1
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MacLean AJ, Bonifacio JP, Oram SL, Mohsen MO, Bachmann MF, Arnon TI. Regulation of pulmonary plasma cell responses during secondary infection with influenza virus. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20232014. [PMID: 38661717 PMCID: PMC11044945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During secondary infection with influenza virus, plasma cells (PCs) develop within the lung, providing a local source of antibodies. However, the site and mechanisms that regulate this process are poorly defined. Here, we show that while circulating memory B cells entered the lung during rechallenge and were activated within inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALTs), resident memory B (BRM) cells responded earlier, and their activation occurred in a different niche: directly near infected alveoli. This process required NK cells but was largely independent of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Innate stimuli induced by virus-like particles containing ssRNA triggered BRM cell differentiation in the absence of cognate antigen, suggesting a low threshold of activation. In contrast, expansion of PCs in iBALTs took longer to develop and was critically dependent on CD4 T cells. Our work demonstrates that spatially distinct mechanisms evolved to support pulmonary secondary PC responses, and it reveals a specialized function for BRM cells as guardians of the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophia L. Oram
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Bio Medical Research, University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Oxford, UK
- Department of Bio Medical Research, University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tal I. Arnon
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
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2
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Lin Y, Wan Z, Liu B, Yao J, Li T, Yang F, Sui J, Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhou X, Wang J, Qi H. B cell-reactive triad of B cells, follicular helper and regulatory T cells at homeostasis. Cell Res 2024; 34:295-308. [PMID: 38326478 PMCID: PMC10978943 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are silenced through receptor editing, clonal deletion and anergy induction. Additional autoreactive B cells are ignorant because of physical segregation from their cognate autoantigen. Unexpectedly, we find that follicular B cell-derived autoantigen, including cell surface molecules such as FcγRIIB, is a class of homeostatic autoantigen that can induce spontaneous germinal centers (GCs) and B cell-reactive autoantibodies in non-autoimmune animals with intact T and B cell repertoires. These B cell-reactive B cells form GCs in a manner dependent on spontaneous follicular helper T (TFH) cells, which preferentially recognize B cell-derived autoantigen, and in a manner constrained by spontaneous follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells, which also carry specificities for B cell-derived autoantigen. B cell-reactive GC cells are continuously generated and, following immunization or infection, become intermixed with foreign antigen-induced GCs. Production of plasma cells and antibodies derived from B cell-reactive GC cells are markedly enhanced by viral infection, potentially increasing the chance for autoimmunity. Consequently, immune homeostasis in healthy animals not only involves classical tolerance of silencing and ignoring autoreactive B cells but also entails a reactive equilibrium attained by a spontaneous B cell-reactive triad of B cells, TFH cells and TFR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Lin
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zurong Wan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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3
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Tawfik A, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Yamaguchi I, Tabara Y, Van Steen K, Sakuntabhai A, Matsuda F. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Sixteen Potential Genes Associated with the Successful Differentiation of Antibody-Secreting Cells through the Utilization of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanisms in Robust Responders to the Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38400120 PMCID: PMC10892001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal influenza vaccine remains one of the vital recommended infection control measures for the elderly with chronic illnesses. We investigated the immunogenicity of a single dose of influenza vaccine in 123 seronegative participants and classified them into four distinct groups, determined by the promptness of vaccine response, the longevity of humoral immunity, and the likelihood of exhibiting cross-reactivity. Subsequently, we used transcriptional profiling and differential gene expression analysis to identify potential genes directly associated with the robust response to the vaccine. The group of exemplary vaccine responders differentially expressed 16 genes, namely: MZB1, MYDGF, TXNDC5, TXNDC11, HSP90B1, FKBP11, PDIA5, PRDX4, CD38, SDC1, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13B, PAX5, POU2AF1, IRF4, and XBP1. Our findings point out a list of expressed proteins that are related to B cell proliferation, unfolded protein response, and cellular haemostasis, as well as a linkage of these expressions to the survival of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France;
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
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4
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Chen K, Jiang M, Liu J, Huang D, Yang YR. DNA nanostructures as biomolecular scaffolds for antigen display. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1921. [PMID: 37562787 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based vaccines offer a multivalent approach for antigen display, efficiently activating T and B cells in the lymph nodes. Among various nanoparticle design strategies, DNA nanotechnology offers an innovative alternative platform, featuring high modularity, spatial addressing, nanoscale regulation, high functional group density, and lower self-antigenicity. This review delves into the potential of DNA nanostructures as biomolecular scaffolds for antigen display, addressing: (1) immunological mechanisms behind nanovaccines and commonly used nanoparticles in their design, (2) techniques for characterizing protein NP-antigen complexes, (3) advancements in DNA nanotechnology and DNA-protein assembly approach, (4) strategies for precise antigen presentation on DNA scaffolds, and (5) current applications and future possibilities of DNA scaffolds in antigen display. This analysis aims to highlight the transformative potential of DNA nanoscaffolds in immunology and vaccinology. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Deli Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Krenács L, Krenács D, Borbényi Z, Tóth E, Nagy A, Piukovics K, Bagdi E. Comparison of Follicular Helper T-Cell Markers with the Expression of the Follicular Homing Marker CXCR5 in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas-A Reappraisal of Follicular Helper T-Cell Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:428. [PMID: 38203606 PMCID: PMC10778845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) expressing multiple follicular T helper (TFH) cell-related antigens are now classified as TFH lymphomas (TFHL), including angioimmunoblastic, follicular, and not otherwise specified (NOS) types. CXCR5 is the TFH cell-defining chemokine receptor that, together with its ligand CXCL13, plays a critical role in the development of follicles and the positioning of TFH and B cells within follicles. A comprehensive immunomorphologic study was performed to investigate the expression pattern of CXCR5 in a large cohort of nodal PTCLs, particularly those with a TFH cell phenotype, and to compare its expression with six other TFH cell-related antigens. We found that CXCR5 is widely expressed in neoplastic TFH cells, except in TFHL-NOS, and represents a specific marker of this lymphoma entity. Our results suggest that CXCR5 directs the distribution of neoplastic T cells in the affected lymph nodes and may influence the formation of the pathognomic pathological FDC network.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Krenács
- Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary (E.B.)
| | - Dóra Krenács
- Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary (E.B.)
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Borbényi
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anna Nagy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Piukovics
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Bagdi
- Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary (E.B.)
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6
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Braz Gomes K, Zhang YN, Lee YZ, Eldad M, Lim A, Ward G, Auclair S, He L, Zhu J. Single-Component Multilayered Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles Displaying Extracellular Domains of Matrix Protein 2 as a Pan-influenza A Vaccine. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23545-23567. [PMID: 37988765 PMCID: PMC10722606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cross-protective pan-influenza A vaccine remains a significant challenge. In this study, we designed and evaluated single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SApNPs) presenting the conserved extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) as vaccine candidates against influenza A viruses. The SApNP-based vaccine strategy was first validated for human M2e (hM2e) and then applied to tandem repeats of M2e from human, avian, and swine hosts (M2ex3). Vaccination with M2ex3 displayed on SApNPs demonstrated higher survival rates and less weight loss compared to the soluble M2ex3 antigen against the lethal challenges of H1N1 and H3N2 in mice. M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNPs formulated with a squalene-based adjuvant were retained in the lymph node follicles over 8 weeks and induced long-lived germinal center reactions. Notably, a single low dose of M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNP formulated with a potent adjuvant, either a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist or a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, conferred 90% protection against a lethal H1N1 challenge in mice. With the ability to induce robust and durable M2e-specific functional antibody and T cell responses, the M2ex3-presenting I3-01v9a SApNP provides a promising pan-influenza A vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mor Eldad
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Lim
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linling He
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Bhanja A, Seeley-Fallen MK, Lazzaro M, Upadhyaya A, Song W. N-WASP-dependent branched actin polymerization attenuates B-cell receptor signaling by increasing the molecular density of receptor clusters. eLife 2023; 12:RP87833. [PMID: 38085658 PMCID: PMC10715734 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-induced B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is critical for initiating and regulating B-cell activation. The actin cytoskeleton plays essential roles in BCR signaling. Upon encountering cell-surface antigens, actin-driven B-cell spreading amplifies signaling, while B-cell contraction following spreading leads to signal attenuation. However, the mechanism by which actin dynamics switch BCR signaling from amplification to attenuation is unknown. Here, we show that Arp2/3-mediated branched actin polymerization is required for mouse splenic B-cell contraction. Contracting B-cells generate centripetally moving actin foci from lamellipodial F-actin networks in the plasma membrane region contacting antigen-presenting surfaces. Actin polymerization driven by N-WASP, but not WASP, initiates these actin foci and facilitates non-muscle myosin II recruitment to the contact zone, creating actomyosin ring-like structures. B-cell contraction increases BCR molecular density in individual clusters, leading to decreased BCR phosphorylation. Increased BCR molecular density reduced levels of the stimulatory kinase Syk, the inhibitory phosphatase SHIP-1, and their phosphorylated forms in individual BCR clusters. These results suggest that N-WASP-activated Arp2/3, coordinating with myosin, generates centripetally moving foci and contractile actomyosin ring-like structures from lamellipodial networks, enabling contraction. B-cell contraction attenuates BCR signaling by pushing out both stimulatory kinases and inhibitory phosphatases from BCR clusters, providing novel insights into actin-facilitated signal attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Bhanja
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Margaret K Seeley-Fallen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Michelle Lazzaro
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biophysics Program, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
- Department of Physics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
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8
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Xu-Monette ZY, Li Y, Snyder T, Yu T, Lu T, Tzankov A, Visco C, Bhagat G, Qian W, Dybkaer K, Chiu A, Tam W, Zu Y, Hsi ED, Hagemeister FB, Wang Y, Go H, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ, Møller MB, Parsons BM, Fan X, van Krieken JH, Piris MA, Winter JN, Au Q, Kirsch I, Zhang M, Shaughnessy J, Xu B, Young KH. Tumor-Infiltrating Normal B Cells Revealed by Immunoglobulin Repertoire Clonotype Analysis Are Highly Prognostic and Crucial for Antitumor Immune Responses in DLBCL. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4808-4821. [PMID: 37728879 PMCID: PMC10842978 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-B) have demonstrated prognostic and predictive significance in solid cancers. In this study, we aimed to distinguish TIL-Bs from malignant B-cells in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and determine the clinical and biological significance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 269 patients with de novo DLBCL from the International DLBCL R-CHOP Consortium Program were studied. Ultra-deep sequencing of the immunoglobulin genes was performed to determine B-cell clonotypes. The frequencies and numbers of TIL-B clonotypes in individual repertoires were correlated with patient survival, gene expression profiling (GEP) data, and frequencies of DLBCL-infiltrating immune cells quantified by fluorescent multiplex IHC at single-cell resolution. RESULTS TIL-B abundance, evaluated by frequencies of normal B-cell clonotypes in the immunoglobulin repertoires, remarkably showed positive associations with significantly better survival of patients in our sequenced cohorts. DLBCLs with high versus low TIL-B abundance displayed distinct GEP signatures, increased pre-memory B-cell state and naïve CD4 T-cell state fractions, and higher CD4+ T-cell infiltration. TIL-B frequency, as a new biomarker in DLBCL, outperformed the germinal center (GC) B-cell-like/activated B-cell-like classification and TIL-T frequency. The identified TIL-B-high GEP signature, including genes upregulated during T-dependent B-cell activation and those highly expressed in normal GC B cells and T cells, showed significant favorable prognostic effects in several external validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS TIL-B frequency is a significant prognostic factor in DLBCL and plays a crucial role in antitumor immune responses. This study provides novel insights into the prognostic determinants in DLBCL and TIL-B functions with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Y. Xu-Monette
- Hematopathology Division and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Tiantian Yu
- Hematopathology Division and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tingxun Lu
- Hematopathology Division and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Carlo Visco
- Department of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Wayne Tam
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric D. Hsi
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Fredrick B. Hagemeister
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingjun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiangshan Fan
- Pathology Center, Anhui Medical University and the first Affiliated Hospital, Hefei, China
| | | | - Miguel A. Piris
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Jane N. Winter
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qingyan Au
- NeoGenomics Laboratories, Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | | | - Mingzhi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - John Shaughnessy
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ken H. Young
- Hematopathology Division and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Wang H. Lymph node targeting for immunotherapy. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 20:100395. [PMID: 37719676 PMCID: PMC10504489 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that aims to boost the body's immune responses against pathogens or diseased cells has achieved significant progress for treating different diseases over the past several decades, especially with the success of checkpoint blockades, chimeric antigen receptor T therapy, and cancer vaccines in clinical cancer treatment. Effective immunotherapy necessitates the generation of potent and persistent humoral and T-cell responses, which lies in the ability of modulating and guiding antigen-presenting cells to prime antigen-specific T and B cells in the lymphoid tissues, notably in the lymph nodes proximal to the disease site. To this end, various types of strategies have been developed to facilitate the delivery of immunomodulatory agents to immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells and T cells) in the lymph nodes. Among them, intranodal injection enables the direct exposure of immunomodulators to immune cells in lymph nodes, but is limited by the technical challenge and intrinsic invasiveness. To address, multiple passive and active lymph node-targeting technologies have been developed. In this review, we will provide an overview of different lymph node-targeting technologies developed to date, as well as the mechanism and merits of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL), Urbana, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Carle College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
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10
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Park J, Zhang Z, Belinskaya T, Tsoras AN, Chao CC, Jiang L, Champion JA. Dual-Antigen Subunit Vaccine Nanoparticles for Scrub Typhus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1390. [PMID: 38133275 PMCID: PMC10745692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi is the causative pathogen of scrub typhus, an acute febrile disease prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region that is spread to people through chigger bites. Despite the emerging threat, there is no currently available vaccine against O. tsutsugamushi. Here, we developed dual-antigen subunit vaccine nanoparticles using recombinant 47 kD and 56 kD proteins, which are immunogenic outer membrane antigens of O. tsutsugamushi. The biocompatible protein vaccine nanoparticles were formed via desolvation of r56 or r47E antigens with acetone, coating with an additional layer of the 56 kD protein, and stabilization with reducible homobifunctional DTSSP and heterobifunctional SDAD crosslinkers. The dual-antigen subunit vaccine nanoparticles significantly improved antigen-specific antibody responses in vaccinated mice. Most importantly, the dual-antigen nanoparticles coated with an additional layer of the 56 kD protein were markedly more immunogenic than soluble antigens or single-antigen nanoparticles in the context of cellular immune responses. Given the significance of cellular immune responses for protection against O. tsutsugamushi, these results demonstrate the potent immunogenicity of dual-layered antigen nanoparticles and their potential as a promising strategy for developing vaccines against scrub typhus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (J.P.); (A.N.T.)
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (Z.Z.); (T.B.)
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Tatyana Belinskaya
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (Z.Z.); (T.B.)
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Alexandra N. Tsoras
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (J.P.); (A.N.T.)
| | - Chien-Chung Chao
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Le Jiang
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (Z.Z.); (T.B.)
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Julie A. Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (J.P.); (A.N.T.)
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11
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Brooks JF, Riggs J, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Vykunta VS, Nielsen HV, Cheng W, Zikherman J. Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1762-1777. [PMID: 37653247 PMCID: PMC10950062 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent viral epitopes induce rapid, robust and T cell-independent humoral immune responses, but the biochemical basis for such potency remains incompletely understood. We take advantage of a set of liposomes of viral size engineered to display affinity mutants of the model antigen (Ag) hen egg lysozyme. Particulate Ag induces potent 'all-or-none' B cell responses that are density dependent but affinity independent. Unlike soluble Ag, particulate Ag induces signal amplification downstream of the B cell receptor by selectively evading LYN-dependent inhibitory pathways and maximally activates NF-κB in a manner that mimics T cell help. Such signaling induces MYC expression and enables even low doses of particulate Ag to trigger robust B cell proliferation in vivo in the absence of adjuvant. We uncover a molecular basis for highly sensitive B cell responses to viral Ag display that is independent of encapsulated nucleic acids and is not merely accounted for by avidity and B cell receptor cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julianne Riggs
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raisa Mathenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander R Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sekou-Tidiane Yoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vivasvan S Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Bhanja A, Seeley-Fallen MK, Lazzaro M, Upadhyaya A, Song W. N-WASP-dependent branched actin polymerization attenuates B-cell receptor signaling by increasing the molecular density of receptor clusters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532631. [PMID: 36993351 PMCID: PMC10055065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-induced B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is critical for initiating and regulating B-cell activation. The actin cytoskeleton plays essential roles in BCR signaling. Upon encountering cell-surface antigens, actin-driven B-cell spreading amplifies signaling, while B-cell contraction following spreading leads to signal attenuation. However, the mechanism by which actin dynamics switch BCR signaling from amplification to attenuation is unknown. Here, we show that Arp2/3-mediated branched actin polymerization is required for B-cell contraction. Contracting B-cells generate centripetally moving actin foci from lamellipodial F-actin networks in the B-cell plasma membrane region contacting antigen-presenting surfaces. Actin polymerization driven by N-WASP, but not WASP, initiates these actin foci and facilitates non-muscle myosin II recruitment to the contact zone, creating actomyosin ring-like structures. Furthermore, B-cell contraction increases BCR molecular density in individual clusters, leading to decreased BCR phosphorylation. Increased BCR molecular density reduced levels of the stimulatory kinase Syk, the inhibitory phosphatase SHIP-1, and their phosphorylated forms in individual BCR clusters. These results suggest that N-WASP-activated Arp2/3, coordinating with myosin, generates centripetally moving foci and contractile actomyosin ring-like structures from lamellipodial networks, enabling contraction. B-cell contraction attenuates BCR signaling by pushing out both stimulatory kinases and inhibitory phosphatases from BCR clusters, providing novel insights into actin-facilitated signal attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Bhanja
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Margaret K. Seeley-Fallen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Michelle Lazzaro
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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13
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Cui C, Craft J, Joshi NS. T follicular helper cells in cancer, tertiary lymphoid structures, and beyond. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101797. [PMID: 37343412 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence and success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, immuno-oncology has primarily focused on CD8 T cells, whose cytotoxic programs directly target tumor cells. However, the limited response rate of current immunotherapy regimens has prompted investigation into other types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as CD4 T cells and B cells, and how they interact with CD8 T cells in a coordinated network. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of CD4 T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells in cancer, highlighting the important role of their crosstalk and interactions with other immune cell components in the tumor microenvironment. These interactions also occur in tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which resemble secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) with orchestrated vascular, chemokine, and cellular infrastructures that support the developmental pathways of functional immune cells. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs on TFH biology and T cell-B cell interactions in tumor immunology, and their potential as novel therapeutic targets to advance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Sasaki H, Tanabe T, Tsuji T, Hotta K. Mechanism and treatment for chronic antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Int J Urol 2023; 30:624-633. [PMID: 37306194 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplantation is a major cause of late-stage graft loss. Donor-specific antibodies are the main cause of antibody-mediated rejection; in particular, de novo donor-specific antibodies are a risk factor for chronic active antibody-mediated rejection. The level of de novo donor-specific antibodies tends to increase with time throughout long-term graft survival. Donor-specific antibodies induce humoral rejection through complement activation, which results in tissue injury and coagulation. Additionally, complement activation promotes the migration of inflammatory cells through the innate immune response, causing endothelial injury. This inflammatory response may cause persistent glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis, leading to fixed pathological lesions that impair graft function. No treatment has been established for chronic antibody-mediated rejection, a condition in which antibody-mediated rejection becomes irreversible. Thus, antibody-mediated rejection must be detected and treated while it is still reversible. In this review, we discuss the development of de novo donor-specific antibodies and the mechanisms leading to chronic antibody-mediated rejection and summarize the current treatment options and the latest biomarkers for detecting chronic antibody-mediated rejection at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sasaki
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Kidney Transplant Surgery, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsu Tanabe
- Department of Kidney Transplant Surgery, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Hotta
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Steinmetz TD, Verstappen GM, Suurmond J, Kroese FGM. Targeting plasma cells in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases - Promises and pitfalls. Immunol Lett 2023; 260:44-57. [PMID: 37315847 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells are the antibody secretors of the immune system. Continuous antibody secretion over years can provide long-term immune protection but could also be held responsible for long-lasting autoimmunity in case of self-reactive plasma cells. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD) affect multiple organ systems and are associated with a plethora of different autoantibodies. Two prototypic systemic ARDs are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's disease (SjD). Both diseases are characterized by B-cell hyperactivity and the production of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens. Analogues to other immune cells, different subsets of plasma cells have been described. Plasma cell subsets are often defined dependent on their current state of maturation, that also depend on the precursor B-cell subset from which they derived. But, a universal definition of plasma cell subsets is not available so far. Furthermore, the ability for long-term survival and effector functions may differ, potentially in a disease-specific manner. Characterization of plasma cell subsets and their specificity in individual patients can help to choose a suitable targeting approach for either a broad or more selective plasma cell depletion. Targeting plasma cells in systemic ARDs is currently challenging because of side effects or varying depletion efficacies in the tissue. Recent developments, however, like antigen-specific targeting and CAR-T-cell therapy might open up major benefits for patients beyond current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobit D Steinmetz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gwenny M Verstappen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Ozulumba T, Montalbine AN, Ortiz-Cárdenas JE, Pompano RR. New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183286. [PMID: 37234163 PMCID: PMC10206051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node is a highly structured organ that mediates the body's adaptive immune response to antigens and other foreign particles. Central to its function is the distinct spatial assortment of lymphocytes and stromal cells, as well as chemokines that drive the signaling cascades which underpin immune responses. Investigations of lymph node biology were historically explored in vivo in animal models, using technologies that were breakthroughs in their time such as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies, genetic reporters, in vivo two-photon imaging, and, more recently spatial biology techniques. However, new approaches are needed to enable tests of cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics under well controlled experimental perturbation, particularly for human immunity. This review presents a suite of technologies, comprising in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models, developed to study the lymph node or its components. We discuss the use of these tools to model cell behaviors in increasing order of complexity, from cell motility, to cell-cell interactions, to organ-level functions such as vaccination. Next, we identify current challenges regarding cell sourcing and culture, real time measurements of lymph node behavior in vivo and tool development for analysis and control of engineered cultures. Finally, we propose new research directions and offer our perspective on the future of this rapidly growing field. We anticipate that this review will be especially beneficial to immunologists looking to expand their toolkit for probing lymph node structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Ozulumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alyssa N. Montalbine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Ortiz-Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca R. Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Carter Immunology Center and University of Virginia (UVA) Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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17
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Zhang YN, Paynter J, Antanasijevic A, Allen JD, Eldad M, Lee YZ, Copps J, Newby ML, He L, Chavez D, Frost P, Goodroe A, Dutton J, Lanford R, Chen C, Wilson IA, Crispin M, Ward AB, Zhu J. Single-component multilayered self-assembling protein nanoparticles presenting glycan-trimmed uncleaved prefusion optimized envelope trimmers as HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1985. [PMID: 37031217 PMCID: PMC10082823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncleaved prefusion-optimized (UFO) design can stabilize diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs). Single-component, self-assembling protein nanoparticles (1c-SApNP) can display 8 or 20 native-like Env trimers as vaccine candidates. We characterize the biophysical, structural, and antigenic properties of 1c-SApNPs that present the BG505 UFO trimer with wildtype and modified glycans. For 1c-SApNPs, glycan trimming improves recognition of the CD4 binding site without affecting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to major glycan epitopes. In mice, rabbits, and nonhuman primates, glycan trimming increases the frequency of vaccine responders (FVR) and steers antibody responses away from immunodominant glycan holes and glycan patches. The mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity is examined in mice. Compared with the UFO trimer, the multilayered E2p and I3-01v9 1c-SApNPs show 420 times longer retention in lymph node follicles, 20-32 times greater presentation on follicular dendritic cell dendrites, and up-to-4 times stronger germinal center reactions. These findings can inform future HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Paynter
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mor Eldad
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Deborah Chavez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Pat Frost
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Anna Goodroe
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - John Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Robert Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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18
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Brooks JF, Riggs J, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Wholey WY, Yoda ST, Vykunta VS, Cheng W, Zikherman J. Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528761. [PMID: 36824873 PMCID: PMC9949087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been appreciated that multivalent antigens - and particularly viral epitope display - produce extremely rapid, robust, and T-independent humoral immune responses, the biochemical basis for such potency has been incompletely understood. Here we take advantage of a set of neutral liposomes of viral size that are engineered to display affinity mutants of the model antigen (Ag) hen egg lysozyme at precisely varied density. We show that particulate Ag display by liposomes induces highly potent B cell responses that are dose-and density-dependent but affinity-independent. Titrating dose of particulate, but not soluble, Ag reveals bimodal Erk phosphorylation and cytosolic calcium increases. Particulate Ag induces signal amplification downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) by selectively evading LYN-dependent inhibitory pathways, but in vitro potency is independent of CD19. Importantly, Ag display on viral-sized particles signals independently of MYD88 and IRAK1/4, but activates NF- κ B robustly in a manner that mimics T cell help. Together, such biased signaling by particulate Ag promotes MYC expression and reduces the threshold required for B cell proliferation relative to soluble Ag. These findings uncover a molecular basis for highly sensitive B cell response to viral Ag display and remarkable potency of virus-like particle vaccines that is not merely accounted for by avidity and BCR cross-linking, and is independent of the contribution of B cell nucleic acid-sensing machinery.
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19
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Saltukoglu D, Özdemir B, Holtmannspötter M, Reski R, Piehler J, Kurre R, Reth M. Plasma membrane topography governs the 3D dynamic localization of IgM B cell antigen receptor clusters. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112030. [PMID: 36594262 PMCID: PMC9929642 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes recognize bacterial or viral antigens via different classes of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Protrusive structures termed microvilli cover lymphocyte surfaces, and are thought to perform sensory functions in screening antigen-bearing surfaces. Here, we have used lattice light-sheet microscopy in combination with tailored custom-built 4D image analysis to study the cell-surface topography of B cells of the Ramos Burkitt's Lymphoma line and the spatiotemporal organization of the IgM-BCR. Ramos B-cell surfaces were found to form dynamic networks of elevated ridges bridging individual microvilli. A fraction of membrane-localized IgM-BCR was found in clusters, which were mainly associated with the ridges and the microvilli. The dynamic ridge-network organization and the IgM-BCR cluster mobility were linked, and both were controlled by Arp2/3 complex activity. Our results suggest that dynamic topographical features of the cell surface govern the localization and transport of IgM-BCR clusters to facilitate antigen screening by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Saltukoglu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Bugra Özdemir
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Present address:
Euro‐BioImaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Holtmannspötter
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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20
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Aung A, Cui A, Maiorino L, Amini AP, Gregory JR, Bukenya M, Zhang Y, Lee H, Cottrell CA, Morgan DM, Silva M, Suh H, Kirkpatrick JD, Amlashi P, Remba T, Froehle LM, Xiao S, Abraham W, Adams J, Love JC, Huyett P, Kwon DS, Hacohen N, Schief WR, Bhatia SN, Irvine DJ. Low protease activity in B cell follicles promotes retention of intact antigens after immunization. Science 2023; 379:eabn8934. [PMID: 36701450 PMCID: PMC10041875 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity of vaccine antigens is critical to the generation of protective antibody responses, but the impact of protease activity on vaccination in vivo is poorly understood. We characterized protease activity in lymph nodes and found that antigens were rapidly degraded in the subcapsular sinus, paracortex, and interfollicular regions, whereas low protease activity and antigen degradation rates were detected in the vicinity of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Correlated with these findings, immunization regimens designed to target antigen to FDCs led to germinal centers dominantly targeting intact antigen, whereas traditional immunizations led to much weaker responses that equally targeted the intact immunogen and antigen breakdown products. Thus, spatially compartmentalized antigen proteolysis affects humoral immunity and can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ang Cui
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Maiorino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ava P. Amini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin R. Gregory
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maurice Bukenya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heya Lee
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Duncan M. Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heikyung Suh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse D. Kirkpatrick
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Parastoo Amlashi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tanaka Remba
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leah M. Froehle
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuhao Xiao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josetta Adams
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Huyett
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Peters V, Deretic N, Choi K, Gold MR. ERK contributes to B cell receptor-induced cell spreading in the A20 mouse B cell line. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000665. [PMID: 36506348 PMCID: PMC9729986 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cells provide protective immunity by secreting antibodies. When a B cell encounters its specific antigen, B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling initiates actin remodeling. This allows B cells to spread on antigen-bearing surfaces and find more antigen, which increases BCR signaling and facilitates B cell activation. The BCR activates multiple signaling pathways that target actin-regulatory proteins. Although the extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 regulate actin-dependent processes in adherent cells, their role in BCR-induced actin remodeling had not been investigated. Here, we show that targeting ERK with chemical inhibitors or siRNA inhibits BCR-induced spreading in a murine B cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Peters
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikola Deretic
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
,
Correspondence to: Michael R Gold (
)
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22
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You Z, Liu B, Qi H. Neuronal regulation of B-cell immunity: Anticipatory immune posturing? Neuron 2022; 110:3582-3596. [PMID: 36327899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain may sense, evaluate, modulate, and intervene in the operation of immune system, which would otherwise function autonomously in defense against pathogens. Antibody-mediated immunity is one arm of adaptive immunity that may achieve sterilizing protection against infection. Lymphoid organs are densely innervated. Immune cells supporting the antigen-specific antibody response express receptors for neurotransmitters and glucocorticoid hormones, and they are subjected to collective regulation by the neuroendocrine and the autonomic nervous system. Emerging evidence reveals a brain-spleen axis that regulates antigen-specific B cell responses and antibody-mediated immunity. In this article, we provide a synthesis of those studies as pertinent to neuronal regulation of B cell responses in secondary lymphoid organs. We propose the concept of defensive immune posturing as a brain-initiated top-down reaction in anticipation of potential tissue injury that requires immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei You
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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23
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Shenoy AT, De Ana CL, Barker KA, Arafa EI, Martin IM, Mizgerd JP, Belkina AC. CPHEN-011: Comprehensive phenotyping of murine lung resident lymphocytes after recovery from pneumococcal pneumonia. Cytometry A 2022; 101:892-902. [PMID: 34854229 PMCID: PMC9160214 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from pneumococcal (Spn) pneumonia induces development of tissue resident memory CD4+ TRM cells, BRM cells, and antibody secreting plasma cells in experienced lungs. These tissue resident lymphocytes confer protection against subsequent lethal challenge by serotype mismatched Spn (termed as heterotypic immunity). While traditional flow cytometry and gating strategies support premeditated identification of cells using a limited set of markers, discovery of novel tissue resident lymphocytes necessitates stable platforms that can handle larger sets of phenotypic markers and lends itself to unbiased clustering approaches. In this report, we leverage the power of full spectrum flow cytometry (FSFC) to develop a comprehensive panel of phenotypic markers that allows identification of multiple subsets of tissue resident lymphocytes in Spn-experienced murine lungs. Using Phenograph algorithm on this multidimensional data, we identify unforeseen heterogeneity in lung resident adaptive immune landscape which includes unexpected subsets of TRM and BRM cells. Further, using conventional gating strategy informed by our unsupervised clustering data, we confirm their presence exquisitely in Spn-experienced lungs as potentially relevant to heterotypic immunity and define CD73 as a highly expressed marker on TRM cells. Thus, our study emphasizes the utility of FSFC for confirmatory and discovery studies relating to tissue resident adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukul T. Shenoy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carolina Lyon De Ana
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Barker
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emad I. Arafa
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ian M.C. Martin
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna C. Belkina
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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24
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Two complementary features of humoral immune memory confer protection against the same or variant antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205598119. [PMID: 36006981 PMCID: PMC9477401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205598119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study an important question in immunology: How is B cell–mediated immune memory recalled upon reexposure to the same or variant antigens? We find that, upon reexposure to the same antigen, high-affinity memory B cells are selectively expanded outside germinal centers (GCs) to quickly provide the best protection possible. Memory B cells also enter GCs and over time produce the highest-affinity antibodies, but GCs also generate diverse B cells, some with low antigen affinity. Upon exposure to a variant antigen, these low-affinity clones can exhibit high affinity for the variant. These clones are expanded rapidly outside the GC to confer immediate protection. Over longer times, secondary GCs produce high-affinity clones tailored for the variant antigen. The humoral immune response, a key arm of adaptive immunity, consists of B cells and their products. Upon infection or vaccination, B cells undergo a Darwinian evolutionary process in germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of antibodies and memory B cells. We developed a computational model to study how humoral memory is recalled upon reinfection or booster vaccination. We find that upon reexposure to the same antigen, affinity-dependent selective expansion of available memory B cells outside GCs (extragerminal center compartments [EGCs]) results in a rapid response made up of the best available antibodies. Memory B cells that enter secondary GCs can undergo mutation and selection to generate even more potent responses over time, enabling greater protection upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen. GCs also generate a diverse pool of B cells, some with low antigen affinity. These results are consistent with our analyses of data from humans vaccinated with two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. Our results further show that the diversity of memory B cells generated in GCs is critically important upon exposure to a variant antigen. Clones drawn from this diverse pool that cross-react with the variant are rapidly expanded in EGCs to provide the best protection possible while new secondary GCs generate a tailored response for the new variant. Based on a simple evolutionary model, we suggest that the complementary roles of EGC and GC processes we describe may have evolved in response to complex organisms being exposed to evolving pathogen families for millennia.
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25
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Bo Y, Wang H. Materials‐based vaccines for infectious diseases. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1824. [PMID: 35708013 PMCID: PMC9541041 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases that result from pathogen infection are among the leading causes of human death, with pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, influenza, and ongoing SARS‐COV‐2 viruses constantly threatening the global population. While the mechanisms behind various infectious diseases are not entirely clear and thus retard the development of effective therapeutics, vaccines have served as a universal approach to containing infectious diseases. However, conventional vaccines that solely consist of antigens or simply mix antigens and adjuvants have failed to control various highly infective or deadly pathogens. Biomaterials‐based vaccines have provided a promising solution due to their ability to synergize the function of antigens and adjuvants, troubleshoot delivery issues, home and manipulate immune cells in situ. In this review, we will summarize different types of materials‐based vaccines for generating cellular and humoral responses against pathogens and discuss the design criteria for amplifying the efficacy of materials‐based vaccines against infectious diseases. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois (CCIL) Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Carle College of Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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26
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Biavasco R, De Giovanni M. The Relative Positioning of B and T Cell Epitopes Drives Immunodominance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081227. [PMID: 36016115 PMCID: PMC9413633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is crucial for protection against invading pathogens. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) provide sterilizing immunity by targeting conserved regions of viral variants and represent the goal of most vaccination approaches. While antibodies can be selected to bind virtually any region of a given antigen, the consistent induction of bnAbs in the context of influenza and HIV has represented a major roadblock. Many possible explanations have been considered; however, none of the arguments proposed to date seem to fully recapitulate the observed counter-selection for broadly protective antibodies. Antibodies can influence antigen presentation by enhancing the processing of CD4 epitopes adjacent to the binding region while suppressing the overlapping ones. We analyze the relative positioning of dominant B and T cell epitopes in published antigens that elicit strong and poor humoral responses. In strong immunogenic antigens, regions bound by immunodominant antibodies are frequently adjacent to CD4 epitopes, potentially boosting their presentation. Conversely, poorly immunogenic regions targeted by bnAbs in HIV and influenza overlap with clusters of dominant CD4 epitopes, potentially conferring an intrinsic disadvantage for bnAb-bearing B cells in germinal centers. Here, we propose the theory of immunodominance relativity, according to which the relative positioning of immunodominant B and CD4 epitopes within a given antigen drives immunodominance. Thus, we suggest that the relative positioning of B-T epitopes may be one additional mechanism that cooperates with other previously described processes to influence immunodominance. If demonstrated, this theory can improve the current understanding of immunodominance, provide a novel explanation for HIV and influenza escape from humoral responses, and pave the way for a new rational design of universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Biavasco
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Ozawa M, Nakajima S, Kobayashi D, Tomii K, Li NJ, Watarai T, Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Kanda Y, Takeuchi A, Katakai T. Micro- and Macro-Anatomical Frameworks of Lymph Nodes Indispensable for the Lymphatic System Filtering Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902601. [PMID: 35794860 PMCID: PMC9251010 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lymphatic vascular system, lymph nodes (LNs) play a pivotal role in filtering and removing lymph-borne substances. The filtering function of LNs involves resident macrophages tightly associated with unique lymphatic sinus structures. Moreover, an intermittently arranged LN in the lymphatic pathway is considered to cooperatively prevent lymph-borne substances from entering blood circulation. However, the functional significance of tissue microarchitecture, cellular composition, and individual LNs in the “LN chain” system is not fully understood. To explore the mechanistic and histo-anatomical significance of LNs as lymph fluid filters, we subcutaneously injected fluorescent tracers into mice and examined the details of lymphatic transport to the LNs qualitatively and quantitatively. Lymph-borne tracers were selectively accumulated in the MARCO+ subcapsular-medullary sinus border (SMB) region of the LN, in which reticular lymphatic endothelial cells and CD169+F4/80+ medullary sinus macrophages construct a dense meshwork of the physical barrier, forming the main body to capture the tracers. We also demonstrated stepwise filtration via the LN chain in the lymphatic basin, which prevented tracer leakage into the blood. Furthermore, inflammatory responses that induce the remodeling of LN tissue as well as the lymphatic pathway reinforce the overall filtering capacity of the lymphatic basin. Taken together, specialized tissue infrastructure in the LNs and their systematic orchestration constitute an integrated filtering system for lymphatic recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shihori Nakajima
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomii
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nan-Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Watarai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanda
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Arata Takeuchi
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomoya Katakai,
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28
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Gupta S, Demirdag Y, Gupta AA. Members of the Regulatory Lymphocyte Club in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864307. [PMID: 35669770 PMCID: PMC9164302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD4 T regulatory cells is well established in peripheral tolerance and the pathogenesis of the murine model and human autoimmune diseases. CD4 T regulatory cells (CD4 Tregs) have been investigated in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Recently, additional members have been added to the club of regulatory lymphocytes. These include CD8 T regulatory (CD8 Tregs), B regulatory (Bregs), and T follicular helper regulatory (TFR) cells. There are accumulating data to suggest their roles in both human and experimental models of autoimmune disease. Their phenotypic characterization and mechanisms of immunoregulation are evolving. Patients with CVID may present or are associated with an increased frequency of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we have primarily focused on the characteristics of CD4 Tregs and new players of the regulatory club and their changes in patients with CVID in relation to autoimmunity and emphasized the complexity of interplay among various regulatory lymphocytes. We suggest future careful investigations of phenotypic and functional regulatory lymphocytes in a large cohort of phenotypic and genotypically defined CVID patients to define their role in the pathogenesis of CVID and autoimmunity associated with CVID.
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29
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Towards Understanding the Lymph Node Response to Skin Infection with Saprophytic Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051021. [PMID: 35625758 PMCID: PMC9138836 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In individuals with lymphedema, diabetic foot, or other diseases, infections with saprophytes are common. The response of major cell subpopulations in the draining lymph nodes to skin infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed using the rat model. After massive subepidermal infection, a cytometric evaluation showed an increase in cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes and major subpopulations of the innate immune response. Three weeks later, signs of inflammation reduction with an increase in the content of memory T helper lymphocytes and effector memory T cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed. After skin re-infection, a rapid response of cytotoxic, helper, and memory T lymphocytes, memory B lymphocytes and plasmablasts, and macrophages was detected. In addition, a reduction in the number of naïve B lymphocytes, activated MHC class II+ cells, and some cells of the innate immune system was observed. T regulatory lymphocyte response after the initial and secondary S. epidermidis skin infection was not detected. The morphometric evaluation showed significant changes in the main cell subpopulations in each functional zone of the node and then confirmed the efficient elimination of the administered antigen, as evidenced by the observations on day 28. Notably, after re-infection, the cellular response did not exceed the level after the initial infection and was reduced in many cell subpopulations. Understanding how the lymph nodes eliminate S. epidermidis can provide valuable insights into creating immunological therapies against infections with saprophytes.
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30
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Wang JC, Yim YI, Wu X, Jaumouille V, Cameron A, Waterman CM, Kehrl JH, Hammer JA. A B-cell actomyosin arc network couples integrin co-stimulation to mechanical force-dependent immune synapse formation. eLife 2022; 11:e72805. [PMID: 35404237 PMCID: PMC9142150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation and immune synapse (IS) formation with membrane-bound antigens are actin-dependent processes that scale positively with the strength of antigen-induced signals. Importantly, ligating the B-cell integrin, LFA-1, with ICAM-1 promotes IS formation when antigen is limiting. Whether the actin cytoskeleton plays a specific role in integrin-dependent IS formation is unknown. Here, we show using super-resolution imaging of mouse primary B cells that LFA-1:ICAM-1 interactions promote the formation of an actomyosin network that dominates the B-cell IS. This network is created by the formin mDia1, organized into concentric, contractile arcs by myosin 2A, and flows inward at the same rate as B-cell receptor (BCR):antigen clusters. Consistently, individual BCR microclusters are swept inward by individual actomyosin arcs. Under conditions where integrin is required for synapse formation, inhibiting myosin impairs synapse formation, as evidenced by reduced antigen centralization, diminished BCR signaling, and defective signaling protein distribution at the synapse. Together, these results argue that a contractile actomyosin arc network plays a key role in the mechanism by which LFA-1 co-stimulation promotes B-cell activation and IS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia C Wang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yang-In Yim
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Light Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Valentin Jaumouille
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Andrew Cameron
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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31
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Ichise H, Tsukamoto S, Hirashima T, Konishi Y, Oki C, Tsukiji S, Iwano S, Miyawaki A, Sumiyama K, Terai K, Matsuda M. Functional visualization of NK Cell-mediated killing of metastatic single tumor cells. eLife 2022; 11:76269. [PMID: 35113018 PMCID: PMC8849286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells lyse invading tumor cells to limit metastatic growth in the lung, but how some cancers evade this host protective mechanism to establish a growing lesion is unknown. Here, we have combined ultra-sensitive bioluminescence imaging with intravital two-photon microscopy involving genetically encoded biosensors to examine this question. NK cells eliminated disseminated tumor cells from the lung within 24 hr of arrival, but not thereafter. Intravital dynamic imaging revealed that 50% of NK-tumor cell encounters lead to tumor cell death in the first 4 hr after tumor cell arrival, but after 24 hr of arrival, nearly 100% of the interactions result in the survival of the tumor cell. During this 24-hr period, the probability of ERK activation in NK cells upon encountering the tumor cells was decreased from 68% to 8%, which correlated with the loss of the activating ligand CD155/PVR/Necl5 from the tumor cell surface. Thus, by quantitatively visualizing, the NK-tumor cell interaction at the early stage of metastasis, we have revealed the crucial parameters of NK cell immune surveillance in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichise
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Tsukamoto
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Konishi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Choji Oki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwano
- Brain Science Institute, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Brain Science Institute, Center for Brain Science,, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseasesv Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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32
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Bacterial Lymphatic Metastasis in Infection and Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010033. [PMID: 35011595 PMCID: PMC8750085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels permeate tissues around the body, returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the blood after passage through the lymph nodes, which are important sites for adaptive responses to all types of pathogens. Involvement of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is not well studied. Despite offering an obvious conduit for pathogen spread, the lymphatic system has long been regarded to bar the onward progression of most bacteria. There is little direct data on live virulent bacteria, instead understanding is largely inferred from studies investigating immune responses to viruses or antigens in lymph nodes. Recently, we have demonstrated that extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis of virulent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes drives systemic infection. Accordingly, it is timely to reconsider the role of lymph nodes as absolute barriers to bacterial dissemination in the lymphatics. Here, we summarise the routes and mechanisms by which an increasing variety of bacteria are acknowledged to transit through the lymphatic system, including those that do not necessarily require internalisation by host cells. We discuss the anatomy of the lymphatics and other factors that influence bacterial dissemination, as well as the consequences of underappreciated bacterial lymphatic metastasis on disease and immunity.
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33
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Abd El-Aleem SA, Saber EA, Aziz NM, El-Sherif H, Abdelraof AM, Djouhri L. Follicular dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:2019-2033. [PMID: 34918359 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are unique accessory immune cells that contribute to the regulation of humoral immunity. They are multitasker cells essential for the organization and maintenance of the lymphoid architecture, induction of germinal center reaction, production of B memory cells, and protection from autoimmune disorders. They perform their activities through both antigen-driven and chemical signaling to B cells. FDCs play a crucial role in the physiological regulation of the immune response. Dis-regulation of this immune response results when FDCs retain antigens for years. This provides a constant antigenic stimulation for B cells resulting in the development of immune disorders. Antigen trapped on FDCs is resistant to therapeutic intervention causing chronicity and recurrences. Beyond their physiological immunoregulatory functions, FDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-related disorders including HIV/AIDS, prion diseases, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. FDCs have also been recently implicated in rare neoplasms of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. Understanding FDC biology is essential for better control of humoral immunity and opens the gate for therapeutic management of FDC-mediated immune disorders. Thus, the biology of FDCs has become a hot research area in the last couple of decades. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of FDCs and their role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Minia University, Minya, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Neven M Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt.,Department of Physiology, Minia Faculty of Medicine, Minia, Egypt
| | - Hani El-Sherif
- Department of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Abdelraof
- Public Health, Community, Environmental and Occupational Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (QU Health), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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34
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Steiner TM, Heath WR, Caminschi I. The unexpected contribution of conventional type 1 dendritic cells in driving antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:189-196. [PMID: 34897660 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are hallmarks of most effective vaccines. For successful T-dependent antibody responses, conventional dendritic cells (cDC) have been largely attributed the role of priming T cells. By contrast, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages have been seen as responsible for B cell activation, due to their strategic location within secondary lymphoid tissues and capacity to present native antigen to B cells. This review summarizes the mounting evidence that cDC can also present native antigen to B cells. cDC2 have been the main subset linked to humoral responses, based largely on their favorable location, capacity to prime CD4+ T cells, and ability to present native antigen to B cells. However, studies using strategies to deliver antigen to receptors on cDC1, reveal this subset can also contribute to naïve B cell activation, as well as T cell priming. cDC1 location within lymphoid tissues reveals their juxtaposition to B cell follicles, with ready access to B cells for presentation of native antigen. These findings support the view that both cDC1 and cDC2 are capable of initiating humoral responses provided antigen is captured by relevant surface receptors attuned to this process. Such understanding is fundamental for the development of innovative humoral vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Steiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Archer PA, Sestito LF, Manspeaker MP, O'Melia MJ, Rohner NA, Schudel A, Mei Y, Thomas SN. Quantitation of lymphatic transport mechanism and barrier influences on lymph node-resident leukocyte access to lymph-borne macromolecules and drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2328-2343. [PMID: 34165731 PMCID: PMC8571034 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are tissues of the immune system that house leukocytes, making them targets of interest for a variety of therapeutic immunomodulation applications. However, achieving accumulation of a therapeutic in the LN does not guarantee equal access to all leukocyte subsets. LNs are structured to enable sampling of lymph draining from peripheral tissues in a highly spatiotemporally regulated fashion in order to facilitate optimal adaptive immune responses. This structure results in restricted nanoscale drug delivery carrier access to specific leukocyte targets within the LN parenchyma. Herein, a framework is presented to assess the manner in which lymph-derived macromolecules and particles are sampled in the LN to reveal new insights into how therapeutic strategies or drug delivery systems may be designed to improve access to dLN-resident leukocytes. This summary analysis of previous reports from our group assesses model nanoscale fluorescent tracer association with various leukocyte populations across relevant time periods post administration, studies the effects of bioactive molecule NO on access of lymph-borne solutes to dLN leukocytes, and illustrates the benefits to leukocyte access afforded by lymphatic-targeted multistage drug delivery systems. Results reveal trends consistent with the consensus view of how lymph is sampled by LN leukocytes resulting from tissue structural barriers that regulate inter-LN transport and demonstrate how novel, engineered delivery systems may be designed to overcome these barriers to unlock the therapeutic potential of LN-resident cells as drug delivery targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Archer
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Margaret P Manspeaker
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Meghan J O'Melia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Nathan A Rohner
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, 30332, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alex Schudel
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yajun Mei
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, 30332, Atlanta, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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36
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Cai T, Liu H, Zhang S, Hu J, Zhang L. Delivery of nanovaccine towards lymphoid organs: recent strategies in enhancing cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:389. [PMID: 34823541 PMCID: PMC8620195 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the in-depth exploration on cancer therapeutic nanovaccines, increasing evidence shows that the poor delivery of nanovaccines to lymphoid organs has become the culprit limiting the rapid induction of anti-tumor immune response. Unlike the conventional prophylactic vaccines that mainly form a depot at the injection site to gradually trigger durable immune response, the rapid proliferation of tumors requires an efficient delivery of nanovaccines to lymphoid organs for rapid induction of anti-tumor immunity. Optimization of the physicochemical properties of nanovaccine (e.g., size, shape, charge, colloidal stability and surface ligands) is an effective strategy to enhance their accumulation in lymphoid organs, and nanovaccines with dynamic structures are also designed for precise targeted delivery of lymphoid organs or their subregions. The recent progress of these nanovaccine delivery strategies is highlighted in this review, and the challenges and future direction are also discussed. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Huina Liu
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 211200, China.
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China. .,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China. .,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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37
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Kuka M, Iannacone M. Heterogeneity in antiviral B cell responses: Lessons from the movies. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:224-233. [PMID: 34811768 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular responses to viral infections coexist in a dynamic equilibrium that often results in efficient viral clearance. However, in some infections one of the two responses prevails, for instance when an overactivation of cytotoxic T cells is accompanied by weak and insufficient antibody responses. Although the cellular response is usually sufficient to control a primary viral infection, in some cases clearance is not complete and persistent infections ensue. In order to design effective therapeutic or vaccination strategies aiming at inducing early and potent neutralizing antibody responses, a deep knowledge of the cellular and molecular determinants of antiviral immune responses is needed. Here, we review our understanding on the spatiotemporal dynamics of antiviral humoral immune responses, with a particular focus on recent studies using intravital imaging approaches as an insightful complement to more traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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38
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Cakala-Jakimowicz M, Kolodziej-Wojnar P, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Aging-Related Cellular, Structural and Functional Changes in the Lymph Nodes: A Significant Component of Immunosenescence? An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113148. [PMID: 34831371 PMCID: PMC8621398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in autoimmune disorders and cancer incidence, and a decreased response to vaccines. Lymph nodes are precisely organized structures of the peripheral lymphoid organs and are the key sites coordinating innate and long-term adaptive immune responses to external antigens and vaccines. They are also involved in immune tolerance. The aging of lymph nodes results in decreased cell transport to and within the nodes, a disturbance in the structure and organization of nodal zones, incorrect location of individual immune cell types and impaired intercellular interactions, as well as changes in the production of adequate amounts of chemokines and cytokines necessary for immune cell proliferation, survival and function, impaired naïve T- and B-cell homeostasis, and a diminished long-term humoral response. Understanding the causes of these stromal and lymphoid microenvironment changes in the lymph nodes that cause the aging-related dysfunction of the immune system can help to improve long-term immune responses and the effectiveness of vaccines in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cakala-Jakimowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
| | - Paulina Kolodziej-Wojnar
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.C.-J.); (M.P.-K.)
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39
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Maeda FY, van Haaren JJ, Langley DB, Christ D, Andrews NW, Song W. Surface-associated antigen induces permeabilization of primary mouse B-cells and lysosome exocytosis facilitating antigen uptake and presentation to T-cells. eLife 2021; 10:66984. [PMID: 34704555 PMCID: PMC8589448 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen internalization and presentation are essential for humoral memory immune responses. Antigen encountered by B-cells is often tightly associated with the surface of pathogens and/or antigen-presenting cells. Internalization of such antigens requires myosin-mediated traction forces and extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, but the mechanism triggering lysosomal exocytosis is unknown. Here, we show that BCR-mediated recognition of antigen tethered to beads, to planar lipid-bilayers or expressed on cell surfaces causes localized plasma membrane (PM) permeabilization, a process that requires BCR signaling and non-muscle myosin II activity. B-cell permeabilization triggers PM repair responses involving lysosomal exocytosis, and B-cells permeabilized by surface-associated antigen internalize more antigen than cells that remain intact. Higher affinity antigens cause more B-cell permeabilization and lysosomal exocytosis and are more efficiently presented to T-cells. Thus, PM permeabilization by surface-associated antigen triggers a lysosome-mediated B-cell resealing response, providing the extracellular hydrolases that facilitate antigen internalization and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Maeda
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Jurriaan Jh van Haaren
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - David B Langley
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst/Sydney, Australia
| | - Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
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40
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Delaloy C, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Bonaud A, Espéli M. Single cell resolution of Plasma Cell fate programming in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:10-23. [PMID: 34694625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognised. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies like single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, LabEx IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35043, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amélie Bonaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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41
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Zhang YN, Paynter J, Sou C, Fourfouris T, Wang Y, Abraham C, Ngo T, Zhang Y, He L, Zhu J. Mechanism of a COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine candidate that elicits a broadly neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 variants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj3107. [PMID: 34669468 PMCID: PMC8528426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that induce potent neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We demonstrated that mouse plasma induced by self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SApNPs) that present 20 rationally designed S2GΔHR2 spikes of the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain can neutralize the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617 variants with comparable potency. The adjuvant effect on vaccine-induced immunity was investigated by testing 16 formulations for the multilayered I3-01v9 SApNP. Using single-cell sorting, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse neutralization breadth and potency were isolated from mice immunized with the receptor binding domain (RBD), S2GΔHR2 spike, and SApNP vaccines. The mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity was examined in the mouse model. Compared with the soluble spike, the I3-01v9 SApNP showed sixfold longer retention, fourfold greater presentation on follicular dendritic cell dendrites, and fivefold stronger germinal center reactions in lymph node follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Paynter
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cindy Sou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Fourfouris
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ciril Abraham
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Liu D, Yan J, Sun J, Liu B, Ma W, Li Y, Shao X, Qi H. BCL6 controls contact-dependent help delivery during follicular T-B cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:2245-2255.e4. [PMID: 34464595 PMCID: PMC8528402 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 is required for development of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to support germinal center (GC) formation. However, it is not clear what unique functions programmed by BCL6 can explain its absolute essentiality in T cells for GC formation. We found that ablation of one Bcl6 allele did not appreciably alter early T cell activation and follicular localization but inhibited GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance. BCL6 impinged on Tfh calcium signaling and also controlled Tfh entanglement with and CD40L delivery to B cells. Amounts of BCL6 protein and nominal frequencies of Tfh cells markedly changed within hours after strengths of T-B cell interactions were altered in vivo, while CD40L overexpression rectified both defective GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance because of the BCL6 haploinsufficiency. Our results reveal BCL6 functions in Tfh cells that are essential for GC formation and suggest that BCL6 helps maintain Tfh cell phenotypes in a T cell non-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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43
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Verstegen NJM, Ubels V, Westerhoff HV, van Ham SM, Barberis M. System-Level Scenarios for the Elucidation of T Cell-Mediated Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734282. [PMID: 34616402 PMCID: PMC8488341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) reactions are vital to the correct functioning of the adaptive immune system, through formation of high affinity, class switched antibodies. GCs are transient anatomical structures in secondary lymphoid organs where specific B cells, after recognition of antigen and with T cell help, undergo class switching. Subsequently, B cells cycle between zones of proliferation and somatic hypermutation and zones where renewed antigen acquisition and T cell help allows for selection of high affinity B cells (affinity maturation). Eventually GC B cells first differentiate into long-lived memory B cells (MBC) and finally into plasma cells (PC) that partially migrate to the bone marrow to encapsulate into long-lived survival niches. The regulation of GC reactions is a highly dynamically coordinated process that occurs between various cells and molecules that change in their signals. Here, we present a system-level perspective of T cell-mediated GC B cell differentiation, presenting and discussing the experimental and computational efforts on the regulation of the GCs. We aim to integrate Systems Biology with B cell biology, to advance elucidation of the regulation of high-affinity, class switched antibody formation, thus to shed light on the delicate functioning of the adaptive immune system. Specifically, we: i) review experimental findings of internal and external factors driving various GC dynamics, such as GC initiation, maturation and GCBC fate determination; ii) draw comparisons between experimental observations and mathematical modeling investigations; and iii) discuss and reflect on current strategies of modeling efforts, to elucidate B cell behavior during the GC tract. Finally, perspectives are specifically given on to the areas where a Systems Biology approach may be useful to predict novel GCBC-T cell interaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J M Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor Ubels
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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44
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Grenov AC, Moss L, Edelheit S, Cordiner R, Schmiedel D, Biram A, Hanna JH, Jensen TH, Schwartz S, Shulman Z. The germinal center reaction depends on RNA methylation and divergent functions of specific methyl readers. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210360. [PMID: 34402854 PMCID: PMC8374864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting immunity depends on the generation of protective antibodies through the germinal center (GC) reaction. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNAs by METTL3 activity modulates transcript lifetime primarily through the function of m6A readers; however, the physiological role of this molecular machinery in the GC remains unknown. Here, we show that m6A modifications by METTL3 are required for GC maintenance through the differential functions of m6A readers. Mettl3-deficient GC B cells exhibited reduced cell-cycle progression and decreased expression of proliferation- and oxidative phosphorylation-related genes. The m6A binder, IGF2BP3, was required for stabilization of Myc mRNA and expression of its target genes, whereas the m6A reader, YTHDF2, indirectly regulated the expression of the oxidative phosphorylation gene program. Our findings demonstrate how two independent gene networks that support critical GC functions are modulated by m6A through distinct mRNA binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie C. Grenov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihee Moss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarit Edelheit
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ross Cordiner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H. Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Torben Heick Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Schraga Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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45
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Zhang YN, Paynter J, Sou C, Fourfouris T, Wang Y, Abraham C, Ngo T, Zhang Y, He L, Zhu J. Mechanism of a COVID-19 nanoparticle vaccine candidate that elicits a broadly neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.26.437274. [PMID: 33791704 PMCID: PMC8010731 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.26.437274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that induce potent neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are essential for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We demonstrated that mouse plasma induced by self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SApNPs) that present 20 rationally designed S2GΔHR2 spikes of the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain can neutralize the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617 variants with the same potency. The adjuvant effect on vaccine-induced immunity was investigated by testing 16 formulations for the multilayered I3-01v9 SApNP. Using single-cell sorting, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse neutralization breadth and potency were isolated from mice immunized with the receptor binding domain (RBD), S2GΔHR2 spike, and SApNP vaccines. The mechanism of vaccine-induced immunity was examined in mice. Compared with the soluble spike, the I3-01v9 SApNP showed 6-fold longer retention, 4-fold greater presentation on follicular dendritic cell dendrites, and 5-fold stronger germinal center reactions in lymph node follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Paynter
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Cindy Sou
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tatiana Fourfouris
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Ciril Abraham
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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46
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Volpatti LR, Wallace RP, Cao S, Raczy MM, Wang R, Gray LT, Alpar AT, Briquez PS, Mitrousis N, Marchell TM, Sasso MS, Nguyen M, Mansurov A, Budina E, Solanki A, Watkins EA, Schnorenberg MR, Tremain AC, Reda JW, Nicolaescu V, Furlong K, Dvorkin S, Yu SS, Manicassamy B, LaBelle JL, Tirrell MV, Randall G, Kwissa M, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Polymersomes Decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Elicit Robust Humoral and Cellular Immunity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1368-1380. [PMID: 34466656 PMCID: PMC8315245 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for rapid, safe, and effective vaccines. In contrast to some traditional vaccines, nanoparticle-based subunit vaccines are particularly efficient in trafficking antigens to lymph nodes, where they induce potent immune cell activation. Here, we developed a strategy to decorate the surface of oxidation-sensitive polymersomes with multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to mimic the physical form of a virus particle. We evaluated the vaccination efficacy of these surface-decorated polymersomes (RBDsurf) in mice compared to RBD-encapsulated polymersomes (RBDencap) and unformulated RBD (RBDfree), using monophosphoryl-lipid-A-encapsulated polymersomes (MPLA PS) as an adjuvant. While all three groups produced high titers of RBD-specific IgG, only RBDsurf elicited a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 comparable to that of human convalescent plasma. Moreover, RBDsurf was the only group to significantly increase the proportion of RBD-specific germinal center B cells in the vaccination-site draining lymph nodes. Both RBDsurf and RBDencap drove similarly robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that produced multiple Th1-type cytokines. We conclude that a multivalent surface display of spike RBD on polymersomes promotes a potent neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, while both antigen formulations promote robust T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Volpatti
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rachel P. Wallace
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Shijie Cao
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michal M. Raczy
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Laura T. Gray
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron T. Alpar
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Priscilla S. Briquez
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Marchell
- Committee
on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maria Stella Sasso
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aslan Mansurov
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Erica Budina
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ani Solanki
- Animal
Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Elyse A. Watkins
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mathew R. Schnorenberg
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew C. Tremain
- Committee
on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Joseph W. Reda
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kevin Furlong
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Steve Dvorkin
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Shann S. Yu
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United
States
| | - James L. LaBelle
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer
Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Committee
on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Ben
May Department of Cancer Research, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Committee
on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Committee
on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Committee
on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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47
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Deretic N, Bolger-Munro M, Choi K, Abraham L, Gold MR. The Actin-Disassembly Protein Glia Maturation Factor γ Enhances Actin Remodeling and B Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling at the Immune Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647063. [PMID: 34336818 PMCID: PMC8318000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates actin remodeling. The assembly of branched actin networks that are nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex exert outward force on the plasma membrane, allowing B cells to form membrane protrusions that can scan the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The resulting Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin retrograde flow promotes the centripetal movement and progressive coalescence of BCR microclusters, which amplifies BCR signaling. Glia maturation factor γ (GMFγ) is an actin disassembly-protein that releases Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments from actin networks. By doing so, GMFγ could either oppose the actions of the Arp2/3 complex or support Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin polymerization by contributing to the recycling of actin monomers and Arp2/3 complexes. We now show that reducing the levels of GMFγ in human B cell lines via transfection with a specific siRNA impairs the ability of B cells to spread on antigen-coated surfaces, decreases the velocity of actin retrograde flow, diminishes the coalescence of BCR microclusters into a central cluster at the B cell-APC contact site, and decreases APC-induced BCR signaling. These effects of depleting GMFγ are similar to what occurs when the Arp2/3 complex is inhibited. This suggests that GMFγ cooperates with the Arp2/3 complex to support BCR-induced actin remodeling and amplify BCR signaling at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Deretic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Libin Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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48
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Nellore A, Killian JT, Porrett PM. Memory B Cells in Pregnancy Sensitization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688987. [PMID: 34276679 PMCID: PMC8278195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells play an important role in immunity to pathogens as these cells are poised to rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting cells upon antigen re-encounter. Memory B cells also develop over the course of HLA-sensitization during pregnancy and transplantation. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of memory B cells to pregnancy sensitization as well as the impact of these cells on transplant candidacy and outcomes. We start by summarizing how B cell subsets are altered in pregnancy and discuss what is known about HLA-specific B cell responses given our current understanding of fetal antigen availability in maternal secondary lymphoid tissues. We then review the molecular mechanisms governing the generation and maintenance of memory B cells during infection - including the role of T follicular helper cells - and discuss the experimental evidence for the development of these cells during pregnancy. Finally, we discuss how memory B cells impact access to transplantation and transplant outcomes for a range of transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John T. Killian
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Paige M. Porrett
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
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49
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Li Y, Bhanja A, Upadhyaya A, Zhao X, Song W. WASp Is Crucial for the Unique Architecture of the Immunological Synapse in Germinal Center B-Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:646077. [PMID: 34195186 PMCID: PMC8236648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.646077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells undergo somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation in germinal centers. Somatic hypermutated germinal center B-cells (GCBs) compete to engage with and capture antigens on follicular dendritic cells. Recent studies show that when encountering membrane antigens, GCBs generate actin-rich pod-like structures with B-cell receptor (BCR) microclusters to facilitate affinity discrimination. While deficiencies in actin regulators, including the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp), cause B-cell affinity maturation defects, the mechanism by which actin regulates BCR signaling in GBCs is not fully understood. Using WASp knockout (WKO) mice that express Lifeact-GFP and live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence imaging, this study examined the role of WASp-mediated branched actin polymerization in the GCB immunological synapse. After rapid spreading on antigen-coated planar lipid bilayers, GCBs formed microclusters of phosphorylated BCRs and proximal signaling molecules at the center and the outer edge of the contact zone. The centralized signaling clusters localized at actin-rich GCB membrane protrusions. WKO reduced the centralized micro-signaling clusters by decreasing the number and stability of F-actin foci supporting GCB membrane protrusions. The actin structures that support the spreading membrane also appeared less frequently and regularly in WKO than in WT GCBs, which led to reductions in both the level and rate of GCB spreading and antigen gathering. Our results reveal essential roles for WASp in the generation and maintenance of unique structures for GCB immunological synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anshuman Bhanja
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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50
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Combined PET and whole-tissue imaging of lymphatic-targeting vaccines in non-human primates. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120868. [PMID: 34091299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen accumulation in lymph nodes (LNs) is critical for vaccine efficacy, but understanding of vaccine biodistribution in humans or large animals remains limited. Using the rhesus macaque model, we employed a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence imaging to characterize the whole-animal to tissue-level biodistribution of a subunit vaccine comprised of an HIV envelope trimer protein nanoparticle (trimer-NP) and lipid-conjugated CpG adjuvant (amph-CpG). Following immunization in the thigh, PET imaging revealed vaccine uptake primarily in inguinal and iliac LNs, reaching distances up to 17 cm away from the injection site. Within LNs, trimer-NPs exhibited striking accumulation on the periphery of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks in B cell follicles. Comparative imaging of soluble Env trimers (not presented on nanoparticles) in naïve or previously-immunized animals revealed diffuse deposition of trimer antigens in LNs following primary immunization, but concentration on FDCs in pre-immunized animals with high levels of trimer-specific IgG. These data demonstrate the capacity of nanoparticle or "albumin hitchhiking" technologies to concentrate vaccines in genitourinary tract-draining LNs, which may be valuable for promoting mucosal immunity.
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