1
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Bhale AS, Meilhac O, d'Hellencourt CL, Vijayalakshmi MA, Venkataraman K. Cholesterol transport and beyond: Illuminating the versatile functions of HDL apolipoproteins through structural insights and functional implications. Biofactors 2024; 50:922-956. [PMID: 38661230 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play a vital role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health, as they are intricately involved in cholesterol transport and inflammation modulation. The proteome of HDL particles is indeed complex and distinct from other components in the bloodstream. Proteomics studies have identified nearly 285 different proteins associated with HDL; however, this review focuses more on the 15 or so traditionally named "apo" lipoproteins. Important lipid metabolizing enzymes closely working with the apolipoproteins are also discussed. Apolipoproteins stand out for their integral role in HDL stability, structure, function, and metabolism. The unique structure and functions of each apolipoprotein influence important processes such as inflammation regulation and lipid metabolism. These interactions also shape the stability and performance of HDL particles. HDLs apolipoproteins have multifaceted roles beyond cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and are involved in various physiological processes and disease states. Therefore, a detailed exploration of these apolipoproteins can offer valuable insights into potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of HDL apolipoproteins, highlighting their distinct structures, functions, and contributions to various physiological processes. Exploiting this knowledge holds great potential for improving HDL function, enhancing cholesterol efflux, and modulating inflammatory processes, ultimately benefiting individuals by limiting the risks associated with CVDs and other inflammation-based pathologies. Understanding the nature of all 15 apolipoproteins expands our knowledge of HDL metabolism, sheds light on their pathological implications, and paves the way for advancements in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of lipid and inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sudam Bhale
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Kumar A, Gok MO, Nguyen KN, Connor OM, Reese ML, Wideman JG, Muñoz-Gómez SA, Friedman JR. A dynamin superfamily-like pseudoenzyme coordinates with MICOS to promote cristae architecture. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2606-2622.e9. [PMID: 38692277 PMCID: PMC11187654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cristae architecture is crucial for optimal respiratory function of the organelle. Cristae shape is maintained in part by the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex. While MICOS is required for normal cristae morphology, the precise mechanistic role of each of the seven human MICOS subunits, and how the complex coordinates with other cristae-shaping factors, has not been fully determined. Here, we examine the MICOS complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a minimal model whose genome only encodes for four core subunits. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we identify a poorly characterized inner mitochondrial membrane protein that interacts with MICOS and is required to maintain cristae morphology, which we name Mmc1. We demonstrate that Mmc1 works in concert with MICOS to promote normal mitochondrial morphology and respiratory function. Mmc1 is a distant relative of the dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSPs), GTPases, which are well established to shape and remodel membranes. Similar to DSPs, Mmc1 self-associates and forms high-molecular-weight assemblies. Interestingly, however, Mmc1 is a pseudoenzyme that lacks key residues required for GTP binding and hydrolysis, suggesting that it does not dynamically remodel membranes. These data are consistent with the model that Mmc1 stabilizes cristae architecture by acting as a scaffold to support cristae ultrastructure on the matrix side of the inner membrane. Our study reveals a new class of proteins that evolved early in fungal phylogeny and is required for the maintenance of cristae architecture. This highlights the possibility that functionally analogous proteins work with MICOS to establish cristae morphology in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mehmet Oguz Gok
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kailey N Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olivia M Connor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael L Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeremy G Wideman
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sergio A Muñoz-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan R Friedman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Pays E. The Janus-faced functions of Apolipoproteins L in membrane dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:134. [PMID: 38478101 PMCID: PMC10937811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The functions of human Apolipoproteins L (APOLs) are poorly understood, but involve diverse activities like lysis of bloodstream trypanosomes and intracellular bacteria, modulation of viral infection and induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and chronic kidney disease. Based on recent work, I propose that the basic function of APOLs is the control of membrane dynamics, at least in the Golgi and mitochondrion. Together with neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS1) and calneuron-1 (CALN1), APOL3 controls the activity of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase-IIIB (PI4KB), involved in both Golgi and mitochondrion membrane fission. Whereas secreted APOL1 induces African trypanosome lysis through membrane permeabilization of the parasite mitochondrion, intracellular APOL1 conditions non-muscular myosin-2A (NM2A)-mediated transfer of PI4KB and APOL3 from the Golgi to the mitochondrion under conditions interfering with PI4KB-APOL3 interaction, such as APOL1 C-terminal variant expression or virus-induced inflammatory signalling. APOL3 controls mitophagy through complementary interactions with the membrane fission factor PI4KB and the membrane fusion factor vesicle-associated membrane protein-8 (VAMP8). In mice, the basic APOL1 and APOL3 activities could be exerted by mAPOL9 and mAPOL8, respectively. Perspectives regarding the mechanism and treatment of APOL1-related kidney disease are discussed, as well as speculations on additional APOLs functions, such as APOL6 involvement in adipocyte membrane dynamics through interaction with myosin-10 (MYH10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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4
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Paz-Barba M, Muñoz Garcia A, de Winter TJJ, de Graaf N, van Agen M, van der Sar E, Lambregtse F, Daleman L, van der Slik A, Zaldumbide A, de Koning EJP, Carlotti F. Apolipoprotein L genes are novel mediators of inflammation in beta cells. Diabetologia 2024; 67:124-136. [PMID: 37924378 PMCID: PMC10709252 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Inflammation induces beta cell dysfunction and demise but underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The apolipoprotein L (APOL) family of genes has been associated with innate immunity and apoptosis in non-pancreatic cell types, but also with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we hypothesised that APOL genes play a role in inflammation-induced beta cell damage. METHODS We used single-cell transcriptomics datasets of primary human pancreatic islet cells to study the expression of APOL genes upon specific stress conditions. Validation of the findings was carried out in EndoC-βH1 cells and primary human islets. Finally, we performed loss- and gain-of-function experiments to investigate the role of APOL genes in beta cells. RESULTS APOL genes are expressed in primary human beta cells and APOL1, 2 and 6 are strongly upregulated upon inflammation via the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. APOL1 overexpression increases endoplasmic reticulum stress while APOL1 knockdown prevents cytokine-induced beta cell death and interferon-associated response. Furthermore, we found that APOL genes are upregulated in beta cells from donors with type 2 diabetes compared with donors without diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION APOLs are novel regulators of islet inflammation and may contribute to beta cell damage during the development of diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY scRNAseq data generated by our laboratory and used in this study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ ), accession number GSE218316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Paz-Barba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amadeo Muñoz Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Twan J J de Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natascha de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Agen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa van der Sar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy Lambregtse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lizanne Daleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Slik
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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5
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Lecordier L, Heo P, Graversen JH, Hennig D, Skytthe MK, Cornet d'Elzius A, Pincet F, Pérez-Morga D, Pays E. Apolipoproteins L1 and L3 control mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113528. [PMID: 38041817 PMCID: PMC10765320 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins L1 and L3 (APOLs) are associated at the Golgi with the membrane fission factors phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase-IIIB (PI4KB) and non-muscular myosin 2A. Either APOL1 C-terminal truncation (APOL1Δ) or APOL3 deletion (APOL3-KO [knockout]) reduces PI4KB activity and triggers actomyosin reorganization. We report that APOL3, but not APOL1, controls PI4KB activity through interaction with PI4KB and neuronal calcium sensor-1 or calneuron-1. Both APOLs are present in Golgi-derived autophagy-related protein 9A vesicles, which are involved in PI4KB trafficking. Like APOL3-KO, APOL1Δ induces PI4KB dissociation from APOL3, linked to reduction of mitophagy flux and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. APOL1 and APOL3, respectively, can interact with the mitophagy receptor prohibitin-2 and the mitophagosome membrane fusion factor vesicle-associated membrane protein-8 (VAMP8). While APOL1 conditions PI4KB and APOL3 involvement in mitochondrion fission and mitophagy, APOL3-VAMP8 interaction promotes fusion between mitophagosomal and endolysosomal membranes. We propose that APOL3 controls mitochondrial membrane dynamics through interactions with the fission factor PI4KB and the fusion factor VAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paul Heo
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 75005 Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dorle Hennig
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Kløjgaard Skytthe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Lo R, Narasaki Y, Lei S, Rhee CM. Management of traditional risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1737-1750. [PMID: 37915906 PMCID: PMC10616454 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its downstream complications (i.e. cardiovascular) are a major source of morbidity worldwide. Additionally, deaths due to CKD or CKD-attributable cardiovascular disease account for a sizeable proportion of global mortality. However, the advent of new pharmacotherapies, diagnostic tools, and global initiatives are directing greater attention to kidney health in the public health agenda, including the implementation of effective strategies that (i) prevent kidney disease, (ii) provide early CKD detection, and (iii) ameliorate CKD progression and its related complications. In this Review, we discuss major risk factors for incident CKD and CKD progression categorized across cardiovascular (i.e. hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiorenal syndrome), endocrine (i.e. diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, testosterone), lifestyle (i.e. obesity, dietary factors, smoking), and genetic/environmental (i.e. CKDu/Mesoamerican nephropathy, APOL1, herbal nephropathy) domains, as well as scope, mechanistic underpinnings, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lo
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Sean Lei
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
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8
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Vasquez-Rios G, De Cos M, Campbell KN. Novel Therapies in APOL1-Mediated Kidney Disease: From Molecular Pathways to Therapeutic Options. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2226-2234. [PMID: 38025220 PMCID: PMC10658239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) high-risk variants confer an increased risk for the development and progression of kidney disease among individuals of recent African ancestry. Over the past several years, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of APOL1-mediated kidney diseases (AMKD), including genetic regulation, environmental interactions, immunomodulatory, proinflammatory and apoptotic signaling processes, as well as the complex role of APOL1 as an ion channel. Collectively, these findings have paved the way for novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate APOL1-mediated kidney injury. Precision medicine approaches are being developed to identify subgroups of AMKD patients who may benefit from these targeted interventions, fueling hope for improved clinical outcomes. This review summarizes key mechanistic insights in the pathogenesis of AMKD, emergent therapies, and discusses future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vasquez-Rios
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marina De Cos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk N. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Kumar A, Gok MO, Nguyen KN, Reese ML, Wideman JG, Muñoz-Gómez SA, Friedman JR. A DRP-like pseudoenzyme coordinates with MICOS to promote cristae architecture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560745. [PMID: 37873150 PMCID: PMC10592917 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cristae architecture is crucial for optimal respiratory function of the organelle. Cristae shape is maintained in part by the mitochondrial inner membrane-localized MICOS complex. While MICOS is required for normal cristae morphology, the precise mechanistic role of each of the seven human MICOS subunits, and how the complex coordinates with other cristae shaping factors, has not been fully determined. Here, we examine the MICOS complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a minimal model whose genome only encodes for four core subunits. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we identify a poorly characterized inner mitochondrial membrane protein that interacts with MICOS and is required to maintain cristae morphology, which we name Mmc1. We demonstrate that Mmc1 works in concert with MICOS complexes to promote normal mitochondrial morphology and respiratory function. Bioinformatic analyses reveal that Mmc1 is a distant relative of the Dynamin-Related Protein (DRP) family of GTPases, which are well established to shape and remodel membranes. We find that, like DRPs, Mmc1 self-associates and forms high molecular weight assemblies. Interestingly, however, Mmc1 is a pseudoenzyme that lacks key residues required for GTP binding and hydrolysis, suggesting it does not dynamically remodel membranes. These data are consistent with a model in which Mmc1 stabilizes cristae architecture by acting as a scaffold to support cristae ultrastructure on the matrix side of the inner membrane. Our study reveals a new class of proteins that evolved early in fungal phylogeny and is required for the maintenance of cristae architecture. This highlights the possibility that functionally analogous proteins work with MICOS to establish cristae morphology in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mehmet Oguz Gok
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kailey N. Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael L. Reese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jeremy G. Wideman
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Jonathan R. Friedman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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10
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Cooper C, Thompson RCA, Clode PL. Investigating parasites in three dimensions: trends in volume microscopy. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:668-681. [PMID: 37302958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To best understand parasite, host, and vector morphologies, host-parasite interactions, and to develop new drug and vaccine targets, structural data should, ideally, be obtained and visualised in three dimensions (3D). Recently, there has been a significant uptake of available 3D volume microscopy techniques that allow collection of data across centimetre (cm) to Angstrom (Å) scales by utilising light, X-ray, electron, and ion sources. Here, we present and discuss microscopy tools available for the collection of 3D structural data, focussing on electron microscopy-based techniques. We highlight their strengths and limitations, such that parasitologists can identify techniques best suited to answer their research questions. Additionally, we review the importance of volume microscopy to the advancement of the field of parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Cooper
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation, and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation, and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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11
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Medina E, Rueda C, Batlle D. FSGS and COVID-19 in Non-African American Patients. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:687-699. [PMID: 37229730 PMCID: PMC10371264 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Collapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) has been reported relatively frequently in African American (AA) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and it is associated almost always with Apolipoprotein L gen 1 (APOL1) high-risk variants. We reviewed the published literature from April 2020 to November 2022 searching for non-African American (non-AA) patients with FSGS associated with COVID-19 (eight White patients, six Hispanic patients, three Asian patients, one Indian patient, and one Asian Indian patient). The following histologic patterns were found: collapsing (n=11), not otherwise specified (n=5), tip (n=2), and perihilar (n=1). Fifteen of the 19 patients had AKI. The APOL1 genotype was reported in only six of the 19 non-AA patients. Three of them (two Hispanic patients and one White patient) with collapsing FSGS had high-risk APOL1 variants. The other three patients (two White patients and one Hispanic patient with the collapsing variant, tip variant, and not otherwise specified) had low-risk APOL1 variants. Among 53 African American patients with collapsing FSGS associated with COVID-19, 48 had high-risk APOL1 variants and five had low-risk APOL1 variants. We conclude that in non-AA patients, FSGS is a rare complication of COVID-19. FSGS associated with COVID-19 can occur rarely with low-risk APOL1 variants in non-AA and AA patients. Non-AA patients reported to be associated with high-risk APOL1 variants possibly reflect inaccuracy of self-reported race with AA admixture because of unknown ancestry. Given the importance of APOL1 in the pathogenesis of FSGS associated with viral infection and to avoid racial bias, it seems appropriate that APOL1 testing be considered in patients with FSGS associated with COVID-19, regardless of self-reported race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Medina
- Division of Nephrology, General Hospital of México, Eduardo Liceaga, México City, México
- Master's and PhD Program in Dental and Health Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Carlos Rueda
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Vandorpe DH, Heneghan JF, Waitzman JS, McCarthy GM, Blasio A, Magraner JM, Donovan OG, Schaller LB, Shah SS, Subramanian B, Riella CV, Friedman DJ, Pollak MR, Alper SL. Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) cation current in HEK-293 cells and in human podocytes. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:323-341. [PMID: 36449077 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Two heterozygous missense variants (G1 and G2) of Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) found in individuals of recent African ancestry can attenuate the severity of infection by some forms of Trypanosoma brucei. However, these two variants within a broader African haplotype also increase the risk of kidney disease in Americans of African descent. Although overexpression of either variant G1 or G2 causes multiple pathogenic changes in cultured cells and transgenic mouse models, the mechanism(s) promoting kidney disease remain unclear. Human serum APOL1 kills trypanosomes through its cation channel activity, and cation channel activity of recombinant APOL1 has been reconstituted in lipid bilayers and proteoliposomes. Although APOL1 overexpression increases whole cell cation currents in HEK-293 cells, the ion channel activity of APOL1 has not been assessed in glomerular podocytes, the major site of APOL1-associated kidney diseases. We characterize APOL1-associated whole cell and on-cell cation currents in HEK-293 T-Rex cells and demonstrate partial inhibition of currents by anti-APOL antibodies. We detect in primary human podocytes a similar cation current inducible by interferon-γ (IFNγ) and sensitive to inhibition by anti-APOL antibody as well as by a fragment of T. brucei Serum Resistance-Associated protein (SRA). CRISPR knockout of APOL1 in human primary podocytes abrogates the IFNγ-induced, antibody-sensitive current. Our novel characterization in HEK-293 cells of heterologous APOL1-associated cation conductance inhibited by anti-APOL antibody and our documentation in primary human glomerular podocytes of endogenous IFNγ-stimulated, APOL1-mediated, SRA and anti-APOL-sensitive ion channel activity together support APOL1-mediated channel activity as a therapeutic target for treatment of APOL1-associated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Vandorpe
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John F Heneghan
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joshua S Waitzman
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gizelle M McCarthy
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Angelo Blasio
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Jose M Magraner
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Olivia G Donovan
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lena B Schaller
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Shrijal S Shah
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Chroma Medicine, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Balajikarthick Subramanian
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cristian V Riella
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center RN380F, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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13
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Li Y, Yan L, Ci D, Li R, Li W, Xia T, Shi H, Ayaz M, Zheng Y, Wang P. Analysis of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to Echinococcus granulosus microRNA-71 overexpression. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 254:111556. [PMID: 36739092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyst echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, remains a zoonotic disease posing a great threat to public health and meat production industry. Sheep infected with E. granulosus show relatively high abundance of egr-miR-71 in the sera, but its role is unknown. Using bioinformatics and cell migration and Transwell assays, we comparatively analyzed the proteomes and cell invasion of sheep PBMCs in response to egr-miR-71 overexpression. The results showed that the egr-miR-71 induced a total of 157 proteins being differentially expressed and mainly involved in immune responses. In sheep PBMCs, egr-miRNA-71 overexpression induced significant downregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and accordingly promoted cell migration and invasion compared with the control. The results will provide a clue for further investigation of a role of circulating egr-miR-71 in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lujun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Duojie Ci
- NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wanjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hengzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 73000, Pakistan
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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14
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Abstract
African trypanosomes are bloodstream protozoan parasites that infect mammals including humans, where they cause sleeping sickness. Long-lasting infection is required to favor parasite transmission between hosts. Therefore, trypanosomes have developed strategies to continuously escape innate and adaptive responses of the immune system, while also preventing premature death of the host. The pathology linked to infection mainly results from inflammation and includes anemia and brain dysfunction in addition to loss of specificity and memory of the antibody response. The serum of humans contains an efficient trypanolytic factor, the membrane pore-forming protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1). In the two human-infective trypanosomes, specific parasite resistance factors inhibit APOL1 activity. In turn, many African individuals express APOL1 variants that counteract these resistance factors, enabling them to avoid sleeping sickness. However, these variants are associated with chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of virus-induced inflammation such as coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Knieß R, Leeder W, Reißig P, Geyer FK, Göringer HU. Core-Shell DNA-Cholesterol Nanoparticles Exert Lysosomolytic Activity in African Trypanosomes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200410. [PMID: 36040754 PMCID: PMC9826209 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the causal infectious agent of African trypanosomiasis in humans and Nagana in livestock. Both diseases are currently treated with a small number of chemotherapeutics, which are hampered by a variety of limitations reaching from efficacy and toxicity complications to drug-resistance problems. Here, we explore the forward design of a new class of synthetic trypanocides based on nanostructured, core-shell DNA-lipid particles. In aqueous solution, the particles self-assemble into micelle-type structures consisting of a solvent-exposed, hydrophilic DNA shell and a hydrophobic lipid core. DNA-lipid nanoparticles have membrane-adhesive qualities and can permeabilize lipid membranes. We report the synthesis of DNA-cholesterol nanoparticles, which specifically subvert the membrane integrity of the T. brucei lysosome, killing the parasite with nanomolar potencies. Furthermore, we provide an example of the programmability of the nanoparticles. By functionalizing the DNA shell with a spliced leader (SL)-RNA-specific DNAzyme, we target a second trypanosome-specific pathway (dual-target approach). The DNAzyme provides a backup to counteract the recovery of compromised parasites, which reduces the risk of developing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Knieß
- Molecular GeneticsTechnical University DarmstadtSchnittspahnstr. 1064287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Wolf‐Matthias Leeder
- Molecular GeneticsTechnical University DarmstadtSchnittspahnstr. 1064287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Paul Reißig
- Molecular GeneticsTechnical University DarmstadtSchnittspahnstr. 1064287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Felix Klaus Geyer
- Molecular GeneticsTechnical University DarmstadtSchnittspahnstr. 1064287DarmstadtGermany
| | - H. Ulrich Göringer
- Molecular GeneticsTechnical University DarmstadtSchnittspahnstr. 1064287DarmstadtGermany
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16
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Daneshpajouhnejad P, Kopp JB, Winkler CA, Rosenberg AZ. The evolving story of apolipoprotein L1 nephropathy: the end of the beginning. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:307-320. [PMID: 35217848 PMCID: PMC8877744 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic coding variants in APOL1, which encodes apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), were identified in 2010 and are relatively common among individuals of sub-Saharan African ancestry. Approximately 13% of African Americans carry two APOL1 risk alleles. These variants, termed G1 and G2, are a frequent cause of kidney disease — termed APOL1 nephropathy — that typically manifests as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and the clinical syndrome of hypertension and arterionephrosclerosis. Cell culture studies suggest that APOL1 variants cause cell dysfunction through several processes, including alterations in cation channel activity, inflammasome activation, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of protein kinase R, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of APOL1 ubiquitinylation. Risk of APOL1 nephropathy is mostly confined to individuals with two APOL1 risk variants. However, only a minority of individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles develop kidney disease, suggesting the need for a ‘second hit’. The best recognized factor responsible for this ‘second hit’ is a chronic viral infection, particularly HIV-1, resulting in interferon-mediated activation of the APOL1 promoter, although most individuals with APOL1 nephropathy do not have an obvious cofactor. Current therapies for APOL1 nephropathies are not adequate to halt progression of chronic kidney disease, and new targeted molecular therapies are in clinical trials. This Review summarizes current understanding of the role of APOL1 variants in kidney disease. The authors discuss the genetics, protein structure and biological functions of APOL1 variants and provide an overview of promising therapeutic strategies. In contrast to other APOL family members, which are primarily intracellular, APOL1 contains a unique secretory signal peptide, resulting in its secretion into plasma. APOL1 renal risk alleles provide protection from African human trypanosomiasis but are a risk factor for progressive kidney disease in those carrying two risk alleles. APOL1 risk allele frequency is ~35% in the African American population in the United States, with ~13% of individuals having two risk alleles; the highest allele frequencies are found in West African populations and their descendants. Cell and mouse models implicate endolysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, altered ion channel activity, altered autophagy, and activation of protein kinase R in the pathogenesis of APOL1-associated kidney disease; however, the relevance of these injury pathways to human disease has not been resolved. APOL1 kidney disease tends to be progressive, and current standard therapies are generally ineffective; targeted therapeutic strategies hold the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Pays E. Distinct APOL1 functions in trypanosomes and kidney podocytes. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:104-108. [PMID: 34887168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human serum protein apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) kills Trypanosoma brucei but not the sleeping sickness agent Trypanosoma rhodesiense. APOL1 C-terminal variants can kill T. rhodesiense but they also induce kidney disease. Given topological and functional differences between intracellular and extracellular APOL1 isoforms, I propose that trypanolysis and kidney disease result from distinct APOL1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
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18
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Wu J, Ma Z, Raman A, Beckerman P, Dhillon P, Mukhi D, Palmer M, Chen HC, Cohen CR, Dunn T, Reilly J, Meyer N, Shashaty M, Arany Z, Haskó G, Laudanski K, Hung A, Susztak K. APOL1 risk variants in individuals of African genetic ancestry drive endothelial cell defects that exacerbate sepsis. Immunity 2021; 54:2632-2649.e6. [PMID: 34715018 PMCID: PMC9338439 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and severity of sepsis is higher among individuals of African versus European ancestry. We found that genetic risk variants (RVs) in the trypanolytic factor apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), present only in individuals of African ancestry, were associated with increased sepsis incidence and severity. Serum APOL1 levels correlated with sepsis and COVID-19 severity, and single-cell sequencing in human kidneys revealed high expression of APOL1 in endothelial cells. Analysis of mice with endothelial-specific expression of RV APOL1 and in vitro studies demonstrated that RV APOL1 interfered with mitophagy, leading to cytosolic release of mitochondrial DNA and activation of the inflammasome (NLRP3) and the cytosolic nucleotide sensing pathways (STING). Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 and STING protected mice from RV APOL1-induced permeability defects and proinflammatory endothelial changes in sepsis. Our studies identify the inflammasome and STING pathways as potential targets to reduce APOL1-associated health disparities in sepsis and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Wu
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyuan Ma
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Archana Raman
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pazit Beckerman
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Poonam Dhillon
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Palmer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hua Chang Chen
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus and Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cassiane Robinson Cohen
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus and Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt Precision Nephrology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Dunn
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Reilly
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nuala Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Shashaty
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adriana Hung
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus and Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt Precision Nephrology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Schaub C, Lee P, Racho-Jansen A, Giovinazzo J, Terra N, Raper J, Thomson R. Coiled-coil binding of the leucine zipper domains of APOL1 is necessary for the open cation channel conformation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101009. [PMID: 34331942 PMCID: PMC8446801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1) is a channel-forming effector of innate immunity. The common human APOL1 variant G0 provides protection against infection with certain Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasite species, but it cannot protect against the trypanosomes responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Human APOL1 variants G1 and G2 protect against human-infective trypanosomes but also confer a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Trypanosome-killing activity is dependent on the ability of APOL1 to insert into membranes at acidic pH and form pH-gated cation channels. We previously mapped the channel’s pore-lining region to the C-terminal domain (residues 332–398) and identified a membrane-insertion domain (MID, residues 177–228) that facilitates acidic pH-dependent membrane insertion. In this article, we further investigate structural determinants of cation channel formation by APOL1. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and targeted chemical modification, our data indicate that the C-terminal heptad-repeat sequence (residues 368–395) is a bona fide leucine zipper domain (ZIP) that is required for cation channel formation as well as lysis of trypanosomes and mammalian cells. Using protein-wide cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, coupled with the substituted cysteine accessibility method, we determined that, in the open channel state, both the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal ZIP domain are exposed on the intralumenal/extracellular side of the membrane and provide evidence that each APOL1 monomer contributes four transmembrane domains to the open cation channel conformation. Based on these data, we propose an oligomeric topology model in which the open APOL1 cation channel is assembled from the coiled-coil association of C-terminal ZIP domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schaub
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Penny Lee
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; John Jay College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Alisha Racho-Jansen
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA
| | - Joe Giovinazzo
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nada Terra
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA; The Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, USA.
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20
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Ultsch M, Holliday MJ, Gerhardy S, Moran P, Scales SJ, Gupta N, Oltrabella F, Chiu C, Fairbrother W, Eigenbrot C, Kirchhofer D. Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif. Commun Biol 2021; 4:916. [PMID: 34316015 PMCID: PMC8316464 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is a circulating innate immunity protein protecting against trypanosome infection. However, two ApoL1 coding variants are associated with a highly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Here we present X-ray and NMR structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ApoL1 and of its closest relative ApoL2. In both proteins, four of the five NTD helices form a four-helix core structure which is different from the classical four-helix bundle and from the pore-forming domain of colicin A. The reactivity with a conformation-specific antibody and structural models predict that this four-helix motif is also present in the NTDs of ApoL3 and ApoL4, suggesting related functions within the small ApoL family. The long helix 5 of ApoL1 is conformationally flexible and contains the BH3-like region. This BH3-like α-helix resembles true BH3 domains only in sequence and structure but not in function, since it does not bind to the pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent role in cytotoxicity. These findings should expedite a more comprehensive structural and functional understanding of the ApoL immune protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ultsch
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Holliday
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Moran
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Fairbrother
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Daehn IS, Duffield JS. The glomerular filtration barrier: a structural target for novel kidney therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:770-788. [PMID: 34262140 PMCID: PMC8278373 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of normal kidney function affects more than 10% of the population and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Kidney diseases are currently treated with immunosuppressive agents, antihypertensives and diuretics with partial but limited success. Most kidney disease is characterized by breakdown of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Specialized podocyte cells maintain the GFB, and structure-function experiments and studies of intercellular communication between the podocytes and other GFB cells, combined with advances from genetics and genomics, have laid the groundwork for a new generation of therapies that directly intervene at the GFB. These include inhibitors of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), short transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1; also known as soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1), roundabout homologue 2 (ROBO2), endothelin receptor A, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (suPAR) and substrate intermediates for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). These molecular targets converge on two key components of GFB biology: mitochondrial function and the actin-myosin contractile machinery. This Review discusses therapies and developments focused on maintaining GFB integrity, and the emerging questions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Daehn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Research and Development, Prime Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Dean S. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma brucei with Reference to the Development of Chemotherapies. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1650-1670. [PMID: 33463458 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210119105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause the lethal human disease African sleeping sickness and the economically devastating disease of cattle, Nagana. African sleeping sickness, also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), threatens 65 million people and animal trypanosomiasis makes large areas of farmland unusable. There is no vaccine and licensed therapies against the most severe, late-stage disease are toxic, impractical and ineffective. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies, and HAT is therefore predominantly confined to the tsetse fly belt in sub-Saharan Africa. They are exclusively extracellular and they differentiate between at least seven developmental forms that are highly adapted to host and vector niches. In the mammalian (human) host they inhabit the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (late-stage disease), skin, and adipose fat. In the tsetse fly vector they travel from the tsetse midgut to the salivary glands via the ectoperitrophic space and proventriculus. Trypanosomes are evolutionarily divergent compared with most branches of eukaryotic life. Perhaps most famous for their extraordinary mechanisms of monoallelic gene expression and antigenic variation, they have also been investigated because much of their biology is either highly unconventional or extreme. Moreover, in addition to their importance as pathogens, many researchers have been attracted to the field because trypanosomes have some of the most advanced molecular genetic tools and database resources of any model system. The following will cover just some aspects of trypanosome biology and how its divergent biochemistry has been leveraged to develop drugs to treat African sleeping sickness. This is by no means intended to be a comprehensive survey of trypanosome features. Rather, I hope to present trypanosomes as one of the most fascinating and tractable systems to do discovery biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dean
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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23
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Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060679. [PMID: 34072674 PMCID: PMC8229994 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites affecting humans, livestock and game animals. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are human infective sub-species of T. brucei causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT—sleeping sickness). The related T. b. brucei parasite lacks the resistance to survive in human serum, and only inflicts animal infections. Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is not restricted to Africa, but is present on all continents. T. congolense and T. vivax are the most widespread pathogenic trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Through mechanical transmission, T. vivax has also been introduced into South America. T. evansi is a unique animal trypanosome that is found in vast territories around the world and can cause atypical human trypanosomiasis (aHT). All salivarian trypanosomes are well adapted to survival inside the host’s immune system. This is not a hostile environment for these parasites, but the place where they thrive. Here we provide an overview of the latest insights into the host-parasite interaction and the unique survival strategies that allow trypanosomes to outsmart the immune system. In addition, we review new developments in treatment and diagnosis as well as the issues that have hampered the development of field-applicable anti-trypanosome vaccines for the implementation of sustainable disease control.
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24
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Nano-Leish-IL: A novel iron oxide-based nanocomposite drug platform for effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Control Release 2021; 335:203-215. [PMID: 34019947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are infamous parasites that include trypanosomes and Leishmania species. Here, we developed an anti-Leishmania nano-drug using ultra-small functional maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) that were surface-doped by [CeLn]3/4+ to enable effective binding of the polycationic polyethylenebyimine (PEI) polymer by coordinative chemistry. This resulting nano-drug is cytolytic in-vitro to both Trypanosoma brucei parasites, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, as well as to three Leishmania species. The nano-drug induces the rupture of the single lysosome present in these parasites attributed to the PEI, leading to cytolysis. To evaluate the efficacy of a "cream-based" version of the nano-drug, which was termed "Nano-Leish-IL" for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we developed a rapid screening method utilizing T. brucei parasites involved in social motility and demonstrated that functional NPs arrested the migration of the parasites. This assay presents a surrogate system to rapidly examine the efficacy of "cream-based" drugs in topical preparations against leishmaniasis, and possibly other dermal infectious diseases. The resulting Nano-Leish-IL topical preparation eliminated L. major infection in mice. Thus, this study presents a novel efficient nano-drug targeting the single lysosome of kinetoplastid parasites.
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25
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Barutta F, Kimura S, Hase K, Bellini S, Corbetta B, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Barreca A, Papotti MG, Ghiggeri GM, Salvidio G, Roccatello D, Audrito V, Deaglio S, Gambino R, Bruno S, Camussi G, Martini M, Hirsch E, Durazzo M, Ohno H, Gruden G. Protective Role of the M-Sec-Tunneling Nanotube System in Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1114-1130. [PMID: 33722931 PMCID: PMC8259684 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocyte dysfunction and loss are major determinants in the development of proteinuria. FSGS is one of the most common causes of proteinuria, but the mechanisms leading to podocyte injury or conferring protection against FSGS remain poorly understood. The cytosolic protein M-Sec has been involved in the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), membrane channels that transiently connect cells and allow intercellular organelle transfer. Whether podocytes express M-Sec is unknown and the potential relevance of the M-Sec-TNT system in FSGS has not been explored. METHODS We studied the role of the M-Sec-TNT system in cultured podocytes exposed to Adriamycin and in BALB/c M-Sec knockout mice. We also assessed M-Sec expression in both kidney biopsies from patients with FSGS and in experimental FSGS (Adriamycin-induced nephropathy). RESULTS Podocytes can form TNTs in a M-Sec-dependent manner. Consistent with the notion that the M-Sec-TNT system is cytoprotective, podocytes overexpressed M-Sec in both human and experimental FSGS. Moreover, M-Sec deletion resulted in podocyte injury, with mitochondrial abnormalities and development of progressive FSGS. In vitro, M-Sec deletion abolished TNT-mediated mitochondria transfer between podocytes and altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Re-expression of M-Sec reestablishes TNT formation and mitochondria exchange, rescued mitochondrial function, and partially reverted podocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the M-Sec-TNT system plays an important protective role in the glomeruli by rescuing podocytes via mitochondrial horizontal transfer. M-Sec may represent a promising therapeutic target in FSGS, and evidence that podocytes can be rescued via TNT-mediated horizontal transfer may open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barutta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefania Bellini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research Mario Negri, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research Mario Negri, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Salvidio
- Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), San Martino University Hospital Clinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d’Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Durazzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gabriella Gruden
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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26
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Mabille D, Cardoso Santos C, Hendrickx R, Claes M, Takac P, Clayton C, Hendrickx S, Hulpia F, Maes L, Van Calenbergh S, Caljon G. 4E Interacting Protein as a Potential Novel Drug Target for Nucleoside Analogues in Trypanosoma brucei. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040826. [PMID: 33924674 PMCID: PMC8069773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected parasitic disease for which the current treatment options are quite limited. Trypanosomes are not able to synthesize purines de novo and thus solely depend on purine salvage from the host environment. This characteristic makes players of the purine salvage pathway putative drug targets. The activity of known nucleoside analogues such as tubercidin and cordycepin led to the development of a series of C7-substituted nucleoside analogues. Here, we use RNA interference (RNAi) libraries to gain insight into the mode-of-action of these novel nucleoside analogues. Whole-genome RNAi screening revealed the involvement of adenosine kinase and 4E interacting protein into the mode-of-action of certain antitrypanosomal nucleoside analogues. Using RNAi lines and gene-deficient parasites, 4E interacting protein was found to be essential for parasite growth and infectivity in the vertebrate host. The essential nature of this gene product and involvement in the activity of certain nucleoside analogues indicates that it represents a potential novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Camila Cardoso Santos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular (LBC), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rik Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Mathieu Claes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Scientica, Ltd., 83106 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christine Clayton
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Campus Heymans, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (F.H.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Campus Heymans, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium; (F.H.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (D.M.); (C.C.S.); (R.H.); (M.C.); (S.H.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Rajasekaran S, Chitraa T, Dilip Chand Raja S, Raveendran M, Sharon Miracle N, Sri Vijayanand KS, Ajoy Prasad S, Rishi Mugesh K. Subclinical infection can be an initiator of inflammaging leading to degenerative disk disease: evidence from host-defense response mechanisms. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:2586-2604. [PMID: 33835272 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is considerable controversy on the role of genetics, mechanical and environmental factors, and, recently, on subclinical infection in triggering inflammaging leading to disk degeneration. The present study investigated sequential molecular events in the host, analyzing proteome level changes that will reveal triggering factors of inflammaging and degeneration. METHODS Ten MRI normal disks (ND) from braindead organ donors and 17 degenerated disks (DD) from surgery were subjected to in-gel-based label-free ESI-LC-MS/MS analysis. Bacterial-responsive host-defense response proteins/pathways leading to Inflammaging were identified and compared between ND and DD. RESULTS Out of the 263 well-established host-defense response proteins (HDRPs), 243 proteins were identified, and 64 abundantly expressed HDRPs were analyzed further. Among the 21 HDRPs common to both ND and DD, complement factor 3 (C3) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) were significantly upregulated, and lysozyme (LYZ), superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), phospholipase-A2 (PLA2G2A), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3) were downregulated in DD. Forty-two specific HDRPs mainly, complement proteins, apolipoproteins, and antimicrobial proteins involved in the complement cascade, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative-stress regulation pathways representing an ongoing host response to subclinical infection and uncontrolled inflammation were identified in DD. Protein-Protein interaction analysis revealed cross talk between most of the expressed HDRPs, adding evidence to bacterial presence and stimulation of these defense pathways. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of HDRPs involved in complement cascades, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative-stress regulation indicated an ongoing infection mediated inflammatory process in DD. Our study has documented increasing evidence for bacteria's role in triggering the innate immune system leading to chronic inflammation and degenerative disk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajasekaran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Tangavel Chitraa
- Ganga Research Centre, No 91, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, 641030, India
| | - S Dilip Chand Raja
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Raveendran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | | | - K S Sri Vijayanand
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Shetty Ajoy Prasad
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kanna Rishi Mugesh
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
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A focus on the association of Apol1 with kidney disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:777-788. [PMID: 32253519 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals of African origin have an increased risk of developing various progressive chronic kidney diseases (CKD). This risk has been attributed to genetic variants (G1, G2) in apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) gene. In the pediatric population, especially in children affected by sickle cell disease (SCD), by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or with various glomerular diseases, APOL1 risk variants have been associated with the development of hypertension, albuminuria, and more rapid decline of kidney function. The present review focuses on existing APOL1-related epidemiological data in children with CKD. It also includes data from studies addressing racial disparities in CKD, the APOL1-related innate immunity, and the relationship between APOL1 and CKD and pathogenic pathways mediating APOL1-related kidney injury.
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29
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Pays E, Nolan DP. Genetic and immunological basis of human African trypanosomiasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:13-20. [PMID: 33721725 PMCID: PMC8589022 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, results from infection by two subspecies of the protozoan flagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei, termed Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, prevalent in western and eastern Africa respectively. These subspecies escape the trypanolytic potential of human serum, which efficiently acts against the prototype species Trypanosoma brucei brucei, responsible for the Nagana disease in cattle. We review the various strategies and components used by trypanosomes to counteract the immune defences of their host, highlighting the adaptive genomic evolution that occurred in both parasite and host to take the lead in this battle. The main parasite surface antigen, named Variant Surface Glycoprotein or VSG, appears to play a key role in different processes involved in the dialogue with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Derek P Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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30
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Bílý T, Sheikh S, Mallet A, Bastin P, Pérez-Morga D, Lukeš J, Hashimi H. Ultrastructural Changes of the Mitochondrion During the Life Cycle of Trypanosoma brucei. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 68:e12846. [PMID: 33624359 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is crucial for ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation, among other processes. Cristae are invaginations of the mitochondrial inner membrane that house nearly all the macromolecular complexes that perform oxidative phosphorylation. The unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei undergoes during its life cycle extensive remodeling of its single mitochondrion, which reflects major changes in its energy metabolism. While the bloodstream form (BSF) generates ATP exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation and has a morphologically highly reduced mitochondrion, the insect-dwelling procyclic form (PCF) performs oxidative phosphorylation and has an expanded and reticulated organelle. Here, we have performed high-resolution 3D reconstruction of BSF and PCF mitochondria, with a particular focus on their cristae. By measuring the volumes and surface areas of these structures in complete or nearly complete cells, we have found that mitochondrial cristae are more prominent in BSF than previously thought and their biogenesis seems to be maintained during the cell cycle. Furthermore, PCF cristae exhibit a surprising range of volumes in situ, implying that each crista is acting as an independent bioenergetic unit. Cristae appear to be particularly enriched in the region of the organelle between the nucleus and kinetoplast, the mitochondrial genome, suggesting this part has distinctive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Bílý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Shaghayegh Sheikh
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Ultrastructural Bio Imaging Unit, C2RT, Institut Pasteur & Sorbonne Université école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit & INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM & Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Hashimi
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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31
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Abstract
Rates of many types of severe kidney disease are much higher in Black individuals than most other ethnic groups. Much of this disparity can now be attributed to genetic variants in the apoL1 (APOL1) gene found only in individuals with recent African ancestry. These variants greatly increase rates of hypertension-associated ESKD, FSGS, HIV-associated nephropathy, and other forms of nondiabetic kidney disease. We discuss the population genetics of APOL1 risk variants and the clinical spectrum of APOL1 nephropathy. We then consider clinical issues that arise for the practicing nephrologist caring for the patient who may have APOL1 kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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32
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Ge M, Molina J, Ducasa GM, Mallela SK, Varona Santos J, Mitrofanova A, Kim JJ, Liu X, Sloan A, Mendez AJ, Banerjee S, Liu S, Szeto HH, Shin MK, Hoek M, Kopp JB, Fontanesi F, Merscher S, Fornoni A. APOL1 risk variants affect podocyte lipid homeostasis and energy production in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:182-197. [PMID: 33517446 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity was recently reported in several forms of kidney disease, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Susceptibility to FSGS in African Americans is associated with the presence of genetic variants of the Apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) named G1 and G2. If and how endogenous APOL1 may alter mitochondrial function by the modifying cellular lipid metabolism is unknown. Using transgenic mice expressing the APOL1 variants (G0, G1 or G2) under endogenous promoter, we show that APOL1 risk variant expression in transgenic mice does not impair kidney function at baseline. However, APOL1 G1 expression worsens proteinuria and kidney function in mice characterized by the podocyte inducible expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), which we have found to cause FSGS. APOL1 G1 expression in this FSGS-model also results in increased triglyceride and cholesterol ester contents in kidney cortices, where lipid accumulation correlated with loss of renal function. In vitro, we show that the expression of endogenous APOL1 G1/G2 in human urinary podocytes is associated with increased cellular triglyceride content and is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in the presence of compensatory oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes elevation. Our findings indicate that APOL1 risk variant expression increases the susceptibility to lipid-dependent podocyte injury, ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - G Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Shamroop K Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Alexis Sloan
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Armando J Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Shaoyi Liu
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria Launch Labs, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria Launch Labs, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Myung K Shin
- Merck & Company, Inc., Kennilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Merck & Company, Inc., Kennilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Pays E. The function of apolipoproteins L (APOLs): relevance for kidney disease, neurotransmission disorders, cancer and viral infection. FEBS J 2021; 288:360-381. [PMID: 32530132 PMCID: PMC7891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is the trypanolytic factor of human serum raised interest about the function of APOLs, especially following the unexpected finding that in addition to their protective action against sleeping sickness, APOL1 C-terminal variants also cause kidney disease. Based on the analysis of the structure and trypanolytic activity of APOL1, it was proposed that APOLs could function as ion channels of intracellular membranes and be involved in mechanisms triggering programmed cell death. In this review, the recent finding that APOL1 and APOL3 inversely control the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) by the Golgi PI(4)-kinase IIIB (PI4KB) is commented. APOL3 promotes Ca2+ -dependent activation of PI4KB, but due to their increased interaction with APOL3, APOL1 C-terminal variants can inactivate APOL3, leading to reduction of Golgi PI(4)P synthesis. The impact of APOLs on several pathological processes that depend on Golgi PI(4)P levels is discussed. I propose that through their effect on PI4KB activity, APOLs control not only actomyosin activities related to vesicular trafficking, but also the generation and elongation of autophagosomes induced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular ParasitologyIBMMUniversité Libre de BruxellesGosseliesBelgium
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Madhavan SM, Buck M. The Relationship between APOL1 Structure and Function: Clinical Implications. KIDNEY360 2020; 2:134-140. [PMID: 35368828 PMCID: PMC8785724 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002482020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Common variants in the APOL1 gene are associated with an increased risk of nondiabetic kidney disease in individuals of African ancestry. Mechanisms by which APOL1 variants mediate kidney disease pathogenesis are not well understood. Amino acid changes resulting from the kidney disease-associated APOL1 variants alter the three-dimensional structure and conformational dynamics of the C-terminal α-helical domain of the protein, which can rationalize the functional consequences. Understanding the three-dimensional structure of the protein, with and without the risk variants, can provide insights into the pathogenesis of kidney diseases mediated by APOL1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lecordier L, Uzureau S, Vanwalleghem G, Deleu M, Crowet JM, Barry P, Moran B, Voorheis P, Dumitru AC, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Dieu M, Tebabi P, Vanhollebeke B, Lins L, Botté CY, Alsteens D, Dufrêne Y, Pérez-Morga D, Nolan DP, Pays E. The Trypanosoma Brucei KIFC1 Kinesin Ensures the Fast Antibody Clearance Required for Parasite Infectivity. iScience 2020; 23:101476. [PMID: 32889430 PMCID: PMC7479354 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei involves the trypanosome C-terminal kinesin TbKIFC1, which transports internalized trypanolytic factor apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) within the parasite. We show that TbKIFC1 preferentially associates with cholesterol-containing membranes and is indispensable for mammalian infectivity. Knockdown of TbKIFC1 did not affect trypanosome growth in vitro but rendered the parasites unable to infect mice unless antibody synthesis was compromised. Surface clearance of Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG)-antibody complexes was far slower in these cells, which were more susceptible to capture by macrophages. This phenotype was not due to defects in VSG expression or trafficking but to decreased VSG mobility in a less fluid, stiffer surface membrane. This change can be attributed to increased cholesterol level in the surface membrane in TbKIFC1 knockdown cells. Clearance of surface-bound antibodies by T. brucei is therefore essential for infectivity and depends on high membrane fluidity maintained by the cholesterol-trafficking activity of TbKIFC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sophie Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vanwalleghem
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paul Barry
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Barry Moran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul Voorheis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andra-Cristina Dumitru
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marc Dieu
- MaSUN, Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interface (LBMI), University of Liège-Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yves Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Derek P. Nolan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12, rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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37
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APOL1 variant-associated kidney disease: from trypanosomes to podocyte cytoskeleton. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1373-1377. [PMID: 32835731 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Valotteau C, Dumitru AC, Lecordier L, Alsteens D, Pays E, Pérez-Morga D, Dufrêne YF. Multiparametric Atomic Force Microscopy Identifies Multiple Structural and Physical Heterogeneities on the Surface of Trypanosoma brucei. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20953-20959. [PMID: 32875230 PMCID: PMC7450619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is the presence of an outer layer made of densely packed variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs), which enables the cells to survive in the bloodstream. Although the VSG coat is critical to pathogenesis, how exactly the glycoproteins are organized at the nanoscale is poorly understood. Here, we show that multiparametric atomic force microscopy is a powerful nanoimaging tool for the structural and mechanical characterization of trypanosomes, in a label-free manner and in buffer solution. Directly correlated images of the structure and elasticity of trypanosomes enable us to identify multiple nanoscale mechanical heterogeneities on the cell surface. On a ∼250 nm scale, regions of softer (Young's modulus ∼50 kPa) and stiffer (∼100 kPa) elasticity alternate, revealing variations of the VSG coat and underlying structures. Our nanoimaging experiments show that the T. brucei cell surface is more heterogeneous than previously anticipated and offer promising prospects for the design of trypanocidal drugs targeting cell surface components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Valotteau
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Andra C. Dumitru
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory
of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, 12
rue des professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon
Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), B-1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Vajgel G, Lima SC, Santana DJS, Oliveira CBL, Costa DMN, Hicks PJ, Cavalcante MAGM, Langefeld CD, Valente LM, Crovella S, Kirsztajn GM, Freedman BI, Sandrin-Garcia P. Effect of a Single Apolipoprotein L1 Gene Nephropathy Variant on the Risk of Advanced Lupus Nephritis in Brazilians. J Rheumatol 2020; 47:1209-1217. [PMID: 31732553 PMCID: PMC7225043 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) G1 and G2 renal risk alleles (RRA) are associated with endstage renal disease in blacks with lupus nephritis (LN). The present study determined frequencies of APOL1 RRA in nonwhite Brazilian patients with LN and controls to assess association with renal outcomes. METHODS APOL1 RRA were genotyped in 222 healthy blood donors (controls) and 201 cases with LN from 3 outpatient clinics. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the G1 (rs73885319 and rs60910145) and an indel for the G2 (rs71785313) variant were genotyped. RESULTS The frequency of APOL1 RRA in nonwhite Brazilian LN cases did not differ significantly from healthy controls, and few participants had 2 RRA. In the sample, 84.6% of LN cases and 84.2% of controls had 0 RRA, 13.4% and 15.3% had 1 RRA, and 2.0% and 0.4% had 2 RRA, respectively. LN cases with ≥ 1 APOL1 RRA had similar baseline characteristics and renal responses to treatment, yet faced higher risk for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) to an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 compared to those with 0 RRA (11.2% with 0, 29.6% with 1; 50% with 2 RRA, p = 0.005). Although glomerular lesions and activity scores on initial kidney biopsy did not differ significantly between individuals based on APOL1 genotype, chronicity scores, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were more severe in those with ≥ 1 RRA (p = 0.011, p = 0.002, p = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSION Although initial kidney lesions and treatment responses were similar, a single APOL1 RRA in nonwhite Brazilians with LN was associated with increased risk of advanced CKD and possibly more tubulointerstitial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Vajgel
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE.
| | - Suelen Cristina Lima
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Diego Jeronimo S Santana
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Camila B L Oliveira
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Denise Maria N Costa
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Pamela J Hicks
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Maria Alina G M Cavalcante
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Lucila Maria Valente
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Sergio Crovella
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Gianna Mastroianni Kirsztajn
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Barry I Freedman
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
| | - Paula Sandrin-Garcia
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE); Molecular Biology Laboratory, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory (LIKA), UFPE; Division of Nephrology, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, and Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- G. Vajgel, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; S.C. Lima, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; D.J. Santana, UG, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; C.B. Oliveira, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; D.M. Costa, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE, and Division of Nephrology, IMIP; P.J. Hicks, BS, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; M.A. Cavalcante, MD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; C.D. Langefeld, PhD, Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine; L.M. Valente, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE; S. Crovella, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE; G.M. Kirsztajn, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UNIFESP; B.I. Freedman, MD, Center for Diabetes Research, and Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; P. Sandrin-Garcia, PhD, Molecular Biology Laboratory, LIKA, UFPE
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Schaub C, Verdi J, Lee P, Terra N, Limon G, Raper J, Thomson R. Cation channel conductance and pH gating of the innate immunity factor APOL1 are governed by pore-lining residues within the C-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13138-13149. [PMID: 32727852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human innate immunity factor apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1) protects against infection by several protozoan parasites, including Trypanosoma brucei brucei Endocytosis and acidification of high-density lipoprotein-associated APOL1 in trypanosome endosomes leads to eventual lysis of the parasite due to increased plasma membrane cation permeability, followed by colloid-osmotic swelling. It was previously shown that recombinant APOL1 inserts into planar lipid bilayers at acidic pH to form pH-gated nonselective cation channels that are opened upon pH neutralization. This corresponds to the pH changes encountered during endocytic recycling, suggesting APOL1 forms a cytotoxic cation channel in the parasite plasma membrane. Currently, the mechanism and domains required for channel formation have yet to be elucidated, although a predicted helix-loop-helix (H-L-H) was suggested to form pores by virtue of its similarity to bacterial pore-forming colicins. Here, we compare recombinant human and baboon APOL1 orthologs, along with interspecies chimeras and individual amino acid substitutions, to identify regions required for channel formation and pH gating in planar lipid bilayers. We found that whereas neutralization of glutamates within the H-L-H may be important for pH-dependent channel formation, there was no evidence of H-L-H involvement in either pH gating or ion selectivity. In contrast, we found two residues in the C-terminal domain, tyrosine 351 and glutamate 355, that influence pH gating properties, as well as a single residue, aspartate 348, that determines both cation selectivity and pH gating. These data point to the predicted transmembrane region closest to the APOL1 C terminus as the pore-lining segment of this novel channel-forming protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Schaub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Verdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Penny Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Nada Terra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Gina Limon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA; NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA
| | - Russell Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, USA.
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Chidiac M, Daher J, Boeckstaens M, Poelvoorde P, Badran B, Marini AM, Khalaf R, Vanhamme L. Human apolipoprotein L1 interferes with mitochondrial function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1910-1920. [PMID: 32583004 PMCID: PMC7411449 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, the vertebrate apolipoprotein L (APOL) family has not previously been ascribed to any definite pathophysiological function, although the conserved BH3 protein domain suggests a role in programmed cell death or an interference with mitochondrial processes. In the present study, the human APOL1 was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to determine the molecular action of APOL1. APOL1 inhibited cell proliferation in a non-fermentable carbon source, such as glycerol, while it had no effect on proliferation in fermentable carbon sources, such as galactose. APOL1, expressed in yeast, is localized in the mitochondrial fraction, as determined via western blotting. APOL1 induced a loss of mitochondrial function, demonstrated by a loss of respiratory index, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Green fluorescent protein tagging of mitochondrial protein revealed that APOL1 was associated with abnormal mitochondrial and lysosomal morphologies, observed by a loss of the normal mitochondrial tubular network. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that APOL1 could be a physiological regulator of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chidiac
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jalil Daher
- Department of Biology, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Philippe Poelvoorde
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Bassam Badran
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Immunology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, P.O. Box 6573, Hadath‑Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport Biology, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Laboratory of Gene Molecular Biology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is a protein encoded by the APOL1 gene, found only in humans and several primates. Two variants encoding two different isoforms exist for APOL1, namely G1 and G2. These variants confer increased protection against trypanosome infection, and subsequent African sleeping sickness, and also increase the likelihood of renal disease in individuals of African ancestry. APOL1 mutations are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease, inflammation, and exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated renal dysfunction. This review serves to outline the structure and function of APOL1, as well as its role in several disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Raghubeer
- Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology-Bellville Campus, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tahir S Pillay
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tandi Edith Matsha
- Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology-Bellville Campus, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Xu ZS, Li FJ, Hide G, Lun ZR, Lai DH. Vacuolar ATPase depletion contributes to dysregulation of endocytosis in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:214. [PMID: 32334612 PMCID: PMC7183646 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved protein complex which hydrolyzes ATP and pumps protons to acidify vacuolar vesicles. Beyond its role in pH maintenance, the involvement of V-ATPase in endocytosis is well documented in mammals and plants but is less clear in Trypanosoma brucei. Methods In this study, the subcellular localization of V-ATPase subunit B (TbVAB) of T. brucei was assessed via in situ N-terminal YFP-tagging and immunofluorescence assays. Transgenic bloodstream forms (BSF) of T. brucei were generated which comprised either a V-ATPase subunit B (TbVAB) conditional knockout or a V-ATPase subunit A (TbVAA) knockdown. Acridine orange and BCECF-AM were employed to assess the roles of V-ATPase in the pH regulation of BSF T. brucei. The endocytic activities of three markers were also characterized by flow cytometry analyses. Furthermore, trypanosomes were counted from trypanolysis treatment groups (either containing 1% or 5% NHS) and endocytosed trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) was also analyzed by an immunoblotting assay. Results TbVAB was found to localize to acidocalcisomes, lysosomes and probably also to endosomes of BSF of T. brucei and was demonstrated to be essential for cell growth. TbVAB depletion neutralized acidic organelles at 24 hours post-tetracycline depletion (hpd), meanwhile the steady state intracellular pH increased from 7.016 ± 0.013 to 7.422 ± 0.058. Trypanosomes with TbVAB depletion at 24 hpd were found to take up more transferrin (2.068 ± 0.277 fold) but less tomato lectin (49.31 ± 22.57%) by endocytosis, while no significant change was detected in dextran uptake. Similar endocytic dysregulated phenotypes were also observed in TbVAA knockdown cells. In addition, TbVAB depleted trypanosomes showed a low uptake of TLF and exhibited less sensitive to lysis in both 1% and 5% NHS treatments. Conclusions TbVAB is a key component of V-ATPase and was found to play a key function in endocytosis as well as exhibiting different effects in a receptor/cargo dependent manner in BSF of T. brucei. Besides vacuolar alkalinization, the dysregulation of endocytosis in TbVAB depleted T. brucei is considered to contribute to the reduced sensitivity to lysis by normal human serum.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shen Xu
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 11754, Singapore
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China. .,Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK.
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, The People's Republic of China.
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Uzureau S, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Hennig D, Graversen JH, Homblé F, Mfutu PE, Oliveira Arcolino F, Ramos AR, La Rovere RM, Luyten T, Vermeersch M, Tebabi P, Dieu M, Cuypers B, Deborggraeve S, Rabant M, Legendre C, Moestrup SK, Levtchenko E, Bultynck G, Erneux C, Pérez-Morga D, Pays E. APOL1 C-Terminal Variants May Trigger Kidney Disease through Interference with APOL3 Control of Actomyosin. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3821-3836.e13. [PMID: 32187552 PMCID: PMC7090385 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal variants G1 and G2 of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) confer human resistance to the sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma rhodesiense, but they also increase the risk of kidney disease. APOL1 and APOL3 are death-promoting proteins that are partially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. We report that in podocytes, either APOL1 C-terminal helix truncation (APOL1Δ) or APOL3 deletion (APOL3KO) induces similar actomyosin reorganization linked to the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] synthesis by the Golgi PI(4)-kinase IIIB (PI4KB). Both APOL1 and APOL3 can form K+ channels, but only APOL3 exhibits Ca2+-dependent binding of high affinity to neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), promoting NCS-1-PI4KB interaction and stimulating PI4KB activity. Alteration of the APOL1 C-terminal helix triggers APOL1 unfolding and increased binding to APOL3, affecting APOL3-NCS-1 interaction. Since the podocytes of G1 and G2 patients exhibit an APOL1Δ or APOL3KO-like phenotype, APOL1 C-terminal variants may induce kidney disease by preventing APOL3 from activating PI4KB, with consecutive actomyosin reorganization of podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Uzureau
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), CHU Charleroi, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny le Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Dorle Hennig
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Homblé
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pepe Ekulu Mfutu
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ana Raquel Ramos
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita M La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Patricia Tebabi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- URBC-Narilis, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marion Rabant
- Adult Nephrology-Transplantation Department, Paris Hospitals and Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Pathology Department, Paris Hospitals and Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Søren K Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Human and Molecular Biology, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Abstract
The shape and number of mitochondria respond to the metabolic needs during the cell cycle of the eukaryotic cell. In the best-studied model systems of animals and fungi, the cells contain many mitochondria, each carrying its own nucleoid. The organelles, however, mostly exist as a dynamic network, which undergoes constant cycles of division and fusion. These mitochondrial dynamics are driven by intricate protein machineries centered around dynamin-related proteins (DRPs). Here, we review recent advances on the dynamics of mitochondria and mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) of parasitic protists. In contrast to animals and fungi, many parasitic protists from groups of Apicomplexa or Kinetoplastida carry only a single mitochondrion with a single nucleoid. In these groups, mitochondrial division is strictly coupled to the cell cycle, and the morphology of the organelle responds to the cell differentiation during the parasite life cycle. On the other hand, anaerobic parasitic protists such as Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas contain multiple MROs that have lost their organellar genomes. We discuss the function of DRPs, the occurrence of mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy in the parasitic protists from the perspective of eukaryote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Genetic variants in the APOL1 gene, found only in individuals of recent African ancestry, greatly increase risk of multiple types of kidney disease. These APOL1 kidney risk alleles are a rare example of genetic variants that are common but also have a powerful effect on disease susceptibility. These alleles rose to high frequency in sub-Saharan Africa because they conferred protection against pathogenic trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness. We consider the genetic evidence supporting the association between APOL1 and kidney disease across the range of clinical phenotypes in the APOL1 nephropathy spectrum. We then explore the origins of the APOL1 risk variants and evolutionary struggle between humans and trypanosomes at both the molecular and population genetic level. Finally, we survey the rapidly growing literature investigating APOL1 biology as elucidated from experiments in cell-based systems, cell-free systems, mouse and lower organism models of disease, and through illuminating natural experiments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Friedman
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; ,
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Shah SS, Lannon H, Dias L, Zhang JY, Alper SL, Pollak MR, Friedman DJ. APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants Induce Cell Death via Mitochondrial Translocation and Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2355-2368. [PMID: 31558683 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic Variants in Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with large increases in CKD rates among African Americans. Experiments in cell and mouse models suggest that these risk-related polymorphisms are toxic gain-of-function variants that cause kidney dysfunction, following a recessive mode of inheritance. Recent data in trypanosomes and in human cells indicate that such variants may cause toxicity through their effects on mitochondria. METHODS To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL1 risk variant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we generated tetracycline-inducible HEK293 T-REx cells stably expressing the APOL1 nonrisk G0 variant or APOL1 risk variants. Using these cells, we mapped the molecular pathway from mitochondrial import of APOL1 protein to APOL1-induced cell death with small interfering RNA knockdowns, pharmacologic inhibitors, blue native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore function. RESULTS We found that the APOL1 G0 and risk variant proteins shared the same import pathway into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, G0 remained monomeric, whereas risk variant proteins were prone to forming higher-order oligomers. Both nonrisk G0 and risk variant proteins bound components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but only risk variant proteins activated pore opening. Blocking mitochondrial import of APOL1 risk variants largely eliminated oligomer formation and also rescued toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our study illuminates important differences in the molecular behavior of APOL1 nonrisk and risk variants, and our observations suggest a mechanism that may explain the very different functional effects of these variants, despite the lack of consistently observed differences in trafficking patterns, intracellular localization, or binding partners. Variant-dependent differences in oligomerization pattern may underlie APOL1's recessive, gain-of-function biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijal S Shah
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Herbert Lannon
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leny Dias
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jia-Yue Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Seth L Alper
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Friedman
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kamoto K, Noyes H, Nambala P, Senga E, Musaya J, Kumwenda B, Bucheton B, Macleod A, Cooper A, Clucas C, Herz-Fowler C, Matove E, Chiwaya AM, Chisi JE. Association of APOL1 renal disease risk alleles with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection outcomes in the northern part of Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007603. [PMID: 31412021 PMCID: PMC6750591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) rhodesiense is the cause of the acute form of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in eastern and southern African countries. There is some evidence that there is diversity in the disease progression of T.b. rhodesiense in different countries. HAT in Malawi is associated with a chronic haemo-lymphatic stage infection compared to other countries, such as Uganda, where the disease is acute with more marked neurological impairment. This has raised the question of the role of host genetic factors in infection outcomes. A candidate gene association study was conducted in the northern region of Malawi. This was a case-control study involving 202 subjects, 70 cases and 132 controls. All individuals were from one area; born in the area and had been exposed to the risk of infection since birth. Ninety-six markers were genotyped from 17 genes: IL10, IL8, IL4, HLA-G, TNFA, IL6, IFNG, MIF, APOL, HLA-A, IL1B, IL4R, IL12B, IL12R, HP, HPR, and CFH. There was a strong significant association with APOL1 G2 allele (p = 0.0000105, OR = 0.14, CI95 = [0.05-0.41], BONF = 0.00068) indicating that carriers of the G2 allele were protected against T.b. rhodesiense HAT. SNP rs2069845 in IL6 had raw p < 0.05, but did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. There were no associations found with the other 15 candidate genes. Our finding confirms results from other studies that the G2 variant of APOL1 is associated with protection against T.b. rhodesiense HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelita Kamoto
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Nambala
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Edward Senga
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Janelisa Musaya
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Benjamin Kumwenda
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IRD-CIRAD 177, Montpellier, France
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Annette Macleod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Clucas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John E. Chisi
- University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
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Chemogenomic Profiling of Antileishmanial Efficacy and Resistance in the Related Kinetoplastid Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00795-19. [PMID: 31160283 PMCID: PMC6658743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00795-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Therefore, we screened our genome-scale T. brucei RNA interference (RNAi) library against the current antileishmanial drugs sodium stibogluconate (antimonial), paromomycin, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. Identification of T. brucei orthologues of the known Leishmania antimonial and miltefosine plasma membrane transporters effectively validated our approach, while a cohort of 42 novel drug efficacy determinants provides new insights and serves as a resource. Follow-up analyses revealed the antimonial selectivity of the aquaglyceroporin TbAQP3. A lysosomal major facilitator superfamily transporter contributes to paromomycin-aminoglycoside efficacy. The vesicle-associated membrane protein TbVAMP7B and a flippase contribute to amphotericin B and miltefosine action and are potential cross-resistance determinants. Finally, multiple phospholipid-transporting flippases, including the T. brucei orthologue of the Leishmania miltefosine transporter, a putative β-subunit/CDC50 cofactor, and additional membrane-associated hits, affect amphotericin B efficacy, providing new insights into mechanisms of drug uptake and action. The findings from this orthology-based chemogenomic profiling approach substantially advance our understanding of antileishmanial drug action and potential resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the development of improved therapies as well as surveillance for drug-resistant parasites.
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50
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Ekulu PM, Nkoy AB, Betukumesu DK, Aloni MN, Makulo JRR, Sumaili EK, Mafuta EM, Elmonem MA, Arcolino FO, Kitetele FN, Lepira FB, van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko EN. APOL1 Risk Genotypes Are Associated With Early Kidney Damage in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:930-938. [PMID: 31317115 PMCID: PMC6612006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) risk variants G1 and G2 increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), including HIV-related CKD, among African Americans. However, such data from populations living in Africa, especially children, remain limited. Our research aimed to determine the prevalence of APOL1 risk variants and to assess the association between these variants and early-stage CKD in the general pediatric population and HIV-infected children. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled 412 children from the general population and 401 HIV-infected children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). APOL1 high-risk genotype (HRG) was defined by the presence of 2 risk variants (G1/G1, G2/G2, or G1/G2), and low-risk genotype (LRG) by the presence of 0 or 1 risk variants. The main outcome was elevated albuminuria, defined as a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. RESULTS APOL1 sequence analysis revealed that in the general population, 29 of 412 participants (7.0%) carried HRG, 84 of 412 (20.4%) carried the G1/G0 genotype, and 61 of 412 (14.8%) carried the G2/G0 genotype. In HIV-infected children, 23 of 401 (5.7%) carried HRG, and the same trend as in the general population was observed in regard to the prevalence of LRG. Univariate analysis showed that in the general population, 5 of 29 participants (17.2%) carrying HRG had elevated albuminuria, compared with 35 of 383 (9.0%) with LRG (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-6.0; P = 0.13). In HIV-infected children, participants who carried APOL1 HRG had almost 22-fold increased odds of albuminuria compared to those with LRG. CONCLUSION The APOL1 risk variants are prevalent in children living in DRC. HRG carriers have increased odds of early kidney disease, and infection with HIV dramatically increases this probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepe M. Ekulu
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Agathe B. Nkoy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dieumerci K. Betukumesu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Michel N. Aloni
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Robert R. Makulo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ernest K. Sumaili
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eric M. Mafuta
- Department of Biostatistics, Health Public School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fanny O. Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Faustin N. Kitetele
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Kalembelembe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - François B. Lepira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elena N. Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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