1
|
Mohammadi E, Yoosefi M, Shaker E, Shahmohamadi E, Ghasemi E, Ahmadi N, Azadnajafabad S, Rashidi MM, Rezaei N, Koolaji S, Dilmaghani-Marand A, Fateh SM, Kazemi A, Haghshenas R, Rezaei N. 'Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model'. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:1095-1103. [PMID: 37975079 PMCID: PMC10638340 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose While many studies have reported hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension (PHTN) in large geographic locations of Iran, information regarding district levels is missing. We aimed to examine inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment of adults in districts of Iran. Methods We used 27,165 participants' data from the STEPS 2016 study in Iran. A small area estimation model was carried out to predict HTN in the 429 districts of Iran. HTN and PHTN were defined based on the American Heart Association Guideline. Awareness of being hypertensive, treatment coverage, and effective treatment were also estimated. Results HTN's crude prevalence was estimated to be in the range of 11.5-42.2% in districts. About PHTN, it was estimated to be 19.9-56.1%. Moreover, for awareness, treatment coverage, and effective treatment crude estimates ranged from 24.3 to 79.9%, 9.1 - 64.6%, and 19.5 - 68.3%, respectively, indicating inequalities in the distribution of aforementioned variables in 429 districts of Iran. Overall, better conditions were detected in central geographical locations and in females. Conclusion The inequality of increased blood pressure disorder and related measures are high in districts of Iran and pave the way for policymakers and local health organizers to use the findings of this study to address the inequity of existing resources and improve HTN control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Yoosefi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Shaker
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Shahmohamadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ahmadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Azadnajafabad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Koolaji
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Mohammadi Fateh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Kazemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosa Haghshenas
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meher M, Pradhan S, Pradhan SR. Risk Factors Associated With Hypertension in Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37467. [PMID: 37187665 PMCID: PMC10181897 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
On a global scale, hypertension ranks third among the six major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The risk of heart disease, stroke, and renal failure is all significantly increased by hypertension. We looked for papers on risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults on Google Scholar and PubMed. "Hypertension," "young adults," and "risk factors" were the search terms. Eligibility testing was done in a standardized, non-blinded way. The first author, year of publication, subject related to hypertension in young adults, and risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults were all retrieved from each paper. A PubMed search yielded 150 results. In all, 10 papers were considered in our review, which were published between 2017 and 2021. Most of the studies considered were carried out by foreign research groups. Adults who smoke, chew tobacco, drink alcohol, are obese, engage in sedentary behavior, consume too much salt, and have unhealthy lifestyles are at a higher risk of developing hypertension. In addition to these risk factors, there were additional important risk variables such as illiteracy, illness ignorance, a disregard for one's health, and a society that values men more than women. The way of life is radically altering because of people adjusting to Western culture. Smoking, drinking, being overweight, and eating too much salt are the primary risk factors for hypertension. This shows that in order to live a happier and healthier life, it is important to increase people's understanding of and attitudes toward the prevention and control of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghanad Meher
- General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sourabh Pradhan
- General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Soumya Ranjan Pradhan
- General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA) Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, IND
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim J, Kim D, Jang E, Kim D, You SC, Yu HT, Lee MY, Lip G, Yang PS, Joung B. Associations of high-normal blood pressure and impaired fasting glucose with atrial fibrillation. Heart 2023; 109:929-935. [PMID: 36750354 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of high-normal blood pressure (BP) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in two cohorts. METHODS The Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening (K-NHIS-HealS, 2002-2003, follow-up until 2013) Study and the UK Biobank (2007-2010, follow-up until 2021) were evaluated. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the associations of high-normal BP and IFG with incident AF. RESULTS In the K-NHIS-HealS and the UK Biobank, 2346 and 5314 incident AF events were recorded during the mean follow-up of 7.4 and 11.8 years. The adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for AF in the Korean and UK cohorts were 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) and 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) in individuals with high-normal BP; and 1.14 (1.04 to 1.25) and 1.10 (1.01 to 1.20) in individuals with IFG, respectively. The AF risk showed a dose-response relationship with BP and fasting blood glucose level. The risk of incident AF was increased by the combination of high-normal BP and IFG. CONCLUSIONS In healthy individuals, high-normal BP and IFG were important risk factors for AF. When high-normal BP and IFG were combined, the risk of new-onset AF was significantly increased. These findings may suggest that lifestyle interventions for high-normal BP and IFG should be considered to reduce the risk of AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntae Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dongmin Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eunsun Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seng Chan You
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hee Tae Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Myung-Yong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Gregory Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pil-Sung Yang
- Division of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mu TY, Zhu QY, Chen LS, Dong D, Xu JY, Xu RX, Shen CZ. Traditional Chinese Medicine constitution types of high-normal blood pressure: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13438. [PMID: 36825189 PMCID: PMC9941946 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We determined the distribution of constitutional types of high-normal blood pressure in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and provided evidence for the prevention of high-normal blood pressure and hypertension. Methods Eight digital databases were searched from January 2011 to November 2022, including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, CNKI, CBM, Wangfang, and CQVIP. We performed a meta-analysis with the random-effects model or fixed-effects model to describe the distribution of constitutional types of high-normal blood pressure in TCM. The studies were assessed based on heterogeneity testing and the potential for publication bias. The meta-analysis was performed on Stata software 15.0. Results A total of 17 studies with 8118 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The proportion of the biased constitution (82.3%; 95% CI: 75.6%-89.1%, p < 0.001) was higher than the balanced constitution (17.3%; 95% CI: 10.7-23.8%, p < 0.001). Phlegm-dampness constitution, Yin-deficiency constitution, and damp-heat constitution accounted for 16.0% (95%CI: 10.5-21.5%, p < 0.001), 14.8% (95% CI: 11.0-18.6%, p < 0.001), 11.3% (95% CI: 8.0-14.5%, p < 0.001) of the total high-normal blood pressure cases, respectively. The subgroup analyses performed that region, age and gender were positively associated with the distribution of constitution types of high-normal blood pressure in TCM. Compared with the general population, the risk of high-normal blood pressure in people with the phlegm-dampness constitution, Yin-deficiency constitution, and blood-stasis constitution was 2.665 (95%CI: 2.286-3.106, p < 0.001), 2.378 (95%CI: 1.197-4.724, p = 0.013), 1.965 (95%CI: 1.634-2.363, p < 0.001) times of the general population, respectively. Meanwhile, the risk of high-normal blood pressure was lower in people with a balanced constitution (0.248, 95%CI: 0.165-0.372, p < 0.001). Conclusions Phlegm-dampness constitution, Yin-deficiency constitution, and damp-heat constitution were the common constitution types of high-normal blood pressure. There might also be differences in the distribution characteristics of TCM constitution among people with high-normal blood pressure in different regions, ages, and genders. Finally, a balanced constitution might be a protective factor for hypertensive people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-yu Mu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian-yin Zhu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-shan Chen
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Die Dong
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-yi Xu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ri-xiang Xu
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Cui-zhen Shen
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mu T, Xu R, Zhu Q, Chen L, Dong D, Xu J, Shen C. Diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among young and middle-aged individuals with high-normal blood pressure: A cross-sectional study in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:898457. [PMID: 36117602 PMCID: PMC9479537 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.898457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary modifications play an important role in the prevention and management of high-normal blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study was to investigate diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, and the socio-demographic determinants of these, among young and middle-aged Chinese individuals with high-normal BP. Methods Data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were analyzed in this study. A total of 1,756 subjects with high-normal BP were included. A chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the risk factors toward diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Results A total of 37.4% of the participants knew about the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) or the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (DGCR). Overall, 39.8% of the subjects were classified as having adequate diet-related knowledge literacy, 27.8% reported positive diet-related attitudes to healthy eating, and 35.3% reportedly looked for nutrition knowledge. Of note, 72.4% and 80.1% of the participants reported liking to eat fruits and vegetables, respectively. Individuals with a middle school education [odds ratio (OR) = 1.784, 95% CI = 1.236-2.576], high school/vocational education (OR = 1.944, 95% CI = 1.305-2.896), and college degree or above (OR = 2.089, 95% CI = 1.341-3.322), who were living in a rural area (OR = 1.311, 95% CI = 1.048-1.639), proactively looking for nutrition knowledge (OR = 1.529, 95% CI = 1.227-1.906), and reported liking to eat vegetables (OR = 1.939, 95% CI = 1.409-2.688), were more likely to have sufficient dietary knowledge literacy. Managers (OR = 1.655, 95% CI = 1.039-2.635) were more likely to have positive dietary attitudes. Female gender (OR = 1.396, 95% CI = 1.089-1.790), high school/vocational school education (OR = 2.071, 95% CI = 1.269-3.379), college degree and above (OR = 2.207, 95% CI = 1.262-3.862), knowledge about the CFP or DGCR (OR = 8.138, 95% CI = 6.326-10.468), and sufficient dietary knowledge literacy (OR = 1.338, 95% CI = 1.050-1.705) were associated with an increased likelihood of looking for nutrition knowledge. Conclusion Individuals with high-normal BP, predominantly males, living in rural area, with lower education, farmers, workers, service workers, and workers in the non-government employment unit may have poor diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Mu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rixiang Xu
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Rixiang Xu
| | - Qianyin Zhu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingshan Chen
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Die Dong
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuizhen Shen
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Cuizhen Shen
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
EL-Ashker S, Pednekar MS, Narake SS, Albaker W, Al-Hariri M. Blood Pressure and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Young Saudi Males in a University Setting. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:755. [PMID: 34440961 PMCID: PMC8399387 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) poses significant clinical and public health challenges across the world. This study aimed to study the metabolic risk factors and the association with blood pressure alteration. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between 2017 and 2018 among 284 male university students in Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. The obesity and cardiovascular measurements were taken using standardized instruments, including blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). Statistical Analysis: Blood pressure was classified according to the United States of America, Sixth Joint National committee (JNC-VI) guidelines. The mean and standard error were calculated for each hypertension group variable. Logistic regression was applied to predict associations. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 61.6%., and that of overweight and obesity was 16.5% and 34.9%, respectively. The cut-off values of BMI and WC were 22.23 and 75.24, respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR significantly predict hypertension and that WC has a greater discrimination capacity than other measures. The findings also emphasize the importance of cardiovascular risk screening for young adults to detect any alterations in blood pressure and thus identify the population that is vulnerable to CVDs at an early stage. The findings highlight the need for health and university policymakers to adopt measures to monitor and control hypertension and obesity at the university level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said EL-Ashker
- Self-Development Department, Deanship of Preparatory Year, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mangesh S. Pednekar
- Healis, Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai 400701, India; (M.S.P.); (S.S.N.)
| | - Sameer S. Narake
- Healis, Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai 400701, India; (M.S.P.); (S.S.N.)
| | - Waleed Albaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Al-Hariri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siggaard T, Reguant R, Jørgensen IF, Haue AD, Lademann M, Aguayo-Orozco A, Hjaltelin JX, Jensen AB, Banasik K, Brunak S. Disease trajectory browser for exploring temporal, population-wide disease progression patterns in 7.2 million Danish patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4952. [PMID: 33009368 PMCID: PMC7532164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the Danish Disease Trajectory Browser (DTB), a tool for exploring almost 25 years of data from the Danish National Patient Register. In the dataset comprising 7.2 million patients and 122 million admissions, users can identify diagnosis pairs with statistically significant directionality and combine them to linear disease trajectories. Users can search for one or more disease codes (ICD-10 classification) and explore disease progression patterns via an array of functionalities. For example, a set of linear trajectories can be merged into a disease trajectory network displaying the entire multimorbidity spectrum of a disease in a single connected graph. Using data from the Danish Register for Causes of Death mortality is also included. The tool is disease-agnostic across both rare and common diseases and is showcased by exploring multimorbidity in Down syndrome (ICD-10 code Q90) and hypertension (ICD-10 code I10). Finally, we show how search results can be customized and exported from the browser in a format of choice (i.e. JSON, PNG, JPEG and CSV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troels Siggaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roc Reguant
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabella F Jørgensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie D Haue
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Lademann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Aguayo-Orozco
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica X Hjaltelin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Boeck Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Borazjani R, Kojuri J, Abdi-Ardekani A, Izadpanah P, Dehghani P, Sayadi M, Attar A. Pharmacological treatment of high-normal blood pressure (prehypertension) in high-risk patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular events. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:1627-1634. [PMID: 32815661 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the best treatment strategy for patients with a high-normal blood pressure (prehypertension) is not known. The authors aimed to determine whether pharmacological reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) to a normal level (<120 mm Hg) would prevent cardiac morbidity and mortality in prehypertensive patients. In this secondary analysis, the authors obtained the data from SPRINT from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute data repository center. Among 9361 patients enrolled in SPRINT, 289 high-risk (ASCVD risk = 24.8% ± 13.0 [10-65]) prehypertensive patients without previous cardiovascular disease and not receiving any antihypertensive medications were enrolled. One hundred and forty-eight of them were assigned to standard treatment which consisted of clinical follow-up till SBP goes above 140 mm Hg and then staring medications to keep SBP <140 mm Hg. One hundred and forty-one were assigned to the intensive treatment receiving pharmacological SBP reduction to <120 mm Hg upon enrollment. The primary composite outcome was myocardial infarction, and other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. Throughout the 3.06 years of follow-up, a primary outcome event was confirmed in three participants (0.74% per year) in the intensive-treatment group and 8 (1.61% per year) in the standard-treatment group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.19; P = .045). Rates of serious adverse events were not increased by intensive-treatment (HR, 0.83; P = .506). Based on this secondary post hoc analysis, intensive SBP reduction may probably be beneficial for primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in high-risk prehypertensive patients. This finding needs to be evaluated in a larger trial designed specifically to answer this question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roham Borazjani
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Kojuri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdi-Ardekani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Izadpanah
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooyan Dehghani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrab Sayadi
- Students' Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Attar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, TAHA Clinical Trial Group, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee S, Choi KB, Kim SJ. The effect of uric acid and urinary sodium excretion on prehypertension: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32460763 PMCID: PMC7251714 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the effect of serum uric acid (SUA) level and urinary sodium excretion on blood pressure as well as their combined effect on prehypertension in a Korean population. Method Data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults (≥ 19 years of age) were used. The participants were classified into two groups, normotension and prehypertension, according to the JNC-7 definition. Logistic regression was carried out and adjusted for traditionally regarded confounders of blood pressure. All analyses considered a complex sampling design. A multivariate analysis was performed on subgroups defined according to their SUA level and urinary sodium excretion. Results The 4200 participants were divided into normotension (n = 2646) and prehypertension (n = 1554) groups. In the univariate analysis, patient age, male sex, concurrent comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease), uric acid, and urinary sodium excretion were associated with prehypertension. After adjusting for baseline covariates, both the SUA level and urinary sodium excretion were significant predictors of incident prehypertension (SUA, per 1 mg/dL increase, odds ratio [OR] 1.216, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.131–1.309; urinary sodium excretion, per 1 g/day increase, OR 1.067, 95% CI 1.019–1.117). Additionally, simultaneously higher tertiles of SUA and urinary sodium excretion resulted in higher ORs for prehypertension. Conclusion Increased SUA is a significant risk marker for the development of prehypertension in normotensives. Simultaneously high SUA and urinary sodium excretion amplified the effect on the development of prehypertension. Our findings suggest that lowering SUA levels and reducing sodium intake will contribute to preventing hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shina Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea.
| | - Kyu Bok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Omar WFNW, Abdullah A, Talib NA, Shah ASM, Rahman JA. Leucocytic DNA Methylation of Interleukin-6 Promoter Reduction in Pre-Hypertensive Young Adults. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:46-54. [PMID: 31908586 PMCID: PMC6939726 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-hypertension is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, with epigenetic dysregulation involvement. Nevertheless, the role of DNA methylation in prehypertensive state is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between DNA methylation level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter in pre-hypertensive (PreHT) and normotensive (NT) young adults. Methods A total of 80 NT and 80 PreHT healthy subjects aged between 18-45 years were recruited in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia using an observational cross-sectional study approach. DNA methylation level of IL-6 promoter in peripheral leukocytes were measured using bisulphite conversion and MethyLight assay. Results There was no significant difference in age between NT and PreHT (P = 0.655). The mean blood pressure was 110(8)/73(5) mmHg in NT and 125(7)/82(5) mmHg in PreHT subjects. The IL-6 promoter methylation level was significantly lower in PreHT compared to NT subjects (P < 0.001). Conclusion The current study demonstrates that hypomethylation of IL-6 promoter was associated with pre-hypertension in young adults. Thus, IL-6 methylation could be used as an early indicator for predicting hypertension and related risk of cardiovascular diseases in prehypertensive subjects. Gene expression and longitudinal studies are warranted to examine the methylation effect on IL-6 expression over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Fatein Nabeila Wan Omar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Aszrin Abdullah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norlelawati A Talib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Azarisman Shah Mohd Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Jamalludin Ab Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Ghavami A, Rouhani MH. Neck circumference and blood pressure among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 12:822-832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Predictors of Hypertension in Mauritians with Normotension and Prehypertension at Baseline: A Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071394. [PMID: 30004467 PMCID: PMC6068703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information on the predictors of future hypertension in Mauritians with prehypertension is scant. The aim of this study was to analyze the 5-year and 11-year risk of hypertension and its predictors in people with normotension and prehypertension at baseline in Mauritius in 1987. This was a retrospective cohort study of 883 men and 1194 women of Mauritian Indian and Mauritian Creole ethnicity, aged 25–74 years old, free of hypertension at baseline in 1987 with follow-up examinations in 1992 and 1998 using the same methodology. The main outcome was 5- and 11-year risk of hypertension. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The 5-year risk of hypertension was 5.4-times higher in people with prehypertension compared with normotensive individuals at baseline. The corresponding odds for prehypertensive people at baseline regarding 11-year hypertension risk was 3.39 (95% CI 2.67–4.29) in the adjusted logistic regression models. Being of Creole ethnicity (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.09–1.86) increased the 11-year odds of hypertension compared with the Indian population. It is of importance to screen for people with prehypertension and implement strategies to reduce their systolic blood pressure levels to the recommended levels of 120/80 mmHg. Special attention needs to be given to Mauritians of Creole ethnicity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Guan M. Epidemiology of Hypertensive State among Chinese Migrants: Effects of Unaffordable Medical Care. Int J Hypertens 2018; 2018:5231048. [PMID: 30002926 PMCID: PMC5996430 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5231048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Affordability of medical care affects hypertension prevention, treatment, and control, but limited information is available for Chinese migrants with hypertensive state. Using Longitudinal Survey on Rural Urban Migration in China 2009 data, 2468 Chinese migrants reported hypertensive status. On the basis of comparison between medical payment and job income, participants were categorized as unaffordable and affordable. Thus, unaffordable expenses and unaffordable services were defined based on a public available survey. The descriptive statistics showed that 24.96% were at risk of prehypertension and mild-moderate-severe hypertension among 2468 Chinese migrants from 15 cities. Small part of the sample was not affordable to pay medical expenses and services. There were significant differences of hypertensive states between gender, marital status, regular smoker, and economic unaffordability. Multiple logistic regressions indicated that economic unaffordability had associations with abnormal weight, poor health assessment, and unhealthy hypertensive status. The alarming results may necessitate targeted interventions, even among people with good health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Family Issues Center, Xuchang University, Road Bayi 88, Xuchang, Henan, China
- School of Business, Xuchang University, Road Bayi 88, Xuchang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abraham I, Kurdi S, MacDonald K. The hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease triangle in Arab countries. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:373-375. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
15
|
Skutnik BC, Smith JR, Johnson AM, Kurti SP, Harms CA. The Effect of Low Volume Interval Training on Resting Blood Pressure in Pre-hypertensive Subjects: A Preliminary Study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:177-83. [PMID: 26918846 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1159501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinically pre-hypertensive adults are at a greater risk of developing hypertension, stiffened arteries, and other cardiovascular risks. Endurance exercise training has been shown to improve elevated resting blood pressure and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. However, a primary barrier preventing individuals from engaging in regular physical activity is a lack of time. The purpose of our study was to determine if a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol would be as effective as continuous aerobic endurance training (ET) on resting blood pressure in pre-hypertensive participants. Additionally, this study investigated the effects of HIIT vs. ET on CRP. METHODS Twelve pre-hypertensive participants (33.3±6.1 yrs; 3M/9W) participated in 8 weeks of cycle ergometer exercise training. The ET exercised for 30 continuous min/day, 4 days/week at 40% VO2max reserve. The HIIT exercised at a 1:1 work-to-rest for 20 min/day, 3 days/week at 60% peak power. Resting mean arterial pressure and CRP were compared throughout the study. RESULTS Both groups showed decreases (p<0.001) in mean arterial pressure (ET: -11.5 ± 5.9 mmHg; HIIT: -8.6 ± 4.8 mmHg) following the 8 weeks. For CRP, there was a significant decrease (p=0.014) as a main effect of time. VO2max increased (p<0.001) approximately 25% for both HIIT and ET. CONCLUSION These preliminary data suggest HIIT and ET similarly decreased resting blood pressure and increased VO2max.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Skutnik
- a Department of Kinesiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- a Department of Kinesiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Ariel M Johnson
- a Department of Kinesiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- a Department of Kinesiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Craig A Harms
- a Department of Kinesiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferrario CM, Basile J, Bestermann W, Frohlich E, Houston M, Lackland DT, Smith RD, Wise DL. Review: The role of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in the evaluation and treatment of hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 1:113-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944707086095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the mechanisms accounting for the elevation of arterial pressure in essential hypertension suggest that there is value in assessing the relative contribution of hemodynamic factors in tailoring specific therapies to control arterial pressure. The non-invasive method of impedance cardiography (ICG) to measure hemodynamic abnormalities in hypertensive patients has emerged as a valuable adjuvant in the decision-making process of selecting antihypertensive agents. The technique is both accurate and reproducible in delineating the hemodynamic mechanisms of hypertension, comparing age-and gender-related changes in hemodynamics, detecting the presence of left ventricular dysfunction, and demonstrating clinically significant improvement in blood pressure control using ICG-guided therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Ferrario
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032,
| | - Jan Basile
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Hospital/ Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403
| | | | | | - Mark Houston
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, St. Thomas Hospital, Nashville, TN 37205
| | | | - Ronald D. Smith
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032,
| | - Daniel L. Wise
- Presbyterian Center for Preventative Cardiology Charlotte, NC 28204
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Booth JN, Diaz KM, Seals SR, Sims M, Ravenell J, Muntner P, Shimbo D. Masked Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Events in a Prospective Cohort of Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension 2016; 68:501-10. [PMID: 27354424 PMCID: PMC4945361 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Masked hypertension, defined as nonelevated clinic blood pressure (BP) with elevated out-of-clinic BP, has been associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Europeans and Asians. Few data are available on masked hypertension and CVD and mortality risk among blacks. We analyzed data from the Jackson Heart Study, a prospective cohort study of blacks. Analyses included participants with clinic-measured systolic/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg who completed ambulatory BP monitoring after the baseline examination in 2000 to 2004 (n=738). Masked daytime (10:00 am-8:00 pm) hypertension was defined as mean ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP ≥135/85 mm Hg. Masked nighttime (midnight to 6:00 am) hypertension was defined as mean ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP ≥120/70 mm Hg. Masked 24-hour hypertension was defined as mean systolic/diastolic BP ≥130/80 mm Hg. CVD events (nonfatal/fatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or fatal coronary heart disease) and deaths identified through December 2010 were adjudicated. Any masked hypertension (masked daytime, nighttime, or 24-hour hypertension) was present in 52.2% of participants; 28.2%, 48.2% and 31.7% had masked daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour hypertension, respectively. There were 51 CVD events and 44 deaths during a median follow-up of 8.2 and 8.5 years, respectively. CVD rates per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval) in participants with and without any masked hypertension were 13.5 (9.9-18.4) and 3.9 (2.2-7.1), respectively. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CVD was 2.49 (1.26-4.93) for any masked hypertension and 2.86 (1.59-5.13), 2.35 (1.23-4.50), and 2.52 (1.39-4.58) for masked daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour hypertension, respectively. Masked hypertension was not associated with all-cause mortality. Masked hypertension is common and associated with increased risk for CVD events in blacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Booth
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Keith M Diaz
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Samantha R Seals
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Mario Sims
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Joseph Ravenell
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Paul Muntner
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.)
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- From the University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.N.B., P.M.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (K.M.D., D.S.); University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.R.S., M.S.); and New York University School of Medicine, NY (J.R.).
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Booth JN, Muntner P, Diaz KM, Viera AJ, Bello NA, Schwartz JE, Shimbo D. Evaluation of Criteria to Detect Masked Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 18:1086-1094. [PMID: 27126770 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of masked hypertension (out-of-clinic daytime systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥135/85 mm Hg on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM] among adults with clinic SBP/DBP <140/90 mm Hg) is high. It is unclear who should be screened for masked hypertension. The authors derived a clinic blood pressure (CBP) index to identify populations for masked hypertension screening. Index cut points corresponding to 75% to 99% sensitivity and prehypertension were evaluated as ABPM testing criterion. In a derivation cohort (n=695), the index was clinic SBP+1.3*clinic DBP. In an external validation cohort (n=675), the sensitivity for masked hypertension using an index ≥190 mm Hg and ≥217 mm Hg and prehypertension status was 98.5%, 71.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (n=11,778), the authors estimated that these thresholds would refer 118.6, 44.4, and 59.3 million US adults, respectively, to ABPM screening for masked hypertension. In conclusion, the CBP index provides a useful approach to identify candidates for masked hypertension screening using ABPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Booth
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul Muntner
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Keith M Diaz
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Anthony J Viera
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Joseph E Schwartz
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Association of hematocrit and pre-hypertension among Chinese adults: the CRC study. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1123-8. [PMID: 25476140 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure is regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. We examined the relation between hematocrit and pre-hypertension as well as the effect of sex, obesity, fasting glucose, and lipids in Chinese adults. The study samples were from a community-based health examination survey in China and included a total of 2,3691 patients with blood pressure in normal range. The odds ratios [ORs, 95 % confidence interval (CI)] of pre-hypertension across increasing quartiles of hematocrit were 1.000, 1.176 (1.050-1.318), 1.213 (1.081-1.363), and 1.364 (1.209-1.540) (P for trend < 0.001), when adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxalocetie transaminase, serum uric acid, glucose, and lipids. Associations were significant in both men and women, but not in individuals older than 60 years. In addition, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly interacted with hematocrit (P for interaction <0.024). The associations were more evident in patients with low (P < 0.001) and median LDL-C levels (P < 0.013) than those with high glucose levels. Hematocrit was associated with pre-hypertension, and was independent of metabolic risk factors. These associations were not significant in older individuals and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may modify these associations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Association of visceral and total body fat with hypertension and prehypertension in a middle-aged Chinese population. J Hypertens 2016; 33:1555-62. [PMID: 26103127 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article investigates the relative effects of percentage body fat (PBF) and visceral fat index (VFI) on the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension, and evaluates if excess visceral deposition of body fat increased the risk of hypertension or prehypertension. METHODS A general population-based sample of men (n = 5297) and women (n = 6232), aged 35-64 years, was studied. Based on blood pressure (BP) levels, normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive study participants were identified. Multivariate linear regression models with SBP or DBP as a dependent variable and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models with BP categories as a dependent variable were performed. RESULTS In the normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive participants, the mean (standard deviation) PBF was 27.83 (6.85), 28.91 (6.65), and 30.2 (6.73), respectively, whereas VFI was 6.97 (3.78), 8.89 (4.35), and 10.75 (5.05), respectively. After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, regions (north or south), areas (urban or rural), diabetes, and family history, PBF and VFI (in separate models) showed a strong positive association with hypertension or prehypertension (P < 0.0001). However, when both PBF and VFI were adjusted for in the same multivariate model, VFI but not PBF remained positively associated with hypertension and prehypertension for both genders (P < 0.0001). A similar positive association was reported with the VFI/PBF ratio (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION As excess visceral body fat is strongly associated with higher risk of hypertension and prehypertension, measurements of VFI or VFI/PBF ratio, in addition to PBF, will provide a better understanding of adiposity-related risks for hypertension and prehypertension.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen S, Sun P, Wang S, Lin G, Wang T. Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on cardiovascular responses and autonomic sympathovagal modulation following stressor tasks in prehypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 30:105-11. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Huang Y, Cai X, Liu C, Zhu D, Hua J, Hu Y, Peng J, Xu D. Prehypertension and the risk of coronary heart disease in Asian and Western populations: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3838. [PMID: 25699996 PMCID: PMC4345875 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of studies on the association between prehypertension (blood pressure 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain controversial. Furthermore, it is unclear whether prehypertension affects the risk of CHD in Asian and Western populations differently. This meta-analysis evaluated the risk of CHD associated with prehypertension and its different subgroups. METHODS AND RESULTS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for prospective cohort studies with data on prehypertension and the risk of CHD. Studies were included if they reported multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs of CHD from prehypertension. A total of 591 664 participants from 17 prospective cohort studies were included. Prehypertension increased the risk of CHD (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.63, P<0.001) compared with optimal blood pressure (<120/80 mm Hg). The risk of CHD was higher in Western than in Asian participants (Western: RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.94; Asian: RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.38; ratio of RRs 1.36, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.61). The population-attributable risk indicated that 8.4% of CHD in Asian participants was attributed to prehypertension, whereas this proportion was 24.1% in Western participants. CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension, even at the low range, is associated with an increased risk of CHD. This risk is more pronounced in Western than in Asian populations. These results supported the heterogeneity of target-organ damage caused by prehypertension and hypertension among different ethnicities and underscore the importance of prevention of CHD in Western patients with prehypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China (X.C., Y.H.)
| | - Changhua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| | - Dingji Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| | - Jinghai Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, China (X.C., Y.H.)
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.H., C.L., D.Z., J.H., J.P., D.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Diehl KJ, Weil BR, Greiner JJ, Wright KP, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Impaired endogenous fibrinolytic capacity in prehypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens 2015; 29:468-72. [PMID: 25566873 PMCID: PMC4762274 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prehypertension (BP 120–139/80–89 mmHg) is associated with an increased risk for future atherothrombotic events. Although the mechanisms underlying this elevated risk are not completely understood, one possibility is that prehypertension is associated with impaired endothelial fibrinolytic capacity. We tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial release of t-PA is impaired in prehypertensive men. Net endothelial release of t-PA was determined, in vivo, in response to intrabrachial infusions of bradykinin (12.5, 25, 50 ng/100 mL tissue/min) and sodium nitroprusside at (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 µg/100 mL tissue/min) in 42 middle-age and older men: 16 normotensive (BP range: 100–119/57–79 mmHg); 16 prehypertensive (BP range: 120–139/76–89 mmHg); and 10 hypertensive (BP range: 140–150/74–100 mmHg). Net release of t-PA antigen was ~25% lower (P < 0.05) in the prehypertensive (−0.9 ± 0.8 to 42.4 ± 5.3 ng/100 mL tissue/min) compared with the normotensive (0.5 ± 1.0 to 53.9 ± 6.5 ng/100 mL tissue/min) men. There was no significant difference in t-PA release between the hypertensive (−1.8±1.6 to 40.8±6.6 ng/100 mL tissue/min) and prehypertensive groups. Sodium nitroprusside did not significantly alter t-PA release in any group. These data indicate that endothelial t-PA release is diminished in prehypertensive men. Further, the level of impairment in t-PA release seen with clinical hypertension is already apparent in the prehypertensive state. Impaired endothelial fibrinolytic function may underlie the increased atherothrombotic risk associated with blood pressure in the prehypertensive range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Diehl
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B R Weil
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J J Greiner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B L Stauffer
- 1] Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA [3] Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C A DeSouza
- 1] Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
May RW, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Fincham FD. School burnout: increased sympathetic vasomotor tone and attenuated ambulatory diurnal blood pressure variability in young adult women. Stress 2015; 18:11-9. [PMID: 25256608 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.969703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies examined autonomic and cardiovascular functioning that may link school burnout to cardiovascular risk factors in young healthy adult females. Study 1 (N = 136) investigated whether school burnout was related to resting values of blood pressure (BP) and blood pressure variability (BPV) through laboratory beat-to-beat BP assessment. Study 2 (N = 94) examined the link between school burnout and diurnal BPV through ambulatory BP monitoring. Controlling for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, school burnout demonstrated strong positive relationships with indices of cardiac sympathovagal tone, sympathetic vasomotor tone, inefficient myocardial oxygen consumption, increased 24-h ambulatory heart rate and BP, blunted BP diurnal variability, and increased arterial stiffness. These studies establish cardiovascular biomarkers of school burnout and suggest that even in a seemingly healthy sample school burnout may predispose females to increased cardiovascular risk. Several future lines of research are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross W May
- Family Institute, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL , USA and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu Y, Lu M, Dai H, Yang P, Smith-Gagen J, Miao R, Zhong H, Chen R, Liu X, Huang Z, Yuan H. Lifestyle and Risk of Hypertension: Follow-Up of a Young Pre-Hypertensive Cohort. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:605-12. [PMID: 26283878 PMCID: PMC4532965 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of developing hypertension in pre-hypertensive patients. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Randomly selected pre-hypertensive young adults 20-45 years old without any vascular disease such as stroke or diabetes. PREDICTORS Four lifestyle factors (a body mass index [BMI] of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, regular physical activity, no alcohol use and 6-8 h of sleep per day), individually and in combination. OUTCOMES Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, or a diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg or self-reported hypertension. MEASUREMENTS Multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 1009 patients were enrolled in our study, and 182 patients developed hypertension. Compared with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, a BMI of 25-30 kg/m2 and a BMI of >30 kg/m2 were associated with an increased risk of hypertension occurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.84 and HR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.01-6.80, respectively). Compared with sleep duration of >8 h/day, 6-8 h/day of sleep was associated with a lower risk of hypertension occurrence (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.86). There were no statistically significant associations between physical activity or alcohol use and hypertension occurrence (P>0.05). LIMITATION All lifestyle factors were measured only once. CONCLUSION Healthy BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) and sleep duration (6-8 h/day) were associated with a lower risk of the occurrence of hypertension in pre-hypertension patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minggen Lu
- 2. School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Haijiang Dai
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pinting Yang
- 3. Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Julie Smith-Gagen
- 2. School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Rujia Miao
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruifang Chen
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Liu
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- 1. Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang Y, Qiu W, Liu C, Zhu D, Hua J, Cai X, Wu Y, Hu Y, Xu D. Prevalence and risk factors associated with prehypertension in Shunde District, southern China. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006551. [PMID: 25394820 PMCID: PMC4244395 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and combined cardiovascular risk factors of prehypertension in southern China. DESIGN A retrospective study; the logistic regression model was used to find the risk factors of prehypertension. SETTING The study was conducted in Shunde District, southern China, using the community-based health check-up information. PARTICIPANTS Participants aged ≥35 years with complete health check-up information data between January 2011 and December 2013 were enrolled and divided into hypertension, prehypertension and optimal blood pressure (BP) groups. Prehypertension was further divided into low-range (BP 120-129/80-84 mm Hg) and high-range (BP 130-139/85-89 mm Hg) subgroups. OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of prehypertension and the combined cardiovascular risk factors within the prehypertensive subgroups. RESULTS Of the 5362 initially reviewed cases (aged ≥35 years), 651 were excluded because of missing data. The proportions of optimal BP, prehypertension and hypertension were 39.1%, 38.6% and 22.3%, respectively. The average age, proportion of male sex, overweight, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia were significantly higher in the prehypertension group than in the optimal BP group (all p <0.05). Compared with low-range prehypertension, the proportions of overweight, dyslipidaemia and IFG were higher in the high-range prehypertension group (all p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight (OR=2.84, 95% CI 1.55 to 5.20), male sex (OR=2.19, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.45), age (per 10 years, OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44, p=0.03) and hyperuricaemia (OR=1.70, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.54) were independent risk factors of prehypertension. CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension is highly prevalent in southern China. Prehypertensive individuals presented with many other cardiovascular risk factors. There was heterogeneity of combined risk factors within the prehypertensive subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenke Qiu
- Department of Health Management Center, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingji Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghai Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Z, Guo X, Zheng L, Sun Z, Yang H, Sun G, Yu S, Li W, Zou L, Wang J, Hu W, Sun Y. Prehypertension in rural northeastern China: results from the northeast China rural cardiovascular health study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:664-70. [PMID: 25131567 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the present status of prehypertension in rural China. It was conducted between January and August 2013, using a multistage clustering method to select a representative sample of individuals (≥35 years old), resulting in a study population of 11,576 adults. Prehypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure (BP) in the range of 120 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg and/or a diastolic BP between 80 mm Hg and 89 mm Hg according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). The results showed that the mean±standard deviation systolic and diastolic BP values for the entire population were 141.8±23.5 mm Hg and 82.1±11.8 mm Hg, respectively. Among the whole population, 35.1% of men and 32.5% of women were prehypertensive. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high body mass index, advanced age, alcohol consumption, diabetes, high triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and elevated diet score were risk factors for prehypertension. This study indicates that there is a high prevalence of prehypertension in rural China and confirms the importance of healthy lifestyles--including the control of obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia--to decrease the incidence of prehypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang Y, Su L, Cai X, Mai W, Wang S, Hu Y, Wu Y, Tang H, Xu D. Association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with prehypertension: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2014; 167:160-168.e1. [PMID: 24439976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of prehypertension and mortality are controversial after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. This meta-analysis sought to evaluate the association of prehypertension with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, and conference proceedings were searched for studies with data on prehypertension and mortality. The relative risks (RRs) of all-cause, CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke mortality were calculated and presented with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to blood pressure, age, gender, ethnicity, follow-up duration, participant number, and study characteristics. RESULTS Data from 1,129,098 participants were derived from 20 prospective cohort studies. Prehypertension significantly increased the risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke mortality (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.16-1.40; RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.23; and RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.28-1.56, respectively), but did not increase the risk of all-cause mortality after multivariate adjustment (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97-1.10). The difference between CHD mortality and stroke mortality was significant (P < .001). Subgroup analyses showed that CVD mortality was significantly increased in high-range prehypertension (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.16-1.41) but not in low-range prehypertension (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.98-1.18). CONCLUSION Prehypertension is associated with CVD mortality, especially with stroke mortality, but not with all-cause mortality. The risk for CVD mortality is largely driven by high-range prehypertension.
Collapse
|
29
|
Arterial stiffness/central hemodynamics, renal function, and development of hypertension over the short term. J Hypertens 2014; 32:90-9. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283658e7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
30
|
Khosravi A, Emamian MH, Shariati M, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension in an Iranian urban population. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2013; 21:127-35. [PMID: 24272061 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-013-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and its determinants in the 40-64 year old population of Shahroud in the north of Iran. METHODS The blood pressure of 5,190 of the 40-64 year old people participating in the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study was measured using the standard method. Sampling was done in 2009 using a random cluster approach. The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was determined by age and sex, and we used a multi-nominal logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 37.2 % in men and 30.9 % in women, and the prevalence of hypertension was respectively 37.1 % and 39.0 %. In both sexes, there was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension and a decrease in the prevalence of pre-hypertension with age. Older age, male sex, higher body mass index, blood glucose higher than 140 mg/dl were found associated with hypertension and pre-hypertension. Also, diabetes increases the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.4) and a history of smoking was correlated with a decreased odds of having hypertension and pre-hypertension. CONCLUSION According to the criteria of Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was high in the studied population, and considering the epidemiologic transition of diseases in Iran, it can be concluded that a high percentage of the population are at risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khosravi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang Y, Cai X, Zhang J, Mai W, Wang S, Hu Y, Ren H, Xu D. Prehypertension and Incidence of ESRD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 63:76-83. [PMID: 24074825 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the association of prehypertension with the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors have shown controversial results. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. SETTING & POPULATION Adults with prehypertension. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES Studies evaluating the association of prehypertension with the incidence of ESRD identified by searches in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and conference proceedings, without language restriction. PREDICTOR Prehypertension. OUTCOMES The relative risks (RRs) of ESRD were calculated and reported with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to blood pressure (BP), age, sex, ethnicity, and study characteristics. RESULTS Data from 1,003,793 participants were derived from 6 prospective cohort studies. Compared with optimal BP, prehypertension significantly increased the risk of ESRD (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.39-1.91). In subgroup analyses, prehypertension significantly predicted higher ESRD risk across age, sex, ethnicity, and study characteristics. Even low-range (BP, 120-129/80-84 mm Hg) prehypertension increased the risk of ESRD compared with optimal BP (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.19-1.74), and the risk increased further with high-range (BP, 130-139/85-89 mm Hg) prehypertension (RR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.70-2.40). The RR was significantly higher in the high-range compared with the low-range prehypertensive population (P = 0.01). LIMITATIONS No access to individual patient-level data. CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension is associated with incident ESRD. The increased risk is driven largely by high-range prehypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, the First People's Hospital of Shunde (the Affiliated Hospital at Shunde, Southern Medical University), Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Mai
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, the First People's Hospital of Shunde (the Affiliated Hospital at Shunde, Southern Medical University), Foshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang Y, Wang S, Cai X, Mai W, Hu Y, Tang H, Xu D. Prehypertension and incidence of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Med 2013; 11:177. [PMID: 23915102 PMCID: PMC3750349 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies of prehypertension and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are controversial after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. This meta-analysis evaluated the association between prehypertension and CVD morbidity. METHODS Databases (PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library) and conference proceedings were searched for prospective cohort studies with data on prehypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Two independent reviewers assessed the reports and extracted data. The relative risks (RRs) of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke morbidity were calculated and reported with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Subgroup analyses were conducted on blood pressure, age, gender, ethnicity, follow-up duration, number of participants and study quality. RESULTS Pooled data included the results from 468,561 participants from 18 prospective cohort studies. Prehypertension elevated the risks of CVD (RR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.41 to 1.71); CHD (RR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.30 to 1.74); and stroke (RR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.55 to 1.89). In the subgroup analyses, even for low-range prehypertension, the risk of CVD was significantly higher than for optimal BP (RR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.32 to 1.62), and further increased with high-range prehypertension (RR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.41 to 2.31). The relative risk was significantly higher in the high-range prehypertensive populations than in the low-range populations (χ2= 5.69, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences among the other subgroup analyses (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension, even in the low range, elevates the risk of CVD after adjusting for multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Multiple and large simple renal cysts are associated with prehypertension and hypertension. Kidney Int 2013; 83:924-30. [PMID: 23389415 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although simple renal cysts are thought to be related to hypertension, no reports have examined the relationship between simple renal cysts and prehypertension. Here, we evaluated the effects of simple renal cysts on prehypertension and hypertension and the role of serum renin levels in the cyst-related prehypertension/hypertension in adults. A total of 14,995 patients were enrolled and divided into normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension groups. Simple renal cysts were classified into different categories based on number (1 vs. ≥ 2 cm) and size (<2 vs. ≥ 2 cm). In multivariate analysis, simple renal cysts were independently related to prehypertension/hypertension. Two or more simple renal cysts or cyst of ≥ 2 cm were independently associated with prehypertension/hypertension. However, the association between cyst of ≥ 2 cm and prehypertension/hypertension disappeared after further adjusting for serum renin level in an exposure-matched subgroup analysis. Thus, the presence of two or more simple renal cysts and cyst of ≥ 2 cm were the important determinants of prehypertension and hypertension in adults. One possible mechanism of cyst-related prehypertension/hypertension may be related to an increased serum renin level. We recommend close monitoring of blood pressure routinely among patients with two or more simple renal cysts.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ely JJ, Zavaskis T, Lammey ML. Hypertension increases with aging and obesity in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biol 2013; 32:79-87. [PMID: 22968757 PMCID: PMC3537917 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in captive chimpanzees. Four years of blood pressure (BP) data were analyzed from a captive former laboratory population of 201 healthy adult chimpanzees with assessment of age and obesity on elevated BP. Five different measures of obesity were compared: abdominal girth, basal metabolic rate, body-mass index (BMI), body weight, and surface area. Systolic BP varied by sex. Obesity did not influence male BP. For females, obesity was a significant determinant of BP. The best measure of female obesity was basal metabolic rate and the worst was BMI. Median systolic BP of healthy weight females (<54.5 kg) was significantly lower (128 mmHg) than overweight or obese females (140 mmHg), but both were lower than all males (147 mmHg). For diastolic BP, neither sex nor any of the five obesity measures was significant. But age was highly significant, with geriatric chimpanzees (>30 years) having higher median diastolic BP (74 mmHg) than young adults of 10-29 years of age (65 mmHg). By these criteria, 80% of this population is normotensive, 7% prehypertensive, and 13% hypertensive. In summary, systolic BP intervals required adjustment for obesity among females but not males. Diastolic BP required adjustment for advanced age (≥30 years). Use of these reference intervals can facilitate timely clinical care of captive chimpanzees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Ely
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin G, Xiang Q, Fu X, Wang S, Wang S, Chen S, Shao L, Zhao Y, Wang T. Heart rate variability biofeedback decreases blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects by improving autonomic function and baroreflex. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:143-52. [PMID: 22339103 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with prehypertension are at risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, and yet efficient interventions are lagging behind. Studies indicate that heart rate variability-biofeedback (HRV-BF) increases HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) as well as reduces related pathological symptoms, suggesting potentially beneficial effects of HRV-BF on prehypertension, but little is known about these effects. In this study, these effects were investigated and their mechanisms were explored. OBJECTIVES The effect of HRV-BF on prehypertension in young adults and its potential mechanism were explored. DESIGN Forty-three (43) individuals with prehypertension were recruited and classified into three categories: HRV-BF group, slow abdominal breathing group, and control group. All groups were assessed with measurements of noninvasive blood pressure (BP), BRS, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR) at pre-intervention, in the entire process of each session, at postintervention, as well as at a 3-month follow-up. INTERVENTIONS Subjects participated in a 10-session HRV-BF protocol or simple slow abdominal breathing protocol conducted over 5 weeks. A 3-month follow-up was also performed on these individuals. RESULTS The incidence of prehypertension was as high as 14.5% in young college students. Individuals with prehypertension were lower in BRS (7.5±5.2 ms/mm Hg) and HRV (log10-transformed of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal beats [SDNN]=1.62±0.13 ms, lgTotal power of spectral density in the range of frequencies between 0 and 0.4Hz (TP)=8.02±0.55 ms2) than those with normal blood pressure (BRS=18.4±7.4 ms/mm Hg, lgSDNN=1.79±0.10 ms, lgTP=8.68±0.85 ms2). HRV-BF reduced blood pressure (from 131.7±8.7/79.3±4.7 mm Hg to 118.9±7.3 mm Hg/71.9±4.9 mm Hg, p<0.01), increased BRS (from 7.0±5.9 ms/mm Hg to 15.8±5.3 ms/mm Hg, p<0.01) and increased HRV (lgSDNN from 1.61±0.11 to 1.75±0.05 ms, and lgTP from 8.07±0.54 to 9.08±0.41 ms2, p<0.01). These effects were more obvious than those of the slow-breathing group, and remained for at least 3 months. HRV-BF also significantly increased vagus-associated HRV indices and decreased GSR (indices of sympathetic tone). CONCLUSIONS These effects suggest that HRV-BF, a novel behavioral neurocardiac intervention, could enhance BRS, improve the cardiac autonomic tone, and facilitate BP adjustment for individuals with prehypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Lin
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shimomura T, Wakabayashi I. Associations of cardiovascular risk factors with prehypertension and hypertension in women. Blood Press 2012; 21:345-51. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2012.686177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
37
|
Weil BR, Westby CM, Greiner JJ, Stauffer BL, DeSouza CA. Elevated endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone in prehypertensive adults. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:347-53. [PMID: 22244775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehypertension (blood pressure [BP] 120-139/80-89 mm Hg) is an independent risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Currently, it is unknown whether endothelin (ET)-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated with BP in the prehypertensive range. The aims of this study were to determine whether ET-1 vasoconstrictor tone is elevated in prehypertensive adults and, if so, whether ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction contributes to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in this population. METHODS Forearm blood flow responses to selective ET(A) receptor blockade (BQ-123; 100 nmol/min) were determined in 26 normotensive adults (age 55 ± 1 years; BP 112 ± 1/72 ± 1 mm Hg) and 30 prehypertensive adults (57 ± 1 years; BP 130 ± 1/80 ± 1 mm Hg). In a subset of participants, forearm blood flow responses to nonselective ET-1 receptor blockade (BQ-123 + BQ-788) were determined. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to acetylcholine (8.0-32.0 μg/100 mL tissue/min) was measured in the absence and presence of selective ET(A) receptor blockade. RESULTS BQ-123 elicited a significantly greater increase in forearm blood flow in prehypertensive (approximately 20%) than in normotensive (approximately 5%) adults. Addition of BQ-788 resulted in a further increase (P < 0.05) in forearm blood flow in prehypertensive but not in normotensive adults. Forearm blood flow responses to acetylcholine were lower (P < 0.05) in prehypertensive (4.6 ± 0.3 to 12.6 ± 0.5 mL/100 mL tissue/min) than in normotensive (4.9 ± 0.3 to 14.7 ± 0.8 mL/100 mL tissue/min) adults. Co-infusion of BQ-123 did not affect acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in normotensive adults but resulted in an approximately 20% increase (P < 0.05) in prehypertensive adults. CONCLUSIONS ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is elevated with prehypertension, contributing to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. ET-1 vasoconstriction may underlie the increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in prehypertensive adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Weil
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Erbel R, Lehmann N, Möhlenkamp S, Churzidse S, Bauer M, Kälsch H, Schmermund A, Moebus S, Stang A, Roggenbuck U, Bröcker-Preuss M, Dragano N, Weimar C, Siegrist J, Jöckel KH. Subclinical coronary atherosclerosis predicts cardiovascular risk in different stages of hypertension: result of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Hypertension 2011; 59:44-53. [PMID: 22124435 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prehypertension is a frequent condition and has been demonstrated to increase cardiovascular risk. However, the association with coronary atherosclerosis as part of target organ damage is not well understood. We investigated the cross-sectional relationship and longitudinal outcome between blood pressure categories and coronary artery calcification (CAC), quantified by electron beam computed tomography, in 4181 participants from the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study cohort. At baseline, we observed a continuous increase in calcium scores with increasing blood pressure categories. During a median follow-up period of 7.18 years, 115 primary end points (2.8%; fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction) and 152 secondary end points (3.6%; stroke and coronary revascularization) occurred. We observed a continuous increase in age- and risk factor-adjusted secondary endpoints (hazard ratios [95% CI]) with increasing blood pressure categories (referent: normotension) in men: prehypertension, 1.80 (0.53-6.13); stage 1 hypertension, 2.27 (0.66-7.81); and stage 2 hypertension, 4.10 (1.27-13.24) and in women: prehypertension, 1.13 (0.34-3.74); stage 1 hypertension, 2.14 (0.67-6.85); and stage 2 hypertension, 3.33 (1.24-8.90), respectively, but not in primary endpoints. Cumulative event rates were determined by blood pressure categories and the CAC. In prehypertension, the adjusted hazard ratios for all of the events were, for CAC 1 to 99, 2.05 (0.80-5.23; P=0.13); 100 to 399, 3.12 (1.10-8.85; P=0.03); and ≥400, 7.72 (2.67-22.27; P=0.0002). Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in hypertension but also in prehypertension depends on the degree of CAC. This marker of target-organ damage might be included, when lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapeutic effects in prehypertensive individuals are tested to avoid exposure to risk and increase benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Weil BR, Stauffer BL, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA. Prehypertension is associated with impaired nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in sedentary adults. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:976-81. [PMID: 21633396 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial vasodilator dysfunction contributes to the development of hypertension (blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mm Hg) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prehypertension (BP 120-139/80-89 mm Hg) has recently been identified as an independent risk factor for hypertension and CVD. It is currently unclear whether BP in the prehypertensive range is associated with endothelial vasodilator dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that BP in the prehypertensive range, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors, is associated with impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. METHODS Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial acetylcholine (ACh; 8.0-32.0 µg/100 ml tissue/min) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1.0-4.0 µg/100 ml tissue/min) were measured in 20 normotensive (age: 56 ± 1 years; BP: 110/70 ± 1/2 mm Hg) and 20 prehypertensive (56 ± 2 years; 128/79 ± 2/2 mm Hg) adults. In addition, FBF responses to ACh were determined in the absence and presence of the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (5 mg/min). RESULTS FBF responses to ACh were significantly lower (~30%) in prehypertensive (from 4.2 ± 0.3 to 11.4 ± 0.7 ml/100 ml tissue/min) compared with normotensive (from 4.6 ± 0.2 to 14.5 ± 0.7 ml/100 ml tissue/min) adults. There were no group differences in FBF responses to SNP. Co-infusion of L-NMMA significantly reduced the FBF response to ACh in the normotensive (~30%; P <0.05) but not the prehypertensive adults. CONCLUSIONS Prehypertension is associated with impaired NO-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The endothelial vasodilator dysfunction that characterizes hypertension is present at BP levels in the prehypertensive range and may contribute to the increased risk of hypertension and CVD in this population.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ely J, Zavaskis T, Lammey M, Rick Lee D. Blood pressure reference intervals for healthy adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Med Primatol 2011; 40:171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
Tirosh A, Afek A, Rudich A, Percik R, Gordon B, Ayalon N, Derazne E, Tzur D, Gershnabel D, Grossman E, Karasik A, Shamiss A, Shai I. Progression of normotensive adolescents to hypertensive adults: a study of 26,980 teenagers. Hypertension 2010; 56:203-9. [PMID: 20547973 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.146415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although prehypertension at adolescence is accepted to indicate increased future risk of hypertension, large-scale/long follow-up studies are required to better understand how adolescent blood pressure (BP) tracks into young adulthood. We studied 23 191 male and 3789 female adolescents from the Metabolic Lifestyle and Nutrition Assessment in Young Adults cohort (mean age: 17.4 years) with BP <140/90 mm Hg at enrollment or categorized by current criteria for pediatric BP and body mass index (BMI) values. Participants were prospectively followed up with repeated BP measurements between ages 25 and 42 years and retrospectively between ages 17 and 25 years for the incidence of hypertension. We identified 3810 new cases of hypertension between ages 17 and 42 years. In survival analyses, the cumulative risk of hypertension between ages 17 and 42 years was 3 to 4 times higher in men than in women. Using Cox regression models adjusted for age, BMI, and stratified by baseline BP, the hazard ratio of hypertension increased gradually across BP groups within the normotensive range at age 17 years, without a discernible threshold effect, reaching a hazard ratio of 2.50 (95% CI: 1.75 to 3.57) for boys and 2.31 (95% CI: 0.71 to 7.60) for girls in the group with BP at 130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg. BMI at age 17 years was strongly associated with future risk of hypertension even when adjusted to BP at age 17 years, particularly in boys. Yet, BMI at age 30 years attenuated this association, more evidently in girls. In conclusion, BP at adolescence, even in the low-normotensive range, linearly predicts progression to hypertension in young adulthood. This progression and the apparent interaction between BP at age 17 years and BMI at adolescence and at adulthood are sex dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tirosh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yi T, Tan K, Cho SG, Wang Y, Luo J, Zhang W, Li D, Liu M. Regulation of embryonic kidney branching morphogenesis and glomerular development by KISS1 receptor (Gpr54) through NFAT2- and Sp1-mediated Bmp7 expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17811-20. [PMID: 20375015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.130740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (Gpr54, KISS1 receptor) plays critical roles in puberty regulation, tumor metastasis suppression, and vasoconstriction. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (Bmp7) is required for kidney organogenesis. However, whether Gpr54 is involved in embryonic kidney development and how Bmp7 expression is regulated in the kidney are largely unknown. Here we report that Gpr54 deletion leads to kidney branching morphogenesis and glomerular development retardation in embryonic kidneys in vivo and in explanted kidneys in vitro. Gpr54 inactivation results in a high risk of low glomerular number in adult kidneys. Gpr54 is expressed in condensed mesenchyme at E12.5 and epithelial cells of proximal and distal tubules and collecting ducts at E17.5 and P0 mouse kidney. Deletion of Gpr54 decreases Bmp7 expression and Smad1 phosphorylation in the developing kidney. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays, we demonstrate that Gpr54 regulates NFAT2- and Sp1-mediated Bmp7 transcription. Furthermore, we show that NFAT2 cooperates with Sp1 to promote Bmp7 transcription activation. Together, these data suggest that Gpr54 regulates Bmp7 expression through NFAT2 and Sp1 and plays an important role in embryonic kidney branching morphogenesis and glomerular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The term prehypertension was coined in 1939 in the context of early studies that linked high blood pressure recorded during physical examination for life insurance purposes to subsequent morbidity and mortality. These studies demonstrated that individuals with blood pressure >120/80 mmHg, but <140/90 mmHg--the accepted value for the lower limit of the hypertensive range--had an increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and early death from cardiovascular causes. The prehypertension classification of blood pressure was later used by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure to define a group of individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular events because of elevated blood pressure, an increased burden of other risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and inflammatory markers, and evidence of organ damage for example, microalbuminuria, retinal arteriolar narrowing, increased carotid arterial intima-media thickness, left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary artery disease. Nonpharmacological treatment with lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary modification and increased physical activity is recommended for all patients with prehypertension as these approaches effectively reduce risk of cardiovascular events. Pharmacological therapy is indicated for some patients with prehypertension who have specific comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pimenta
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Center and Clinical Center of Research Excellence in Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Disorders, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehypertension, a new category of blood pressure (BP) classification introduced by The Seven Report of the Joint National Commission (JNC-7) on High BP for individuals with systolic BP in the range of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic BP between 80 and 89 mmHg, is a strong predictor for the development of hypertension. Insulin resistance (IR) has been proposed to be a key feature of metabolic abnormalities of hypertension and may precede the elevation of BP. AIM The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether prehypertension is associated with IR. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS Anthropometric and BP measurements were performed in 83 prehypertensive subjects and 192 normotensives. All subjects received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for the measurements of IR. RESULTS The prehypertensive subjects were more obese and had higher levels of fasting triglycerides and 2-h insulin than the normotensives. The subjects with prehypertension were more insulin resistant than the counterparts, indicated by lower insulin sensitivity index, ISI(0,120), values. While there was no difference between the two groups in insulin response of OGTT after adjustments for confounders, the prehypertension group maintained significant between-group differences in glucose response even when the incremental insulin levels were added to covariates for adjustments. DISCUSSION Our data show that prehypertension is associated with IR. The subjects with prehypertension have clinical characteristics of the IR syndrome. It seems that the prehypertension group cannot handle oral glucose challenge as well as the normotension, probably a consequence of IR in prehypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-M Hwu
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Toprak A, Wang H, Chen W, Paul T, Ruan L, Srinivasan S, Berenson G. Prehypertension and black-white contrasts in cardiovascular risk in young adults: Bogalusa Heart Study. J Hypertens 2009; 27:243-50. [PMID: 19226697 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32831aeee3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of prehypertension with measures of cardiovascular disease risk in a biracial (black-white) population of young adults. METHODS As part of the Bogalusa Heart Study, echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography were performed along with cardiovascular risk factor measurements in 1379 young adult participants (age range 20-44 years, average 36 years; 43% men, 70% white). Participants were categorized as normotensives (60%), prehypertensives (27%) and hypertensives (13%). RESULTS The prevalence of prehypertension was significantly higher among men than women (35 vs. 22%) and among blacks than whites (29 vs. 27%). Compared with normotensives, prehypertensives had a greater adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile. Male sex and BMI equally and significantly contributed to the prehypertension status in both whites [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval 2.66 (1.88-3.74) and 1.10 (1.07-1.14)] and blacks [OR: 2.56 (1.51-4.33) and 1.05 (1.01-1.09)]. Additionally, prehypertensives compared with normotensives had significantly higher left ventricular (LV) mass index, LV internal diameter, and carotid artery intima-media thickness. CONCLUSION The condition of prehypertension in young adults shows men>women and black women>white women, and participants with prehypertension already have adverse profiles of risk factors and indices of subclinical cardiovascular disease. A greater percentage of blacks at a relatively young age fall into the hypertensive category. These findings underscore the need for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk in youth at levels below those considered as hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Toprak
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Siragy H, Huang J, Lieb DC. The development of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren: treating hypertension and beyond. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:417-30. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|