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James CD, Youssef A, Prabhakar AT, Otoa R, Roe JD, Witt A, Lewis RL, Bristol ML, Wang X, Zhang K, Li R, Morgan IM. Human papillomavirus 16 replication converts SAMHD1 into a homologous recombination factor and promotes its recruitment to replicating viral DNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0082624. [PMID: 39194246 PMCID: PMC11406955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00826-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1) is a restriction factor for the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) life cycle. Here, we demonstrate that in HPV-negative cervical cancer C33a cells and human foreskin keratinocytes immortalized by HPV16 (HFK+HPV16), SAMHD1 is recruited to E1-E2 replicating DNA. Homologous recombination (HR) factors are required for HPV16 replication, and viral replication promotes phosphorylation of SAMHD1, which converts it from a dNTPase to an HR factor independent from E6/E7 expression. A SAMHD1 phospho-mimic (SAMHD1 T592D) reduces E1-E2-mediated DNA replication in C33a cells and has enhanced recruitment to the replicating DNA. In HFK+HPV16 cells, SAMHD1 T592D is recruited to the viral DNA and attenuates cellular growth, but does not attenuate growth in isogenic HFK cells immortalized by E6/E7 alone. SAMHD1 T592D also attenuates the development of viral replication foci following keratinocyte differentiation. The results indicated that enhanced SAMHD1 phosphorylation could be therapeutically beneficial in cells with HPV16 replicating genomes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) can dephosphorylate SAMHD1, and PP2A function can be inhibited by endothall. We demonstrate that endothall reduces E1-E2 replication and promotes SAMHD1 recruitment to E1-E2 replicating DNA, mimicking the SAMHD1 T592D phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that in head and neck cancer cell lines with HPV16 episomal genomes, endothall attenuates their growth and promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to the viral genome. The results suggest that targeting cellular phosphatases has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HPV infections and cancers. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causative agents in around 5% of all human cancers. The development of anti-viral therapeutics depends upon an increased understanding of the viral life cycle. Here, we demonstrate that HPV16 replication converts sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) into a homologous recombination (HR) factor via phosphorylation. This phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to viral DNA to assist with replication. A SAMHD1 mutant that mimics phosphorylation is hyper-recruited to viral DNA and attenuates viral replication. Expression of this mutant in HPV16-immortalized cells attenuates the growth of these cells, but not cells immortalized by the viral oncogenes E6/E7 alone. Finally, we demonstrate that the phosphatase inhibitor endothall promotes hyper-recruitment of endogenous SAMHD1 to HPV16 replicating DNA and can attenuate the growth of both HPV16-immortalized human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) and HPV16-positive head and neck cancer cell lines. We propose that phosphatase inhibitors represent a novel tool for combating HPV infections and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aya Youssef
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Apurva T Prabhakar
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymonde Otoa
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jenny D Roe
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Austin Witt
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel L Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly L Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Renfeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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2
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Bulnes-Ramos A, Schott K, Rabinowitz J, Luchsinger C, Bertelli C, Miyagi E, Yu CH, Persaud M, Shepard C, König R, Kim B, Ivanov DN, Strebel K, Diaz-Griffero F. Acetylation of SAMHD1 at lysine 580 is crucial for blocking HIV-1 infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0195824. [PMID: 39162568 PMCID: PMC11389391 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01958-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain- and histidine-aspartic acid (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTPase enzyme that prevents HIV-1 infection in non-cycling cells, such as differentiated THP-1 cells and human primary macrophages. Although phosphorylation of threonine 592 (T592) in SAMHD1 is recognized as the primary regulator of the ability to prevent HIV-1 infection, the contributions of SAMHD1 acetylation to this ability remain unknown. Mass spectrometry analysis of SAMHD1 proteins derived from cycling and non-cycling THP-1 cells, primary cycling B cells, and primary macrophages revealed that SAMHD1 is preferentially acetylated at lysine residues 354, 494, and 580 (K354, K494, and K580). In non-cycling cells, SAMHD1 is preferentially acetylated at K580, suggesting that this post-translational modification may contribute to the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection. Consistent with this finding, we found that mutations in K580 disrupted the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection without affecting the ability of SAMHD1 to deplete cellular dNTP levels. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells revealed that an intact K580 is required for HIV-1 restriction. This finding suggests that K580 acetylation in SAMHD1 is essential for blocking HIV-1 infection. More importantly, we found that a larger proportion of SAMHD1 featuring K580 acetylation could be detected in human primary macrophages when compared to human primary monocytes. In agreement, we found that SAMHD1 is acetylated during the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process. This finding agrees with the idea that the blockade of HIV-1 infection in macrophages requires SAMHD1 acetylation.IMPORTANCEThe natural inhibitor of HIV-1, sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain- and histidine-aspartic acid (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), plays a pivotal role in preventing HIV-1 infection of macrophages and dendritic cells, which are vital components of the immune system. This study unveils that SAMHD1 undergoes post-translational modifications, specifically acetylation at lysines 354, 494, and 580. Our research underscores the significance of these modifications, demonstrating that acetylation at residue K580 is indispensable for SAMHD1's efficacy in blocking HIV-1 infection. Notably, K580 is found in a critical regulatory domain of SAMHD1, highlighting acetylation as a novel layer of SAMHD1 regulation for HIV-1 restriction in humans. A comprehensive understanding of the regulation mechanisms governing this anti-HIV-1 protein is crucial for leveraging nature's defense mechanisms against HIV-1 and could pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Bulnes-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Jesse Rabinowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Charlotte Luchsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cinzia Bertelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eri Miyagi
- Viral Biochemistry Section NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Corey H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, UTHSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mirjana Persaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Klaus Strebel
- Viral Biochemistry Section NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Wan Z, Zhong G, Wang H. The avengers: SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2/MxB to defend against HIV-1. mBio 2024:e0167524. [PMID: 39240132 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01675-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is an intrinsic limiting factor that effectively prevents HIV-1 infection in macrophages, dendritic cells, and resting CD4+ T cells. Extensive studies have underscored the indispensable role of the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 in its antiviral function by primarily depleting dNTPs in quiescent cells, thereby impeding HIV-1 cDNA synthesis. However, recent advancements in understanding posttranslational modifications of SAMHD1 have revealed specific modification site mutants that maintain their ability to reduce dNTP levels while impairing the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Thus, the precise anti-HIV-1 mechanism of SAMHD1 remains enigmatic, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting its antiviral activity. Recent findings by Guo et al. shed light on the role of SAMHD1 as an HIV-1 core sensor in suppressing HIV-1 infection after viral cDNA synthesis through its interaction with MX2 (H. Guo, W. Yang, H. Li, J. Yang, et al., mBio 15:e01363-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01363-24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Zhong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Trauma Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Dobransky A, Root M, Hafner N, Marcum M, Sharifi HJ. CRL4-DCAF1 Ubiquitin Ligase Dependent Functions of HIV Viral Protein R and Viral Protein X. Viruses 2024; 16:1313. [PMID: 39205287 PMCID: PMC11360348 DOI: 10.3390/v16081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) encodes several proteins that contort the host cell environment to promote viral replication and spread. This is often accomplished through the hijacking of cellular ubiquitin ligases. These reprogrammed complexes initiate or enhance the ubiquitination of cellular proteins that may otherwise act to restrain viral replication. Ubiquitination of target proteins may alter protein function or initiate proteasome-dependent destruction. HIV Viral Protein R (Vpr) and the related HIV-2 Viral Protein X (Vpx), engage the CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase complex to target numerous cellular proteins. In this review we describe the CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase complex and its interactions with HIV Vpr and Vpx. We additionally summarize the cellular proteins targeted by this association as well as the observed or hypothesized impact on HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Dobransky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Mary Root
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Nicholas Hafner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Matty Marcum
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - H John Sharifi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
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5
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Rashid F, Zaongo SD, Iqbal H, Harypursat V, Song F, Chen Y. Interactions between HIV proteins and host restriction factors: implications for potential therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390650. [PMID: 39221250 PMCID: PMC11361988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The preceding quite specific area of knowledge in HIV pathogenesis, however, remains insufficiently understood. We therefore propose, in this review article, to examine and discuss the HIV proteins that counteract those host restriction proteins which results directly in increased infectivity of HIV. We elaborate on HIV proteins that antagonize host cellular proteins to promote HIV replication, and thus HIV infection. We examine the functions and mechanisms via which Nef, Vif, Vpu, Env, Vpr, and Vpx counteract host proteins such as Ser5, PSGL-1, IFITMS, A3G, tetherin, GBP5, SAMHD1, STING, HUSH, REAF, and TET2 to increase HIV infectivity. Nef antagonizes three host proteins, viz., Ser5, PSGL1, and IFITIMs, while Vpx also antagonizes three host restriction factors, viz., SAMHD1, STING, and HUSH complex; therefore, these proteins may be potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Tetherin is targeted by Vpu and Env, PSGL1 is targeted by Nef and Vpu, while Ser5 is targeted by Nef and Env proteins. Finally, conclusive remarks and future perspectives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hifza Iqbal
- School of science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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6
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Moezpoor MR, Stevenson M. Help or Hinder: Protein Host Factors That Impact HIV-1 Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:1281. [PMID: 39205255 PMCID: PMC11360189 DOI: 10.3390/v16081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the host factors or restriction factors of its target cells determine the cell's susceptibility to, and outcome of, infection. Factors intrinsic to the cell are involved at every step of the HIV-1 replication cycle, contributing to productive infection and replication, or severely attenuating the chances of success. Furthermore, factors unique to certain cell types contribute to the differences in infection between these cell types. Understanding the involvement of these factors in HIV-1 infection is a key requirement for the development of anti-HIV-1 therapies. As the list of factors grows, and the dynamic interactions between these factors and the virus are elucidated, comprehensive and up-to-date summaries that recount the knowledge gathered after decades of research are beneficial to the field, displaying what is known so that researchers can build off the groundwork of others to investigate what is unknown. Herein, we aim to provide a review focusing on protein host factors, both well-known and relatively new, that impact HIV-1 replication in a positive or negative manner at each stage of the replication cycle, highlighting factors unique to the various HIV-1 target cell types where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rameen Moezpoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Raymond F. Schinazi and Family Endowed Chair in Biomedicine; Professor of Medicine; Director, Institute of AIDS and Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Life Science Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Avenue, Room 2331B, Suite 200, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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7
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Meng B, Zhao N, Mlcochova P, Ferreira IATM, Ortmann BM, Davis T, Wit N, Rehwinkel J, Cook S, Maxwell PH, Nathan JA, Gupta RK. Hypoxia drives HIF2-dependent reversible macrophage cell cycle entry. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114471. [PMID: 38996069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia) have been associated primarily with cell-cycle arrest in dividing cells. Macrophages are typically quiescent in G0 but can proliferate in response to tissue signals. Here we show that hypoxia (1% oxygen tension) results in reversible entry into the cell cycle in macrophages. Cell cycle progression is largely limited to G0-G1/S phase transition with little progression to G2/M. This cell cycle transitioning is triggered by an HIF2α-directed transcriptional program. The response is accompanied by increased expression of cell-cycle-associated proteins, including CDK1, which is known to phosphorylate SAMHD1 at T592 and thereby regulate antiviral activity. Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are able to recapitulate HIF2α-dependent cell cycle entry in macrophages. Finally, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in lung cancers exhibit transcriptomic profiles representing responses to low oxygen and cell cycle progression at the single-cell level. These findings have implications for inflammation and tumor progression/metastasis where low-oxygen environments are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Na Zhao
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian M Ortmann
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Niek Wit
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
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8
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Guo H, Yang W, Li H, Yang J, Huang Y, Tang Y, Wang S, Ni F, Yang W, Yu XF, Wei W. The SAMHD1-MX2 axis restricts HIV-1 infection at postviral DNA synthesis. mBio 2024; 15:e0136324. [PMID: 38888311 PMCID: PMC11253599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication is tightly regulated in host cells, and various restriction factors have important roles in inhibiting viral replication. SAMHD1, a well-known restriction factor, suppresses HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing intracellular dNTPs, thereby limiting the synthesis of viral cDNA in quiescent cells. In this study, we revealed an additional and distinct mechanism of SAMHD1 inhibition during the postviral cDNA synthesis stage. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the interaction between SAMHD1 and MX2/MxB, an interferon-induced antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 cDNA nuclear import. The disruption of endogenous MX2 expression significantly weakened the ability of SAMHD1 to inhibit HIV-1. The crucial region within SAMHD1 that binds to MX2 has been identified. Notably, we found that SAMHD1 can act as a sensor that recognizes and binds to the incoming HIV-1 core, subsequently delivering it to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby blocking the nuclear entry of the HIV-1 core structure. SAMHD1 mutants unable to recognize the HIV-1 core showed a substantial decrease in antiviral activity. Certain mutations in HIV-1 capsids confer resistance to MX2 inhibition while maintaining susceptibility to suppression by the SAMHD1-MX2 axis. Overall, our study identifies an intriguing antiviral pattern wherein two distinct restriction factors, SAMHD1 and MX2, collaborate to establish an alternative mechanism deviating from their actions. These findings provide valuable insight into the complex immune defense networks against exogenous viral infections and have implications for the development of targeted anti-HIV therapeutics. IMPORTANCE In contrast to most restriction factors that directly bind to viral components to exert their antiviral effects, SAMHD1, the only known deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) hydrolase in eukaryotes, indirectly inhibits viral replication in quiescent cells by reducing the pool of dNTP substrates available for viral cDNA synthesis. Our study provides a novel perspective on the antiviral functions of SAMHD1. In addition to its role in dNTP hydrolysis, SAMHD1 cooperates with MX2 to inhibit HIV-1 nuclear import. In this process, SAMHD1 acts as a sensor for incoming HIV-1 cores, detecting and binding to them, before subsequently delivering the complex to the molecular trap formed by MX2, thereby immobilizing the virus. This study not only reveals a new antiviral pathway for SAMHD1 but also identifies a unique collaboration and interaction between two distinct restriction factors, establishing a novel line of defense against HIV-1 infection, which challenges the traditional view of restriction factors acting independently. Overall, our findings further indicate the intricate complexity of the host immune defense network and provide potential targets for promoting host antiviral immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fushun Ni
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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9
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Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D. Role of Type I Interferons during Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Infections. Biomolecules 2024; 14:848. [PMID: 39062562 PMCID: PMC11275242 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis and AIDS remain two of the most relevant human infectious diseases. The pathogens that cause them, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV, individually elicit an immune response that treads the line between beneficial and detrimental to the host. Co-infection further complexifies this response since the different cytokines acting on one infection might facilitate the dissemination of the other. In these responses, the role of type I interferons is often associated with antiviral mechanisms, while for bacteria such as Mtb, their importance and clinical relevance as a suitable target for manipulation are more controversial. In this article, we review the recent knowledge on how these interferons play distinct roles and sometimes have opposite consequences depending on the stage of the pathogenesis. We highlight the dichotomy between the acute and chronic infections displayed by both infections and how type I interferons contribute to an initial control of each infection individually, while their chronic induction, particularly during HIV infection, might facilitate Mtb primo-infection and progression to disease. We expect that further findings and their systematization will allow the definition of windows of opportunity for interferon manipulation according to the stage of infection, contributing to pathogen clearance and control of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
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10
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Sugiyama FHC, Dietz LL, Søgaard OS. Utilizing immunotherapy towards achieving a functional cure for HIV-1. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:187-193. [PMID: 38686856 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have positively impacted the life expectancy and possibility of living a normal life for people with HIV-1. However, lifelong daily medication is necessary to prevent disease progression. To this end, immunotherapeutic strategies are being tested with the aim of developing a functional cure in which the immune system effectively controls HIV-1 in the absence of ART. RECENT FINDINGS The most promising advances in achieving sustained HIV-1 remission or cure include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are administered alone or in combination with other agents. Newer and more innovative approaches redirecting T cells or natural killer cells to kill HIV-1 infected cells have also shown promising results. Finally, multiple ongoing trials focus on combining bNAbs with other immune-directed therapies to enhance both innate and adaptive immunity. SUMMARY While immunotherapies as an alternative to conventional ART have generally proven to be well tolerated, these therapeutic approaches have largely been unsuccessful in inducing ART-free control of HIV-1. However, promising results from recent trials involving bNAbs that have reported durable HIV-1 control among a subset of participants, provide reason for cautious optimism that we with further optimization of these treatment strategies may be able to achieve functional cure for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Heloisa Cavicchioli Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Loksø Dietz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Arribas L, Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G. May I Help You with Your Coat? HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7167. [PMID: 39000271 PMCID: PMC11241228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid is a protein core formed by multiple copies of the viral capsid (CA) protein. Inside the capsid, HIV-1 harbours all the viral components required for replication, including the genomic RNA and viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). Upon infection, the RT transforms the genomic RNA into a double-stranded DNA molecule that is subsequently integrated into the host chromosome by IN. For this to happen, the viral capsid must open and release the viral DNA, in a process known as uncoating. Capsid plays a key role during the initial stages of HIV-1 replication; therefore, its stability is intimately related to infection efficiency, and untimely uncoating results in reverse transcription defects. How and where uncoating takes place and its relationship with reverse transcription is not fully understood, but the recent development of novel biochemical and cellular approaches has provided unprecedented detail on these processes. In this review, we present the latest findings on the intricate link between capsid stability, reverse transcription and uncoating, the different models proposed over the years for capsid uncoating, and the role played by other cellular factors on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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12
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Thapa G, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Molecular dynamics investigation of DNA fragments bound to the anti-HIV protein SAMHD1 reveals alterations in allosteric communications. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108748. [PMID: 38452417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (or SAMHD1), a human dNTP-triphosphohydrolase, contributes to HIV-1 restriction in select terminally differentiated cells of the immune system. While the prevailing hypothesis is that the catalytically active form of the protein is an allosterically triggered tetramer, whose HIV-1 restriction properties are attributed to its dNTP - triphosphohydrolase activity, it is also known to bind to ssRNA and ssDNA oligomers. A complete picture of the structure-function relationship of the enzyme is still elusive and the function corresponding to its nucleic acid binding ability is debated. In this in silico study, we investigate the stability, preference and allosteric effects of DNA oligomers bound to SAMHD1. In particular, we compare the binding of DNA and RNA oligomers of the same sequence and also consider the binding of DNA fragments with phosphorothioate bonds in the backbone. The results are compared with the canonical form with the monomers connected by GTP/dATP crossbridges. The simulations indicate that SAMHD1 dimers preferably bind to DNA and RNA oligomers compared to GTP/dATP. However, allosteric communication channels are altered in the nucleic acid acid bound complexes compared to the canonical form. All results are consistent with the hypothesis that the DNA bound form of the protein correspond to an unproductive off-pathway state where the protein is sequestered and not available for dNTP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Thapa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | | | - Swati Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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13
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Kreimendahl S, Pernas L. Metabolic immunity against microbes. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:496-508. [PMID: 38030541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, remodel the metabolism of their host to acquire the nutrients they need to proliferate. Thus, host cells are often perceived as mere exploitable nutrient pools during infection. Mounting reports challenge this perception and instead suggest that host cells can actively reprogram their metabolism to the detriment of the microbial invader. In this review, we present metabolic mechanisms that host cells use to defend against pathogens. We highlight the contribution of domesticated microbes to host defenses and discuss examples of host-pathogen arms races that are derived from metabolic conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Pernas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Kilroy JM, Leal AA, Henderson AJ. Chronic HIV Transcription, Translation, and Persistent Inflammation. Viruses 2024; 16:751. [PMID: 38793632 PMCID: PMC11125830 DOI: 10.3390/v16050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
People with HIV exhibit persistent inflammation that correlates with HIV-associated comorbidities including accelerated aging, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. Mechanisms that perpetuate chronic inflammation in people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral treatments are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the persistent low-level expression of HIV proviruses, including RNAs generated from defective proviral genomes, drives the immune dysfunction that is responsible for chronic HIV pathogenesis. We explore factors during HIV infection that contribute to the generation of a pool of defective proviruses as well as how HIV-1 mRNA and proteins alter immune function in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Kilroy
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrew A. Leal
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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15
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Acton OJ, Sheppard D, Kunzelmann S, Caswell SJ, Nans A, Burgess AJO, Kelly G, Morris ER, Rosenthal PB, Taylor IA. Platform-directed allostery and quaternary structure dynamics of SAMHD1 catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3775. [PMID: 38710701 PMCID: PMC11074143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 regulates cellular nucleotide homeostasis, controlling dNTP levels by catalysing their hydrolysis into 2'-deoxynucleosides and triphosphate. In differentiated CD4+ macrophage and resting T-cells SAMHD1 activity results in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a dNTP blockade. In cancer, SAMHD1 desensitizes cells to nucleoside-analogue chemotherapies. Here we employ time-resolved cryogenic-EM imaging and single-particle analysis to visualise assembly, allostery and catalysis by this multi-subunit enzyme. Our observations reveal how dynamic conformational changes in the SAMHD1 quaternary structure drive the catalytic cycle. We capture five states at high-resolution in a live catalytic reaction, revealing how allosteric activators support assembly of a stable SAMHD1 tetrameric core and how catalysis is driven by the opening and closing of active sites through pairwise coupling of active sites and order-disorder transitions in regulatory domains. This direct visualisation of enzyme catalysis dynamics within an allostery-stabilised platform sets a precedent for mechanistic studies into the regulation of multi-subunit enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Acton
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Devon Sheppard
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simone Kunzelmann
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sarah J Caswell
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ailidh J O Burgess
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Geoff Kelly
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Morris
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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16
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Tada T, Norton TD, Leibowitz R, Landau NR. Checkpoint inhibitor-expressing lentiviral vaccine suppresses tumor growth in preclinical cancer models. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008761. [PMID: 38658032 PMCID: PMC11043704 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While immunotherapy has been highly successful for the treatment of some cancers, for others, the immune response to tumor antigens is weak leading to treatment failure. The resistance of tumors to checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be caused by T cell exhaustion resulting from checkpoint activation. METHODS In this study, lentiviral vectors that expressed T cell epitopes of an experimentally introduced tumor antigen, ovalbumin, or the endogenous tumor antigen, Trp1 were developed. The vectors coexpressed CD40 ligand (CD40L), which served to mature the dendritic cells (DCs), and a soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) microbody to prevent checkpoint activation. Vaccination of mice bearing B16.OVA melanomas with vector-transduced DCs induced the proliferation and activation of functional, antigen-specific, cytolytic CD8 T cells. RESULTS Vaccination induced the expansion of CD8 T cells that infiltrated the tumors to suppress tumor growth. Vector-encoded CD40L and PD-1 microbody increased the extent of tumor growth suppression. Adoptive transfer demonstrated that the effect was mediated by CD8 T cells. Direct injection of the vector, without the need for ex vivo transduction of DCs, was also effective. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that therapeutic vaccination that induces tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells coupled with a vector-expressed checkpoint inhibitor can be an effective means to suppress the growth of tumors that are resistant to conventional immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas D Norton
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Leibowitz
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Vos WAJW, Vadaq N, Matzaraki V, Otten T, Groenendijk AL, Blaauw MJT, van Eekeren LE, Brinkman K, de Mast Q, Riksen NP, Stalenhoef AFH, van Lunzen J, van der Ven AJAM, Blok WL, Stalenhoef JE. Cardiometabolic Differences in People Living with HIV Receiving Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Compared to Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Implications for Current ART Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:582. [PMID: 38675924 PMCID: PMC11054623 DOI: 10.3390/v16040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV (PLHIV), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are part of the first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), while non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens are alternatives. Distinct cART regimens may variably influence the risk for non-AIDS comorbidities. We aimed to compare the metabolome and lipidome of INSTI and NNRTI-based regimens. The 2000HIV study includes asymptomatic PLHIV (n = 1646) on long-term cART, separated into a discovery cohort with 730 INSTI and 617 NNRTI users, and a validation cohort encompassing 209 INSTI and 90 NNRTI users. Baseline plasma samples from INSTI and NNRTI users were compared using mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic (n = 500) analysis. Perturbed metabolic pathways were identified using MetaboAnalyst software. Subsequently, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for targeted lipoprotein and lipid (n = 141) analysis. Metabolome homogeneity was observed between the different types of INSTI and NNRTI. In contrast, higher and lower levels of 59 and 45 metabolites, respectively, were found in the INSTI group compared to NNRTI users, of which 77.9% (81/104) had consistent directionality in the validation cohort. Annotated metabolites belonged mainly to 'lipid and lipid-like molecules', 'organic acids and derivatives' and 'organoheterocyclic compounds'. In pathway analysis, perturbed 'vitamin B1 (thiamin) metabolism', 'de novo fatty acid biosynthesis', 'bile acid biosynthesis' and 'pentose phosphate pathway' were detected, among others. Lipoprotein and lipid levels in NNRTIs were heterogeneous and could not be compared as a group. INSTIs compared to individual NNRTI types showed that HDL cholesterol was lower in INSTIs compared to nevirapine but higher in INSTIs compared to doravirine. In addition, LDL size was lower in INSTIs and nevirapine compared to doravirine. NNRTIs show more heterogeneous cardiometabolic effects than INSTIs, which hampers the comparison between these two classes of drugs. Targeted lipoproteomic and lipid NMR spectroscopy showed that INSTI use was associated with a more unfavorable lipid profile compared to nevirapine, which was shifted to a more favorable profile for INSTI when substituting nevirapine for doravirine, with evidently higher fold changes. The cardiovascular disease risk profile seems more favorable in INSTIs compared to NNRTIs in untargeted metabolomic analysis using mass-spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert L. Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P. Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton F. H. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem L. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke E. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Ananth S, Ambiel I, Schifferdecker S, Müller TG, Wratil PR, Mejias-Perez E, Kräusslich HG, Müller B, Keppler OT, Fackler OT. Spatial resolution of HIV-1 post-entry steps in resting CD4 T cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113941. [PMID: 38478523 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4 T cells resist productive HIV-1 infection. The HIV-2/simian immunodeficiency virus protein viral accessory protein X (Vpx) renders these cells permissive to infection, presumably by alleviating blocks at cytoplasmic reverse transcription and subsequent nuclear import of reverse-transcription/pre-integration complexes (RTC/PICs). Here, spatial analyses using quantitative virus imaging techniques reveal that HIV-1 capsids containing RTC/PICs are readily imported into the nucleus, recruit the host dependency factor CPSF6, and translocate to nuclear speckles in resting CD4 T cells. Reverse transcription, however, remains incomplete, impeding proviral integration and viral gene expression. Vpx or pharmacological inhibition of the deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) activity of the restriction factor SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) increases levels of nuclear reverse-transcribed cDNA and facilitates HIV-1 integration. Nuclear import and intranuclear transport of viral complexes therefore do not pose important blocks to HIV-1 in resting CD4 T cells, and the limitation to reverse transcription by SAMHD1's dNTPase activity constitutes the main pre-integration block to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ananth
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Ambiel
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schifferdecker
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten G Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejias-Perez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Center of Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Lin C, Kuffour EO, Li T, Gertzen CGW, Kaiser J, Luedde T, König R, Gohlke H, Münk C. The ISG15-Protease USP18 Is a Pleiotropic Enhancer of HIV-1 Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:485. [PMID: 38675828 PMCID: PMC11053637 DOI: 10.3390/v16040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to viruses is formed in part by interferon (IFN)-induced restriction factors, including ISG15, p21, and SAMHD1. IFN production can be blocked by the ISG15-specific protease USP18. HIV-1 has evolved to circumvent host immune surveillance. This mechanism might involve USP18. In our recent studies, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection induces USP18, which dramatically enhances HIV-1 replication by abrogating the antiviral function of p21. USP18 downregulates p21 by accumulating misfolded dominant negative p53, which inactivates wild-type p53 transactivation, leading to the upregulation of key enzymes involved in de novo dNTP biosynthesis pathways and inactivated SAMHD1. Despite the USP18-mediated increase in HIV-1 DNA in infected cells, it is intriguing to note that the cGAS-STING-mediated sensing of the viral DNA is abrogated. Indeed, the expression of USP18 or knockout of ISG15 inhibits the sensing of HIV-1. We demonstrate that STING is ISGylated at residues K224, K236, K289, K347, K338, and K370. The inhibition of STING K289-linked ISGylation suppresses its oligomerization and IFN induction. We propose that human USP18 is a novel factor that potentially contributes in multiple ways to HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Lin
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.L.); (E.O.K.); (T.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Edmund Osei Kuffour
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.L.); (E.O.K.); (T.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Taolan Li
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.L.); (E.O.K.); (T.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Christoph G. W. Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.G.W.G.); (J.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Jesko Kaiser
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.G.W.G.); (J.K.); (H.G.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.L.); (E.O.K.); (T.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.G.W.G.); (J.K.); (H.G.)
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.L.); (E.O.K.); (T.L.); (T.L.)
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20
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Rodriguez NR, Fortune T, Hegde E, Weinstein MP, Keane AM, Mangold JF, Swartz TH. Oxidative phosphorylation in HIV-1 infection: impacts on cellular metabolism and immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360342. [PMID: 38529284 PMCID: PMC10962326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) presents significant challenges to the immune system, predominantly characterized by CD4+ T cell depletion, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses the viral load in people with HIV (PWH), leading to a state of chronic infection that is associated with inflammation. This review explores the complex relationship between oxidative phosphorylation, a crucial metabolic pathway for cellular energy production, and HIV-1, emphasizing the dual impact of HIV-1 infection and the metabolic and mitochondrial effects of ART. The review highlights how HIV-1 infection disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, promoting glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis to facilitate viral replication. ART can exacerbate metabolic dysregulation despite controlling viral replication, impacting mitochondrial DNA synthesis and enhancing reactive oxygen species production. These effects collectively contribute to significant changes in oxidative phosphorylation, influencing immune cell metabolism and function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated through oxidative phosphorylation can influence the metabolic landscape of infected cells through ATP-detected purinergic signaling and contributes to immunometabolic dysfunction. Future research should focus on identifying specific targets within this pathway and exploring the role of purinergic signaling in HIV-1 pathogenesis to enhance HIV-1 treatment modalities, addressing both viral infection and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Talia H. Swartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Daddacha W, Monroe D, Schlafstein A, Withers A, Thompson E, Danelia D, Luong N, Sesay F, Rath S, Usoro E, Essien M, Jung A, Jiang J, Hu J, Mahboubi B, Williams A, Steinbeck J, Yang X, Buchwald Z, Dynan W, Switchenko J, Kim B, Khan M, Jaye D, Yu D. SAMHD1 expression contributes to doxorubicin resistance and predicts survival outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae007. [PMID: 38406263 PMCID: PMC10894040 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a commonly diagnosed, aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. While R-CHOP chemoimmunotherapy is potentially curative, about 40% of DLBCL patients will fail, highlighting the need to identify biomarkers to optimize management. SAMHD1 has a dNTPase-independent role in promoting resection to facilitate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination. We evaluated the relationship of SAMHD1 levels with sensitivity to DSB-sensitizing agents in DLBCL cells and the association of SAMHD1 expression with clinical outcomes in 79 DLBCL patients treated with definitive therapy and an independent cohort dataset of 234 DLBCL patients. Low SAMHD1 expression, Vpx-mediated, or siRNA-mediated degradation/depletion in DLBCL cells was associated with greater sensitivity to doxorubicin and PARP inhibitors. On Kaplan-Meier log-rank survival analysis, low SAMHD1 expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS), which on subset analysis remained significant only in patients with advanced stage (III-IV) and moderate to high risk (2-5 International Prognostic Index (IPI)). The association of low SAMHD1 expression with improved OS remained significant on multivariate analysis independent of other adverse factors, including IPI, and was validated in an independent cohort. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 expression mediates doxorubicin resistance and may be an important prognostic biomarker in advanced, higher-risk DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waaqo Daddacha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dominique Monroe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashley J Schlafstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allison E Withers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Thompson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Diana Danelia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nho C Luong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fatmata Sesay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sandip K Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edidiong R Usoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mark E Essien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew T Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jinmeng G Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bijan Mahboubi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arilyn Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Julia E Steinbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William S Dynan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Switchenko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David L Jaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Zhang SM, Paulin CB, Shu H, Yagüe-Capilla M, Michel M, Marttila P, Ortis F, Bwanika HC, Dirks C, Venkatram RP, Wiita E, Jemth AS, Almlöf I, Loseva O, Hormann FM, Koolmeister T, Linde E, Lee S, Llona-Minguez S, Haraldsson M, Axelsson H, Strömberg K, Homan EJ, Scobie M, Lundbäck T, Helleday T, Rudd SG. Identification and evaluation of small-molecule inhibitors against the dNTPase SAMHD1 via a comprehensive screening funnel. iScience 2024; 27:108907. [PMID: 38318365 PMCID: PMC10839966 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a dNTP triphosphohydrolase governing nucleotide pool homeostasis and can detoxify chemotherapy metabolites controlling their clinical responses. To understand SAMHD1 biology and investigate the potential of targeting SAMHD1 as neoadjuvant to current chemotherapies, we set out to discover selective small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we report a discovery pipeline encompassing a biochemical screening campaign and a set of complementary biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based readouts for rigorous characterization of the screen output. The identified small molecules, TH6342 and analogs, accompanied by inactive control TH7126, demonstrated specific, low μM potency against both physiological and oncology-drug-derived substrates. By coupling kinetic studies with thermal shift assays, we reveal the inhibitory mechanism of TH6342 and analogs, which engage pre-tetrameric SAMHD1 and deter oligomerization and allosteric activation without occupying nucleotide-binding pockets. Altogether, our study diversifies inhibitory modes against SAMHD1, and the discovery pipeline reported herein represents a thorough framework for future SAMHD1 inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Min Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia B.J. Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huazhang Shu
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Yagüe-Capilla
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maurice Michel
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Marttila
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Ortis
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henri Colyn Bwanika
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Dirks
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajagopal Papagudi Venkatram
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisée Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Almlöf
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Loseva
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femke M. Hormann
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Linde
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sun Lee
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabin Llona-Minguez
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Axelsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kia Strömberg
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evert J. Homan
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Scobie
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Sean G. Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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24
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Zhao Z, Han S, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Yue K, Abbas S, He H. Impaired influenza A virus replication by the host restriction factor SAMHD1 which inhibited by PA-mediated dephosphorylation of the host transcription factor IRF3. Virol J 2024; 21:33. [PMID: 38287375 PMCID: PMC10826253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause severe and life-threatening illness in humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to search for host antiviral proteins and elucidate their antiviral mechanisms for the development of potential treatments. As a part of human innate immunity, host restriction factors can inhibit the replication of viruses, among which SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) can restrict the replication of viruses, such as HIV and enterovirus EV71. Viruses also developed countermeasures in the arms race with their hosts. There are few reports about whether SAMHD1 has a restriction effect on IAV. METHODS To investigate the impact of IAV infection on SAMHD1 expression in A549 cells, we infected A549 cells with a varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) of IAV and collected cell samples at different time points for WB and RT-qPCR analysis to detect viral protein and SAMHD1 levels. The virus replication level in the cell culture supernatant was determined using TCID50 assay. Luciferase assay was used to reveal that H5N1 virus polymerase acidic protein (PA) affected the activity of the SAMHD1 promoter. To assess the antiviral capacity of SAMHD1, we generated a knockdown and overexpressed cell line for detecting H5N1 replication. RESULTS In this study, we observed that SAMHD1 can restrict the intracellular replication of H5N1 and that the H5N1 viral protein PA can downregulate the expression of SAMHD1 by affecting SAMHD1 transcriptional promoter activity. We also found that SAMHD1's ability to restrict H5N1 is related to phosphorylation at 592-tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that SAMHD1 may affect the replication of IAVs as a host restriction factor and be countered by PA. Furthermore, SAMHD1 may be a potential target for developing antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Ye Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kening Yue
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Salbia Abbas
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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25
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Valeri E, Unali G, Piras F, Abou-Alezz M, Pais G, Benedicenti F, Lidonnici MR, Cuccovillo I, Castiglioni I, Arévalo S, Spinozzi G, Merelli I, Behrendt R, Oo A, Kim B, Landau NR, Ferrari G, Montini E, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. Removal of innate immune barriers allows efficient transduction of quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Ther 2024; 32:124-139. [PMID: 37990494 PMCID: PMC10787167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescent human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are ideal targets for gene therapy applications due to their preserved stemness and repopulation capacities; however, they have not been exploited extensively because of their resistance to genetic manipulation. We report here the development of a lentiviral transduction protocol that overcomes this resistance in long-term repopulating quiescent HSC, allowing their efficient genetic manipulation. Mechanistically, lentiviral vector transduction of quiescent HSC was found to be restricted at the level of vector entry and by limited pyrimidine pools. These restrictions were overcome by the combined addition of cyclosporin H (CsH) and deoxynucleosides (dNs) during lentiviral vector transduction. Clinically relevant transduction levels were paired with higher polyclonal engraftment of long-term repopulating HSC as compared with standard ex vivo cultured controls. These findings identify the cell-intrinsic barriers that restrict the transduction of quiescent HSC and provide a means to overcome them, paving the way for the genetic engineering of unstimulated HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Valeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Unali
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Monah Abou-Alezz
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Pais
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Lidonnici
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Cuccovillo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castiglioni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Arévalo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Spinozzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Giuliana Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9A, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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26
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Min AK, Javidfar B, Missall R, Doanman D, Durens M, Graziani M, Mordelt A, Marro SG, de Witte L, Chen BK, Swartz TH, Akbarian S. HIV-1 infection of genetically engineered iPSC-derived central nervous system-engrafted microglia in a humanized mouse model. J Virol 2023; 97:e0159523. [PMID: 38032195 PMCID: PMC10734545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01595-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our mouse model is a powerful tool for investigating the genetic mechanisms governing central nervous system (CNS) human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection and latency in the CNS at a single-cell level. A major advantage of our model is that it uses induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, which enables human genetics, including gene function and therapeutic gene manipulation, to be explored in vivo, which is more challenging to study with current hematopoietic stem cell-based models for neuroHIV. Our transgenic tracing of xenografted human cells will provide a quantitative medium to develop new molecular and epigenetic strategies for reducing the HIV-1 latent reservoir and to test the impact of therapeutic inflammation-targeting drug interventions on CNS HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Behnam Javidfar
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roy Missall
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donald Doanman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madel Durens
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mara Graziani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annika Mordelt
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Samuele G. Marro
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lotje de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Gao Y, Ju Y, Ren X, Zhang L, Yin X. Enhanced infection efficiency and cytotoxicity mediated by vpx-containing lentivirus in chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M). Heliyon 2023; 9:e21886. [PMID: 38058430 PMCID: PMC10696197 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified macrophage infusion has been proven to be a novel treatment for cancer. One of the most important processes in macrophage-based therapy is the efficient transfer of genes. HIV-1-derived lentiviruses were widely used as delivery vectors in chimeric antigen receptor T and NK cell construction. While macrophages are relatively refractory to this lentiviral vector transduction as a result of the myeloid-specific restriction factor SAMHD1, which inhibited the virion cycle through exhausting the dNTPs pool and degradating RNAs. An efficient macrophage transduction strategy has been developed via packaging the HIV-2 accessory protein Vpx into the virion. Vpx counteracts SAMHD1 through CRL4 (DCAF1) E3 ubiquitin ligase mediated SAMHD1 degradation, yet the influence by the introduction of Vpx on macrophage has not been fully evaluated. Here, we constructed the chimeric lentiviral vector HIV-1-Vpx and systematically analyzed the infection efficiency of this vector in time-dependent manner. Our results showed that the simplified chimeric virus exhibited dramatically enhanced infection in human macrophages compared to normal lentivirus. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing was performed to evaluate the cellular status after chimeric virus infection. The sequencing results indicated that Vpx introduction promoted macrophage remodeling towards a proinflammatory phenotype, without affecting classic M1/M2 cell surface markers. Our results suggest that the Vpx-containing lentivirus could be used as an ideal tool for the generation of genetically engineered macrophages with high gene transfer efficiency and poised proinflammatory gene sets, especially for solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Applied Biology Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Roc Rock Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ren
- Applied Biology Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Research Center of Bioengineering, the Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiushan Yin
- Applied Biology Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
- Roc Rock Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518118, China
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28
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Nicastro GG, Burroughs AM, Iyer L, Aravind L. Functionally comparable but evolutionarily distinct nucleotide-targeting effectors help identify conserved paradigms across diverse immune systems. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:11479-11503. [PMID: 37889040 PMCID: PMC10681802 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While nucleic acid-targeting effectors are known to be central to biological conflicts and anti-selfish element immunity, recent findings have revealed immune effectors that target their building blocks and the cellular energy currency-free nucleotides. Through comparative genomics and sequence-structure analysis, we identified several distinct effector domains, which we named Calcineurin-CE, HD-CE, and PRTase-CE. These domains, along with specific versions of the ParB and MazG domains, are widely present in diverse prokaryotic immune systems and are predicted to degrade nucleotides by targeting phosphate or glycosidic linkages. Our findings unveil multiple potential immune systems associated with at least 17 different functional themes featuring these effectors. Some of these systems sense modified DNA/nucleotides from phages or operate downstream of novel enzymes generating signaling nucleotides. We also uncovered a class of systems utilizing HSP90- and HSP70-related modules as analogs of STAND and GTPase domains that are coupled to these nucleotide-targeting- or proteolysis-induced complex-forming effectors. While widespread in bacteria, only a limited subset of nucleotide-targeting effectors was integrated into eukaryotic immune systems, suggesting barriers to interoperability across subcellular contexts. This work establishes nucleotide-degrading effectors as an emerging immune paradigm and traces their origins back to homologous domains in housekeeping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianlucca G Nicastro
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - L Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA
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29
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Katoh H, Honda T. Roles of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Endogenous Virus-Like Elements in Cancer Development and Innate Immunity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1706. [PMID: 38136578 PMCID: PMC10741599 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections in the host genome. Although mutations and silencing mechanisms impair their original role in viral replication, HERVs are believed to play roles in various biological processes. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are non-LTR retrotransposons that have a lifecycle resembling that of retroviruses. Although LINE expression is typically silenced in somatic cells, it also contributes to various biological processes. The aberrant expression of HERVs and LINEs is closely associated with the development of cancer and/or immunological diseases, suggesting that they are integrated into various pathways related to the diseases. HERVs/LINEs control gene expression depending on the context as promoter/enhancer elements. Some RNAs and proteins derived from HERVs/LINEs have oncogenic potential, whereas others stimulate innate immunity. Non-retroviral endogenous viral elements (nrEVEs) are a novel type of virus-like element in the genome. nrEVEs may also be involved in host immunity. This article provides a current understanding of how these elements impact cellular physiology in cancer development and innate immunity, and provides perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Katoh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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30
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James CD, Youssef A, Prabhakar AT, Otoa R, Witt A, Lewis RL, Bristol ML, Wang X, Zhang K, Li R, Morgan IM. Human Papillomavirus 16 replication converts SAMHD1 into a homologous recombination factor and promotes its recruitment to replicating viral DNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566899. [PMID: 38014153 PMCID: PMC10680734 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartic domain HD-containing protein 1) is a restriction factor for the HPV16 life cycle. Here we demonstrate that in HPV negative cervical cancer C33a cells and human foreskin keratinocytes immortalized by HPV16 (HFK+HPV16), SAMHD1 is recruited to E1-E2 replicating DNA. Homologous recombination (HR) factors are required for HPV16 replication and viral replication promotes phosphorylation of SAMHD1, which converts it from a dNTPase to an HR factor independent from E6/E7 expression. A SAMHD1 phosphor-mimic (SAMHD1 T592D) reduces E1-E2 mediated DNA replication in C33a cells and has enhanced recruitment to the replicating DNA. In HFK+HPV16 cells SAMHD1 T592D is recruited to the viral DNA and attenuates cellular growth, but does not attenuate growth in isogenic HFK cells immortalized by E6/E7 alone. SAMHD1 T592D also attenuates the development of viral replication foci following keratinocyte differentiation. The results indicated that enhanced SAMHD1 phosphorylation could be therapeutically beneficial in cells with HPV16 replicating genomes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) can dephosphorylate SAMHD1 and PP2A function can be inhibited by endothall. We demonstrate that endothall reduces E1-E2 replication and promotes SAMHD1 recruitment to E1-E2 replicating DNA, mimicking the SAMHD1 T592D phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that in head and neck cancer cell lines with HPV16 episomal genomes endothall attenuates their growth and promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to the viral genome. The results suggest that targeting cellular phosphatases has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HPV infections and cancers. Importance Human papillomaviruses are causative agents in around 5% of all human cancers. The development of anti-viral therapeutics depends upon an increased understanding of the viral life cycle. Here we demonstrate that HPV16 replication converts SAMHD1 into an HR factor via phosphorylation. This phosphorylation promotes recruitment of SAMHD1 to viral DNA to assist with replication. A SAMHD1 mutant that mimics phosphorylation is hyper-recruited to viral DNA and attenuates viral replication. Expression of this mutant in HPV16 immortalized cells attenuates the growth of these cells, but not cells immortalized by the viral oncogenes E6/E7 alone. Finally, we demonstrate that the phosphatase inhibitor endothall promotes hyper-recruitment of endogenous SAMHD1 to HPV16 replicating DNA and can attenuate the growth of both HPV16 immortalized human foreskin keratinocytes and HPV16 positive head and neck cancer cell lines. We propose that phosphatase inhibitors represent a novel tool for combating HPV infections and disease.
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31
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McCown C, Yu CH, Ivanov DN. Allosteric substrate activation of SAMHD1 shapes deoxynucleotide triphosphate imbalances by interconnecting the depletion and biosynthesis of different dNTPs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567083. [PMID: 38014186 PMCID: PMC10680743 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a dNTPase that impedes replication of HIV-1 in myeloid cells and resting T lymphocytes. Here we elucidate the substrate activation mechanism of SAMHD1 that depends on dNTP binding at allosteric sites and the concomitant tetramerization of the enzyme. The study reveals that SAMHD1 activation involves an inactive tetrameric intermediate with partial occupancy of the allosteric sites. The equilibrium between the inactive and active tetrameric states, which is coupled to cooperative binding/dissociation of at least two allosteric dNTP ligands, controls the dNTPase activity of the enzyme, which, in addition, depends on the identity of the dNTPs occupying the four allosteric sites of the active tetramer. We show how such allosteric regulation determines deoxynucleotide triphosphate levels established in the dynamic equilibria between dNTP production and SAMHD1-catalyzed depletion. Notably, the mechanism enables a distinctive functionality of SAMHD1, which we call facilitated dNTP depletion, whereby elevated biosynthesis of some dNTPs results in more efficient depletion of others. The regulatory relationship between the biosynthesis and depletion of different dNTPs sheds light on the emerging role of SAMHD1 in the biology of dNTP homeostasis with implications for HIV/AIDS, innate antiviral immunity, T cell disorders, telomere maintenance and therapeutic efficacy of nucleoside analogs.
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32
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Marchais M, Simula L, Phayanouvong M, Mami-Chouaib F, Bismuth G, Decroocq J, Bouscary D, Dutrieux J, Mangeney M. FOXO1 Inhibition Generates Potent Nonactivated CAR T Cells against Solid Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1508-1523. [PMID: 37649096 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown promising results in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Despite the successes, challenges remain. One of them directly involves the CAR T-cell manufacturing process and especially the ex vivo activation phase. While this is required to allow infection and expansion, ex vivo activation dampens the antitumor potential of CAR T cells. Optimizing the nature of the T cells harboring the CAR is a strategy to address this obstacle and has the potential to improve CAR T-cell therapy, including for solid tumors. Here, we describe a protocol to create CAR T cells without ex vivo preactivation by inhibiting the transcription factor FOXO1 (CAR TAS cells). This approach made T cells directly permissive to lentiviral infection, allowing CAR expression, with enhanced antitumor functions. FOXO1 inhibition in primary T cells (TAS cells) correlated with acquisition of a stem cell memory phenotype, high levels of granzyme B, and increased production of TNFα. TAS cells displayed enhanced proliferative and cytotoxic capacities as well as improved migratory properties. In vivo experiments showed that CAR TAS cells were more efficient at controlling solid tumor growth than classical CAR T cells. The production of CAR TAS from patients' cells confirmed the feasibility of the protocol in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Marchais
- CNRS UMR9196, Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Luca Simula
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Phayanouvong
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Bismuth
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Justine Decroocq
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- CNRS UMR9196, Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, Gustave Roussy, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
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33
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Schüssler M, Schott K, Fuchs NV, Oo A, Zahadi M, Rauch P, Kim B, König R. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells reveals complex relationships between SAMHD1 phospho-regulation, HIV-1 restriction, and cellular dNTP levels. mBio 2023; 14:e0225223. [PMID: 37800914 PMCID: PMC10653793 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We introduce BLaER1 cells as an alternative myeloid cell model in combination with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to study the influence of sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) T592 phosphorylation on anti-viral restriction and the control of cellular dNTP levels in an endogenous, physiologically relevant context. A proper understanding of the mechanism of the anti-viral function of SAMHD1 will provide attractive strategies aiming at selectively manipulating SAMHD1 without affecting other cellular functions. Even more, our toolkit may inspire further genetic analysis and investigation of restriction factors inhibiting retroviruses and their cellular function and regulation, leading to a deeper understanding of intrinsic anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schüssler
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Morssal Zahadi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Paula Rauch
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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34
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Zhang S, Xie N, Liu Y, Qin C, Savas AC, Wang TY, Li S, Rao Y, Shambayate A, Chou TF, Brenner C, Huang C, Feng P. The Interferon-inducible NAMPT acts as a protein phosphoribosylase to restrict viral infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562112. [PMID: 37905103 PMCID: PMC10614811 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses often activate host metabolic enzymes to supply intermediates that support progeny production. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the salvage NAD+ synthesis, is an interferon-inducible protein that inhibits the replication of several RNA and DNA viruses with unknown mechanism. Here we report that NAMPT restricts herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication via phosphoribosyl-hydrolase activity toward key viral structural proteins, independent of NAD+ synthesis. Deep mining of enriched phosphopeptides of HSV-1-infected cells identified phosphoribosylated viral structural proteins, particularly glycoproteins and tegument proteins. Indeed, NAMPT de-phosphoribosylates viral proteins in vitro and in cells. Chimeric and recombinant HSV-1 carrying phosphoribosylation-resistant mutations show that phosphoribosylation promotes the incorporation of structural proteins into HSV-1 virions and subsequent virus entry. Moreover, loss of NAMPT renders mice highly susceptible to HSV-1 infection. The work describes a hidden enzyme activity of a metabolic enzyme in viral infection and host defense, offering a system to interrogate roles of phosphoribosylation in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shutong Li
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra Shambayate
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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35
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Liu A, Ying S. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: A monogenic type I interferonopathy. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13314. [PMID: 37515439 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the brains of children patients. Its main clinical features include encephalatrophy, basal ganglia calcification, leukoencephalopathy, lymphocytosis and increased interferon-α (IFN-α) levels in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. AGS may be caused by mutations in any one of nine genes (TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR1, IFIH1, LSM11 and RNU7-1) that result in accumulation of self-nucleic acids in the cytoplasm or aberrant sensing of self-nucleic acids. This triggers overproduction of type I interferons (IFNs) and subsequently causes AGS, the prototype of type I interferonopathies. This review describes the discovery history of AGS with various genotypes and provides the latest knowledge of clinical manifestations and causative genes of AGS. The relationship between AGS and type I interferonopathy and potential therapeutic methods for AGS are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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36
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Oswald J, Constantine M, Adegbuyi A, Omorogbe E, Dellomo AJ, Ehrlich ES. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Gammaherpesviruses and HIV: A Review of Virus Adaptation and Exploitation. Viruses 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37766341 PMCID: PMC10535929 DOI: 10.3390/v15091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For productive infection and replication to occur, viruses must control cellular machinery and counteract restriction factors and antiviral proteins. Viruses can accomplish this, in part, via the regulation of cellular gene expression and post-transcriptional and post-translational control. Many viruses co-opt and counteract cellular processes via modulation of the host post-translational modification machinery and encoding or hijacking kinases, SUMO ligases, deubiquitinases, and ubiquitin ligases, in addition to other modifiers. In this review, we focus on three oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their interactions with the ubiquitin-proteasome system via viral-encoded or cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elana S. Ehrlich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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37
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Asperti C, Canarutto D, Porcellini S, Sanvito F, Cecere F, Vavassori V, Ferrari S, Rovelli E, Albano L, Jacob A, Sergi Sergi L, Montaldo E, Ferrua F, González-Granado LI, Lougaris V, Badolato R, Finocchi A, Villa A, Radrizzani M, Naldini L. Scalable GMP-compliant gene correction of CD4+ T cells with IDLV template functionally validated in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:546-557. [PMID: 37693944 PMCID: PMC10482894 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-IgM1 is a rare X-linked combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40LG) gene with a median survival of 25 years, potentially treatable with in situ CD4+ T cell gene editing with Cas9 and a one-size-fits-most corrective donor template. Here, starting from our research-grade editing protocol, we pursued the development of a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant, scalable process that allows for correction, selection and expansion of edited cells, using an integrase defective lentiviral vector as donor template. After systematic optimization of reagents and conditions we proved maintenance of stem and central memory phenotypes and expression and function of CD40LG in edited healthy donor and patient cells recapitulating the physiological CD40LG regulation. We then documented the preserved fitness of edited cells by xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. Finally, we transitioned to large-scale manufacturing, and developed a panel of quality control assays. Overall, our GMP-compliant process takes long-range gene editing one step closer to clinical application with a reassuring safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Asperti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Canarutto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology Unit and BMT Program, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Porcellini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecere
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Vavassori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Albano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Aurelien Jacob
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Montaldo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology Unit and BMT Program, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Ignacio González-Granado
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute Imas12 (i+12), Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesú Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (IRGB-CNR), 20138 Unit of Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Radrizzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Rajput M, Thakur N. Editorial: Advances in host-pathogen interactions for diseases in animals and birds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282110. [PMID: 37766859 PMCID: PMC10520279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mrigendra Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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Maehigashi T, Lim C, Wade LR, Bowen NE, Knecht KM, Alvarez NN, Kelly WG, Schinazi RF, Kim DH, Xiong Y, Kim B. Biochemical functions and structure of Caenorhabditis elegans ZK177.8 protein: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome SAMHD1 dNTPase ortholog. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105148. [PMID: 37567474 PMCID: PMC10485159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in sterile alpha motif domain and histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) are found in a neurodevelopmental disorder, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, and cancers, and SAMHD1, which is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphorylase, was identified as a myeloid-specific HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we characterized the enzymology and structure of an SAMHD1 ortholog of Caenorhabditis elegans, ZK177.8, which also reportedly induces developmental defects upon gene knockdown. We found ZK177.8 protein is a dNTPase allosterically regulated by dGTP. The active site of ZK177.8 recognizes both 2' OH and triphosphate moieties of dNTPs but not base moiety. The dGTP activator induces the formation of the enzymatically active ZK177.8 tetramers, and ZK177.8 protein lowers cellular dNTP levels in a human monocytic cell line. Finally, ZK177.8 tetramers display very similar X-ray crystal structure with human and mouse SAMHD1s except that its lack of the canonical sterile alpha motif domain. This striking conservation in structure, function, and allosteric regulatory mechanism for the hydrolysis of the DNA building blocks supports their host developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maehigashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher Lim
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lydia R Wade
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirsten M Knecht
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Natalie N Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William G Kelly
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Center for ViroScience and Cure, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Center for ViroScience and Cure, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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40
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Schüssler M, Schott K, Fuchs NV, Oo A, Zahadi M, Rauch P, Kim B, König R. Gene editing of SAMHD1 in macrophage-like cells reveals complex relationships between SAMHD1 phospho-regulation, HIV-1 restriction and cellular dNTP levels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554731. [PMID: 37662193 PMCID: PMC10473771 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Sterile α motif (SAM) and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTP triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) and a potent restriction factor for immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), active in myeloid and resting CD4+ T cells. The anti-viral activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by dephosphorylation of the residue T592. However, the impact of T592 phosphorylation on dNTPase activity is still under debate. Whether additional cellular functions of SAMHD1 impact anti-viral restriction is not completely understood. We report BLaER1 cells as a novel human macrophage HIV-1 infection model combined with CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in (KI) introducing specific mutations into the SAMHD1 locus to study mutations in a physiological context. Transdifferentiated BLaER1 cells harbor active dephosphorylated SAMHD1 that blocks HIV-1 reporter virus infection. As expected, homozygous T592E mutation, but not T592A, relieved a block to HIV-1 reverse transcription. Co-delivery of VLP-Vpx to SAMHD1 T592E KI mutant cells did not further enhance HIV-1 infection indicating the absence of an additional SAMHD1-mediated antiviral activity independent of T592 de-phosphorylation. T592E KI cells retained dNTP levels similar to WT cells indicating uncoupling of anti-viral and dNTPase activity of SAMHD1. The integrity of the catalytic site in SAMHD1 was critical for anti-viral activity, yet poor correlation of HIV-1 restriction and global cellular dNTP levels was observed in cells harboring catalytic core mutations. Together, we emphasize the complexity of the relationship between HIV-1 restriction, SAMHD1 enzymatic function and T592 phospho-regulation and provide novel tools for investigation in an endogenous and physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schüssler
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Oo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Morssal Zahadi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Paula Rauch
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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41
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Antequera-Parrilla P, Castillo-Acosta VM, Bosch-Navarrete C, Ruiz-Pérez LM, González-Pacanowska D. A nuclear orthologue of the dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 controls dNTP homeostasis and genomic stability in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1241305. [PMID: 37674581 PMCID: PMC10478004 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1241305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of dNTPs pools in Trypanosoma brucei is dependent on both biosynthetic and degradation pathways that together ensure correct cellular homeostasis throughout the cell cycle which is essential for the preservation of genomic stability. Both the salvage and de novo pathways participate in the provision of pyrimidine dNTPs while purine dNTPs are made available solely through salvage. In order to identify enzymes involved in degradation here we have characterized the role of a trypanosomal SAMHD1 orthologue denominated TbHD82. Our results show that TbHD82 is a nuclear enzyme in both procyclic and bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Knockout forms exhibit a hypermutator phenotype, cell cycle perturbations and an activation of the DNA repair response. Furthermore, dNTP quantification of TbHD82 null mutant cells revealed perturbations in nucleotide metabolism with a substantial accumulation of dATP, dCTP and dTTP. We propose that this HD domain-containing protein present in kinetoplastids plays an essential role acting as a sentinel of genomic fidelity by modulating the unnecessary and detrimental accumulation of dNTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor M. Castillo-Acosta
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
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42
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Tang F, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Xiao A, Tong A, Xu J. Tumor-associated macrophage-related strategies for glioma immunotherapy. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:78. [PMID: 37598273 PMCID: PMC10439959 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade glioma is one of the deadliest primary tumors of the central nervous system. Despite the many novel immunotherapies currently in development, it has been difficult to achieve breakthrough results in clinical studies. The reason may be due to the suppressive tumor microenvironment of gliomas that limits the function of specific immune cells (e.g., T cells) which are currently the primary targets of immunotherapy. However, tumor-associated macrophage, which are enriched in tumors, plays an important role in the development of GBM and is becoming a research hotspot for immunotherapy. This review focuses on current research advances in the use of macrophages as therapeutic targets or therapeutic tools for gliomas, and provides some potential research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansong Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuelong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Yunhui Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Anqi Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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43
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Bowen NE, Tao S, Cho YJ, Schinazi RF, Kim B. Vpx requires active cellular dNTP biosynthesis to effectively counteract the anti-lentivirus activity of SAMHD1 in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104984. [PMID: 37390988 PMCID: PMC10374972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) is kinetically restricted at the reverse transcription step due to the low deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pools established by host dNTPase, SAM and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1). Lentiviruses such as HIV-2 and some Simian immunodeficiency virus counteract this restriction using viral protein X (Vpx), which proteosomally degrades SAMHD1 and elevates intracellular dNTP pools. However, how dNTP pools increase after Vpx degrades SAMHD1 in nondividing MDMs where no active dNTP biosynthesis is expected to exists remains unclear. In this study, we monitored known dNTP biosynthesis machinery during primary human monocyte differentiation to MDMs and unexpectedly found MDMs actively express dNTP biosynthesis enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, thymidine kinase 1, and nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. During differentiation from monocytes the expression levels of several biosynthesis enzymes are upregulated, while there is an increase in inactivating SAMHD1 phosphorylation. Correspondingly, we observed significantly lower levels of dNTPs in monocytes compared to MDMs. Without dNTP biosynthesis availability, Vpx failed to elevate dNTPs in monocytes, despite SAMHD1 degradation. These extremely low monocyte dNTP concentrations, which cannot be elevated by Vpx, impaired HIV-1 reverse transcription in a biochemical simulation. Furthermore, Vpx failed to rescue the transduction efficiency of a HIV-1 GFP vector in monocytes. Collectively, these data suggest that MDMs harbor active dNTP biosynthesis and Vpx requires this dNTP biosynthesis to elevate dNTP levels to effectively counteract SAMHD1 and relieve the kinetic block to HIV-1 reverse transcription in MDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Chauvin SD, Stinson WA, Platt DJ, Poddar S, Miner JJ. Regulation of cGAS and STING signaling during inflammation and infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104866. [PMID: 37247757 PMCID: PMC10316007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a sensor of cyclic dinucleotides including cyclic GMP-AMP, which is produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in response to cytosolic DNA. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as fundamental cellular functions such as autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis. Mutations leading to constitutive activation of STING cause devastating human diseases. Thus, the cGAS-STING pathway is of great interest because of its role in diverse cellular processes and because of the potential therapeutic implications of targeting cGAS and STING. Here, we review molecular and cellular mechanisms of STING signaling, and we propose a framework for understanding the immunological and other cellular functions of STING in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Chauvin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - W Alexander Stinson
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derek J Platt
- Department Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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45
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119624. [PMID: 37298575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Jimenez-Leon MR, Gasca-Capote C, Tarancon-Diez L, Dominguez-Molina B, Lopez-Verdugo M, Ritraj R, Gallego I, Alvarez-Rios AI, Vitalle J, Bachiller S, Camacho-Sojo MI, Perez-Gomez A, Espinosa N, Roca-Oporto C, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Mateos E. Toll-like receptor agonists enhance HIV-specific T cell response mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diverse HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104549. [PMID: 37018973 PMCID: PMC10106920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and bacterial products through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 and translate this sensing into Interferon-α (IFN-α) production and T-cell activation. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in pDCs stimulation may contribute to HIV-cure immunotherapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of TLR agonist stimulations in several HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes and in non HIV-1 infected donors. METHODS pDCs, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were isolated from 450 ml of whole blood from non HIV-1 infected donors, immune responders (IR), immune non responders (INR), viremic (VIR) and elite controller (EC) participants. pDCs were stimulated overnight with AT-2, CpG-A, CpG-C and GS-9620 or no stimuli. After that, pDCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4 or CD8 T-cells and with/without HIV-1 (Gag peptide pool) or SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B). Cytokine array, gene expression and deep immunophenotyping were assayed. FINDINGS pDCs showed an increase of activation markers levels, interferon related genes, HIV-1 restriction factors and cytokines levels after TLR stimulation in the different HIV-disease progression phenotypes. This pDC activation was prominent with CpG-C and GS-9620 and induced an increase of HIV-specific T-cell response even in VIR and INR comparable with EC. This HIV-1 specific T-cell response was associated with the upregulation of HIV-1 restriction factors and IFN-α production by pDC. INTERPRETATION These results shed light on the mechanisms associated with TLR-specific pDCs stimulation associated with the induction of a T-cell mediated antiviral response which is essential for HIV-1 eradication strategies. FUNDING This work was supported by Gilead fellowship program, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, "a way to make Europe") and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA and by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
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Tsai MHC, Caswell SJ, Morris ER, Mann MC, Pennell S, Kelly G, Groom HCT, Taylor IA, Bishop KN. Attenuation of reverse transcriptase facilitates SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1 in cycling cells. Retrovirology 2023; 20:5. [PMID: 37127613 PMCID: PMC10150492 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase that restricts replication of HIV-1 in differentiated leucocytes. HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 in these cells inactivating the enzymatic activity. To distinguish between theories for how SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in differentiated but not cycling cells, we analysed the effects of substitutions at T592 on restriction and dNTP levels in both cycling and differentiated cells as well as tetramer stability and enzymatic activity in vitro. RESULTS We first showed that HIV-1 restriction was not due to SAMHD1 nuclease activity. We then characterised a panel of SAMHD1 T592 mutants and divided them into three classes. We found that a subset of mutants lost their ability to restrict HIV-1 in differentiated cells which generally corresponded with a decrease in triphosphohydrolase activity and/or tetramer stability in vitro. Interestingly, no T592 mutants were able to restrict WT HIV-1 in cycling cells, despite not being regulated by phosphorylation and retaining their ability to hydrolyse dNTPs. Lowering dNTP levels by addition of hydroxyurea did not give rise to restriction. Compellingly however, HIV-1 RT mutants with reduced affinity for dNTPs were significantly restricted by wild-type and T592 mutant SAMHD1 in both cycling U937 cells and Jurkat T-cells. Restriction correlated with reverse transcription levels. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we found that the amino acid at residue 592 has a strong effect on tetramer formation and, although this is not a simple "on/off" switch, this does correlate with the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 replication in differentiated cells. However, preventing phosphorylation of SAMHD1 and/or lowering dNTP levels by adding hydroxyurea was not enough to restore restriction in cycling cells. Nonetheless, lowering the affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs, showed that restriction is mediated by dNTP levels and we were able to observe for the first time that SAMHD1 is active and capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cycling cells, if the affinity of RT for dNTPs is reduced. This suggests that the very high affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs prevents HIV-1 restriction by SAMHD1 in cycling cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han C Tsai
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- LabGenius, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Caswell
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Morris
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Melanie C Mann
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Sartorius, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Pennell
- Structural Biology of DNA-Damage Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Geoff Kelly
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Harriet C T Groom
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kate N Bishop
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Min AK, Javidfar B, Missall R, Doanman D, Durens M, Vil SS, Masih Z, Graziani M, Mordelt A, Marro S, de Witte L, Chen BK, Swartz TH, Akbarian S. HIV-1 infection of genetically engineered iPSC-derived central nervous system-engrafted microglia in a humanized mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538461. [PMID: 37162838 PMCID: PMC10168358 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a major human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoir. Microglia are the primary target cell of HIV-1 infection in the CNS. Current models have not allowed the precise molecular pathways of acute and chronic CNS microglial infection to be tested with in vivo genetic methods. Here, we describe a novel humanized mouse model utilizing human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia to xenograft into murine hosts. These mice are additionally engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that served as a medium to establish a peripheral infection that then spread to the CNS microglia xenograft, modeling a trans-blood-brain barrier route of acute CNS HIV-1 infection with human target cells. The approach is compatible with iPSC genetic engineering, including inserting targeted transgenic reporter cassettes to track the xenografted human cells, enabling the testing of novel treatment and viral tracking strategies in a comparatively simple and cost-effective way vivo model for neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Behnam Javidfar
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roy Missall
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donald Doanman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madel Durens
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha St Vil
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zahra Masih
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mara Graziani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annika Mordelt
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Samuele Marro
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lotje de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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49
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Xu B, Sui Q, Hu H, Hu X, Zhou X, Qian C, Li N. SAMHD1 Attenuates Acute Inflammation by Maintaining Mitochondrial Function in Macrophages via Interaction with VDAC1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097888. [PMID: 37175593 PMCID: PMC10177872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the key mechanism in Gram-negative bacterial infection-induced sepsis. SAM and HD domain-containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits multiple viruses, but whether it plays a role during bacterial invasion remains unelucidated. Monocyte-macrophage specific Samhd1 knockout (Samhd1-/-) mice and Samhd1-/- macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were constructed and used as research models to evaluate the role of SAMHD1 in TLR4-activated inflammation. In vivo, LPS-challenged Samhd1-/- mice showed higher serum inflammatory factors, accompanied with more severe inflammation infiltration and lower survival rate. In vitro, Samhd1-/- peritoneal macrophages had more activated TLR4 pathway upon LPS-stimulation, accompanied with mitochondrial depolarization and dysfunction and a higher tendency to be M1-polarized. These results could be rescued by overexpressing full-length wild-type SAMHD1 or its phospho-mimetic T634D mutant into Samhd1-/- RAW264.7 cells, whereas the mutants, dNTP hydrolase-function-deprived H238A and phospho-ablative T634A, did not exert the same effect. Lastly, co-IP and immunofluorescence assays confirmed that SAMHD1 interacted with an outer mitochondrial membrane-localized protein, voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1). SAMHD1 inhibits TLR4-induced acute inflammation and M1 polarization of macrophages by interacting with VDAC1 and maintaining mitochondria function, which outlines a novel regulatory mechanism of TLR signaling upon LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianyi Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Han Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangjia Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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50
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Wang D, Gomes MT, Mo Y, Prohaska CC, Zhang L, Chelvanambi S, Clauss MA, Zhang D, Machado RF, Gao M, Bai Y. Human Endogenous Retrovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV Promote PAH via Inflammation and Growth Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7472. [PMID: 37108634 PMCID: PMC10138839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by the progressive elevation of pulmonary arterial pressures. It is becoming increasingly apparent that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of PAH. Several viruses are known to cause PAH, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human endogenous retrovirus K(HERV-K), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in part due to acute and chronic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the connections between HERV-K, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and PAH, to stimulate research regarding new therapeutic options and provide new targets for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Marta T. Gomes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yanfei Mo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Clare C. Prohaska
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthias A. Clauss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Roberto F. Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mingqi Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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