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Özdilek Ü. Art Value Creation and Destruction. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:796-839. [PMID: 36593339 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-022-09748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
I present a theory of creative and destructive value state referring to abstract art. Value is a probabilistic state held as a mixture of its expectation and information forces that coexist in a give-and-take relationship. Expectations are driven by the disclosure of novel information about the value state of various events of desire. Each bit of accumulated information contributes to the improvement of perception up to a threshold level, beyond which begin conscious states. The desire to disclose a value state triggers a triadic system of evaluation which uses concepts, observables and approaches. While the triadic valuation mechanisms can be used to assess various commodities, the scope of this work is limited to the case of artworks, in particular abstract paintings. I assume that art value is basically mediated by the interplay between these value state mechanisms of creation and destruction. Expectations in artwork develop attraction by challenging its contemplator to evaluate (predict) its meaning. Once the relevant information, corresponding to its creative expectations, is acquired (and conditioned), emotional states of indifference, disinterest and desensitization develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünsal Özdilek
- Business School, Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental Responsibility, University of Quebec, 315, Ste-Catherine Est, Québec, H3C 3P8, Montreal, Canada.
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2
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Dopamine Receptor Expression and the Pathogenesis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Scoping Review of the Literature. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-022-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Ishiguro C, Sato Y, Takahashi A, Abe Y, Kato E, Takagishi H. Relationships among creativity indices: Creative potential, production, achievement, and beliefs about own creative personality. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273303. [PMID: 36170253 PMCID: PMC9518913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although creativity has been measured in various ways (ideas, products, achievements, and personality), the relationships between these measurements remain unclear. The current study examines whether divergent thinking predicts creative behavior (i.e., creative production and achievement) and whether beliefs about own creative personality influences the link between divergent thinking and creative behavior. Eighty-eight undergraduate students were assessed via a divergent thinking test, a creative production test, and a creative achievement questionnaire. The results showed that divergent thinking was positively associated with both creative behaviors (i.e., creative production in fine arts and achievement). In addition, beliefs about own creative personality moderated the relationship between divergent thinking and creative achievements, in that this relationship was stronger when Creative Personality Scale scores were higher. The current findings suggest some associations among creativity indices: divergent thinking promotes creative achievements, and this relation is moderated by beliefs about own creative personality. Further investigation is required to specify the causal relationships among creativity indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ishiguro
- College of Informatics and Human Communication, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- College of Liberal and Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Takahashi
- College of Arts, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Abe
- College of Arts, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kato
- College of Arts, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Xie Y, Yuan C, Sun M, Sun J, Zhang N, Qin W, Liu F, Xue H, Ding H, Wang S, He J, Hu L, Li X, Yu C. Personality and brain contribute to academic achievements of medical students. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964904. [PMID: 36148147 PMCID: PMC9489117 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many factors that influence the academic achievements of medical students, but how personality and brain modulate the academic achievements of medical students remains unclear. The study collected the personality, brain imaging, and academic data from 448 medical students at Tianjin Medical University with admission time between 2008 and 2017. Four types of academic achievements, including behavioral and social sciences, clinical sciences and skills, basic biomedical sciences, and scientific methods, were assessed by the academic records of 58 courses. Personality was evaluated by Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory. Brain structural and functional properties, including gray matter volume, spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity, were computed based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between personality and academic achievements. A voxel-wise correlation was used to identify areas of the brain where structural and functional properties were associated with academic achievements. Mediation analysis was used to test whether brain properties and personality independently contribute to academic achievements. Our results showed that novelty seeking (NS) was negatively correlated, and conscientiousness was positively correlated with all types of academic achievements. Brain functional properties showed negatively correlated with academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences. However, we did not find any mediation effect of the brain functional properties on the association between personality (NS and conscientiousness) and academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences, nor mediation effect of the personality (NS and conscientiousness) on the association between brain functional properties and academic achievement in basic biomedical sciences. These findings suggest that specific personality (NS and conscientiousness) and brain functional properties independently contribute to academic achievements in basic biomedical sciences, and that modulation of these properties may benefit academic achievements among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengru Sun
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningnannan Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyan He
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoxia Li,
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Chunshui Yu,
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Balogh L, Pulay AJ, Réthelyi JM. Genetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice? Front Psychol 2022; 13:751041. [PMID: 35350735 PMCID: PMC8957927 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.751041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a childhood prevalence of 5%. In about two-thirds of the cases, ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood and often cause significant functional impairment. Based on the results of family and twin studies, the estimated heritability of ADHD approximates 80%, suggests a significant genetic component in the etiological background of the disorder; however, the potential genetic effects on disease risk, symptom severity, and persistence are unclear. This article provides a brief review of the genome-wide and candidate gene association studies with a focus on the clinical aspects, summarizing findings of ADHD disease risk, ADHD core symptoms as dimensional traits, and other traits frequently associated with ADHD, which may contribute to the susceptibility to other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, neuropsychological impairment and measures from neuroimaging and electrophysiological paradigms, emerging as potential biomarkers, also provide a prominent target for molecular genetic studies, since they lie in the pathway from genes to behavior; therefore, they can contribute to the understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and the interindividual heterogeneity of clinical symptoms. Beyond the aforementioned aspects, throughout the review, we also give a brief summary of the genetic results, including polygenic risk scores that can potentially predict individual response to different treatment options and may offer a possibility for personalized treatment for the therapy of ADHD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Balogh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila J Pulay
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János M Réthelyi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Systematic identification of candidate genes associated with aggressive behavior: A neurogenetic approach. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Harnish SM, Diedrichs VA, Bartlett CW. EARLY CONSIDERATIONS OF GENETICS IN APHASIA REHABILITATION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. APHASIOLOGY 2022; 37:835-853. [PMID: 37346093 PMCID: PMC10281715 DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2022.2043234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Early investigations linking language and genetics were focused on the evolution of human communication in populations with developmental speech and language disorders. Recently, studies suggest that genes may also modulate recovery from post-stroke aphasia. Aims Our goal is to review current literature related to the influence of genetics on post-stroke recovery, and the implications for aphasia rehabilitation. We describe candidate genes implicated by empirical findings and address additional clinical considerations. Main Contribution We describe existing evidence and mechanisms supporting future investigations into how genetic factors may modulate aphasia recovery and propose that two candidate genes, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE), may be important considerations for future research assessing response to aphasia treatment. Evidence suggests that BDNF is important for learning, memory, and neuroplasticity. APOE influences cognitive functioning and memory in older individuals and has also been implicated in neural repair. Moreover, recent data suggest an interaction between specific alleles of the BDNF and APOE genes in influencing episodic memory. Conclusions Genetic influences on recovery from aphasia have been largely unexplored in the literature despite evidence that genetic factors influence behaviour and recovery from brain injury. As researchers continue to explore prognostic factors that may influence response to aphasia treatment, it is time for genetic factors to be considered as a source of variability. As the field moves in the direction of personalized medicine, eventually allied health professionals may utilize genetic profiles to inform treatment decisions and education for patients and care partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Harnish
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University
| | | | - Christopher W Bartlett
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
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8
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Arildskov TW, Virring A, Thomsen PH, Østergaard SD. Testing the evolutionary advantage theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:337-348. [PMID: 33392724 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To reconcile the strong secular persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) despite its impairing effects, ADHD traits have been postulated to offer an evolutionary advantage. It has been proposed that such advantages should in particular be observable under time-critical, novel, and resource-depleted conditions requiring response-readiness and high levels of scanning and exploration/foraging. Our objective was to provide the first behavioral test of this hypothesis. Schoolchildren from the general population with no/few (n = 56), mild (n = 50), moderate (n = 48), and severe (n = 48) ADHD traits, defined according to their ADHD-Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) total score, participated in an exploratory foraging and response-readiness laboratory test. Here, children searched for coins hidden in locations of varying obscurity in an unfamiliar room for 1 min. Test-performance (number of coins found) adjusted for age, sex, and estimated IQ was analyzed categorically using multiple linear regression analyses and dimensionally by fitting a regression model including the ADHD-RS-IV score as a continuous measure. There were no differences in the mean number of coins between the No/Few (Mean = 7.82), Mild (Mean = 7.76), Moderate (Mean = 7.58), and Severe (Mean = 7.88) groups [F(3,195) = 0.24, p = 0.871]. Furthermore, excluding children with functional impairment, adjusting for verbal working memory and response inhibition, and stratifying for sex did not change these findings. Finally, continuous ADHD traits were not found to be related to test-performance [F(3,195) = 0.73, p = 0.536]. While our results do generally not support the evolutionary advantage theory (i.e., ADHD traits neither conferred an advantage nor a disadvantage), this does not disprove that ADHD traits may have offered advantages via other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Wigh Arildskov
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anne Virring
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren D Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Yoshino S, Oshio A. Personality and migration in Japan: Examining the tendency of extroverted and open people to migrate to Tokyo. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Jordan CJ, Xi ZX. Identification of the Risk Genes Associated With Vulnerability to Addiction: Major Findings From Transgenic Animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:811192. [PMID: 35095405 PMCID: PMC8789752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.811192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding risk factors for substance use disorders (SUD) can facilitate medication development for SUD treatment. While a rich literature exists discussing environmental factors that influence SUD, fewer articles have focused on genetic factors that convey vulnerability to drug use. Methods to identify SUD risk genes include Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and transgenic approaches. GWAS have identified hundreds of gene variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, few genes identified by GWAS have been verified by clinical or preclinical studies. In contrast, significant progress has been made in transgenic approaches to identify risk genes for SUD. In this article, we review recent progress in identifying candidate genes contributing to drug use and addiction using transgenic approaches. A central hypothesis is if a particular gene variant (e.g., resulting in reduction or deletion of a protein) is associated with increases in drug self-administration or relapse to drug seeking, this gene variant may be considered a risk factor for drug use and addiction. Accordingly, we identified several candidate genes such as those that encode dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, mGluR2, M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which appear to meet the risk-gene criteria when their expression is decreased. Here, we describe the role of these receptors in drug reward and addiction, and then summarize major findings from the gene-knockout mice or rats in animal models of addiction. Lastly, we briefly discuss future research directions in identifying addiction-related risk genes and in risk gene-based medication development for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Jordan
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chloe J. Jordan,
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Zheng-Xiong Xi,
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11
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Zhang Y, Lee H. Wine tourism experience effects on co-creation, perceived value and consumer behavior. CIÊNCIA E TÉCNICA VITIVINÍCOLA 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/ctv/20223702159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Wine tourism is an increasingly prevalent form of tourism, but is still an emerging market in China. Wine tourism is highly experiential, yet only a few research works have focused on the antecedents and consequences of co-creation experience in the context of wine tourism. In this study, Chateau Changyu Rena Shaanxi, China, was selected as the site of research to explore the impacts of wine tourism experience on co-creation experience, perceived value, and consumer behavior. The Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) method has been used to analyze a sample of 536 respondents who have participated in wine tourism. The results show that most Chinese tourists participated in wine tourism for the first time and spent around 800 Renminbi for wine in average at the winery. In addition, this study is the first to confirm that autonomous of co-creation experience, entertainment, education, escapism, and novelty experience have positive effects on co-creation experience. Education experience, esthetic experience, escapism experience, and hedonism experience are positively correlated with perceived value. Co-creation experience and perceived value are positively correlated with word-of-mouth intention, revisit intention and purchase intention. The results of this study also provide implications for winery operators, guiding them to improve their business strategies, enrich wine tourism experience, encourage tourists to participate in co-creation activities, reward visitors for positive word-of-mouth promotion and offer cost-effective products.
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Xiao X, Zhang CY, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Li M, Li T. Revisiting tandem repeats in psychiatric disorders from perspectives of genetics, physiology, and brain evolution. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:466-475. [PMID: 34650204 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed substantial genetic components comprised of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the heritable risk of psychiatric disorders. However, genetic risk factors not covered by GWAS also play pivotal roles in these illnesses. Tandem repeats, which are likely functional but frequently overlooked by GWAS, may account for an important proportion in the "missing heritability" of psychiatric disorders. Despite difficulties in characterizing and quantifying tandem repeats in the genome, studies have been carried out in an attempt to describe impact of tandem repeats on gene regulation and human phenotypes. In this review, we have introduced recent research progress regarding the genomic distribution and regulatory mechanisms of tandem repeats. We have also summarized the current knowledge of the genetic architecture and biological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders brought by studies of tandem repeats. These findings suggest that tandem repeats, in candidate psychiatric risk genes or in different levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) with psychiatric GWAS SNPs and haplotypes, may modulate biological phenotypes related to psychiatric disorders (e.g., cognitive function and brain physiology) through regulating alternative splicing, promoter activity, enhancer activity and so on. In addition, many tandem repeats undergo tight natural selection in the human lineage, and likely exert crucial roles in human brain evolution. Taken together, the putative roles of tandem repeats in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders is strongly implicated, and using examples from previous literatures, we wish to call for further attention to tandem repeats in the post-GWAS era of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chu-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital and Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China.
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Chmielowiec K, Chmielowiec J, Masiak J, Czekaj M, Krawczyk P, Soroka E, Śmiarowska M, Musiał W, Pawłowski T, Grzywacz A. DRD4 Exon 3 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients Diagnosed with Polysubstance Use Disorder and Co-Occurrence of a Depressive Episode. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111834. [PMID: 34828440 PMCID: PMC8623079 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been a noticeable and systematic growth of the use of psychoactive substances over the past few decades. Dual diagnosis is a clinical term referring to the occurrence of psychoactive substance use disorder comorbid with another psychiatric disorder in the same person. The most common type of dual diagnosis is the co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and mood disorders in the form of a depressive episode. Co-occurrent substance use disorders are frequently influenced by genetic factors. In selecting our area of research, we focused on dopamine and the DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4) gene polymorphism as well as associations with personality features. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare DRD4 exon 3 (DRD4 Ex3) gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and co-occurrence of a depressive episode to DRD4 exon 3 gene polymorphisms in patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder and without co-occurrence of a depressive episode and a group of healthy volunteers. The study also aimed at establishing associations between personality features and DRD4 exon 3 gene polymorphisms of male patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder with co-occurrence of a depressive episode which may present a specific endophenotype of this group of patients. Methods: The study group comprised 602 male volunteers: patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder comorbid with a depressive episode (PUD MDD) (n = 95; mean age = 28.29, standard deviation (SD) = 7.40), patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder (PUD) (n = 206; mean age = 28.13, SD = 5.97), and controls (n = 301; mean age = 22.13, SD = 4.57). The patients and control subjects were diagnosed by a psychiatrist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires. An analysis of the DRD4 exon 3 polymorphism was performed. Results: The patients diagnosed with PUD MDD compared to the control group of healthy volunteers showed significantly higher scores on both the STAI status and features scale and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Openness Scale, as well as lower scores on the Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness NEO-FFI scales. In the DRD4 exon 3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more frequent in the PUD MDD compared to the l allele, which was less frequent. The results of the 2 × 3 factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) in patients and controls and the variant DRD4 exon 3 interaction were found on the Extraversion Scale and the Conscientiousness Scale of the NEO-FFI. Conclusions: The associations show that psychological factors combined with genetic data create a new area of research on addiction, including the problem of dual diagnosis. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions at this stage of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (K.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (K.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Głuska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czekaj
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Orthopedics, Traumatology and Oncology of the Locomotor System, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (M.C.); (P.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Piotr Krawczyk
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Orthopedics, Traumatology and Oncology of the Locomotor System, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (M.C.); (P.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Ewelina Soroka
- Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Głuska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Śmiarowska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Aleja Powstancόw Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Musiał
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Orthopedics, Traumatology and Oncology of the Locomotor System, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (M.C.); (P.K.); (W.M.)
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. L. Pasteura 10 St., 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91441-47-46
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Ausmees L, Talts M, Allik J, Vainik U, Sikka TT, Nikopensius T, Esko T, Realo A. Taking risks to feel excitement: Detailed personality profile and genetic associations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211019242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study mapped the personality and genetics of risky excitement-seekers focusing on skydiving behavior. We compared 298 skydivers to 298 demographically matched controls across the NEO Personality Inventory-3 domains, facets, and 240 items. The most significant item-level effects were aggregated into a poly-item score of skydiving-associated personality markers (Study 1), where higher scores describe individuals who enjoy risky situations but have no self-control issues. The skydiving-associated personality marker score was associated with greater physical activity, higher rate of traumatic injuries, and better mental health in a sample of 3558 adults (Study 2). From genetic perspective, we associated skydiving behavior with 19 candidate variants that have previously been linked to excitement-seeking (Study 1). Polymorphisms in the SERT gene were the strongest predictors of skydiving, but the false discovery rate-adjusted (FDR-adjusted) p-values were non-significant. In Study 2, we predicted the skydiving-associated personality marker score and E5: Excitement-seeking from multiple risk-taking polygenic scores, using publicly available summary data from genome-wide association studies. While E5: Excitement-seeking was most strongly predicted by general risk tolerance and risky behaviors’ polygenic scores, the skydiving-associated personality marker score was most strongly associated with the adventurousness polygenic scores. Phenotypic and polygenic scores associations suggest that skydiving is a specific—perhaps more functional—form of excitement-seeking, which may nevertheless lead to physical injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisi Ausmees
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maie Talts
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | | | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, UK
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The neurobiology of human aggressive behavior: Neuroimaging, genetic, and neurochemical aspects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110059. [PMID: 32822763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In modern societies, there is a strive to improve the quality of life related to risk of crimes which inevitably requires a better understanding of brain determinants and mediators of aggression. Neurobiology provides powerful tools to achieve this end. Pre-clinical and clinical studies show that changes in regional volumes, metabolism-function and connectivity within specific neural networks are related to aggression. Subregions of prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia and hippocampus play a major role within these circuits and have been consistently implicated in biology of aggression. Genetic variations in proteins regulating the synthesis, degradation, and transport of serotonin and dopamine as well as their signal transduction have been found to mediate behavioral variability observed in aggression. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions represent additional important risk factors for aggressiveness. Considering the social burden of pathological forms of aggression, more basic and translational studies should be conducted to accelerate applications to clinical practice, justice courts, and policy making.
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Sensation seeking versus alcohol use: Evaluating temporal precedence using cross-lagged panel models. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108430. [PMID: 33310382 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensation seeking has been theoretically conceptualized as the personality trait for novel and complex experiences responsible for the predilection of engaging in risky activities. The study evaluated several cross-lagged panel models premised on various measurement variations of sensation seeking to determine the extent that each representation operates as the temporal antecedent or consequent of alcohol use. METHODS Participants (N = 201) were United States college students under 21 years of age. The measures, completed in two assessments separated by a month, included the Sensation Seeking Scale-V (SSS-V) and its subscales of boredom susceptibility, disinhibition, experience seeking, thrill & adventure seeking; the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS); and the frequency and quantity of alcoholic drinks. Cross-lagged panel models containing synchronous correlations, auto-regressive paths, and cross-lagged paths were estimated in path analysis using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The cross-lagged panel model results varied depending on the measurement variant of sensation seeking. The SSS-V emerged as a longitudinal precursor to both drink frequency and quantity. Thrill & adventure seeking longitudinally anticipated drink frequency and quantity. However, disinhibition and drink quantity reciprocally reinforced one another across time. Boredom susceptibility and experience seeking did not exhibit any temporal directionality with alcohol behaviors. Furthermore, the BSSS operated as a longitudinal precursor of drink quantity. CONCLUSIONS Findings help to unravel the temporal precedent of sensation seeking versus alcohol behaviors based on the scrutiny of various sensation seeking measurement approaches.
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Boussac M, Arbus C, Dupouy J, Harroch E, Rousseau V, Croiset A, Ory-Magne F, Rascol O, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Maltête D, Rouaud T, Meyer M, Drapier S, Giordana B, Anheim M, Hainque E, Jarraya B, Benatru I, Auzou N, Belamri L, Tir M, Marques AR, Thobois S, Eusebio A, Corvol JC, Devos D, Brefel-Courbon C. Personality dimensions of patients can change during the course of parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245142. [PMID: 33411732 PMCID: PMC7790271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing personality dimensions by the "Temperament and Character Inventory" (TCI) have previously found an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and lower Novelty Seeking and higher Harm Avoidance scores. Here, we aimed to describe personality dimensions of PD patients with motor fluctuations and compare them to a normative population and other PD populations. METHODS All PD patients awaiting Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) answered the TCI before neurosurgery. Their results were compared to those of historical cohorts (a French normative population, a de novo PD population, and a PD population with motor fluctuations). RESULTS Most personality dimensions of our 333 included PD patients with motor fluctuations who are candidates for DBS were different from those of the normative population and some were also different from those of the De Novo PD population, whereas they were similar to those of another population of PD patients with motor fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS During the course of PD, personality dimensions can change in parallel with the development of motor fluctuations, either due to the evolution of the disease and/or dopaminergic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Boussac
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Arbus
- Psychiatry Department of the University Hospital of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Dupouy
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Estelle Harroch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Vanessa Rousseau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Croiset
- CERPPS—Study and Research Center in Psychopathology and Health Psychology, University of Toulouse II Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, Rouen, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Guillaume et René Laennec, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Nantes, France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Neurology Department, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Giordana
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Pasteur 1, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Pôle Neurosciences, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Université de Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM U992, CEA Neurospin, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU Poitiers, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Auzou
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des maladies neuro-dégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lhaouas Belamri
- Hôpital Fondation A de Rothschild, Service de recherche clinique, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Expert Centre for Parkinson's disease, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens, France
| | - Ana-Raquel Marques
- Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Hôpital Neurologique "Pierre Wertheimer", Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, and UMR CNRS 7289, Institut de Neuroscience de La Timone, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
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ISHII K, MASUDA T, MATSUNAGA M, NOGUCHI Y, YAMASUE H, OHTSUBO Y. A REEXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CULTURE AND DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE INTERACTION ON SOCIAL ORIENTATION. PSYCHOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2021-b014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Weydmann G, Cauduro GN, Hauck Filho N, Bizarro L. Teoria da Sensibilidade ao Reforçamento: Pressupostos, Procedimentos e Medidas. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e37218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A Teoria da Sensibilidade ao Reforçamento (RST) é um modelo psicobiológico de personalidade derivado de estudos experimentais com humanos e não humanos. Na RST, duas dimensões de personalidade influenciam a reatividade ao ambiente: sensibilidade à recompensa (SR) e sensibilidade à punição (SP). O pressuposto central da teoria é de que há uma relação entre personalidade (SR e SP) e aprendizagem por condicionamento. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar aos pesquisadores brasileiros a história, as hipóteses centrais e os procedimentos experimentais da RST e discutir as medidas utilizadas para testar os pressupostos da teoria. A RST é um modelo promissor para o estudo da personalidade dentro da psicologia experimental, psiquiatria e neurociências.
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Ciani AC, Capiluppi C. Gene Flow by Selective Emigration as a Possible Cause for Personality Differences between Small Islands and Mainland Populations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Whether personality differences exist between populations is a controversial question. Even though such differences can be measured, it is still not clear whether they are due to individual phenotypic responses to the environment or whether they have a genetic influence. In a population survey we compared the personality traits of inhabitants of an Italian archipelago (the three Egadi islands; N = 622) with those of the closest mainland population (Trapani area; N = 106) and we found that personality differences between small populations can be detected. Islanders scored significantly lower on the personality traits of openness to experience and extraversion and higher on conscientiousness. We suggest that these personality trait differences could be an adaptive response to a confined socio–environmental niche, genetically produced by a strong, non–random gene flow in the last 20–25 generations, rather than the flexible response of islanders to environmental variables. To test this hypothesis, we compared subsets of the islander population classified by ancestry, birthplace, immigration and emigration and found that differences in extraversion can be accounted for by gene flow, while openness to experience and conscientiousness can also be accounted for by some gene–environment interactions. We propose a Personality Gene Flow hypothesis suggesting that, in small isolated communities, whenever there is strong, non–random emigration, paired with weak and random immigration, we can expect rapid genetic personality change within the population. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Camperio Ciani AS, Edelman S, Ebstein RP. The Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) Exon 3 VNTR Contributes to Adaptive Personality Differences in an Italian Small Island Population. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The search for evolutionary forces shaping the diversity of human personality traits encouraged studies that have found that islanders are relatively closed and introverted, with little interest in the external world. The ‘personality gene flow’ hypothesis was proposed to explain the mechanism underlying this difference, suggesting that the frequency of alleles that influence islander personality traits might progressively increase in the gene pools on islands because of selective emigration of individuals not displaying these alleles. We genotyped 96 individuals from the Italian mainland and 117 from Giglio Island, whose residents were previously assessed regarding their personality traits. We genotyped three polymorphisms: the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) exon 3 repeat region, the serotonin–transporter SLC6A4 5–HTTLPR indel and the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 DAT1 3′UTR repeat region. Only the DRD4 exon 3 repeat was hypothesised to show varying allele frequencies because this polymorphism could be associated with human migration and personality traits such as extraversion, openness and novelty seeking. As predicted, no differences in allele frequencies were found for the SLC6A4 and SLC6A3 polymorphisms, whereas significant differences were observed in the frequency of the DRD4 exon 3 alleles. The DRD4.2 repeat was more common in mainlanders, as expected, whereas the DRD4.7 allele was over–represented among islanders who never emigrated. This last result contradicts the suggested association of this allele with long–distance migrations. We suggest that emigration might have caused gene flow out the island that resulted in somewhat unpredictable changes in the frequencies of specific alleles, thus influencing islander personality traits. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shany Edelman
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard P. Ebstein
- Psychology Department, Mt Scopus Campus, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Penke L, Denissen JJA, Miller GF. Evolution, genes, and inter‐disciplinary personality research. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most commentaries welcomed an evolutionary genetic approach to personality, but several raised concerns about our integrative model. In response, we clarify the scientific status of evolutionary genetic theory and explain the plausibility and value of our evolutionary genetic model of personality, despite some shortcomings with the currently available theories and data. We also have a closer look at mate choice for personality traits, point to promising ways to assess evolutionarily relevant environmental factors and defend higher‐order personality domains and the g‐factor as the best units for evolutionary genetic analyses. Finally, we discuss which extensions of and alternatives to our model appear most fruitful, and end with a call for more inter‐disciplinary personality research grounded in evolutionary theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Penke
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School LIFE, Berlin, Germany
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Camperio Ciani AS, Capiluppi C, Veronese A, Sartori G. The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Whether differences in personality among populations really exist and, if so, whether they are only due to cultural and linguistic differences or have a genetically selected adaptive value, is a controversial issue. In this research, we compared three Italian populations living on three small archipelagos in the Tyrrhenian Sea (n = 993), with their corresponding neighbouring mainlanders (n = 598), i.e. sharing the same geographical origin, culture and language. We used an adjective‐based Big Five questionnaire in order to measure personality traits in four categories of individuals for each archipelago/mainland population: (1) original islanders; (2) non‐original islanders; (3) mainlanders and (4) immigrants to the islands. We further analysed original and non‐original islanders who had or had not emigrated from the islands. We found that islanders had different personality traits from mainlanders, the former being more conscientious and emotionally stable and less extraverted and open to experience. We also found that the subgroup of islanders whose ancestors had inhabited their island for about 20 generations in isolation (original islanders, n = 624) were less extraverted and open to experience than immigrants (n = 193). In contrast, immigrants retained the typical personality profile of the mainland populations. Lastly, emigrants from the islands (n = 209) were significantly more extraverted and open to experience than original and non‐original islanders who had never left their island (n = 741). We hypothesise that population differences in extraversion and openness to experience are more probably related to genetic differences which evolved rapidly, presumably through an active gene flow produced by selective emigration from the islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Capiluppi
- Department of Psychology and Cultural Anthropology, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Veronese
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sartori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Badcock PB, Moore E, Williamson E, Berk M, Williams LJ, Bjerkeset O, Nordahl HM, Patton GC, Olsson CA. Modeling gene‐environment interaction in longitudinal data: Risk for neuroticism due to interaction between maternal care and the Dopamine 4 Receptor gene (DRD4). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Badcock
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Elya Moore
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Elizabeth Williamson
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health Parkville, and the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - Michael Berk
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences: Barwon Health, The University of Melbourne, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lana J. Williams
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health Parkville, and the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Department of Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
- Department of Research and Development, Levanger Hospital, Nord‐Trøndelag Health Trust
| | - Hans M. Nordahl
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
- Department of Psychiatry, Levanger Hospital, Nord‐Trøndelag Health Trust, Norway
| | - George C. Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Craig A. Olsson
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne
- Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Coetzee C, Truter I, Meyer A. Prevalence and characteristics of South African treatment-seeking patients with substance use disorder and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1271-1280. [PMID: 33040639 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1835467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) constitutes a significant risk factor for the development of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). Individuals with both conditions use more substances, and the pattern of substance use seems to differ between individuals with and without ADHD. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES To establish the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in adult South African treatment-seeking patients with SUD, and the pattern of substance use and presence of previous ADHD diagnoses and pharmacotherapy. METHODS Adult patients (N = 360) were recruited from rehabilitation facilities and screened using the ADHD Self-Report Scale Symptom Checklist (ASRS-v1.1). Questions included demographics, substance consumption and current/historical use of ADHD-indicated medication. RESULTS A third (36.0%) of patients with SUD screened positive for ADHD - 14.6% had been diagnosed with ADHD prior to admission, and indicated pharmacotherapy, while 68.5% of those screened positive were not hitherto diagnosed with ADHD (p < 0.001). A statistical difference was found for polysubstance use with the ADHD group significantly being treated more frequently for use of more than one substance (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High rates of untreated and unrecognized ADHD were found among treatment-seeking SUD patients. Preventative strategies are crucial to reduce substance use and the development of SUD in individuals affected by ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corné Coetzee
- Drug Utilization Research Unit (DURU), Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University , Port Elizabeth, South Africa.,University of Limpopo , Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Ilse Truter
- Drug Utilization Research Unit (DURU), Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University , Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Anneke Meyer
- Drug Utilization Research Unit (DURU), Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University , Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Piccardi ES, Johnson MH, Gliga T. Explaining individual differences in infant visual sensory seeking. INFANCY 2020; 25:677-698. [PMID: 32748567 PMCID: PMC7496506 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in infants’ engagement with their environment manifest early in development and are noticed by parents. Three views have been advanced to explain differences in seeking novel stimulation. The optimal stimulation hypothesis suggests that individuals seek further stimulation when they are under‐responsive to current sensory input. The processing speed hypothesis proposes that those capable of processing information faster are driven to seek stimulation more frequently. The information prioritization hypothesis suggests the differences in stimulation seeking index variation in the prioritization of incoming relative to ongoing information processing. Ten‐month‐old infants saw 10 repetitions of a video clip and changes in frontal theta oscillatory amplitude were measured as an index of information processing speed. Stimulus‐locked P1 peak amplitude in response to checkerboards briefly overlaid on the video at random points during its presentation indexed processing of incoming stimulation. Parental report of higher visual seeking did not relate to reduced P1 peak amplitude or to a stronger decrease in frontal theta amplitude with repetition, thus not supporting either the optimal stimulation or the processing speed hypotheses. Higher visual seeking occurred in those infants whose P1 peak amplitude was greater than expected based on their theta amplitude. These findings indicate that visual sensory seeking in infancy is explained by a bias toward novel stimulation, thus supporting the information prioritization hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Serena Piccardi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teodora Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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McGregor M, Richer K, Ananth M, Thanos PK. The functional networks of a novel environment: Neural activity mapping in awake unrestrained rats using positron emission tomography. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01646. [PMID: 32562468 PMCID: PMC7428510 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel environment stimulation is thought to have an important role in cognitive development and has been shown to encourage exploratory behavior in rats. However, psychopathology or perceived danger or stress can impede this exploratory drive. The balance between brain circuits controlling the exploratory drive elicited by a novel environment, and the avoidance response to stressors, is not well understood. METHODS Using positron emission tomography (PET) and the glucose analog [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), we assessed awake brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats while in a novel environment (cage of an unfamiliar male rat) and non-novel environment (the animal's home cage). RESULTS Exposure to the novel environment increased BGluM in regions associated with vision (visual cortex), motor function and motivated behavior (striatum and motor cortex), and anxiety (stria terminalis), and decreased BGluM in regions associated with auditory processing (auditory cortex, insular cortex, inferior colliculus), locomotor activity (globus pallidus, striatum, motor cortex, ventral thalamic nucleus), spatial navigation (retrosplenial cortex), and working memory (hippocampus, cingulate cortex, prelimbic cortex, orbitofrontal cortex). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the novel cage is a stressful environment that inhibits activity in brain regions associated with exploratory behavior. Patterns of inhibition in the novel cage also support the proposed rat default mode network, indicating that animals are more cognitively engaged in this environment. Additionally, these data support the unique capability of combining FDG-PET with psychopharmacology experiments to examine novelty seeking and brain activation in the context of decision making, risk taking, and cognitive function more generally, along with response to environmental or stress challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McGregor
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaleigh Richer
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Department of Neurobiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082288. [PMID: 32751662 PMCID: PMC7468707 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has a predominant expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain area strictly involved in the modulation of reward processes related to both food and drug consumption. Additionally, the human DRD4 gene is characterized by a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the exon 3 and, among the polymorphic variants, the 7-repeat (7R) allele appears as a contributing factor in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug abuse, aberrant eating behaviors and related comorbidities. The 7R variant encodes for a receptor with a blunted intracellular response to dopamine, and carriers of this polymorphism might be more tempted to enhance dopamine levels in the brain, through the overconsumption of drugs of abuse or palatable food, considering their reinforcing properties. Moreover, the presence of this polymorphism seems to increase the susceptibility of individuals to engage maladaptive eating patterns in response to negative environmental stimuli. This review is focused on the role of DRD4 and DRD4 genetic polymorphism in these neuropsychiatric disorders in both clinical and preclinical studies. However, further research is needed to better clarify the complex DRD4 role, by using validated preclinical models and novel compounds more selective for DRD4.
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The dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI A polymorphism is not associated with Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence in healthy subjects. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 13:427-30. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/1998] [Accepted: 07/01/1998] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAllele A1 of the TaqI A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the dopamine D2 receptor gene has been found to be associated with substance abuse and alcoholism. The personality trait of Novelty Seeking (NS) is also associated with substance abuse and dependence. We hypothesised, on the basis of involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in substance abuse, that the presence of allele A1 of the dopamine D2 receptor gene may represent a genetic predisposition for the NS personality trait. We investigated, therefore, whether the allele A1 of the TaqI A RFLP of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with the NS dimension of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in healthy Caucasian subjects with no history of alcohol or substance abuse or dependence. We genotyped 204 subjects aged 18 to 30 years. There was no association between any of the alleles of the D2 receptor genes and any of the TPQ scores (NS, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence). We conclude that allele A1 of the TaqI A RFLP of the dopamine D2 receptor is not associated with NS personality trait in healthy Caucasian subjects.
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Kumari V, Antonova E, Geyer MA. Prepulse inhibition and “psychosis-proneness” in healthy individuals: An fMRI study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 23:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectivePrepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response provides an operational index of sensorimotor gating that is reliably demonstrable in both human and animal subjects. Patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, patients with schizotypal personality disorder and healthy individuals scoring high on psychometric measures of psychosis-proneness display reduced PPI. This study examined associations between individual differences in “psychosis-proneness” and brain activity during a tactile prepulse inhibition paradigm previously found to reveal activation in controls and deficient activation in schizophrenia patients in the striatum, thalamus, insula, hippocampal, temporal, inferior frontal, and inferior parietal regions.MethodsFourteen right-handed healthy men underwent psychophysiological testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a 15-min tactile PPI paradigm involving the use of tactile stimuli as both the pulse (a 40-ms presentation of 30 psi air-puff) and the prepulse (a 20-ms presentation of 6 psi air-puff presented 30-ms or 120-ms before the pulse). Individual differences in “psychosis-proneness” were assessed with Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R).ResultsHigh psychosis-proneness was associated with lower PPI and reduced activity in the inferior frontal gyrus, insula extending to putamen and thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, and inferior parietal and middle temporal regions. No regional activity correlated positively with psychosis-proneness.ConclusionsThe present observations extend the findings observed previously in people with schizophrenia to people with high psychosis-proneness, providing support to continuum theories of psychosis with implications for understanding trait-related neural deficits in schizophrenia.
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DRD4 48 bp multiallelic variants as age-population-specific biomarkers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:70. [PMID: 32075956 PMCID: PMC7031506 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers to support the diagnosis and prediction of treatment response for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still a challenge. Our previous works highlighted the DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4) as the best potential genetic marker for childhood diagnosis and methylphenidate (MPH) response. Here, we aimed to provide additional evidence on biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and treatment response, by using more specific approaches such as meta-analytic and bioinformatics tools. Via meta-analytic approaches including over 3000 cases and 16,000 controls, we demonstrated that, among the different variants studied in DRD4 gene, the 48-base pair, Variable Tandem Repeat Polymorphism, VNTR in exon 3 showed an age/population-specificity and an allelic heterogeneity. In particular, the 7R/"long" allele was identified as an ADHD risk factor in European-Caucasian populations (d = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.17-1.47, Z = 4.70/d = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.20-1.55, Z = 4.78, respectively), also, from the results of last meta-analysis, linked to the poor MPH efficacy. The 4R/"short" allele was a protective factor in European-Caucasian and South American populations (d = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.75-0.92, Z = 3.58), and was also associated to positive MPH response. These results refer to children with ADHD. No evidence of such associations was detected for adults with persistent ADHD (data from the last meta-analysis). Moreover, we found evidence that the 4R allele leads to higher receptor expression and increased sensitivity to dopamine, as compared with the 7R allele (d = 1.20, 95%CI: 0.71-1.69, Z = 4.81), and this is consistent with the ADHD protection/susceptibility effects of the respective alleles. Using bioinformatics tools, based on the latest genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analysis of the Psychiatry Genomic Consortium (PGC), we demonstrated that the 48 bp VNTR is not in Linkage Disequilibrium with the DRD4 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), which were not found to be associated with ADHD. Moreover, a DRD4 expression downregulation was found in ADHD specific brain regions (Putamen, Z score = -3.02, P = 0.00252). Overall, our results suggest that DRD4 48 bp VNTR variants should be considered as biomarkers to support the diagnosis of ADHD and to predict MPH response, although the accuracy of such a biomarker remains to be further elucidated.
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Enge S, Sach M, Reif A, Lesch KP, Miller R, Fleischhauer M. Cumulative Dopamine Genetic Score predicts behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition via interactions with task demand. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:59-75. [PMID: 31802408 PMCID: PMC7012812 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional genetic polymorphisms in the brain dopamine (DA) system have been suggested to underlie individual differences in response inhibition, namely the suppression of a prepotent or inappropriate action. However, findings on associations between single DA polymorphisms and inhibitory control often are mixed, partly due to their small effect sizes. In the present study, a cumulative genetic score (CGS) was used: alleles previously associated with both impulsive behavior and lower baseline DA level, precisely the DRD4 Exon III 7-repeat, DAT1 VNTR 10-repeat and the COMT 158val allele, each added a point to the DA-CGS. Participants (N = 128) completed a Go/No-Go task varying in difficulty and EEG recordings were made with focus on the NoGo-P3, an ERP that reflects inhibitory response processes. We found a higher DA-CGS (lower basal/tonic DA level) to be associated with better performance (lower %FA and more adaptive responding) in the very demanding/rapid than in the less demanding/rapid condition, whereas the reverse pattern was true for individuals with a lower DA-CGS. A similar interaction pattern of DA-CGS and task condition was found for NoGo-P3 amplitude. In line with assumptions of distinct optimum DA levels for different cognitive demands, a DA-CGS-dependent variation of tonic DA levels could have modulated the balance between cognitive stability and flexibility, thereby affecting the optimal DA level required for the specific task condition. Moreover, a task demand-dependent phasic DA release might have added to the DA-CGS-related basal/tonic DA levels, thereby additionally affecting the balance between flexibility and stability, in turn influencing performance and NoGo-P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Enge
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, MSB Medical School Berlin, Calandrellistraße 1-9, 12247, Berlin, Germany.
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mareike Sach
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Miller
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischhauer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, MSB Medical School Berlin, Calandrellistraße 1-9, 12247, Berlin, Germany
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Guran CNA, Lehmann-Grube J, Bunzeck N. Retrieval Practice Improves Recollection-Based Memory Over a Seven-Day Period in Younger and Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2997. [PMID: 32038382 PMCID: PMC6990689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieving information improves subsequent memory performance more strongly than restudying. However, despite recent evidence for this retrieval practice effect (RPE), the temporal dynamics, age-related changes, and their possible interactions remain unclear. Therefore, we tested 45 young (18–30 years) and 41 older (50 + years) participants with a previously established RP paradigm. Specifically, subjects retrieved and restudied scene images on Day 1; subsequently, their recognition memory for the presented items was tested on the same day of learning and 7 days later using a remember/know paradigm. As main findings we can show that both young and older adults benefited from RP, however, the older participants benefited to a lesser extent. Importantly, the RPE was present immediately after learning on Day 1 and 7 days later, with no significant differences between time points. Finally, RP improved recollection rates more strongly than familiarity rates, independent of age and retrieval interval. Together, our results provide evidence that the RPE is reduced but still existing in older adults, it is stable over a period of seven days and relies more strongly on hippocampus-based recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nico Bunzeck
- Institute of Psychology I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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34
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Methylation-related metabolic effects of D4 dopamine receptor expression and activation. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:295. [PMID: 31719518 PMCID: PMC6851363 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D4 dopamine receptor (D4R) activation uniquely promotes methylation of plasma membrane phospholipids, utilizing folate-derived methyl groups provided by methionine synthase (MS). We evaluated the impact of D4R expression on folate-dependent phospholipid methylation (PLM) and MS activity, as well as cellular redox and methylation status, in transfected CHO cells expressing human D4R variants containing 2, 4, or 7 exon III repeats (D4.2R, D4.4R, D4.7R). Dopamine had no effect in non-transfected CHO cells, but increased PLM to a similar extent for both D4.2R- and D4.4R-expressing cells, while the maximal increase was for D4.7R was significantly lower. D4R expression in CHO cells decreased basal MS activity for all receptor subtypes and conferred dopamine-sensitive MS activity, which was greater with a higher number of repeats. Consistent with decreased MS activity, D4R expression decreased basal levels of methylation cycle intermediates methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), as well as cysteine and glutathione (GSH). Conversely, dopamine stimulation increased GSH, SAM, and the SAM/SAH ratio, which was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in global DNA methylation. Our findings illustrate a profound influence of D4R expression and activation on MS activity, coupled with the ability of dopamine to modulate cellular redox and methylation status. These previously unrecognized signaling activities of the D4R provide a unique link between neurotransmission and metabolism.
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Associations between the dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms and personality traits in elite athletes. Biol Sport 2019; 36:365-372. [PMID: 31938008 PMCID: PMC6945044 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.85457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits and temperament may affect sports performance. Previous studies suggest that dopamine may play an important role in behavior regulation and physical exercise performance. The aim of this study is to determine associations between dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 Ex3) polymorphisms and personality traits (such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeability and conscientiousness) in elite combat athletes. A total of 302 physically active, unrelated, self-reported Caucasian participants were recruited for this study. The participants consisted of 200 elite male combat athletes and 102 healthy male participants (control group). For personality trait measurements, the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires were used. For the genetic assays, blood was collected and all samples were genotyped using the real-time PCR method. A 2 x 3 factorial ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences on the Openness NEO Five Factor Inventory scale for both examined factors, i.e. sport status and genetics DTD4 Ex3. Combat athletes achieved higher scores on the Conscientiousness NEO-FFI scale when compared to controls (7.18 vs 5.98). On the other hand, combat athletes scored lower on the Openness scale in comparison with control group (4.42 vs. 4.63). Subjects with the DRD4 Ex3 s/s genotype had lower results on the openness scale in comparison with participants with the DRD4 Ex3 s/1 genotype (4.01 vs. 4.57) and higher DRD4 Ex3 1/1 genotype (4,01 vs. 3,50). In conclusion, we found an association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene in variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms and athletic status for two NEO-FFI factors: Openness and Conscientiousness. The DRD4 exon 3 polymorphism may be associated with the selected personality traits in combat athletes, thereby modulating athletes’ predisposition to participate in high risk sports.
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36
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Kamenskov MY, Gurina OI. [Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:61-67. [PMID: 31626172 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911908161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate serotonin and catecholamine levels in people with paraphilic disorders and identify correlations between transmitter dysfunction and clinical signs of paraphilic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen men with paraphilic disorders were studied using clinical-psychopathological, sexological, biochemical and statistical methods. RESULTS There were an increase in the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine and a decrease in the concentration of DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) in the urine of patients with paraphilic disorders. The concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine are correlated with obsessive disturbances. The level of DOPAC was associated with affective and dissociative disorders. CONCLUSION The relationships between biochemical and psychopathological signs suggest a role of biological mechanisms in the organization of abnormal sexual behavior. Correlations between psychopathological phenomena and DOPAC indicate a key role of central dopamine in the pathogenesis of paraphilic disorders and disturbances of conscious regulation of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Kamenskov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - O I Gurina
- Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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37
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Keck T, Free RB, Day MM, Brown SL, Maddaluna MS, Fountain G, Cooper C, Fallon B, Holmes M, Stang CT, Burkhardt R, Bonifazi A, Ellenberger MP, Newman AH, Sibley DR, Wu C, Boateng CA. Dopamine D 4 Receptor-Selective Compounds Reveal Structure-Activity Relationships that Engender Agonist Efficacy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3722-3740. [PMID: 30883109 PMCID: PMC6466480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) plays important roles in cognition, attention, and decision making. Novel D4R-selective ligands have promise in medication development for neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and substance use disorders. To identify new D4R-selective ligands, and to understand the molecular determinants of agonist efficacy at D4R, we report a series of eighteen novel ligands based on the classical D4R agonist A-412997 (1, 2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)- N-( m-tolyl)acetamide). Compounds were profiled using radioligand binding displacement assays, β-arrestin recruitment assays, cyclic AMP inhibition assays, and molecular dynamics computational modeling. We identified several novel D4R-selective ( Ki ≤ 4.3 nM and >100-fold vs other D2-like receptors) compounds with diverse partial agonist and antagonist profiles, falling into three structural groups. These compounds highlight receptor-ligand interactions that control efficacy at D2-like receptors and may provide insights into targeted drug discovery, leading to a better understanding of the role of D4Rs in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Keck
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Cooper
Medical School of Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, New
Jersey 08103, United
States
| | - R. Benjamin Free
- Molecular
Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Day
- Molecular
Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sonvia L. Brown
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Michele S. Maddaluna
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Griffin Fountain
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Charles Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Brooke Fallon
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Matthew Holmes
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Christopher T. Stang
- Molecular
Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Russell Burkhardt
- Medicinal
Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch,
National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal
Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch,
National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Michael P. Ellenberger
- Medicinal
Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch,
National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Amy H. Newman
- Medicinal
Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch,
National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular
Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chun Wu
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Molecular & Cellular
Biosciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Comfort A. Boateng
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
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Sallis H, Davey Smith G, Munafò MR. Genetics of biologically based psychological differences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0162. [PMID: 29483347 PMCID: PMC5832687 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial effort has gone into disentangling the genetic contribution to individual differences in behaviour (such as personality and temperament traits). Heritability estimates from twin and family studies, and more recently using whole genome approaches, suggest a substantial genetic component to these traits. However, efforts to identify the genes that influence these traits have had relatively little success. Here, we review current work investigating the heritability of individual differences in behavioural traits and provide an overview of the results from genome-wide association analyses of these traits to date. In addition, we discuss the implications of these findings for the potential applications of Mendelian randomization.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Sallis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Negro S, Sánchez-Guerrero MJ, Bartolomé E, Solé M, Gómez MD, Membrillo A, Molina A, Valera M. Evidence for the effect of serotoninergic and dopaminergic gene variants on stress levels in horses participating in dressage and harness racing. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography is an adequate tool for stress level assessment in sport horses’ competitions having a moderate heritability. Serotonin and dopamine signal transduction-linked gene variants have been associated with anxiety-related traits in several species. In this study we examined the association between 10 gene variants in BDNF, COMT, HTR1A, TPH2 and SLC6A4 genes (and the haplotypes at SLC6A4 gene) with stress level (measured with eye temperature and heart rate) in 270 animals, 135 Spanish Trotter Horses (STH) participating in trotting races and 135 ‘Pura Raza Español’ (PRE) horses in dressage. Association analyses were performed using a unified mixed model (counting for population structure and individual relatedness) for the whole population and for each horse breed. The g.43865600G > A intronic gene variant located 11.0 kb downstream from the transcription start site of SLC6A4 gene was associated with an increase in eye temperature before competition with a relative contribution of this gene variant of 38.8% (P = 0.001), 31.8% just after (P = 0.001) and 29.8% 2 h after the competition (P = 0.003). In STH, the g.43865600G > A gene variant showed the same association with eye temperature before (P = 0.001, contribution 27.2%), just after (P = 0.0003, 29.0%) and after the competition (P = 0.002, 17.5%); and the c.*111G > A gene variant located at the 3′UTR region of COMT gene was associated with eye temperature 2 h after the competition (P = 0.001, 22.3%). These results showed that SLC6A4 and COMT gene variants are associated with stress level measured as eye temperature increase during competitions, and may be promising tools for genetic testing against resistance at high stress levels in trotter horses.
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Tudorache C, Slabbekoorn H, Robbers Y, Hin E, Meijer JH, Spaink HP, Schaaf MJM. Biological clock function is linked to proactive and reactive personality types. BMC Biol 2018; 16:148. [PMID: 30577878 PMCID: PMC6303931 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many physiological processes in our body are controlled by the biological clock and show circadian rhythmicity. It is generally accepted that a robust rhythm is a prerequisite for optimal functioning and that a lack of rhythmicity can contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here, we tested in a heterogeneous laboratory zebrafish population whether and how variation in the rhythmicity of the biological clock is associated with the coping styles of individual animals, as assessed in a behavioural assay to reliably measure this along a continuum between proactive and reactive extremes. Results Using RNA sequencing on brain samples, we demonstrated a prominent difference in the expression level of genes involved in the biological clock between proactive and reactive individuals. Subsequently, we tested whether this correlation between gene expression and coping style was due to a consistent change in the level of clock gene expression or to a phase shift or to altered amplitude of the circadian rhythm of gene expression. Our data show a remarkable individual variation in amplitude of the clock gene expression rhythms, which was also reflected in the fluctuating concentrations of melatonin and cortisol, and locomotor activity. This variation in rhythmicity showed a strong correlation with the coping style of the individual, ranging from robust rhythms with large amplitudes in proactive fish to a complete absence of rhythmicity in reactive fish. The rhythmicity of the proactive fish decreased when challenged with constant light conditions whereas the rhythmicity of reactive individuals was not altered. Conclusion These results shed new light on the role of the biological clock by demonstrating that large variation in circadian rhythmicity of individuals may occur within populations. The observed correlation between coping style and circadian rhythmicity suggests that the level of rhythmicity forms an integral part of proactive or reactive coping styles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0618-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Robbers
- Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Hin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Robbins TW. Opinion on monoaminergic contributions to traits and temperament. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170153. [PMID: 29483339 PMCID: PMC5832679 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article critically reviews evidence relating temperamental traits and personality factors to the monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and serotonin. The genetic evidence is not yet considered to be conclusive and it is argued that basic neuroscience research on the neural basis of behaviour in experimental animals should be taken more into account. While questionnaire and lexical methodology including the 'Five Factor' theory has been informative (mostly for the traits relevant to social functioning, i.e. personality), biologically oriented approaches should be employed with more objective, theoretically grounded measures of cognition and behaviour, combined with neuroimaging and psychopharmacology, where appropriate. This strategy will enable specific functions of monoamines and other neuromodulators such as acetylcholine and neuropeptides (such as orexin) to be defined with respect to their roles in modulating activity in specific neural networks-leading to a more realistic definition of their interactive roles in complex, biologically based traits (i.e. temperament).This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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Muda R, Kicia M, Michalak-Wojnowska M, Ginszt M, Filip A, Gawda P, Majcher P. The Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene ( DRD4) and Financial Risk-Taking: Stimulating and Instrumental Risk-Taking Propensity and Motivation to Engage in Investment Activity. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:34. [PMID: 29551965 PMCID: PMC5840237 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) has been previously linked to financial risk-taking propensity. Past works demonstrated that individuals with a specific variant of the DRD4 gene (7R+) are more risk-seeking than people without it (7R−). The most prominent explanation for this effect is the fact that 7R+ individuals are less sensitive to dopamine and thus seek more stimulation to generate “normal” dopaminergic activity and feel pleasure. However, results about this relationship have not been conclusive, and some revealed a lack of the relationship. In the current work, we tested if those unclear results might be explained by the motivation that underlies the risk-taking activity; i.e., if people take risks to feel excitement or if they take risk to obtain a specific goal. In our study we tested the differences in risk-taking between 7R+ and 7R− among people who are experienced in financial risk-taking (113 investors) and non-experienced financial decision makers (104 non-investors). We measured risk-taking propensity with the Holt-Laury test and the Stimulating-Instrumental Risk Inventory. Moreover, we asked investors about their motivations for engaging in investment activity. Our study is the next one to report a lack of differences in risk-taking between 7R+ and 7R− individuals. As well, our results did not indicate any differences between the 7R+ and 7R− investors in motivation to engage in investment activity. We only observed that risk-taking propensity was higher among investors than non-investors and this was noticed for all measures. More research is needed to better understand the genetic foundations of risk-taking, which could answer the question about the substantial variation in the domain of risky financial decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kicia
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Michał Ginszt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Filip
- Department of Cancer Genetics with Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Gawda
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Majcher
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Sanchez-Roige S, Gray JC, MacKillop JK, Chen CH, Palmer AA. The genetics of human personality. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12439. [PMID: 29152902 PMCID: PMC7012279 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits are the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances. Twin and family studies have showed that personality traits are moderately heritable, and can predict various lifetime outcomes, including psychopathology. The Research Domain Criteria characterizes psychiatric diseases as extremes of normal tendencies, including specific personality traits. This implies that heritable variation in personality traits, such as neuroticism, would share a common genetic basis with psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder. Despite considerable efforts over the past several decades, the genetic variants that influence personality are only beginning to be identified. We review these recent and increasingly rapid developments, which focus on the assessment of personality via several commonly used personality questionnaires in healthy human subjects. Study designs covered include twin, linkage, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies and polygenic analyses. Findings from genetic studies of personality have furthered our understanding about the genetic etiology of personality, which, like neuropsychiatric diseases themselves, is highly polygenic. Polygenic analyses have showed genetic correlations between personality and psychopathology, confirming that genetic studies of personality can help to elucidate the etiology of several neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua C Gray
- Center for Deployment Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814
| | - James K MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Healy-Stoffel M, Levant B. N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Effects on Brain Dopamine Systems and Potential Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2018; 17:216-232. [PMID: 29651972 PMCID: PMC6563911 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180412153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE A number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, to some extent, depression, involve dysregulation of the brain dopamine systems. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors. Evidence suggests that inadequate levels of n-3 (omega- 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the brain may represent a risk factor for these disorders. These fatty acids, which are derived from the diet, are a major component of neuronal membranes and are of particular importance in brain development and function. Low levels of n-3 PUFAs in the brain affect the brain dopamine systems and, when combined with appropriate genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing these disorders and/or the severity of the disease. This article reviews the neurobiology of n-3 PUFAs and their effects on dopaminergic function. CONCLUSION Clinical studies supporting their role in the etiologies of diseases involving the brain dopamine systems and the potential of n-3 PUFAs in the treatment of these disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics and the Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Katonai ER, Szekely A, Vereczkei A, Sasvari-Szekely M, Bányai ÉI, Varga K. Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Genotypes and the Subjective Experiences of Hypnosis. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2017; 65:379-397. [PMID: 28836919 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2017.1348848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypnotizability is related to the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene. The authors' aim was to find associations between candidate genes and subjective dimensions of hypnosis; 136 subjects participated in hypnosis and noninvasive DNA sampling. The phenomenological dimensions were tapped by the Archaic Involvement Measure (AIM), the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), and the Dyadic Interactional Harmony Questionnaire (DIH). The main results were that the "Need of dependence" subscale of AIM was associated with the COMT genotypes. The GG subgroup showed higher scores, whereas AA had below average scores on the majority of the subjective measures. An association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the intimacy scores on the DIH was also evident. The effects are discussed in the social-psychobiological model of hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Katonai
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Anna Szekely
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - A Vereczkei
- b Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Maria Sasvari-Szekely
- b Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Éva I Bányai
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Katalin Varga
- a Institute of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether enterotypes in the gut microbiome could be determined by clustering validity indexes and whether these enterotypes were associated with individual differences in temperament traits. METHODS Sixty healthy Korean participants (21 men; 27.5 [8.1] years, 39 women; 34.5 [14.3] years) were asked to answer 60 temperament questions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence) from the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-125. The participants' stool samples were submitted, and relative operational taxonomic units were calculated using 16S rRNA gene-based microarrays. Differences between sexes and age-related effects on the temperament and operational taxonomic unit abundances were determined, and optimal clustering numbers related to enterotypes were examined using connectivity and silhouette width (SW) indexes. Finally, the differences in temperament between enterotypes were examined. RESULTS There was no significant effect of sex or age on gut microbiota and temperament scores. The hierarchical dendrogram, connectivity, and SW analysis indicated bimodal enterotypes. Bacteroidaceae were more abundant in enterotype 1 (46.24%, N = 45), whereas Prevotellaceae were more abundant in enterotype 2 (43.83%, n = 15). Among the four temperament dimensions, novelty seeking and reward dependence scores were higher in enterotype 1 (10.82 [2.99] and 8.07 [2.51] points) than in enterotype 2 (8.87 [2.42] and 5.73 [1.03] points). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest an association between temperament and enterotypes in healthy Korean adults. It is conceivable that this association may develop early in life as a result of biological processes catalyzed by the gut microbiota during infancy.
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Conner BT, Hellemann GS, Demianczyk AC, Ritchie T, Noble EP. Using a Systems-Based Risk Score Approach to Examine Genetic Predisposition to Novelty Seeking. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Previous research is mixed regarding the relation between dopamine and Novelty Seeking. The goals of the current study were to support the hypotheses that Novelty Seeking is associated with dopamine genes and that modeling genetic risk score increases the utility of genetic information in hypothesis-driven research. The results showed that higher hypodopaminergic genetic risk score positively predicted higher Novelty Seeking score, F(1, 115) = 5.76, p < .01, R2 = 0.06. The findings support study hypotheses and, in combination with previous studies, show the utility of empirically validated system-based risk scores as a means of modeling genetic predisposition in neurobiological systems. This approach provides a mechanism for incorporating genetic predisposition into theory-driven multivariate etiological models of psychological constructs such as personality and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T. Conner
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gerhard S. Hellemann
- Biostatistics Core, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Terry Ritchie
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest P. Noble
- Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gat-Lazer S, Geva R, Gur E, Stein D. Reward Dependence and Harm Avoidance among Patients with Binge-Purge Type Eating Disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:205-213. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gat-Lazer
- Department of Psychology, Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan Israel
- Day Care Unit, Rehabilitation Hospital; Sheba Medical Center; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology, Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Eitan Gur
- Eating Disorders Department, Psychiatric Division, Rehabilitation Hospital; Sheba Medical Center; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital; Sheba Medical Center; Ramat Gan Israel
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Park A, Kim J, Zaso MJ, Glatt SJ, Sher KJ, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Eckert TL, Vanable PA, Carey KB, Ewart CK, Carey MP. The interaction between the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) variable number tandem repeat polymorphism and perceived peer drinking norms in adolescent alcohol use and misuse. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:173-183. [PMID: 26902782 PMCID: PMC4995157 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peer drinking norms are arguably one of the strongest correlates of adolescent drinking. Prospective studies indicate that adolescents tend to select peers based on drinking (peer selection) and their peers' drinking is associated with changes in adolescent drinking over time (peer socialization). The present study investigated whether the peer selection and socialization processes in adolescent drinking differed as a function of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) variable number tandem repeat genotype in two independent prospective data sets. The first sample was 174 high school students drawn from a two-wave 6-month prospective study. The second sample was 237 college students drawn from a three-wave annual prospective study. Multigroup cross-lagged panel analyses of the high school student sample indicated stronger socialization via peer drinking norms among carriers, whereas analyses of the college student sample indicated stronger drinking-based peer selection in the junior year among carriers, compared to noncarriers. Although replication and meta-analytic synthesis are needed, these findings suggest that in part genetically determined peer selection (carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele tend to associate with peers who have more favorable attitudes toward drinking and greater alcohol use) and peer socialization (carriers' subsequent drinking behaviors are more strongly associated with their peer drinking norms) may differ across adolescent developmental stages.
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Abstract
Previous studies showed that liberals and conservatives differ in cognitive style. Liberals are more flexible, and tolerant of complexity and novelty, whereas conservatives are more rigid, are more resistant to change, and prefer clear answers. We administered a set of compound remote associate problems, a task extensively used to differentiate problem-solving styles (via insight or analysis). Using this task, several researches have proven that self-reports, which differentiate between insight and analytic problem-solving, are reliable and are associated with two different neural circuits. In our research we found that participants self-identifying with distinct political orientations demonstrated differences in problem-solving strategy. Liberals solved significantly more problems via insight instead of in a step-by-step analytic fashion. Our findings extend previous observations that self-identified political orientations reflect differences in cognitive styles. More specifically, we show that type of political orientation is associated with problem-solving strategy. The data converge with previous neurobehavioural and cognitive studies indicating a link between cognitive style and the psychological mechanisms that mediate political beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- a Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Irene Cristofori
- b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA.,d Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Mark Beeman
- a Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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