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Hawes EM, Rahim M, Haratipour Z, Orun AR, O'Rourke ML, Oeser JK, Kim K, Claxton DP, Blind RD, Young JD, O'Brien RM. Biochemical and metabolic characterization of a G6PC2 inhibitor. Biochimie 2024; 222:109-122. [PMID: 38431189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Three glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunits, that hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to glucose and inorganic phosphate, have been identified, designated G6PC1-3, but only G6PC1 and G6PC2 have been implicated in the regulation of fasting blood glucose (FBG). Elevated FBG has been associated with multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including increased risk for type 2 diabetes and various cancers. Therefore, G6PC1 and G6PC2 inhibitors that lower FBG may be of prophylactic value for the prevention of multiple conditions. The studies described here characterize a G6PC2 inhibitor, designated VU0945627, previously identified as Compound 3. We show that VU0945627 preferentially inhibits human G6PC2 versus human G6PC1 but activates human G6PC3. VU0945627 is a mixed G6PC2 inhibitor, increasing the Km but reducing the Vmax for G6P hydrolysis. PyRx virtual docking to an AlphaFold2-derived G6PC2 structural model suggests VU0945627 binds two sites in human G6PC2. Mutation of residues in these sites reduces the inhibitory effect of VU0945627. VU0945627 does not inhibit mouse G6PC2 despite its 84% sequence identity with human G6PC2. Mutagenesis studies suggest this lack of inhibition of mouse G6PC2 is due, in part, to a change in residue 318 from histidine in human G6PC2 to proline in mouse G6PC2. Surprisingly, VU0945627 still inhibited glucose cycling in the mouse islet-derived βTC-3 cell line. Studies using intact mouse liver microsomes and PyRx docking suggest that this observation can be explained by an ability of VU0945627 to also inhibit the G6P transporter SLC37A4. These data will inform future computational modeling studies designed to identify G6PC isoform-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hawes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohsin Rahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zeinab Haratipour
- Austin Peay State University, 601 College St, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Abigail R Orun
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Margaret L O'Rourke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James K Oeser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Derek P Claxton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ray D Blind
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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2
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Wang A, Wu J, Yuan X, Liu J, Lu C. A case study of a liver transplant-treated patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia presenting with multiple inflammatory hepatic adenomas: an analysis of clinicopathologic and genetic data. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:124. [PMID: 38711024 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a disease caused by excessive deposition of glycogen in tissues due to genetic disorders in glycogen metabolism. Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I) is also known as VonGeirk disease and glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency. This disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and both sexes can be affected. The main symptoms include hypoglycaemia, hepatomegaly, acidosis, hyperlipidaemia, hyperuricaemia, hyperlactataemia, coagulopathy and developmental delay. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we present the case of a 13-year-old female patient with GSD Ia complicated with multiple inflammatory hepatic adenomas. She presented to the hospital with hepatomegaly, hypoglycaemia, and epistaxis. By clinical manifestations and imaging and laboratory examinations, we suspected that the patient suffered from GSD I. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed by liver pathology and whole-exome sequencing (WES). WES revealed a synonymous mutation, c.648 G > T (p.L216 = , NM_000151.4), in exon 5 and a frameshift mutation, c.262delG (p.Val88Phefs*14, NM_000151.4), in exon 2 of the G6PC gene. According to the pedigree analysis results of first-generation sequencing, heterozygous mutations of c.648 G > T and c.262delG were obtained from the patient's father and mother. Liver pathology revealed that the solid nodules were hepatocellular hyperplastic lesions, and immunohistochemical (IHC) results revealed positive expression of CD34 (incomplete vascularization), liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in nodule hepatocytes and negative expression of β-catenin and glutamine synthetase (GS). These findings suggest multiple inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas. PAS-stained peripheral hepatocytes that were mostly digested by PAS-D were strongly positive. This patient was finally diagnosed with GSD-Ia complicated with multiple inflammatory hepatic adenomas, briefly treated with nutritional therapy after diagnosis and then underwent living-donor liver allotransplantation. After 14 months of follow-up, the patient recovered well, liver function and blood glucose levels remained normal, and no complications occurred. CONCLUSION The patient was diagnosed with GSD-Ia combined with multiple inflammatory hepatic adenomas and received liver transplant treatment. For childhood patients who present with hepatomegaly, growth retardation, and laboratory test abnormalities, including hypoglycaemia, hyperuricaemia, and hyperlipidaemia, a diagnosis of GSD should be considered. Gene sequencing and liver pathology play important roles in the diagnosis and typing of GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Jiamei Wu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Changli Lu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
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Okamoto M, Yamaguchi S, Sawaya R, Echizenya S, Ishi Y, Kaneko S, Motegi H, Toyonaga T, Hirata K, Fujimura M. Identifying G6PC3 as a Potential Key Molecule in Hypoxic Glucose Metabolism of Glioblastoma Derived from the Depiction of 18F-Fluoromisonidazole and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:2973407. [PMID: 38449509 PMCID: PMC10917478 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2973407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by its distinctive intratumoral hypoxia. Sequential preoperative examinations using fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) could depict the degree of glucose metabolism with hypoxic condition. However, molecular mechanism of glucose metabolism under hypoxia in glioblastoma has been unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the key molecules of hypoxic glucose metabolism. Methods Using surgically obtained specimens, gene expressions associated with glucose metabolism were analyzed in patients with glioblastoma (n = 33) who underwent preoperative 18F-FMISO and 18F-FDG PET to identify affected molecules according to hypoxic condition. Tumor in vivo metabolic activities were semiquantitatively evaluated by lesion-normal tissue ratio (LNR). Protein expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. To evaluate prognostic value, relationship between gene expression and overall survival was explored in another independent nonoverlapping clinical cohort (n = 17) and validated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (n = 167). Results Among the genes involving glucose metabolic pathway, mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphatase 3 (G6PC3) correlated with 18F-FDG LNR (P = 0.03). In addition, G6PC3 mRNA expression in 18F-FMISO high-accumulated glioblastomas was significantly higher than that in 18F-FMISO low-accumulated glioblastomas (P < 0.01). Protein expression of G6PC3 was consistent with mRNA expression, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. These findings indicated that the G6PC3 expression might be facilitated by hypoxic condition in glioblastomas. Next, we investigated the clinical relevance of G6PC3 in terms of prognosis. Among the glioblastoma patients who received gross total resection, mRNA expressions of G6PC3 in the patients with poor prognosis (less than 1-year survival) were significantly higher than that in the patients who survive more than 3 years. Moreover, high mRNA expression of G6PC3 was associated with poor overall survival in glioblastoma, as validated by TCGA database. Conclusion G6PC3 was affluently expressed in glioblastoma tissues with coincidentally high 18F-FDG and 18F-FMISO accumulation. Further, it might work as a prognostic biomarker of glioblastoma. Therefore, G6PC3 is a potential key molecule of glucose metabolism under hypoxia in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sawaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sumire Echizenya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Motegi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Miki Fujimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Sinclair M, Stein RA, Sheehan JH, Hawes EM, O’Brien RM, Tajkhorshid E, Claxton DP. Integrative analysis of pathogenic variants in glucose-6-phosphatase based on an AlphaFold2 model. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae036. [PMID: 38328777 PMCID: PMC10849595 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mediating the terminal reaction of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, the integral membrane protein glucose-6-phosphate catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1) regulates hepatic glucose production by catalyzing hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Consistent with its vital contribution to glucose homeostasis, inactivating mutations in G6PC1 causes glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1a characterized by hepatomegaly and severe hypoglycemia. Despite its physiological importance, the structural basis of G6P binding to G6PC1 and the molecular disruptions induced by missense mutations within the active site that give rise to GSD type 1a are unknown. In this study, we determine the atomic interactions governing G6P binding as well as explore the perturbations imposed by disease-linked missense variants by subjecting an AlphaFold2 G6PC1 structural model to molecular dynamics simulations and in silico predictions of thermodynamic stability validated with robust in vitro and in situ biochemical assays. We identify a collection of side chains, including conserved residues from the signature phosphatidic acid phosphatase motif, that contribute to a hydrogen bonding and van der Waals network stabilizing G6P in the active site. The introduction of GSD type 1a mutations modified the thermodynamic landscape, altered side chain packing and substrate-binding interactions, and induced trapping of catalytic intermediates. Our results, which corroborate the high quality of the AF2 model as a guide for experimental design and to interpret outcomes, not only confirm the active-site structural organization but also identify previously unobserved mechanistic contributions of catalytic and noncatalytic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Sinclair
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Richard A Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Applied Artificial Intelligence in Protein Dynamics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily M Hawes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard M O’Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Derek P Claxton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Applied Artificial Intelligence in Protein Dynamics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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5
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Koeberl DD, Koch RL, Lim JA, Brooks ED, Arnson BD, Sun B, Kishnani PS. Gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:93-118. [PMID: 37421310 PMCID: PMC10874648 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) are inherited disorders of metabolism resulting from the deficiency of individual enzymes involved in the synthesis, transport, and degradation of glycogen. This literature review summarizes the development of gene therapy for the GSDs. The abnormal accumulation of glycogen and deficiency of glucose production in GSDs lead to unique symptoms based upon the enzyme step and tissues involved, such as liver and kidney involvement associated with severe hypoglycemia during fasting and the risk of long-term complications including hepatic adenoma/carcinoma and end stage kidney disease in GSD Ia from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, and cardiac/skeletal/smooth muscle involvement associated with myopathy +/- cardiomyopathy and the risk for cardiorespiratory failure in Pompe disease. These symptoms are present to a variable degree in animal models for the GSDs, which have been utilized to evaluate new therapies including gene therapy and genome editing. Gene therapy for Pompe disease and GSD Ia has progressed to Phase I and Phase III clinical trials, respectively, and are evaluating the safety and bioactivity of adeno-associated virus vectors. Clinical research to understand the natural history and progression of the GSDs provides invaluable outcome measures that serve as endpoints to evaluate benefits in clinical trials. While promising, gene therapy and genome editing face challenges with regard to clinical implementation, including immune responses and toxicities that have been revealed during clinical trials of gene therapy that are underway. Gene therapy for the glycogen storage diseases is under development, addressing an unmet need for specific, stable therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Arnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Lee C, Pratap K, Zhang L, Chen HD, Gautam S, Arnaoutova I, Raghavankutty M, Starost MF, Kahn M, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduces renal fibrosis in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166874. [PMID: 37666439 PMCID: PMC10841171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) that is expressed primarily in the gluconeogenic organs, namely liver, kidney cortex, and intestine. Renal G6Pase-α deficiency in GSD-Ia is characterized by impaired gluconeogenesis, nephromegaly due to elevated glycogen accumulation, and nephropathy caused, in part, by renal fibrosis, mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the expression of a variety of downstream mediators implicated in renal fibrosis, including multiple genes in the RAS. Sustained activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is associated with the development and progression of renal fibrotic lesions that can lead to chronic kidney disease. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying GSD-Ia nephropathy. Damage to the kidney proximal tubules is known to trigger acute kidney injury (AKI) that can, in turn, activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We show that GSD-Ia mice have AKI that leads to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/RAS axis. Renal fibrosis was demonstrated by increased renal levels of Snail1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen-Iα1 and collagen-IV. Treating GSD-Ia mice with a CBP/β-catenin inhibitor, ICG-001, significantly decreased nuclear translocated active β-catenin and reduced renal levels of renin, Snail1, α-SMA, and collagen-IV. The results suggest that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy for GSD-Ia nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Kunal Pratap
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Hung Dar Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Sudeep Gautam
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Mahadevan Raghavankutty
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckmann Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20802, USA.
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7
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Ito K, Tajima G, Kamisato C, Tsumura M, Iwamoto M, Sekiguchi Y, Numata Y, Watanabe K, Yabe Y, Kanki S, Fujieda Y, Goto K, Sogawa Y, Oitate M, Nagase H, Tsuji S, Nishizawa T, Kakuta M, Masuda T, Onishi Y, Koizumi M, Nakamura H, Okada S, Matsuo M, Takaishi K. A splice-switching oligonucleotide treatment ameliorates glycogen storage disease type 1a in mice with G6PC c.648G>T. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e163464. [PMID: 37788110 PMCID: PMC10688987 DOI: 10.1172/jci163464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) is caused by a congenital deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α, encoded by G6PC), which is primarily associated with life-threatening hypoglycemia. Although strict dietary management substantially improves life expectancy, patients still experience intermittent hypoglycemia and develop hepatic complications. Emerging therapies utilizing new modalities such as adeno-associated virus and mRNA with lipid nanoparticles are under development for GSD1a but potentially require complicated glycemic management throughout life. Here, we present an oligonucleotide-based therapy to produce intact G6Pase-α from a pathogenic human variant, G6PC c.648G>T, the most prevalent variant in East Asia causing aberrant splicing of G6PC. DS-4108b, a splice-switching oligonucleotide, was designed to correct this aberrant splicing, especially in liver. We generated a mouse strain with homozygous knockin of this variant that well reflected the pathophysiology of patients with GSD1a. DS-4108b recovered hepatic G6Pase activity through splicing correction and prevented hypoglycemia and various hepatic abnormalities in the mice. Moreover, DS-4108b had long-lasting efficacy of more than 12 weeks in mice that received a single dose and had favorable pharmacokinetics and tolerability in mice and monkeys. These findings together indicate that this oligonucleotide-based therapy could provide a sustainable and curative therapeutic option under easy disease management for GSD1a patients with G6PC c.648G>T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ito
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Division of Neonatal Screening, Research Institute, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Kamisato
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
| | - Yoshiyuki Yabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
| | - Satomi Kanki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories
| | | | - Koichi Goto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Tsuji
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Kakuta
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hidefumi Nakamura
- Department of Research and Development Supervision, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Research Center for Locomotion Biology, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kiyosumi Takaishi
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Samanta A, George N, Arnaoutova I, Chen HD, Mansfield BC, Hart C, Carlo T, Chou JY. CRISPR/Cas9-based double-strand oligonucleotide insertion strategy corrects metabolic abnormalities in murine glycogen storage disease type-Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:1147-1158. [PMID: 37467014 PMCID: PMC10796839 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia), characterized by impaired blood glucose homeostasis, is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC). Using the G6pc-R83C mouse model of GSD-Ia, we explored a CRISPR/Cas9-based double-strand DNA oligonucleotide (dsODN) insertional strategy that uses the nonhomologous end-joining repair mechanism to correct the pathogenic p.R83C variant in G6pc exon-2. The strategy is based on the insertion of a short dsODN into G6pc exon-2 to disrupt the native exon and to introduce an additional splice acceptor site and the correcting sequence. When transcribed and spliced, the edited gene would generate a wild-type mRNA encoding the native G6Pase-α protein. The editing reagents formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were delivered to the liver. Mice were treated either with one dose of LNP-dsODN at age 4 weeks or with two doses of LNP-dsODN at age 2 and 4 weeks. The G6pc-R83C mice receiving successful editing expressed ~4% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity, maintained glucose homeostasis, lacked hypoglycemic seizures, and displayed normalized blood metabolite profile. The outcomes are consistent with preclinical studies supporting previous gene augmentation therapy which is currently in clinical trials. This editing strategy may offer the basis for a therapeutic approach with an earlier clinical intervention than gene augmentation, with the additional benefit of a potentially permanent correction of the GSD-Ia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Samanta
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nelson George
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hung-Dar Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Hart
- Current affiliation, Prime Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Troy Carlo
- Current affiliation, Prime Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Sinclair M, Stein RA, Sheehan JH, Hawes EM, O'Brien RM, Tajkhorshid E, Claxton DP. Molecular mechanisms of catalytic inhibition for active site mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 linked to glycogen storage disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532485. [PMID: 36993754 PMCID: PMC10054992 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mediating the terminal reaction of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, the integral membrane protein G6PC1 regulates hepatic glucose production by catalyzing hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Consistent with its vital contribution to glucose homeostasis, inactivating mutations in G6PC1 cause glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1a characterized by hepatomegaly and severe hypoglycemia. Despite its physiological importance, the structural basis of G6P binding to G6PC1 and the molecular disruptions induced by missense mutations within the active site that give rise to GSD type 1a are unknown. Exploiting a computational model of G6PC1 derived from the groundbreaking structure prediction algorithm AlphaFold2 (AF2), we combine molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and computational predictions of thermodynamic stability with a robust in vitro screening platform to define the atomic interactions governing G6P binding as well as explore the energetic perturbations imposed by disease-linked variants. We identify a collection of side chains, including conserved residues from the signature phosphatidic acid phosphatase motif, that contribute to a hydrogen bonding and van der Waals network stabilizing G6P in the active site. Introduction of GSD type 1a mutations into the G6PC1 sequence elicits changes in G6P binding energy, thermostability and structural properties, suggesting multiple pathways of catalytic impairment. Our results, which corroborate the high quality of the AF2 model as a guide for experimental design and to interpret outcomes, not only confirm active site structural organization but also suggest novel mechanistic contributions of catalytic and non-catalytic side chains.
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10
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Gautier-Stein A, Chilloux J, Soty M, Thorens B, Place C, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Da Costa L, Rajas F, Lamaze C, Mithieux G. A caveolin-1 dependent glucose-6-phosphatase trafficking contributes to hepatic glucose production. Mol Metab 2023; 70:101700. [PMID: 36870604 PMCID: PMC10023957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deregulation of hepatic glucose production is a key driver in the pathogenesis of diabetes, but its short-term regulation is incompletely deciphered. According to textbooks, glucose is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and then exported in the blood by the glucose transporter GLUT2. However, in the absence of GLUT2, glucose can be produced by a cholesterol-dependent vesicular pathway, which remains to be deciphered. Interestingly, a similar mechanism relying on vesicle trafficking controls short-term G6Pase activity. We thus investigated whether Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a master regulator of cholesterol trafficking, might be the mechanistic link between glucose production by G6Pase in the ER and glucose export through a vesicular pathway. METHODS Glucose production from fasted mice lacking Cav1, GLUT2 or both proteins was measured in vitro in primary culture of hepatocytes and in vivo by pyruvate tolerance tests. The cellular localization of Cav1 and the catalytic unit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) were studied by western blotting from purified membranes, immunofluorescence on primary hepatocytes and fixed liver sections and by in vivo imaging of chimeric constructs overexpressed in cell lines. G6PC1 trafficking to the plasma membrane was inhibited by a broad inhibitor of vesicular pathways or by an anchoring system retaining G6PC1 specifically to the ER membrane. RESULTS Hepatocyte glucose production is reduced at the step catalyzed by G6Pase in the absence of Cav1. In the absence of both GLUT2 and Cav1, gluconeogenesis is nearly abolished, indicating that these pathways can be considered as the two major pathways of de novo glucose production. Mechanistically, Cav1 colocalizes but does not interact with G6PC1 and controls its localization in the Golgi complex and at the plasma membrane. The localization of G6PC1 at the plasma membrane is correlated to glucose production. Accordingly, retaining G6PC1 in the ER reduces glucose production by hepatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data evidence a pathway of glucose production that relies on Cav1-dependent trafficking of G6PC1 to the plasma membrane. This reveals a new cellular regulation of G6Pase activity that contributes to hepatic glucose production and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France.
| | - Julien Chilloux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Soty
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Place
- Laboratoire de Physique (UMR CNRS 5672), ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Lorine Da Costa
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
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11
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Cao J, Markel A, Hanahoe E, Ketova T, Mihai C, Zalinger Z, Marquardt D, Amato NJ, Cheng YM, Reid DW, Dousis A, Giangrande PH, Schultz JR, Martini PGV, Finn PF. Amnio acid substitution at position 298 of human glucose-6 phosphatase-α significantly impacts its stability in mammalian cells. Amino Acids 2023:10.1007/s00726-023-03263-8. [PMID: 36944899 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and functions as a key regulator in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Deficiency in G6Pase-α causes glycogen storage disease 1a (GSD1a), an inherited disorder characterized by life-threatening hypoglycemia and other long-term complications. We have developed a potential mRNA-based therapy for GSD1a and demonstrated that a human G6Pase-α (hG6Pase-α) variant harboring a single serine (S) to cysteine (C) substitution at the amino acid site 298 (S298C) had > twofold increase in protein expression, resulting in improved in vivo efficacy. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the increased expression of the S298C variant. Mutagenesis of hG6Pase-α identified distinct protein variants at the 298 amino acid position with substantial reduction in protein expression in cultured cells. Kinetic analysis of expression and subcellular localization in mammalian cells, combined with cell-free in vitro translation assays, revealed that altered protein expression stemmed from differences in cellular protein stability rather than biosynthetic rates. Site-specific mutagenesis studies targeting other cysteines of the hG6Pase-α S298C variant suggest the observed improvements in stability are not due to additional disulfide bond formation. The glycosylation at Asparagine (N)-96 is critical in maintaining enzymatic activity and mutations at position 298 mainly affected glycosylated forms of hG6Pase-α. Finally, proteasome inhibition by lactacystin improved expression levels of unstable hG6Pase-α variants. Taken together, these data uncover a critical role for a single amino acid substitution impacting the stability of G6Pase-α and provide insights into the molecular genetics of GSD1a and protein engineering for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Arianna Markel
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Erin Hanahoe
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tatiana Ketova
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cosmin Mihai
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zach Zalinger
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David Marquardt
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas J Amato
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi Min Cheng
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David W Reid
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Athanasios Dousis
- Platform, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Current Address: Tessera Therapeutics, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Current Address: Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua R Schultz
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paolo G V Martini
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Patrick F Finn
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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12
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Cheng J, Peng X, Li H, Feijó A, Xia L, Shenbrot GI, Ge D, Wen Z, Wang D, Yang Q. Similar adaptative mechanism but divergent demographic history of four sympatric desert rodents in Eurasian inland. Commun Biol 2023; 6:33. [PMID: 36635382 PMCID: PMC9837166 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes associated with metabolism and water retention are thought to be key to the adaptation of desert species. However, knowledge on the genetic changes and selective regimes on the similar and divergent ways to desert adaptation in sympatric and phylogenetically close desert organisms remains limited. Here, we generate a chromosome level genome assembly for Northern three-toed jerboa (Dipus sagitta) and three other high-quality genome assemblies for Siberian jerboa (Orientallactaga sibirica), Midday jird (Meriones meridianus), and Desert hamster (Phodopus roborovskii). Genomic analyses unveil that desert adaptation of the four species mainly result from similar metabolic pathways, such as arachidonic acid metabolism, thermogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, insulin related pathway, DNA repair and protein synthesis and degradation. However, the specific evolved genes in the same adaptative molecular pathway often differ in the four species. We also reveal similar niche selection but different demographic histories and sensitivity to climate changes, which may be related to the diversified genomic adaptative features. In addition, our study suggests that nocturnal rodents have evolved some specific adaptative mechanism to desert environments compared to large desert animals. Our genomic resources will provide an important foundation for further research on desert genetic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Cheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xingwen Peng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Hong Li
- grid.410753.4Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Anderson Feijó
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lin Xia
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Georgy I. Shenbrot
- grid.7489.20000 0004 1937 0511Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Negev, 84990 Israel
| | - Deyan Ge
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Dehua Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Lab of Integrated management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qisen Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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13
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Lenzini L, Iori E, Scannapieco F, Carraro G, Avogaro A, Vitturi N. Urine-Derived Epithelial Cells as a New Model to Study Renal Metabolic Phenotypes of Patients with Glycogen Storage Disease 1a. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010232. [PMID: 36613675 PMCID: PMC9820562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) represent a model of pathological accumulation of glycogen disease in the kidney that, in animal models, results in nephropathy due to abnormal autophagy and mitochondrial function. Patients with Glycogen Storage Disease 1a (GSD1a) accumulate glycogen in the kidneys and suffer a disease resembling diabetic nephropathy that can progress to renal failure. In this study, we addressed whether urine-derived epithelial cells (URECs) from patients with GSD1a maintain their biological features, and whether they can be used as a model to study the renal and metabolic phenotypes of this genetic condition. Studies were performed on cells extracted from urine samples of GSD1a and healthy subjects. URECs were characterized after the fourth passage by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), at different glucose concentrations, were measured by fluorescent staining. We cultured URECs from three patients with GSD1a and three healthy controls. At the fourth passage, URECs from GSD1a patients maintained their massive glycogen content. GSD1a and control cells showed the ciliary structures of renal tubular epithelium and the expression of epithelial (E-cadherin) and renal tubular cells (aquaporin 1 and 2) markers. Moreover, URECs from both groups responded to changes in glucose concentrations by modulating ROS levels. GSD1a cells were featured by a specific response to the low glucose stimulus, which is the condition that more resembles the metabolic derangement of patients with GSD1a. Through this study, we demonstrated that URECs might represent a promising experimental model to study the molecular mechanisms leading to renal damage in GSD1a, due to pathological glycogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lenzini
- Emergency Medicine Unit and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Scannapieco
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitturi
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-821-4326
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14
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Petrova IO, Smirnikhina SA. Studies on glycogen storage disease type 1a animal models: a brief perspective. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:593-606. [PMID: 36006546 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1) is a rare hereditary monogenic disease characterized by the disturbed glucose metabolism. The most widespread variant of GSD1 is GSD1a, which is a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-ɑ. Glucose-6-phosphatase-ɑ is expressed only in liver, kidney, and intestine, and these organs are primarily affected by its deficiency, and long-term complications of GSD1a include hepatic tumors and chronic liver disease. This article is a brief overview of existing animal models for GSD1a, from the first mouse model of 1996 to modern CRISPR/Cas9-generated ones. First whole-body murine models demonstrated exact metabolic symptoms of GSD1a, but the animals did not survive weaning. The protocol for glucose treatment allowed prolonged survival of affected animals, but long-term complications, such as hepatic tumorigenesis, could not be investigated. Next, organ-specific knockout models were developed, and most of the metabolic research was performed on liver glucose-6-phosphate-deficient mice. Naturally occuring mutation was also discovered in dogs. All these models are widely used to study GSD1a from metabolic and physiological standpoints and to develop possible treatments involving gene therapy. Research performed using these models helped elucidate the role of glycogen and lipid accumulation, hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy impairment in long-term complications of GSD1a, including hepatic tumorigenesis. Recently, gene replacement therapy and genome editing were tested on described models, and some of the developed approaches have reached clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina O Petrova
- Laboratory of Genome Editing, Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478.
| | - Svetlana A Smirnikhina
- Laboratory of Genome Editing, Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478
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15
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Parenteral Exposure of Mice to Ricin Toxin Induces Fatal Hypoglycemia by Cytokine-Mediated Suppression of Hepatic Glucose-6-Phosphatase Expression. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120820. [PMID: 36548717 PMCID: PMC9786807 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin is an agent of biodefense concern and we have been developing countermeasures for ricin threats. In doing so, we sought biomarkers of ricin toxicosis and found that in mice parenteral injection of ricin toxin causes profound hypoglycemia, in the absence of other clinical laboratory abnormalities. We now seek to identify the mechanisms underlying this hypoglycemia. Within the first hours following injection, while still normoglycemic, lymphopenia and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion were observed, particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The cytokine response evolved over the next day into a complex storm of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Evaluation of pancreatic function and histology demonstrated marked islet hypertrophy involving predominantly β-cells, but only mildly elevated levels of insulin secretion, and diminished hepatic insulin signaling. Drops in blood glucose were observed even after destruction of β-cells with streptozotocin. In the liver, we observed a rapid and persistent decrease in the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) RNA and protein levels, accompanied by a drop in glucose-6-phosphate and increase in glycogen. TNF-α has previously been reported to suppress G6Pase expression. In humans, a genetic deficiency of G6Pase results in glycogen storage disease, type-I (GSD-1), a hallmark of which is potentially fatal hypoglycemia.
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16
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Xie Y, Hu B, Gao Y, Tang Y, Chen G, Shen J, Jiang Z, Jiang H, Han J, Yan J, Jin L. Yap signalling regulates ductular reactions in mice with CRISPR/Cas9-induced glycogen storage disease type Ia. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:300-309. [PMID: 36605584 PMCID: PMC9809376 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2139755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, G6pc) enzyme, which catalyses the final step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Accumulation of G6pc can lead to an increase in glycogen and development of fatty liver. Ductular reactions refer to the proliferation of cholangiocytes and hepatic progenitors, which worsen fatty liver progress. To date, however, ductular reactions in GSD-Ia remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the development and potential underlying mechanism of ductular reactions in GSD-Ia in mice. We first generated GSD-Ia mice using CRISPR/Cas9 to target the exon 3 region of the G6pc gene. The typical GSD-Ia phenotype in G6pc -/- mice was then analysed using biochemical and histological assays. Ductular reactions in G6pc -/- mice were tested based on the expression of cholangiocytic markers cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Yes-associated protein 1 (Yap) signalling activity was measured using western blot (WB) analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Verteporfin was administered to the G6pc -/- mice to inhibit Yap signalling. The CRISPR/Cas9 system efficiently generated G6pc -/- mice, which exhibited typical GSD-Ia characteristics, including retarded growth, hypoglycaemia, and fatty liver disease. In addition, CK19- and EpCAM-positive cells as well as Yap signalling activity were increased in the livers of G6pc -/- mice. However, verteporfin treatment ameliorated ductular reactions and decreased Yap signalling activity. This study not only improves our understanding of GSD-Ia pathophysiology, but also highlights the potential of novel therapeutic approaches for GSD-Ia such as drug targeting of ductular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Xie
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China,Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaxin Tang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guohe Chen
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayuan Shen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhikai Jiang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiwei Han
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyan Yan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China, Junyan Yan School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang312000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Jin
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China,Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China,Lifang Jin School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang312000, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Arends CJ, Wilson LH, Estrella A, Kwon OS, Weinstein DA, Lee YM. A Mouse Model of Glycogen Storage Disease Type IX-Beta: A Role for Phkb in Glycogenolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179944. [PMID: 36077341 PMCID: PMC9456097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IX (GSD-IX) constitutes nearly a quarter of all GSDs. This ketotic form of GSD is caused by mutations in phosphorylase kinase (PhK), which is composed of four subunits (α, β, γ, δ). PhK is required for the activation of the liver isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL), which generates free glucose-1-phosphate monomers to be used as energy via cleavage of the α -(1,4) glycosidic linkages in glycogen chains. Mutations in any of the PhK subunits can negatively affect the regulatory and catalytic activity of PhK during glycogenolysis. To understand the pathogenesis of GSD-IX-beta, we characterized a newly created PHKB knockout (Phkb−/−) mouse model. In this study, we assessed fasting blood glucose and ketone levels, serum metabolite concentrations, glycogen phosphorylase activity, and gene expression of gluconeogenic genes and fibrotic genes. Phkb−/− mice displayed hepatomegaly with lower fasting blood glucose concentrations. Phkb−/− mice showed partial liver glycogen phosphorylase activity and increased sensitivity to pyruvate, indicative of partial glycogenolytic activity and upregulation of gluconeogenesis. Additionally, gene expression analysis demonstrated increased lipid metabolism in Phkb−/− mice. Gene expression analysis and liver histology in the livers of old Phkb−/− mice (>40 weeks) showed minimal profibrogenic features when analyzed with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Collectively, the Phkb−/− mouse recapitulates mild clinical features in patients with GSD-IX-beta. Metabolic and molecular analysis confirmed that Phkb−/− mice were capable of sustaining energy homeostasis during prolonged fasting by using partial glycogenolysis, increased gluconeogenesis, and potentially fatty acid oxidation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Arends
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Lane H. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana Estrella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David A. Weinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Claxton DP, Overway EM, Oeser JK, O'Brien RM, Mchaourab HS. Biophysical and functional properties of purified glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101520. [PMID: 34952005 PMCID: PMC8753184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1) plays a critical role in hepatic glucose production during fasting by mediating the terminal step of the gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis pathways. In concert with accessory transport proteins, this membrane-integrated enzyme catalyzes glucose production from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to support blood glucose homeostasis. Consistent with its metabolic function, dysregulation of G6PC1 gene expression contributes to diabetes, and mutations that impair phosphohydrolase activity form the clinical basis of glycogen storage disease type 1a. Despite its relevance to health and disease, a comprehensive view of G6PC1 structure and mechanism has been limited by the absence of expression and purification strategies that isolate the enzyme in a functional form. In this report, we apply a suite of biophysical and biochemical tools to fingerprint the in vitro attributes of catalytically active G6PC1 solubilized in lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) detergent micelles. When purified from Sf9 insect cell membranes, the glycosylated mouse ortholog (mG6PC1) recapitulated functional properties observed previously in intact hepatic microsomes and displayed the highest specific activity reported to date. Additionally, our results establish a direct correlation between the catalytic and structural stability of mG6PC1, which is underscored by the enhanced thermostability conferred by phosphatidylcholine and the cholesterol analog cholesteryl hemisuccinate. In contrast, the N96A variant, which blocks N-linked glycosylation, reduced thermostability. The methodologies described here overcome long-standing obstacles in the field and lay the necessary groundwork for a detailed analysis of the mechanistic structural biology of G6PC1 and its role in complex metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Claxton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Emily M Overway
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James K Oeser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hassane S Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Iwanicka-Pronicka K, Trubicka J, Szymanska E, Ciara E, Rokicki D, Pollak A, Pronicki M. Sensorineural hearing loss in GSD type I patients. A newly recognized symptomatic association of potential clinical significance and unclear pathomechanism. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 151:110970. [PMID: 34775139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type I is an inborn error of carbohydrates metabolism characterized by inability to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose. It presents with serious liver and metabolic complications, as well as in type Ib with severe infections due to neutropenia. So far, the sensorineural hearing impairment has not been reported in these patients. Bilateral, sensorineural hearing impairment was diagnosed in four unrelated GSDI patients. Congenital origin of hearing loss and descending audiometric curves warranted the need for future investigations. METHODS Hearing status was assessed in entire group of 40 children with GSD type I. Then, molecular testing, massive parallel sequencing was performed in the four probands and their parents in order to find possible genetic background of auditory dysfunction in these patients. RESULTS Pathogenic variants in G6PC and SLC37A4 related to the phenotypes of GSDI subtype Ia and subtype Ib were detected, each in two probands, respectively. No change in the genes involved in auditory pathway dysfunction was found. CONCLUSIONS Sensorineural hearing loss appears to be associated with GSDI in approximately one out of ten cases. Careful assessment and monitoring of auditory functions of patients with GSDI is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Iwanicka-Pronicka
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Trubicka
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Szymanska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, The Childrens' Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Rokicki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, A. Pawinskiego 3c, 02-106, Warszaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20; 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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La Rose AM, Bazioti V, Hoogerland JA, Svendsen AF, Groenen AG, van Faassen M, Rutten MGS, Kloosterhuis NJ, Dethmers-Ausema B, Nijland JH, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Kuipers F, Lukens MV, Soehnlein O, Oosterveer MH, Westerterp M. Hepatocyte-specific glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency disturbs platelet aggregation and decreases blood monocytes upon fasting-induced hypoglycemia. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101265. [PMID: 34091064 PMCID: PMC8243524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD Ia) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) gene. When untreated, GSD Ia leads to severe fasting-induced hypoglycemia. Although current intensive dietary management aims to prevent hypoglycemia, patients still experience hypoglycemic events. Poor glycemic control in GSD Ia is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma, and also with an increased bleeding tendency of unknown origin. METHODS To evaluate the effect of glycemic control on leukocyte levels and coagulation in GSD Ia, we employed hepatocyte-specific G6pc1 deficient (L-G6pc-/-) mice under fed or fasted conditions, to match good or poor glycemic control in GSD Ia, respectively. RESULTS We found that fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice decreased blood leukocytes, specifically proinflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes, compared to controls. Refeeding reversed this decrease. The decrease in Ly6Chi monocytes was accompanied by an increase in plasma corticosterone levels and was prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. Further, fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice prolonged bleeding time in the tail vein bleeding assay, with reversal by refeeding. This could not be explained by changes in coagulation factors V, VII, or VIII, or von Willebrand factor. While the prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time as well as total platelet counts were not affected by fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was disturbed. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal a relationship between fasting-induced hypoglycemia, decreased blood monocytes, and disturbed platelet aggregation in L-G6pc-/- mice. While disturbed platelet aggregation likely accounts for the bleeding phenotype in GSD Ia, elevated plasma corticosterone decreases the levels of proinflammatory monocytes. These studies highlight the necessity of maintaining good glycemic control in GSD Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M La Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Venetia Bazioti
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Hoogerland
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F Svendsen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk G Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn G S Rutten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bertien Dethmers-Ausema
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Hendrik Nijland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michaël V Lukens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZBME), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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21
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Rutten MG, Derks TG, Huijkman NC, Bos T, Kloosterhuis NJ, van de Kolk KC, Wolters JC, Koster MH, Bongiovanni L, Thomas RE, de Bruin A, van de Sluis B, Oosterveer MH. Modeling Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a Liver Disease in Mice by Somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9-Mediated Gene Editing. Hepatology 2021; 74:2491-2507. [PMID: 34157136 PMCID: PMC8597008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD-1a) primarily present with life-threatening hypoglycemia and display severe liver disease characterized by hepatomegaly. Despite strict dietary management, long-term complications still occur, such as liver tumor development. Variations in residual glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) activity likely contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity in biochemical symptoms and complications between patients. However, lack of insight into the relationship between G6PC1 activity and symptoms/complications and poor understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms pose major challenges to provide optimal health care and quality of life for GSD-1a patients. Currently available GSD-1a animal models are not suitable to systematically investigate the relationship between hepatic G6PC activity and phenotypic heterogeneity or the contribution of gene-gene interactions (GGIs) in the liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS To meet these needs, we generated and characterized a hepatocyte-specific GSD-1a mouse model using somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. Hepatic G6pc editing reduced hepatic G6PC activity up to 98% and resulted in failure to thrive, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis (HS), and increased liver tumor incidence. This approach was furthermore successful in simultaneously modulating hepatic G6PC and carbohydrate response element-binding protein, a transcription factor that is activated in GSD-1a and protects against HS under these conditions. Importantly, it also allowed for the modeling of a spectrum of GSD-1a phenotypes in terms of hepatic G6PC activity, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and HS. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we show that somatic CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing allows for the modeling of a spectrum of hepatocyte-borne GSD-1a disease symptoms in mice and to efficiently study GGIs in the liver. This approach opens perspectives for translational research and will likely contribute to personalized treatments for GSD-1a and other genetic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn G.S. Rutten
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Terry G.J. Derks
- Section of Metabolic DiseasesBeatrix Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C.A. Huijkman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kees C.W.A. van de Kolk
- Central Animal FacilityGroningen Small Animal Imaging Facility (Gronsai)University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel E. Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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22
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Gautam S, Zhang L, Arnaoutova I, Lee C, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. The signaling pathways implicated in impairment of hepatic autophagy in glycogen storage disease type Ia. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:834-844. [PMID: 31961433 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) deficiency in glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia) leads to impaired hepatic autophagy, a recycling process important for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Autophagy can be regulated by several energy sensing pathways, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O (FoxO), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Using 10-day old global G6pc-deficient (G6pc-/-) mice, hepatic autophagy impairment was attributed to activation of mTOR and inhibition of AMPK signaling. In other studies, using adult liver-specific G6pc-deficient mice at both pre-tumor and tumor stages, hepatic autophagy impairment was attributed to downregulation of SIRT1 signaling and mTOR was not implicated. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of the major autophagy pathways in young G6pc-/- mice over the first 4 weeks of life. We show that impaired SIRT1, FoxO3a, AMPK, and PPAR-α signaling are responsible for autophagy impairment but mTOR is involved minimally. Hepatic SIRT1 overexpression corrects defective autophagy, restores the expression of FoxO3a and liver kinase B1 but fails to normalize impaired PPAR-α expression or metabolic abnormalities associated with GSD-Ia. Importantly, restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α expression in G6pc-/- mice corrects defective autophagy, restores SIRT1/FoxO3a/AMPK/PPAR-α signaling and rectifies metabolic abnormalities. Taken together, these data show that hepatic autophagy impairment in GSD-Ia is mediated by downregulation of SIRT1/FoxO3a/AMPK/PPAR-α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Gautam
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Cheol Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.,Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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23
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Arnaoutova I, Zhang L, Chen HD, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Correction of metabolic abnormalities in a mouse model of glycogen storage disease type Ia by CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1602-1610. [PMID: 33359667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia), deficient in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6PC), is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and a hallmark of fasting hypoglycemia. We have developed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated gene therapy for GSD-Ia that is currently in a phase I/II clinical trial. While therapeutic expression of the episomal rAAV-G6PC clinical vector is stable in mice, the long-term durability of expression in humans is currently being established. Here we evaluated CRISPR/Cas9-based in vivo genome editing technology to correct a prevalent pathogenic human variant, G6PC-p.R83C. We have generated a homozygous G6pc-R83C mouse strain and shown that the G6pc-R83C mice manifest impaired glucose homeostasis and frequent hypoglycemic seizures, mimicking the pathophysiology of GSD-Ia patients. We then used a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing system to treat newborn G6pc-R83C mice and showed that the treated mice grew normally to age 16 weeks without hypoglycemia seizures. The treated G6pc-R83C mice, expressing ≥ 3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity, maintained glucose homeostasis, displayed normalized blood metabolites, and could sustain 24 h of fasting. Taken together, we have developed a second-generation therapy in which in vivo correction of a pathogenic G6PC-p.R83C variant in its native genetic locus could lead to potentially permanent, durable, long-term correction of the GSD-Ia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hung-Dar Chen
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Almodóvar-Payá A, Villarreal-Salazar M, de Luna N, Nogales-Gadea G, Real-Martínez A, Andreu AL, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Vissing J, Krag T, Pinós T. Preclinical Research in Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249621. [PMID: 33348688 PMCID: PMC7766110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GSD are a group of disorders characterized by a defect in gene expression of specific enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown or synthesis, commonly resulting in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues (primarily the liver and skeletal muscle). Several different GSD animal models have been found to naturally present spontaneous mutations and others have been developed and characterized in order to further understand the physiopathology of these diseases and as a useful tool to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies. In the present work we have reviewed a total of 42 different animal models of GSD, including 26 genetically modified mouse models, 15 naturally occurring models (encompassing quails, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle and horses), and one genetically modified zebrafish model. To our knowledge, this is the most complete list of GSD animal models ever reviewed. Importantly, when all these animal models are analyzed together, we can observe some common traits, as well as model specific differences, that would be overlooked if each model was only studied in the context of a given GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Almodóvar-Payá
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Mónica Villarreal-Salazar
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Noemí de Luna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Laboratori de Malalties Neuromusculars, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediàtriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d’Investigacio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alberto Real-Martínez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- EATRIS, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934894057
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25
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Role of Metabolism in Bone Development and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238992. [PMID: 33256181 PMCID: PMC7729585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies.
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26
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Kim YM, Choi JH, Lee BH, Kim GH, Kim KM, Yoo HW. Predominance of the c.648G > T G6PC gene mutation and late complications in Korean patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:45. [PMID: 32046761 PMCID: PMC7014716 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease (GSD) Ia, caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) gene, is characterized by hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia. This study aimed to investigate clinical and molecular features and late complications in Korean patients with GSD Ia. RESULTS Fifty-four Korean patients (33 males and 21 females) from 47 unrelated families, who were diagnosed with GSD Ia, based on genetic and biochemical data, between 1999 and 2017, were included in this study. The median age at diagnosis was 3.9 years (range: 5 months to 42 years), and the follow-up period was 8.0 ± 6.8 years. Most patients presented with hepatomegaly during infancy, but hypoglycemic symptoms were not predominant. Genetic analysis showed that all the patients had at least one c.648G > T allele. Homozygous c.648G > T mutations in the G6PC gene were identified in 34 families (72.3%), and compound heterozygotes with c.648G > T were found in the other families. The allele frequency of c.648G > T was 86.2% (81/94), and p.F51S, p.R83H, p.G122D, p.Y128*, p.G222R, and p.T255A were identified. Of 26 adult patients, 14 had multiple hepatic adenomas, and two were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. Thirteen patients showed renal complications, and seven patients presented gout, despite preventive allopurinol treatment. Twelve patients had osteoporosis, and two patients had pulmonary hypertension. The final heights were 157.9 cm (standard deviation score: - 3.1) in males and 157.8 cm (standard deviation score: - 0.6) in females. CONCLUSION In our Korean patients with GSD Ia, the most common mutation in the G6PC gene was c.648G > T, suggesting a founder effect. Because of only mild hypoglycemia, the patients tended to be diagnosed late. Thus, adult patients with GSD Ia eventually developed diverse and serious complications, which indicates a need for careful monitoring and proper management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical Genetics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Pathogenesis of Hepatic Tumors following Gene Therapy in Murine and Canine Models of Glycogen Storage Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:383-391. [PMID: 31890731 PMCID: PMC6909089 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) is caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic subunit gene (G6PC). GSD Ia complications include hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) with a risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation. Genome editing with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) and a G6PC donor transgene was evaluated in adult mice with GSD Ia. Although mouse livers expressed G6Pase, HCA and HCC occurred following AAV vector administration. Interestingly, vector genomes were almost undetectable in the tumors but remained relatively high in adjacent liver (p < 0.01). G6Pase activity was decreased in tumors, in comparison with adjacent liver (p < 0.01). Furthermore, AAV-G6Pase vector-treated dogs with GSD Ia developed HCC with lower G6Pase activity (p < 0.01) in comparison with adjacent liver. AAV integration and tumor marker analysis in mice revealed that tumors arose from the underlying disorder, not from vector administration. Similarly to human GSD Ia-related HCA and HCC, mouse and dog tumors did not express elevated α-fetoprotein. Taken together, these results suggest that AAV-mediated gene therapy not only corrects hepatic G6Pase deficiency, but also has potential to suppress HCA and HCC in the GSD Ia liver.
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Waskowicz LR, Zhou J, Landau DJ, Brooks ED, Lim A, Yavarow ZA, Kudo T, Zhang H, Wu Y, Grant S, Young SP, Huat BB, Yen PM, Koeberl DD. Bezafibrate induces autophagy and improves hepatic lipid metabolism in glycogen storage disease type Ia. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:143-154. [PMID: 30256948 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase α (G6Pase) deficiency, also known as von Gierke's Disease or Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia), is characterized by decreased ability of the liver to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose leading to glycogen accumulation and hepatosteatosis. Long-term complications of GSD Ia include hepatic adenomas and carcinomas, in association with the suppression of autophagy in the liver. The G6pc-/- mouse and canine models for GSD Ia were treated with the pan-peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonist, bezafibrate, to determine the drug's effect on liver metabolism and function. Hepatic glycogen and triglyceride concentrations were measured and western blotting was performed to investigate pathways affected by the treatment. Bezafibrate decreased liver triglyceride and glycogen concentrations and partially reversed the autophagy defect previously demonstrated in GSD Ia models. Changes in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase expression and acylcarnintine flux suggested that fatty acid oxidation was increased and fatty acid synthase expression associated with lipogenesis was decreased in G6pc-/- mice treated with bezafibrate. In summary, bezafibrate induced autophagy in the liver while increasing fatty acid oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis in G6pc-/- mice. It represents a potential therapy for glycogen overload and hepatosteatosis associated with GSD Ia, with beneficial effects that have implications for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Waskowicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dustin J Landau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Lim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zollie A Yavarow
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tsubasa Kudo
- Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart Grant
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah P Young
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bay Boon Huat
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Cangelosi D, Resaz R, Petretto A, Segalerba D, Ognibene M, Raggi F, Mastracci L, Grillo F, Bosco MC, Varesio L, Sica A, Colombo I, Eva A. A Proteomic Analysis of GSD-1a in Mouse Livers: Evidence for Metabolic Reprogramming, Inflammation, and Macrophage Polarization. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2965-2978. [PMID: 31173686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cangelosi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Resaz
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Proteomics Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Segalerba
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post Natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Raggi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), Anatomic Pathology Unit, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi n. 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), Anatomic Pathology Unit, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi n. 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Varesio
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”, Largo Guido Donegani n. 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Alessandro Manzoni n. 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Irma Colombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti n. 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
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30
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CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of SLC37A4 gene elucidates the role of molecular markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in renal involvement in glycogen storage disease type Ib. Gene 2019; 703:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Pérez-Estrada JR, Hernández-García D, Leyva-Castro F, Ramos-León J, Cuevas-Benítez O, Díaz-Muñoz M, Castro-Obregón S, Ramírez-Solís R, García C, Covarrubias L. Reduced lifespan of mice lacking catalase correlates with altered lipid metabolism without oxidative damage or premature aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:102-115. [PMID: 30818059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the mechanisms that underlie longevity and aging and the metabolic alterations due to feeding conditions has not been completely defined. In the present work, through the deletion of the gene encoding catalase, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was uncovered as a relevant regulator of longevity and of liver metabolism. Mice lacking catalase (Cat-/-) fed ad libitum with a regular diet showed a shorter lifespan than wild type mice, which correlated with reduced body weight, blood glucose levels and liver fat accumulation, but not with increased oxidative damage or consistent premature aging. High fat diet (HFD) and fasting increased oxidative damage in the liver of wild type animals but, unexpectedly, this was not the case for that of Cat-/- mice. Interestingly, although HFD feeding similarly increased the body weight of Cat-/- and wild-type mice, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis did not develop in the former. Fat accumulation due to fasting, on the other hand, was diminished in mice lacking catalase, which correlated with increased risk of death and low ketone body blood levels. Alteration in expression of some metabolic genes in livers of catalase deficient mice was consistent with reduced lipogenesis. Specifically, Pparγ2 expression up-regulation in response to a HFD and down-regulation upon fasting was lower and higher, respectively, in livers of Cat-/- than of wild type mice, and a marked decay was observed during Cat-/- mice aging. We propose that catalase regulates lipid metabolism in the liver by an evolutionary conserved mechanism that is determinant of lifespan without affecting general oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raúl Pérez-Estrada
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - David Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Francisco Leyva-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Javier Ramos-León
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Osiris Cuevas-Benítez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | | | - Celina García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
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32
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In vitro and in vivo translational models for rare liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1003-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Zhang L, Cho JH, Arnaoutova I, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. An evolutionary approach to optimizing glucose-6-phosphatase-α enzymatic activity for gene therapy of glycogen storage disease type Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:470-479. [PMID: 30714174 PMCID: PMC6483894 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia), caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC), is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis with a hallmark hypoglycemia, following a short fast. We have shown that G6pc-deficient (G6pc-/-) mice treated with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors expressing either wild-type (WT) (rAAV-hG6PC-WT) or codon-optimized (co) (rAAV-co-hG6PC) human (h) G6Pase-α maintain glucose homeostasis if they restore ≥3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity. The co vector, which has a higher potency, is currently being used in a phase I/II clinical trial for human GSD-Ia (NCT03517085). While routinely used in clinical therapies, co vectors may not always be optimal. Codon-optimization can impact RNA secondary structure, change RNA/DNA protein-binding sites, affect protein conformation and function, and alter posttranscriptional modifications that may reduce potency or efficacy. We therefore sought to develop alternative approaches to increase the potency of the G6PC gene transfer vectors. Using an evolutionary sequence analysis, we identified a Ser-298 to Cys-298 substitution naturally found in canine, mouse, rat, and several primate G6Pase-α isozymes, that when incorporated into the WT hG6Pase-α sequence, markedly enhanced enzymatic activity. Using G6pc-/- mice, we show that the efficacy of the rAAV-hG6PC-S298C vector was 3-fold higher than that of the rAAV-hG6PC-WT vector. The rAAV-hG6PC-S298C vector with increased efficacy, that minimizes the potential problems associated with codon-optimization, offers a valuable vector for clinical translation in human GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zhang
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Irina Arnaoutova
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Janice Y. Chou, Building 10, Room 8N-240C, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, Tel: 301-496-1094; Fax: 301-402-6035,
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Cho JH, Lee YM, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Gene therapy prevents hepatic tumor initiation in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia at the tumor-developing stage. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:459-469. [PMID: 30637773 PMCID: PMC6483852 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma (HCA/HCC) is a long-term complication of glycogen storage disease type-Ia (GSD-Ia), which is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Currently, there is no therapy to address HCA/HCC in GSD-Ia. We have previously shown that a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated G6PC gene transfer to 2-week-old G6pc-/- mice prevents HCA development. However, it remains unclear whether G6PC gene transfer at the tumor developing stage of GSD-Ia can prevent tumor initiation or abrogate the pre-existing tumors. Using liver-specific G6pc-knockout (L-G6pc-/-) mice that develop HCA/HCC, we now show that treating the mice at the tumor-developing stage with rAAV-G6PC restores hepatic G6Pase-α expression, normalizes glucose homeostasis, and prevents de novo HCA/HCC development. The rAAV-G6PC treatment also normalizes defective hepatic autophagy and corrects metabolic abnormalities in the nontumor liver tissues of both tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice. However, gene therapy cannot restore G6Pase-α expression in the HCA/HCC lesions and fails to abrogate any pre-existing tumors. We show that the expression of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 that mediates local glucocorticoid activation is downregulated in HCA/HCC lesions, leading to impairment in glucocorticoid signaling critical for gluconeogenesis activation. This suggests that local glucocorticoid action downregulation in the HCA/HCC lesions may suppress gene therapy mediated G6Pase-α restoration. Collectively, our data show that rAAV-mediated gene therapy can prevent de novo HCA/HCC development in L-G6pc-/- mice at the tumor developing stage, but it cannot reduce any pre-existing tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew F. Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Janice Y. Chou, Building 10, Room 8N240C, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, Tel: 301-496-1094; Fax: 301-402-6035,
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35
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Kang HR, Waskowicz L, Seifts AM, Landau DJ, Young SP, Koeberl DD. Bezafibrate Enhances AAV Vector-Mediated Genome Editing in Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:265-273. [PMID: 30859111 PMCID: PMC6395830 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) is a rare inherited disease caused by mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalytic subunit gene (G6PC). Absence of G6Pase causes life-threatening hypoglycemia and long-term complications because of the accumulations of metabolic intermediates. Bezafibrate, a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, was administered in the context of genome editing with a zinc-finger nuclease-containing vector (AAV-ZFN) and a G6Pase donor vector (AAV-RoG6P). Bezafibrate treatment increased survival and decreased liver size (liver/body mass, p < 0.05) in combination with genome editing. Blood glucose has higher (p < 0.05) after 4 h of fasting, and liver glycogen accumulation (p < 0.05) was lower in association with higher G6Pase activity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, bezafibrate-treated mice had increased numbers of G6PC transgenes (p < 0.05) and higher ZFN activity (p < 0.01) in the liver compared with controls. PPAR-α expression was increased and PPAR-γ expression was decreased in bezafibrate-treated mice. Therefore, bezafibrate improved hepatocellular abnormalities and increased the transduction efficiency of AAV vector-mediated genome editing in liver, whereas higher expression of G6Pase corrected molecular signaling in GSD Ia. Taken together, bezafibrate shows promise as a drug for increasing AAV vector-mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ri Kang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren Waskowicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrea M. Seifts
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dustin J. Landau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sarah P. Young
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding author: Dwight D. Koeberl, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 103856, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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36
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Gjorgjieva M, Mithieux G, Rajas F. Hepatic stress associated with pathologies characterized by disturbed glucose production. Cell Stress 2019; 3:86-99. [PMID: 31225503 PMCID: PMC6551742 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is an organ with many facets, including a role in energy production and metabolic balance, detoxification and extraordinary capacity of regeneration. Hepatic glucose production plays a crucial role in the maintenance of normal glucose levels in the organism i.e. between 0.7 to 1.1 g/l. The loss of this function leads to a rare genetic metabolic disease named glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI), characterized by severe hypoglycemia during short fasts. On the contrary, type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, partly due to an overproduction of glucose by the liver. Indeed, diabetes is characterized by increased uptake/production of glucose by hepatocytes, leading to the activation of de novo lipogenesis and the development of a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In GSDI, the accumulation of glucose-6 phosphate, which cannot be hydrolyzed into glucose, leads to an increase of glycogen stores and the development of hepatic steatosis. Thus, in these pathologies, hepatocytes are subjected to cellular stress mainly induced by glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. In this review, we have compared hepatic cellular stress induced in type 2 diabetes and GSDI, especially oxidative stress, autophagy deregulation, and ER-stress. In addition, both GSDI and diabetic patients are prone to the development of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) that occur on a fatty liver in the absence of cirrhosis. These HCA can further acquire malignant traits and transform into hepatocellular carcinoma. This process of tumorigenesis highlights the importance of an optimal metabolic control in both GSDI and diabetic patients in order to prevent, or at least to restrain, tumorigenic activity during disturbed glucose metabolism pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gjorgjieva
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008 France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622 France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008 France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622 France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008 France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, F-69622 France
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Chou JY, Cho JH, Kim GY, Mansfield BC. Molecular biology and gene therapy for glycogen storage disease type Ib. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1007-1014. [PMID: 29663270 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib) is caused by a deficiency in the ubiquitously expressed glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) transporter (G6PT or SLC37A4). The primary function of G6PT is to translocate G6P from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inside the ER, G6P is hydrolyzed to glucose and phosphate by either the liver/kidney/intestine-restricted glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) or the ubiquitously expressed G6Pase-β. A deficiency in G6Pase-α causes GSD type Ia (GSD-Ia) and a deficiency in G6Pase-β causes GSD-I-related syndrome (GSD-Irs). In gluconeogenic organs, functional coupling of G6PT and G6Pase-α is required to maintain interprandial blood glucose homeostasis. In myeloid tissues, functional coupling of G6PT and G6Pase-β is required to maintain neutrophil homeostasis. Accordingly, GSD-Ib is a metabolic and immune disorder, manifesting impaired glucose homeostasis, neutropenia, and neutrophil dysfunction. A G6pt knockout mouse model is being exploited to delineate the pathophysiology of GSD-Ib and develop new clinical treatment options, including gene therapy. The safety and efficacy of several G6PT-expressing recombinant adeno-associated virus pseudotype 2/8 vectors have been examined in murine GSD-Ib. The results demonstrate that the liver-directed gene transfer and expression safely corrects metabolic abnormalities and prevents hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) development. However, a second vector system may be required to correct myeloid and renal dysfunction in GSD-Ib. These findings are paving the way to a safe and efficacious gene therapy for entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N240C, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1830, USA.
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N240C, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1830, USA
| | - Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N240C, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1830, USA
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8N240C, NIH 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1830, USA
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
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38
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Lee YM, Conlon TJ, Specht A, Coleman KE, Brown LM, Estrella AM, Dambska M, Dahlberg KR, Weinstein DA. Long-term safety and efficacy of AAV gene therapy in the canine model of glycogen storage disease type Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:977-984. [PMID: 29802554 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral mediated gene therapy has progressed after overcoming early failures, and gene therapy has now been approved for several conditions in Europe and the USA. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia, caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-α, has been viewed as an outstanding candidate for gene therapy. This follow-up report describes the long-term outcome for the naturally occurring GSD-Ia dogs treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. METHODS A total of seven dogs were treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. The first four dogs were treated at birth, and three dogs were treated between 2 and 6 months of age to assess the efficacy and safety in animals with mature livers. Blood and urine samples, radiographic studies, histological evaluation, and biodistribution were assessed. RESULTS Gene therapy improved survival in the GSD-Ia dogs. With treatment, the biochemical studies normalized for the duration of the study (up to 7 years). None of the rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-treated dogs had focal hepatic lesions or renal abnormalities. Dogs treated at birth required a second dose of rAAV after 2-4 months; gene therapy after hepatic maturation resulted in improved efficacy after a single dose. CONCLUSION rAAV-GPE-hG6PC treatment in GSD-Ia dogs was found to be safe and efficacious. GSD-Ia is an attractive target for human gene therapy since it is a monogenic disorder with limited tissue involvement. Blood glucose and lactate monitoring can be used to assess effectiveness and as a biomarker of success. GSD-Ia can also serve as a model for other hepatic monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mok Lee
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J Conlon
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- CR Scientific and Compliance Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrew Specht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirsten E Coleman
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laurie M Brown
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Estrella
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Monika Dambska
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn R Dahlberg
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
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39
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Reijngoud DJ. Flux analysis of inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:309-328. [PMID: 29318410 PMCID: PMC5959979 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) are deficient of an enzyme involved in metabolism, and as a consequence metabolism reprograms itself to reach a new steady state. This new steady state underlies the clinical phenotype associated with the deficiency. Hence, we need to know the flux of metabolites through the different metabolic pathways in this new steady state of the reprogrammed metabolism. Stable isotope technology is best suited to study this. In this review the progress made in characterizing the altered metabolism will be presented. Studies done in patients to estimate the residual flux through the metabolic pathway affected by enzyme deficiencies will be discussed. After this, studies done in model systems will be reviewed. The focus will be on glycogen storage disease type I, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, propionic and methylmalonic aciduria, urea cycle defects, phenylketonuria, and combined D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Finally, new developments are discussed, which allow the tracing of metabolic reprogramming in IEM on a genome-wide scale. In conclusion, the outlook for flux analysis of metabolic derangement in IEMs looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-J Reijngoud
- Section of Systems Medicine and Metabolic Signaling, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Center of Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- European Research Institute of the Biology of Ageing, Internal ZIP code EA12, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Cappello AR, Curcio R, Lappano R, Maggiolini M, Dolce V. The Physiopathological Role of the Exchangers Belonging to the SLC37 Family. Front Chem 2018; 6:122. [PMID: 29719821 PMCID: PMC5913288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SLC37 gene family includes four proteins SLC37A1-4, localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. They have been grouped into the SLC37 family due to their sequence homology to the bacterial organophosphate/phosphate (Pi) antiporter. SLC37A1-3 are the less characterized isoforms. SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 are Pi-linked glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) antiporters, catalyzing both homologous (Pi/Pi) and heterologous (G6P/Pi) exchanges, whereas SLC37A3 transport properties remain to be clarified. Furthermore, SLC37A1 is highly homologous to the bacterial glycerol 3-phosphate permeases, so it is supposed to transport also glycerol-3-phosphate. The physiological role of SLC37A1-3 is yet to be further investigated. SLC37A1 seems to be required for lipid biosynthesis in cancer cell lines, SLC37A2 has been proposed as a vitamin D and a phospho-progesterone receptor target gene, while mutations in the SLC37A3 gene appear to be associated with congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy. SLC37A4, also known as glucose-6-phosphate translocase (G6PT), transports G6P from the cytoplasm into the ER lumen, working in complex with either glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) or G6Pase-β to hydrolyze intraluminal G6P to Pi and glucose. G6PT and G6Pase-β are ubiquitously expressed, whereas G6Pase-α is specifically expressed in the liver, kidney and intestine. G6PT/G6Pase-α complex activity regulates fasting blood glucose levels, whereas G6PT/G6Pase-β is required for neutrophil functions. G6PT deficiency is responsible for glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib), an autosomal recessive disorder associated with both defective metabolic and myeloid phenotypes. Several kinds of mutations have been identified in the SLC37A4 gene, affecting G6PT function. An increased autoimmunity risk for GSD-Ib patients has also been reported, moreover, SLC37A4 seems to be involved in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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41
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Kwon JH, Lee YM, Cho JH, Kim GY, Anduaga J, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Liver-directed gene therapy for murine glycogen storage disease type Ib. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4395-4405. [PMID: 28973635 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type-Ib (GSD-Ib), deficient in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT), is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis, myeloid dysfunction, and long-term risk of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). We examined the efficacy of G6PT gene therapy in G6pt-/- mice using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors, directed by either the G6PC or the G6PT promoter/enhancer. Both vectors corrected hepatic G6PT deficiency in murine GSD-Ib but the G6PC promoter/enhancer was more efficacious. Over a 78-week study, using dose titration of the rAAV vectors, we showed that G6pt-/- mice expressing 3-62% of normal hepatic G6PT activity exhibited a normalized liver phenotype. Two of the 12 mice expressing < 6% of normal hepatic G6PT activity developed HCA. All treated mice were leaner and more sensitive to insulin than wild-type mice. Mice expressing 3-22% of normal hepatic G6PT activity exhibited higher insulin sensitivity than mice expressing 44-62%. The levels of insulin sensitivity correlated with the magnitudes of hepatic carbohydrate response element binding protein signaling activation. In summary, we established the threshold of hepatic G6PT activity required to prevent tumor formation and showed that mice expressing 3-62% of normal hepatic G6PT activity maintained glucose homeostasis and were protected against age-related obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyun Kwon
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Javier Anduaga
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.,Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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42
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Cho JH, Kim GY, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase-α deficiency leads to metabolic reprogramming in glycogen storage disease type Ia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:925-931. [PMID: 29545180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC), a key enzyme in endogenous glucose production. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and long-term complications of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma (HCA/HCC). We have shown that hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency-mediated steatosis leads to defective autophagy that is frequently associated with carcinogenesis. We now show that hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency also leads to enhancement of hepatic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) that can contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. The enhanced hepatic glycolysis is reflected by increased lactate accumulation, increased expression of many glycolytic enzymes, and elevated expression of c-Myc that stimulates glycolysis. The increased HMS is reflected by increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and elevated production of NADPH and the reduced glutathione. We have previously shown that restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α expression in G6Pase-α-deficient liver corrects metabolic abnormalities, normalizes autophagy, and prevents HCA/HCC development in GSD-Ia. We now show that restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α expression normalizes both glycolysis and HMS in GSD-Ia. Moreover, the HCA/HCC lesions in L-G6pc-/- mice exhibit elevated levels of hexokinase 2 (HK2) and the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which play an important role in aerobic glycolysis and cancer cell proliferation. Taken together, hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency causes metabolic reprogramming, leading to enhanced glycolysis and elevated HMS that along with impaired autophagy can contribute to HCA/HCC development in GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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43
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Roseman DS, Khan T, Rajas F, Jun LS, Asrani KH, Isaacs C, Farelli JD, Subramanian RR. G6PC mRNA Therapy Positively Regulates Fasting Blood Glucose and Decreases Liver Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Glycogen Storage Disease 1a. Mol Ther 2018; 26:814-821. [PMID: 29428299 PMCID: PMC5910675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD1a) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). GSD1a is associated with life-threatening hypoglycemia and long-term liver and renal complications. We examined the efficacy of mRNA-encoding human G6Pase in a liver-specific G6Pase−/− mouse model (L-G6PC−/−) that exhibits the same hepatic biomarkers associated with GSD1a patients, such as fasting hypoglycemia, and elevated levels of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), glycogen, and triglycerides. We show that a single systemic injection of wild-type or native human G6PC mRNA results in significant improvements in fasting blood glucose levels for up to 7 days post-dose. These changes were associated with significant reductions in liver mass, hepatic G6P, glycogen, and triglycerides. In addition, an engineered protein variant of human G6Pase, designed for increased duration of expression, showed superior efficacy to the wild-type sequence by maintaining improved fasting blood glucose levels and reductions in liver mass for up to 12 days post-dose. Our results demonstrate for the first time the effectiveness of mRNA therapy as a potential treatment in reversing the hepatic abnormalities associated with GSD1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Roseman
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tayeba Khan
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 33 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- INSERM U1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucy S Jun
- Biomarkers, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 100 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kirtika H Asrani
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cleo Isaacs
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Farelli
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Romesh R Subramanian
- Discovery Research, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chou JY, Kim GY, Cho JH. Recent development and gene therapy for glycogen storage disease type Ia. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:174-180. [PMID: 29576889 PMCID: PMC5859325 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) that is expressed primarily in the liver, kidney, and intestine. G6Pase-α catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to glucose and phosphate in the terminal step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and is a key enzyme for endogenous glucose production. The active site of G6Pase-α is inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. For catalysis, the substrate G6P must be translocated from the cytoplasm into the ER lumen by a G6P transporter (G6PT). The functional coupling of G6Pase-α and G6PT maintains interprandial glucose homeostasis. Dietary therapies for GSD-Ia are available, but cannot prevent the long-term complication of hepatocellular adenoma that may undergo malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma. Animal models of GSD-Ia are now available and are being exploited to both delineate the disease more precisely and develop new treatment approaches, including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Cho JH, Kim GY, Pan CJ, Anduaga J, Choi EJ, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Downregulation of SIRT1 signaling underlies hepatic autophagy impairment in glycogen storage disease type Ia. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006819. [PMID: 28558013 PMCID: PMC5469511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) leads to impaired glucose homeostasis and metabolic manifestations including hepatomegaly caused by increased glycogen and neutral fat accumulation. A recent report showed that G6Pase-α deficiency causes impairment in autophagy, a recycling process important for cellular metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism underlying defective autophagy is unclear. Here we show that in mice, liver-specific knockout of G6Pase-α (L-G6pc-/-) leads to downregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling that activates autophagy via deacetylation of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and forkhead box O (FoxO) family of transcriptional factors which transactivate autophagy genes. Consistently, defective autophagy in G6Pase-α-deficient liver is characterized by attenuated expressions of autophagy components, increased acetylation of ATG5 and ATG7, decreased conjugation of ATG5 and ATG12, and reduced autophagic flux. We further show that hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency results in activation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein, a lipogenic transcription factor, increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a lipid regulator, and suppressed expression of PPAR-α, a master regulator of fatty acid β-oxidation, all contributing to hepatic steatosis and downregulation of SIRT1 expression. An adenovirus vector-mediated increase in hepatic SIRT1 expression corrects autophagy defects but does not rectify metabolic abnormalities associated with G6Pase-α deficiency. Importantly, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α expression corrects metabolic abnormalities, restores SIRT1-FoxO signaling, and normalizes defective autophagy. Taken together, these data show that hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency-mediated down-regulation of SIRT1 signaling underlies defective hepatic autophagy in GSD-Ia. GSD-Ia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in G6Pase-α, a key enzyme in maintaining blood glucose levels between meals. Despite strong compliance to dietary therapies, GSD-Ia patients continue manifesting metabolic aberrations including excessive accumulation of glycogen and lipid in the liver. Recently, G6Pase-α deficiency has been linked to impairment in autophagy, a recycling process essential for cellular homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we show that hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency alters the activity and/or expression of several lipid regulators, leading to hepatic steatosis and reduced expression of SIRT1, an enzyme that regulates the activity of many proteins via deacetylation. The impaired SIRT1 signaling increases the acetylation of ATG proteins critical for autophagic vesicle elongation, and reduces the activity of FoxO factors that can induce autophagy genes. Consistently, the G6Pase-α-deficient liver exhibits autophagy impairment characterized by attenuated expression of many autophagy components, defective autophagic vesicle elongation, impaired autophagosome formation, and reduced autophagy flux. Importantly, SIRT1 overexpression in G6Pase-α-deficient liver corrects autophagy deficiency. Finally, restoration of hepatic G6Pase-α expression corrects metabolic abnormalities, restores SIRT1-FoxO signaling, and normalizes defective autophagy. Collectively, hepatic G6Pase-α deficiency-mediated down-regulation of SIRT1 signaling underlies defective hepatic autophagy in GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Javier Anduaga
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eui-Ju Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Human Diseases, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Brian C. Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia (GSDIa). Sci Rep 2017; 7:44408. [PMID: 28317891 PMCID: PMC5357851 DOI: 10.1038/srep44408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa, von Gierke disease) is the most common glycogen storage disorder. It is caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyses the final step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Clinically, GSDIa is characterized by fasting hypoglycaemia and hepatic glycogen and triglyceride overaccumulation. The latter leads to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and the formation of hepatic adenomas and carcinomas. Currently, little is known about the function of various organelles and their impact on metabolism in GSDIa. Accordingly, we investigated mitochondrial function in cell culture and mouse models of GSDIa. We found impairments in oxidative phosphorylation and changes in TCA cycle metabolites, as well as decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and deranged mitochondrial ultra-structure in these model systems. Mitochondrial content also was decreased, likely secondary to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. These deleterious effects culminated in the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of GSDIa, and identify a new potential target for the treatment of this disease. They also provide new insight into the role of carbohydrate overload on mitochondrial function in other hepatic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Kim GY, Lee YM, Kwon JH, Cho JH, Pan CJ, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY. Glycogen storage disease type Ia mice with less than 2% of normal hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase-α activity restored are at risk of developing hepatic tumors. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:229-234. [PMID: 28096054 PMCID: PMC5346453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia), characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and chronic risk of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) and carcinoma (HCC), is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC). We have previously shown that G6pc-/- mice receiving gene transfer mediated by rAAV-G6PC, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing G6Pase-α, and expressing 3-63% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity maintain glucose homeostasis and do not develop HCA/HCC. However, the threshold of hepatic G6Pase-α activity required to prevent tumor formation remained unknown. In this study, we constructed rAAV-co-G6PC, a rAAV vector expressing a codon-optimized (co) G6Pase-α and showed that rAAV-co-G6PC was more efficacious than rAAV-G6PC in directing hepatic G6Pase-α expression. Over an 88-week study, we showed that both rAAV-G6PC- and rAAV-co-G6PC-treated G6pc-/- mice expressing 3-33% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity (AAV mice) maintained glucose homeostasis, lacked HCA/HCC, and were protected against age-related obesity and insulin resistance. Of the eleven rAAV-G6PC/rAAV-co-G6PC-treated G6pc-/- mice harboring 0.9-2.4% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity (AAV-low mice), 3 expressing 0.9-1.3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity developed HCA/HCC, while 8 did not (AAV-low-NT). Finally, we showed that the AAV-low-NT mice exhibited a phenotype indistinguishable from that of AAV mice expressing ≥3% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity. The results establish the threshold of hepatic G6Pase-α activity required to prevent HCA/HCC and show that GSD-Ia mice harboring <2% of normal hepatic G6Pase-α activity are at risk of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goo-Young Kim
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | - Joon Hyun Kwon
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | - Jun-Ho Cho
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | - Chi-Jiunn Pan
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Brian C Mansfield
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States; Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD 21046, United States
| | - Janice Y Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States.
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PEPCK-C reexpression in the liver counters neonatal hypoglycemia in Pck1 del/del mice, unmasking role in non-gluconeogenic tissues. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:89-98. [PMID: 27785616 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Whole body cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase knockout (PEPCK-C KO) mice die early after birth with profound hypoglycemia therefore masking the role of PEPCK-C in adult, non-gluconeogenic tissues where it is expressed. To investigate whether PEPCK-C deletion in the liver was critically responsible for the hypoglycemic phenotype, we reexpress this enzyme in the liver of PEPCK-C KO pups by early postnatal administration of PEPCK-C-expressing adenovirus. This maneuver was sufficient to partially rescue hypoglycemia and allow the pups to survive and identifies the liver as a critical organ, and hypoglycemia as the critical pathomechanism, leading to early postnatal death in the whole-body PEPCK-C knockout mice. Pathology assessment of survivors also suggest a possible role for PEPCK-C in lung maturation and muscle metabolism.
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Functional Analysis of Mouse G6pc1 Mutations Using a Novel In Situ Assay for Glucose-6-Phosphatase Activity and the Effect of Mutations in Conserved Human G6PC1/G6PC2 Amino Acids on G6PC2 Protein Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162439. [PMID: 27611587 PMCID: PMC5017610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) has been associated with increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in G6PC2 are the most important common determinants of variations in FBG in humans. Studies using G6pc2 knockout mice suggest that G6pc2 regulates the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. G6PC2 and the related G6PC1 and G6PC3 genes encode glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunits. This study describes a functional analysis of 22 non-synonymous G6PC2 SNPs, that alter amino acids that are conserved in human G6PC1, mouse G6pc1 and mouse G6pc2, with the goal of identifying variants that potentially affect G6PC2 activity/expression. Published data suggest strong conservation of catalytically important amino acids between all four proteins and the related G6PC3 isoform. Because human G6PC2 has very low glucose-6-phosphatase activity we used an indirect approach, examining the effect of these SNPs on mouse G6pc1 activity. Using a novel in situ functional assay for glucose-6-phosphatase activity we demonstrate that the amino acid changes associated with the human G6PC2 rs144254880 (Arg79Gln), rs149663725 (Gly114Arg) and rs2232326 (Ser324Pro) SNPs reduce mouse G6pc1 enzyme activity without affecting protein expression. The Arg79Gln variant alters an amino acid mutation of which, in G6PC1, has previously been shown to cause glycogen storage disease type 1a. We also demonstrate that the rs368382511 (Gly8Glu), rs138726309 (His177Tyr), rs2232323 (Tyr207Ser) rs374055555 (Arg293Trp), rs2232326 (Ser324Pro), rs137857125 (Pro313Leu) and rs2232327 (Pro340Leu) SNPs confer decreased G6PC2 protein expression. In summary, these studies identify multiple G6PC2 variants that have the potential to be associated with altered FBG in humans.
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Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:786-804. [PMID: 27516169 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some success in lowering blood glucose levels, their effect is not always sustained and their use may be associated with undesirable side effects, such as hypoglycaemia. Novel antidiabetic drugs, which may be used in combination with existing therapies, are therefore needed. The potential of specifically targeting the liver to normalize blood glucose levels has not been fully exploited. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, and assess the prospect of therapeutically targeting associated pathways to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Rines
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clint D J Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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