channel as a viable target for the identification of compounds that protect the cochlea from aminoglycosides and provide a series of hit compounds that will inform the design of future otoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Derudas
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Daire M. Cantillon
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Waddell
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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36
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Lee BS, Hards K, Engelhart CA, Hasenoehrl EJ, Kalia NP, Mackenzie JS, Sviriaeva E, Chong SMS, Manimekalai MSS, Koh VH, Chan J, Xu J, Alonso S, Miller MJ, Steyn AJC, Grüber G, Schnappinger D, Berney M, Cook GM, Moraski GC, Pethe K. Dual inhibition of the terminal oxidases eradicates antibiotic-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13207. [PMID: 33283973 PMCID: PMC7799364 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline has placed energy metabolism in the limelight as an attractive target space for tuberculosis antibiotic development. While bedaquiline inhibits the mycobacterial F1 F0 ATP synthase, small molecules targeting other components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway have been identified. Of particular interest is Telacebec (Q203), a phase 2 drug candidate inhibitor of the cytochrome bcc:aa3 terminal oxidase. A functional redundancy between the cytochrome bcc:aa3 and the cytochrome bd oxidase protects M. tuberculosis from Q203-induced death, highlighting the attractiveness of the bd-type terminal oxidase for drug development. Here, we employed a facile whole-cell screen approach to identify the cytochrome bd inhibitor ND-011992. Although ND-011992 is ineffective on its own, it inhibits respiration and ATP homeostasis in combination with Q203. The drug combination was bactericidal against replicating and antibiotic-tolerant, non-replicating mycobacteria, and increased efficacy relative to that of a single drug in a mouse model. These findings suggest that a cytochrome bd oxidase inhibitor will add value to a drug combination targeting oxidative phosphorylation for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Curtis A Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Ramalingaswami FellowClinical Microbiology DivisionCSIR‐IIIMJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Jared S Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Shi Min Sherilyn Chong
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Vanessa H Koh
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - John Chan
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamALUSA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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38
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Hasenoehrl EJ, Wiggins TJ, Berney M. Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:611683. [PMID: 33505923 PMCID: PMC7831573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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39
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Monakhova N, Korduláková J, Vocat A, Egorova A, Lepioshkin A, Salina EG, Nosek J, Repková E, Zemanová J, Jurdáková H, Górová R, Roh J, Degiacomi G, Sammartino JC, Pasca MR, Cole ST, Mikušová K, Makarov V. Design and Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2- b]indolones Showing Antimycobacterial Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:88-100. [PMID: 33352041 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection presents one of the largest challenges for tuberculosis control and novel antimycobacterial drug development. A series of pyrano[3,2-b]indolone-based compounds was designed and synthesized via an original eight-step scheme. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis strains H37Rv and streptomycin-starved 18b (SS18b), representing models for replicating and nonreplicating mycobacteria, respectively. Compound 10a exhibited good activity with MIC99 values of 0.3 and 0.4 μg/mL against H37Rv and SS18b, respectively, as well as low toxicity, acceptable intracellular activity, and satisfactory metabolic stability and was selected as the lead compound for further studies. An analysis of 10a-resistant M. bovis mutants disclosed a cross-resistance with pretomanid and altered relative amounts of different forms of cofactor F420 in these strains. Complementation experiments showed that F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the synthesis of mature F420 were important for 10a activity. Overall these studies revealed 10a to be a prodrug that is activated by an unknown F420-dependent enzyme in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Monakhova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Anna Egorova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Lepioshkin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Elena G. Salina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Degiacomi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - José Camilla Sammartino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maria Rosalia Pasca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Vadim Makarov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
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40
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Bahuguna A, Rawat S, Rawat DS. QcrB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The new drug target of antitubercular agents. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2565-2581. [PMID: 33400275 DOI: 10.1002/med.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistance in mycobacterial infections is a major global health problem that leads to high mortality and socioeconomic pressure in developing countries around the world. From finding new targets to discovering novel chemical scaffolds, there is an urgent need for the development of better approaches for the cure of tuberculosis. Recently, energy metabolism in mycobacteria, particularly the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of cellular respiration, has emerged as a novel target pathway in drug discovery. New classes of antibacterials which target oxidative phosphorylation pathway either by interacting with a protein or any step in the pathway of oxidative phosphorylation can combat dormant mycobacterial infections leading to shortening of tuberculosis chemotherapy. Adenosine triphosphate synthase is one such recently discovered target of the newly approved antitubercular drug bedaquiline. Cytochrome bcc is another new target of the antitubercular drug candidate Q203, currently in phase II clinical trial. Research suggests that b subunit of cytochrome bcc, QcrB, is the target of Q203. The review article describes the structure, function, and importance of targeting QcrB throwing light on all chemical classes of QcrB inhibitors discovered to date. An understanding of the structure and function of validated targets and their inhibitors would enable the development of new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srishti Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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41
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Peraman R, Sure SK, Dusthackeer VNA, Chilamakuru NB, Yiragamreddy PR, Pokuri C, Kutagulla VK, Chinni S. Insights on recent approaches in drug discovery strategies and untapped drug targets against drug resistance. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:56. [PMID: 33686369 PMCID: PMC7928709 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the various strategies undertaken in the clinical practice, the mortality rate due to antibiotic-resistant microbes has been markedly increasing worldwide. In addition to multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes, the "ESKAPE" bacteria are also emerging. Of course, the infection caused by ESKAPE cannot be treated even with lethal doses of antibiotics. Now, the drug resistance is also more prevalent in antiviral, anticancer, antimalarial and antifungal chemotherapies. MAIN BODY To date, in the literature, the quantum of research reported on the discovery strategies for new antibiotics is remarkable but the milestone is still far away. Considering the need of the updated strategies and drug discovery approaches in the area of drug resistance among researchers, in this communication, we consolidated the insights pertaining to new drug development against drug-resistant microbes. It includes drug discovery void, gene paradox, transposon mutagenesis, vitamin biosynthesis inhibition, use of non-conventional media, host model, target through quorum sensing, genomic-chemical network, synthetic viability to targets, chemical versus biological space, combinational approach, photosensitization, antimicrobial peptides and transcriptome profiling. Furthermore, we optimally briefed about antievolution drugs, nanotheranostics and antimicrobial adjuvants and then followed by twelve selected new feasible drug targets for new drug design against drug resistance. Finally, we have also tabulated the chemical structures of potent molecules against antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION It is highly recommended to execute the anti-drug resistance research as integrated approach where both molecular and genetic research needs to be as integrative objective of drug discovery. This is time to accelerate new drug discovery research with advanced genetic approaches instead of conventional blind screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Peraman
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Sathish Kumar Sure
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - V. N. Azger Dusthackeer
- grid.417330.20000 0004 1767 6138ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamilnadu India
| | - Naresh Babu Chilamakuru
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Padmanabha Reddy Yiragamreddy
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Chiranjeevi Pokuri
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Vinay Kumar Kutagulla
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Santhivardhan Chinni
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER)-Autonomous, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India
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42
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Bajeli S, Baid N, Kaur M, Pawar GP, Chaudhari VD, Kumar A. Terminal Respiratory Oxidases: A Targetables Vulnerability of Mycobacterial Bioenergetics? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:589318. [PMID: 33330134 PMCID: PMC7719681 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.589318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ATP synthase inhibitor Bedaquiline was approved for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis emphasizing the importance of oxidative phosphorylation for the survival of mycobacteria. ATP synthesis is primarily dependent on the generation of proton motive force through the electron transport chain in mycobacteria. The mycobacterial electron transport chain utilizes two terminal oxidases for the reduction of oxygen, namely the bc1-aa3 supercomplex and the cytochrome bd oxidase. The bc1-aa3 supercomplex is an energy-efficient terminal oxidase that pumps out four vectoral protons, besides consuming four scalar protons during the transfer of electrons from menaquinone to molecular oxygen. In the past few years, several inhibitors of bc1-aa3 supercomplex have been developed, out of which, Q203 belonging to the class of imidazopyridine, has moved to clinical trials. Recently, the crystal structure of the mycobacterial cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex was solved, providing details of the route of transfer of electrons from menaquinone to molecular oxygen. Besides providing insights into the molecular functioning, crystal structure is aiding in the targeted drug development. On the other hand, the second respiratory terminal oxidase of the mycobacterial respiratory chain, cytochrome bd oxidase, does not pump out the vectoral protons and is energetically less efficient. However, it can detoxify the reactive oxygen species and facilitate mycobacterial survival during a multitude of stresses. Quinolone derivatives (CK-2-63) and quinone derivative (Aurachin D) inhibit cytochrome bd oxidase. Notably, ablation of both the two terminal oxidases simultaneously through genetic methods or pharmacological inhibition leads to the rapid death of the mycobacterial cells. Thus, terminal oxidases have emerged as important drug targets. In this review, we have described the current understanding of the functioning of these two oxidases, their physiological relevance to mycobacteria, and their inhibitors. Besides these, we also describe the alternative terminal complexes that are used by mycobacteria to maintain energized membrane during hypoxia and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Bajeli
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navin Baid
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjot Kaur
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ganesh P Pawar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod D Chaudhari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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43
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Ion Transport Modulators as Antimycobacterial Agents. Tuberc Res Treat 2020; 2020:3767915. [PMID: 33294223 PMCID: PMC7700046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3767915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for better and safer therapeutic interventions for tuberculosis (TB). We assessed the effects of FDA-approved ion transport modulators, namely, ambroxol HCl, amiloride HCl, diazoxide, digoxin, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), metformin, omeprazole, pantoprazole, phenytoin, verapamil, and drug X and Y on the growth of free and intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Free and intracellular M. bovis BCG were cultured in the presence or absence of the test drugs for 3 to 9 days and then quantified. For both free and intracellular bacteria, cultures that were exposed to furosemide, phenytoin, or drug Y yielded lower bacteria counts compared to drug-free controls (p < 0.05). The same was observed with diazoxide, HCTZ, verapamil, and drug X, but only for intracellular M. bovis BCG (p < 0.05). To assess the effects of the drugs on bactericidal activity of rifampicin, free and intracellular M. bovis BCG were treated with rifampicin alone or in combination with each of the thirteen test drugs for 3 to 9 days. For extracellular bacteria, higher bacteria clearance rates were observed in cultures exposed to rifampicin in combination with amiloride HCl, diazoxide, digoxin, furosemide, HCTZ, metformin, pantoprazole, phenytoin, drug X, or drug Y than those exposed to rifampicin alone, indicating that rifampicin had a synergistic effect with these test drugs. Rifampicin was also synergistic with ambroxol HCl, diazoxide, digoxin, furosemide, HCTZ, omeprazole, pantoprazole, phenytoin, verapamil, and drug X against intracellular M. bovis BCG. The antimycobacterial properties exhibited by the ion transport modulators in this study make them viable candidates as adjuncts to the current anti-TB regimens.
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Madani A, Mallick I, Guy A, Crauste C, Durand T, Fourquet P, Audebert S, Camoin L, Canaan S, Cavalier JF. Dissecting the antibacterial activity of oxadiazolone-core derivatives against Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238178. [PMID: 32946441 PMCID: PMC7500638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus), a rapidly growing mycobacterium, is an emergent opportunistic pathogen responsible for chronic bronchopulmonary infections in individuals with respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Most treatments of M. abscessus pulmonary infections are poorly effective due to the intrinsic resistance of this bacteria against a broad range of antibiotics including anti-tuberculosis agents. Consequently, the number of drugs that are efficient against M. abscessus remains limited. In this context, 19 oxadiazolone (OX) derivatives have been investigated for their antibacterial activity against both the rough (R) and smooth (S) variants of M. abscessus. Several OXs impair extracellular M. abscessus growth with moderated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), or act intracellularly by inhibiting M. abscessus growth inside infected macrophages with MIC values similar to those of imipenem. Such promising results prompted us to identify the potential target enzymes of the sole extra and intracellular inhibitor of M. abscessus growth, i.e., compound iBpPPOX, via activity-based protein profiling combined with mass spectrometry. This approach led to the identification of 21 potential protein candidates being mostly involved in M. abscessus lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, the Ag85C protein has been confirmed as a vulnerable target of iBpPPOX. This study clearly emphasizes the potential of the OX derivatives to inhibit the extracellular and/or intracellular growth of M. abscessus by targeting various enzymes potentially involved in many physiological processes of this most drug-resistant mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeldjalil Madani
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Guy
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Crauste
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Fourquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Jean François Cavalier
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Appetecchia F, Consalvi S, Scarpecci C, Biava M, Poce G. SAR Analysis of Small Molecules Interfering with Energy-Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E227. [PMID: 32878317 PMCID: PMC7557483 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the world's top infectious killer: it caused a total of 1.5 million deaths and 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2018. Thanks to TB diagnosis and treatment, mortality has been falling in recent years, with an estimated 58 million saved lives between 2000 and 2018. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb strains is a major concern that might reverse this progress. Therefore, the development of new drugs acting upon novel mechanisms of action is a high priority in the global health agenda. With the approval of bedaquiline, which targets mycobacterial energy production, and delamanid, which targets cell wall synthesis and energy production, the energy-metabolism in Mtb has received much attention in the last decade as a potential target to investigate and develop new antimycobacterial drugs. In this review, we describe potent anti-mycobacterial agents targeting the energy-metabolism at different steps with a special focus on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the most advanced compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (S.C.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
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von Ambüren J, Schreiber F, Fischer J, Winter S, van Gumpel E, Simonis A, Rybniker J. Comprehensive Host Cell-Based Screening Assays for Identification of Anti-Virulence Drugs Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081096. [PMID: 32707871 PMCID: PMC7463580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of bacterial pathogens being resistant to antibiotic treatment is increasing worldwide, leading to a severe global health challenge. Simultaneously, the development and approval of new antibiotics stagnated in the past decades, leading to an urgent need for novel approaches to avoid the spread of untreatable bacterial infections in the future. We developed a highly comprehensive screening platform based on quantification of pathogen driven host-cell death to detect new anti-virulence drugs targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), both known for their emerging antibiotic resistance. By screening over 10,000 small molecules we could identify several substances showing promising effects on Pa and ST pathogenicity in our in vitro infection model. Importantly, we could detect compounds potently inhibiting bacteria induced killing of host cells and one novel comipound with impact on the function of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of ST. Thus, we provide proof of concept data of rapid and feasible medium- to high-throughput drug screening assays targeting virulence mechanisms of two major Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Ambüren
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.v.A.); (F.S.); (J.F.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Fynn Schreiber
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.v.A.); (F.S.); (J.F.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Julia Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.v.A.); (F.S.); (J.F.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Sandra Winter
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Edeltraud van Gumpel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Alexander Simonis
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.v.A.); (F.S.); (J.F.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.v.A.); (F.S.); (J.F.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (S.W.); (E.v.G.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (J.R.)
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Sviriaeva E, Subramanian Manimekalai MS, Grüber G, Pethe K. Features and Functional Importance of Key Residues of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bd Oxidase. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1697-1707. [PMID: 32379966 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd (cyt-bd) oxygen reductases have a high affinity to oxygen and use the two electrons provided by ubiquinol or menaquinol, like in mycobacteria, to reduce oxygen to water. Although they do not pump protons from the cytoplasmic to the periplasmic side, they generate a proton motive force due to the release of protons after quinol oxidation. Here, we show that the mycobacterial cyt-bd has a number of specific features, including a 17-residue stretch (307SGVTLQGIRDLQQEYQQ323) near the Q-loop of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit CydA and a 412QLVRLTVKA420 region on the periplasmic side. Site directed mutagenesis and whole-bacteria assays demonstrated that these mycobacteria-specific stretches are essential for the oxidase's function. Single amino acid substitutions around the 307SGVTLQGIRDLQQEYQQ323 stretch revealed the importance of the aromatic residue Y330 in oxygen consumption and consequently in ATP synthesis. A moderate reduction and no effect was observed for mutants F325 and Y321, respectively, while the double mutant CydAY321/F325 drastically reduced enzyme activity. In addition, single mutants of the mycobacterial cyt-bd were generated to probe the role of proposed critical residues for proton shuffling. Further data demonstrate that amino acids W64 and F18 in the CydB subunit might be important as any slight destabilization of the hydrophobic environment near them makes the enzyme inactive. Finally, the potential of the mycobacterial cyt-bd as a drug target is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Republic of Singapore
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Abstract
Multi-omics strategies are indispensable tools in the search for new anti-tuberculosis drugs. Omics methodologies, where the ensemble of a class of biological molecules are measured and evaluated together, enable drug discovery programs to answer two fundamental questions. Firstly, in a discovery biology approach, to find new targets in druggable pathways for target-based investigation, advancing from target to lead compound. Secondly, in a discovery chemistry approach, to identify the mode of action of lead compounds derived from high-throughput screens, progressing from compound to target. The advantage of multi-omics methodologies in both of these settings is that omics approaches are unsupervised and unbiased to a priori hypotheses, making omics useful tools to confirm drug action, reveal new insights into compound activity, and discover new avenues for inquiry. This review summarizes the application of Mycobacterium tuberculosis omics technologies to the early stages of tuberculosis antimicrobial drug discovery.
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Shetye GS, Franzblau SG, Cho S. New tuberculosis drug targets, their inhibitors, and potential therapeutic impact. Transl Res 2020; 220:68-97. [PMID: 32275897 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) predicament poses numerous challenges and therefore every incremental scientific work and all positive socio-political engagements, are steps taken in the right direction to eradicate TB. Progression of the late stage TB-drug pipeline into the clinics is an immediate deliverable of this global effort. At the same time, fueling basic research and pursuing early discovery work must be sustained to maintain a healthy TB-drug pipeline. This review encompasses a broad analysis of chemotherapeutic strategies that target the DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, energy metabolism and proteolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It includes a status check of the current TB-drug pipeline with a focus on the associated biology, emerging targets, and their promising chemical inhibitors. Potential synergies and/or gaps within or across different chemotherapeutic strategies are systematically reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri S Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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