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Zhang W, Yao W, Meng Y, Luo F, Han M, Mu Q, Jiang L, He W, Fan X, Wang W, Wang B. Effect of Moniezia Benedeni infection on ileal transcriptome profile characteristics of sheep. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:933. [PMID: 39370521 PMCID: PMC11457389 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosal immune system, renowned for its precise and sensitive regulation, can provide comprehensive and effective protection for the body, among which the ileum is a critical induction site for regulating mucosal immune homeostasis. Moniezia benedeni parasitizes the small intestine of sheep and can cause serious pathological damage or even death to the host when the infection is severe. In this study, 5 sheep infected with Moniezia benedeni were selected as the infected group, and 5 uninfected sheep were selected as the control group. The ileal transcriptome profile characteristics of Moniezia benedeni infection were analyzed based on RNA-seq sequencing technology, aiming to lay a foundation for further exploring the perception mechanism of sheep intestines to Moniezia benedeni infection and formulating effective prevention and control strategies. RESULTS The results showed that a total of 3,891 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the ileum tissues of sheep between the infected and control groups with 2,429 up-regulated genes and 1,462 down-regulated genes. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential genes, as well as Clue GO analysis showed that differential genes were significantly enriched in immune and metabolic-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Particularly, in immune-related signaling pathways, the B cell receptor signaling pathway was significantly down-regulated, while in metabolic regulation related signaling pathways, Bile secretion, Fat digestion and absorption and Vitamin digestion and absorption were notably up-regulated. On this basis, the differential core genes related to immune metabolism were verified by qRT-PCR method. The results showed that OVAR, CD3E, CD8A, CD4 and CD28 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05), while CIITA, BLNK, BCL6 and CD79A were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05), which were consistent with transcriptome sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that Moniezia benedeni infection significantly affected the immune and metabolic processes in sheep ileum, particularly, it significantly inhibited the activation process of host B cells, and also led to an overactive function of bile acid metabolism. This finding provides a solid foundation for further elucidating the response mechanism of Peyer's patches in sheep ileum to Moniezia tapeworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wanling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yongcheng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Fuzhen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Mengling Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qian Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lidong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wanhong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Liu C, Zeng X, Xiong Z, Bahabayi A, Hasimu A, Liu T, Zheng M, Ren L, Alimu X, Lu S. Id1 expression in CD4 T cells promotes differentiation and function of follicular helper T cells and upregulation of related functional molecules. Immunology 2024; 172:408-419. [PMID: 38501859 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of E proteins and inhibitors of DNA-binding (Id) in T follicular helper (TFH) and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells have been previously reported, direct models demonstrating the impact of multiple E protein members have been lacking. To suppress all E proteins including E2A, HEB and E2-2, we overexpressed Id1 in CD4 cells using a CD4-Id1 mouse model, to observe any changes in TFH and TFR cell differentiation. Our objective was to gain better understanding of the roles that E proteins and Id molecules play in the differentiation of TFH and TFR cells. The CD4-Id1 transgenic (TG) mice that we constructed overexpressed Id1 in CD4 cells, inhibiting E protein function. Our results showed an increase in the proportion and absolute numbers of Treg, TFH and TFR cells in the spleen of TG mice. Additionally, the expression of surface characterisation molecules PD-1 and ICOS was significantly upregulated in TFH and TFR cells. The study also revealed a downregulation of the marginal zone B cell precursor and an increase in the activation and secretion of IgG1 in spleen B cells. Furthermore, the peripheral TFH cells of TG mice enhanced the function of assisting B cells. RNA sequencing results indicated that a variety of TFH-related functional molecules were upregulated in TFH cells of Id1 TG mice. In conclusion, E proteins play a crucial role in regulating TFH/TFR cell differentiation and function and suppressing E protein activity promotes germinal centre humoral immunity, which has important implications for immune regulation and treating related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ayibaota Bahabayi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ainizati Hasimu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mohan Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiayidan Alimu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Elsner RA, Smita S, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 induces a B cell-intrinsic IL-12/IFNγ feed-forward loop promoting extrafollicular B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1283-1295. [PMID: 38862796 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
While some infections elicit germinal centers, others produce only extrafollicular responses. The mechanisms controlling these dichotomous fates are poorly understood. We identify IL-12 as a cytokine switch, acting directly on B cells to promote extrafollicular and suppress germinal center responses. IL-12 initiates a B cell-intrinsic feed-forward loop between IL-12 and IFNγ, amplifying IFNγ production, which promotes proliferation and plasmablast differentiation from mouse and human B cells, in synergy with IL-12. IL-12 sustains the expression of a portion of IFNγ-inducible genes. Together, they also induce unique gene changes, reflecting both IFNγ amplification and cooperative effects between both cytokines. In vivo, cells lacking both IL-12 and IFNγ receptors are more impaired in plasmablast production than those lacking either receptor alone. Further, B cell-derived IL-12 enhances both plasmablast responses and T helper 1 cell commitment. Thus, B cell-derived IL-12, acting on T and B cells, determines the immune response mode, with implications for vaccines, pathogen protection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Wang W, Asiru, Luo G, Chen Y, Cui Y, Ping S, Chen Y. A Novel Effect of Id2 in Microglia TNFα Regulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04278-2. [PMID: 38850351 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the most important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which can defend against external pathogens and stimuli. Dysregulation of microglia releases excessive proinflammatory cytokines and leads to neuroinflammation, which is fundamental to the pathophysiology of multiple neurological diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia are still not well-understood. Here, we identified that inhibitor of DNA binding protein 2 (Id2) was a negative regulator of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in cultured microglia. Knockdown of Id2 significantly increased the expression of TNFα in microglia, while overexpression of Id2 inhibited TNFα expression. Furthermore, by interacting with the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Id2 suppressed the transcription activation of NF-κB and inhibited TNFα expression. Interestingly, in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated microglia, Id2 increased and underwent a cytoplasmic relocation. Immunoprecipitation and immunostaining results showed that by binding to the LIM domain of Id2, a scaffold protein PDZ and LIM 5 (PDLIM5) involved in the Id2 cytoplasmic relocation, which inactivated Id2 and resulted in higher TNFα expression in LPS-treated microglia. Collectively, our data delineate a novel effect of Id2 on TNFα regulation in microglia, which may shed a light on the proinflammatory cytokines regulating in microglia associated neuroimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Asiru
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoya Luo
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cui
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Suning Ping
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, People's Republic of China.
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Kim YJ, Choi J, Choi YS. Transcriptional regulation of Tfh dynamics and the formation of immunological synapses. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1365-1372. [PMID: 38825646 PMCID: PMC11263543 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inside germinal centers (GCs), antigen-specific B cells rely on precise interactions with immune cells and strategic localization between the dark and light zones to clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or memory B cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, the key gatekeepers of GC-dependent humoral immunity, exhibit remarkable dynamic positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues and rely on intercellular interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their differentiation and execution of B-cell-facilitating functions within GCs. In this review, we briefly cover the transcriptional regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and function and explore the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell motility, their interactions with B cells within GCs, and the impact of their dynamic behavior on humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Swaminathan S, Mai LT, Meli AP, Carmona-Pérez L, Charpentier T, Lamarre A, King IL, Stäger S. LAG-3- and CXCR5-expressing CD4 T cells display progenitor-like properties during chronic visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113879. [PMID: 38416647 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of CD4 T cells during chronic infections is vital for limiting pathogen burden and disease recrudescence. Although inhibitory receptor expression by CD4 T cells is commonly associated with immune suppression and exhaustion, such cell-intrinsic mechanisms that control activation are also associated with cell survival. Using a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we discovered a subset of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3)-expressing CD4 T cells that co-express CXCR5. Although LAG3+CXCR5+ CD4 T cells are present in naive mice, they expand during VL. These cells express gene signatures associated with self-renewal capacity, suggesting progenitor-like properties. When transferred into Rag1-/- mice, these LAG3+CXCR5+ CD4 T cells differentiated into multiple effector types upon Leishmania donovani infection. The transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma-6 was partially required for their maintenance. Altogether, we propose that the LAG3+CXCR5+ CD4 T cell subset could play a role in maintaining CD4 T cell responses during persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Swaminathan
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Linh Thuy Mai
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill Centre for Microbiome Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie and Infectiopôle INRS, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada.
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7
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Loredan DG, Devlin JC, Khanna KM, Loke P. Recruitment and Maintenance of CX3CR1+CD4+ T Cells during Helminth Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:632-644. [PMID: 38180236 PMCID: PMC10954162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Distinct subsets of T lymphocytes express CX3CR1 under inflammatory conditions, but little is known about CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells during type 2 inflammation in helminth infections. In this study, we used a fate-mapping mouse model to characterize CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells during both acute Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and chronic Schistosoma mansoni murine models of helminth infections, revealing CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells to be an activated tissue-homing subset with varying capacity for cytokine production. Tracking these cells over time revealed that maintenance of CX3CR1 itself along with a TH2 phenotype conferred a survival advantage in the inflamed tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of fate-mapped CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells from both the peripheral tissue and the spleen revealed a considerable level of diversity and identified a distinct population of BCL6+TCF-1+PD1+CD4+ T cells in the spleen during helminth infections. Conditional deletion of BCL6 in CX3CR1+ cells resulted in fewer CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells during infection, indicating a role in sustaining CD4+ T cell responses to helminth infections. Overall, our studies revealed the behavior and heterogeneity of CX3CR1+CD4+ T cells during type 2 inflammation in helminth infections and identified BCL6 to be important in their maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G. Loredan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Konstantakopoulou C, Verykokakis M. Key Functions of the Transcription Factor BCL6 During T-Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:79-94. [PMID: 39017840 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
T lymphocytes consist of several subtypes with distinct functions that help to coordinate an immune response. They are generated within the thymus through a sequential developmental pathway that produces subsets with diverse antigen specificities and functions. Naïve T cells populate peripheral lymphoid organs and are activated upon foreign antigen encounter. While most T cells die soon after activation, a memory population survives and is able to quickly respond to secondary challenges, thus providing long-term immunity to the host. Although cell identity is largely stable and is instructed by cell-specific transcriptional programs, cells may change their transcriptional profiles to be able to adapt to new functionalities. Central to these dynamic processes are transcription factors, which control cell fate decisions, through direct regulation of gene expression. In this book chapter, we review the functions of the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), which directs the fate of several lymphocyte subsets, including helper, cytotoxic, and innate-like T cells, but can also be involved in lymphomagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Konstantakopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
- Department of Antibody Research Materials, Genmab B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece.
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9
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Baessler A, Fuchs B, Perkins B, Richens AW, Novis CL, Harrison-Chau M, Sircy LM, Thiede KA, Hale JS. Tet2 deletion in CD4+ T cells disrupts Th1 lineage commitment in memory cells and enhances T follicular helper cell recall responses to viral rechallenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218324120. [PMID: 37639586 PMCID: PMC10483640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218324120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral clearance, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells contract and form a pool of distinct Th1 and Tfh memory cells that possess unique epigenetic programs, allowing them to rapidly recall their specific effector functions upon rechallenge. DNA methylation programing mediated by the methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet2 contributes to balancing Th1 and Tfh cell differentiation during acute viral infection; however, the role of Tet2 in CD4+ T cell memory formation and recall is unclear. Using adoptive transfer models of antigen-specific wild type and Tet2 knockout CD4+ T cells, we find that Tet2 is required for full commitment of CD4+ T cells to the Th1 lineage and that in the absence of Tet2, memory cells preferentially recall a Tfh like phenotype with enhanced expansion upon secondary challenge. These findings demonstrate an important role for Tet2 in enforcing lineage commitment and programing proliferation potential, and highlight the potential of targeting epigenetic programing to enhance adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baessler
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Bryce Fuchs
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Bryant Perkins
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Andrew W. Richens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Malia Harrison-Chau
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Linda M. Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Kendall A. Thiede
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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10
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Tremain AC, Wallace RP, Lorentz KM, Thornley TB, Antane JT, Raczy MR, Reda JW, Alpar AT, Slezak AJ, Watkins EA, Maulloo CD, Budina E, Solanki A, Nguyen M, Bischoff DJ, Harrington JL, Mishra R, Conley GP, Marlin R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Gallouët AS, LeGrand R, Wilson DS, Kontos S, Hubbell JA. Synthetically glycosylated antigens for the antigen-specific suppression of established immune responses. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1142-1155. [PMID: 37679570 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Inducing antigen-specific tolerance during an established immune response typically requires non-specific immunosuppressive signalling molecules. Hence, standard treatments for autoimmunity trigger global immunosuppression. Here we show that established antigen-specific responses in effector T cells and memory T cells can be suppressed by a polymer glycosylated with N-acetylgalactosamine (pGal) and conjugated to the antigen via a self-immolative linker that allows for the dissociation of the antigen on endocytosis and its presentation in the immunoregulatory environment. We show that pGal-antigen therapy induces antigen-specific tolerance in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (with programmed cell-death-1 and the co-inhibitory ligand CD276 driving the tolerogenic responses), as well as the suppression of antigen-specific responses to vaccination against a DNA-based simian immunodeficiency virus in non-human primates. Our findings show that pGal-antigen therapy invokes mechanisms of immune tolerance to resolve antigen-specific inflammatory T-cell responses and suggest that the therapy may be applicable across autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Tremain
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel P Wallace
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer T Antane
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michal R Raczy
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph W Reda
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna J Slezak
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elyse A Watkins
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chitavi D Maulloo
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erica Budina
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ani Solanki
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Romain Marlin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger LeGrand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - D Scott Wilson
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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11
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Sakamoto R, Takada A, Yamakado S, Tsuge H, Ito E, Iwata M. Release from persistent T cell receptor engagement and blockade of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity enhance IL-6-dependent mouse follicular helper T-like cell differentiation in vitro. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287746. [PMID: 37352327 PMCID: PMC10289413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for humoral immunity. Dysregulation of Tfh cell differentiation can cause infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying Tfh cell differentiation, we attempted to establish an in vitro mouse model of Tfh cell differentiation in the absence of other cell types. Various cytokines and cell surface molecules are suggested to contribute to the differentiation. We found that stimulating naïve CD4+ T cells with immobilized antibodies to CD3, ICOS, and LFA-1 in the presence of soluble anti-CD28 antibody, IL-6, and antibodies that block IL-2 signaling for 3 days induced the expression of Bcl6 and Rorc(γt), master regulator genes of Tfh and Th17 cells, respectively. TGF-β significantly enhanced cell proliferation and Bcl6 and Rorc(γt) expression. An additional 2 days of culture without immobilized antibodies selectively downregulated Rorc(γt) expression. These cells produced IL-21 and promoted B cells to produce IgG antibodies. Adding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist CH-223191 to the T cell culture further downregulated Rorc(γt) expression without significantly affecting Bcl6 expression, and upregulated expression of a key Tfh marker, CXCR5. Although their CXCR5 expression levels were still not high, the CH-223191-treated cells showed chemotactic activity towards the CXCR5 ligand CXCL13. On the other hand, AhR agonists upregulated Rorc(γt) expression and downregulated CXCR5 expression. These findings suggest that AhR activity and the duration of T cell receptor stimulation contribute to regulating the balance between Tfh and Th17 cell differentiation. Although this in vitro system needs to be further improved, it may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation as well as for screening physiological or pharmacological factors that affect Tfh cell differentiation including CXCR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Sakamoto
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Takada
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruki Tsuge
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Iwata
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Zhu F, McMonigle RJ, Schroeder AR, Xia X, Figge D, Greer BD, González-Avalos E, Sialer DO, Wang YH, Chandler KM, Getzler AJ, Brown ER, Xiao C, Kutsch O, Harada Y, Pipkin ME, Hu H. Spatiotemporal resolution of germinal center Tfh cell differentiation and divergence from central memory CD4 + T cell fate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3611. [PMID: 37330549 PMCID: PMC10276816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are essential for germinal center (GC) B cell responses. However, it is not clear which PD-1+CXCR5+Bcl6+CD4+ T cells will differentiate into PD-1hiCXCR5hiBcl6hi GC-Tfh cells and how GC-Tfh cell differentiation is regulated. Here, we report that the sustained Tigit expression in PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells marks the precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) to GC-Tfh transition, whereas Tigit-PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells upregulate IL-7Rα to become CXCR5+CD4+ T memory cells with or without CCR7. We demonstrate that pre-Tfh cells undergo substantial further differentiation at the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility levels to become GC-Tfh cells. The transcription factor c-Maf appears critical in governing the pre-Tfh to GC-Tfh transition, and we identify Plekho1 as a stage-specific downstream factor regulating the GC-Tfh competitive fitness. In summary, our work identifies an important marker and regulatory mechanism of PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells during their developmental choice between memory T cell fate and GC-Tfh cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ryan J McMonigle
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xianyou Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David Figge
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Braxton D Greer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Edahí González-Avalos
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Diego O Sialer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kelly M Chandler
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Emily R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, University of Science, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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13
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Bao K, Isik Can U, Miller MM, Brown IK, Dell'Aringa M, Dooms H, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Lee Reinhardt R. A bifurcated role for c-Maf in Th2 and Tfh2 cells during helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:357-372. [PMID: 37088263 PMCID: PMC10290510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences in transcriptomes, transcription factor usage, and function have identified T follicular helper 2 (Tfh2) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells as distinct clusters of differentiation 4+",(CD4) T-cell subsets in settings of type-2 inflammation. Although the transcriptional programs driving Th2 cell differentiation and cytokine production are well defined, dependence on these classical Th2 programs by Tfh2 cells is less clear. Using cytokine reporter mice in combination with transcription factor inference analysis, the b-Zip transcription factor c-Maf and its targets were identified as an important regulon in both Th2 and Tfh2 cells. Conditional deletion of c-Maf in T cells confirmed its importance in type-2 cytokine expression by Th2 and Tfh2 cells. However, while c-Maf was not required for Th2-driven helminth clearance or lung eosinophilia, it was required for Tfh2-driven Immunoglobulin E production and germinal center formation. This differential regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity by c-Maf was a result of redundant pathways in Th2 cells that were absent in Tfh2 cells, and c-Maf-specific mechanisms in Tfh2 cells that were absent in Th2 cells. Thus, despite shared expression by Tfh2 and Th2 cells, c-Maf serves as a unique regulator of Tfh2-driven humoral hallmarks during type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Uryan Isik Can
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Ivy K Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mark Dell'Aringa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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14
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Bélanger S, Haupt S, Faliti CE, Getzler A, Choi J, Diao H, Karunadharma PP, Bild NA, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. The Chromatin Regulator Mll1 Supports T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation by Controlling Expression of Bcl6, LEF-1, and TCF-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1752-1760. [PMID: 37074193 PMCID: PMC10334568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are essential for developing protective Ab responses following vaccination. Greater understanding of the genetic program leading to TFH differentiation is needed. Chromatin modifications are central in the control of gene expression. However, detailed knowledge of how chromatin regulators (CRs) regulate differentiation of TFH cells is limited. We screened a large short hairpin RNA library targeting all known CRs in mice and identified the histone methyltransferase mixed lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1) as a positive regulator of TFH differentiation. Loss of Mll1 expression reduced formation of TFH cells following acute viral infection or protein immunization. In addition, expression of the TFH lineage-defining transcription factor Bcl6 was reduced in the absence of Mll1. Transcriptomics analysis identified Lef1 and Tcf7 as genes dependent on Mll1 for their expression, which provides one mechanism for the regulation of TFH differentiation by Mll1. Taken together, CRs such as Mll1 substantially influence TFH differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bélanger
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program. School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 03083, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Bild
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Matthew E. Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 9203,7USA
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15
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Nguyen QP, Takehara KK, Deng TZ, O’Shea S, Heeg M, Omilusik KD, Milner JJ, Quon S, Pipkin ME, Choi J, Crotty S, Goldrath AW. Transcriptional programming of CD4 + T RM differentiation in viral infection balances effector- and memory-associated gene expression. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq7486. [PMID: 37172104 PMCID: PMC10350289 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
After resolution of infection, T cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells that recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs or establish residence in tissues. In contrast to CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), the developmental origins and transcriptional regulation of CD4+ TRM remain largely undefined. Here, we investigated the phenotypic, functional, and transcriptional profiles of CD4+ TRM in the small intestine (SI) responding to acute viral infection, revealing a shared gene expression program and chromatin accessibility profile with circulating TH1 and the progressive acquisition of a mature TRM program. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified heterogeneity among established CD4+ TRM, which were predominantly located in the lamina propria, and revealed a population of cells that coexpressed both effector- and memory-associated genes, including the transcriptional regulators Blimp1, Id2, and Bcl6. TH1-associated Blimp1 and Id2 and TFH-associated Bcl6 were required for early TRM formation and development of a mature TRM population in the SI. These results demonstrate a developmental relationship between TH1 effector cells and the establishment of early TRM, as well as highlighted differences in CD4+ versus CD8+ TRM populations, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the origins, differentiation, and persistence of CD4+ TRM in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh P Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kennidy K Takehara
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tianda Z Deng
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shannon O’Shea
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Justin Milner
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Quon
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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16
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Ghiboub M, Bell M, Sinkeviciute D, Prinjha RK, de Winther MPJ, Harker NR, Tough DF, de Jonge WJ. The Epigenetic Reader Protein SP140 Regulates Dendritic Cell Activation, Maturation and Tolerogenic Potential. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4228-4245. [PMID: 37232738 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SP140 is an epigenetic reader protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. GWAS studies have shown an association between SP140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diverse autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, suggesting a possible pathogenic role for SP140 in immune-mediated diseases. We previously demonstrated that treatment of human macrophages with the novel selective inhibitor of the SP140 protein (GSK761) reduced the expression of endotoxin-induced cytokines, implicating a role of SP140 in the function of inflammatory macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSK761 on in vitro human dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation, assessing the expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules and their capacity to stimulate T-cell activation and induce phenotypic changes. In DCs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced an increase in SP140 expression and its recruitment to transcription start sites (TSS) of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Moreover, LPS-induced cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β were reduced in GSK761- or SP140 siRNA- treated DCs. Although GSK761 did not significantly affect the expression of surface markers that define the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into immature DCs (iDCs), subsequent maturation of iDCs to mature DCs was significantly inhibited. GSK761 strongly reduced expression of the maturation marker CD83, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and the lipid-antigen presentation molecule CD1b. Finally, when the ability of DCs to stimulate recall T-cell responses by vaccine-specific T cells was assessed, T cells stimulated by GSK761-treated DCs showed reduced TBX21 and RORA expression and increased FOXP3 expression, indicating a preferential generation of regulatory T cells. Overall, this study suggests that SP140 inhibition enhances the tolerogenic properties of DCs, supporting the rationale of targeting SP140 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases where DC-mediated inflammatory responses contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Matthew Bell
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Dovile Sinkeviciute
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola R Harker
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David F Tough
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Ciecko AE, Wang Y, Harleston S, Drewek A, Serreze DV, Geurts AM, Lin CW, Chen YG. Heterogeneity of Islet-Infiltrating IL-21+ CD4 T Cells in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:935-946. [PMID: 36762954 PMCID: PMC10483376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
IL-21 is essential for type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in the NOD mouse model. IL-21-expressing CD4 T cells are present in pancreatic islets where they contribute to T1D progression. However, little is known about their phenotype and differentiation states. To fill this gap, we generated, to our knowledge, a novel IL-21 reporter NOD strain to further characterize IL-21+ CD4 T cells in T1D. IL-21+ CD4 T cells accumulate in pancreatic islets and recognize β cell Ags. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that CD4 T effector cells in islets actively express IL-21 and they are highly diabetogenic despite expressing multiple inhibitory molecules, including PD-1 and LAG3. Islet IL-21+ CD4 T cells segregate into four phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct differentiation states, that is, less differentiated early effectors, T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cells, and two Th1 subsets. Trajectory analysis predicts that early effectors differentiate into both Tfh-like and terminal Th1 cells. We further demonstrated that intrinsic IL-27 signaling controls the differentiation of islet IL-21+ CD4 T cells, contributing to their helper function. Collectively, our study reveals the heterogeneity of islet-infiltrating IL-21+ CD4 T cells and indicates that both Tfh-like and Th1 subsets produce IL-21 throughout their differentiation process, highlighting the important sources of IL-21 in T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Stephanie Harleston
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Amber Drewek
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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18
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Julé AM, Lam KP, Taylor M, Hoyt KJ, Wei K, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Case SM, Chandler M, Chang MH, Cohen EM, Dedeoglu F, Halyabar O, Hausmann J, Hazen MM, Janssen E, Lo J, Lo MS, Meidan E, Roberts JE, Wobma H, Son MBF, Sundel RP, Lee PY, Sage PT, Chatila TA, Nigrovic PA, Rao DA, Henderson LA. Disordered T cell-B cell interactions in autoantibody-positive inflammatory arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1068399. [PMID: 36685593 PMCID: PMC9849554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1068399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, identified in the synovium of adults with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, drive B cell maturation and antibody production in non-lymphoid tissues. We sought to determine if similarly dysregulated T cell-B cell interactions underlie another form of inflammatory arthritis, juvenile oligoarthritis (oligo JIA). Clonally expanded Tph cells able to promote B cell antibody production preferentially accumulated in the synovial fluid (SF) of oligo JIA patients with antinuclear antibodies (ANA) compared to autoantibody-negative patients. Single-cell transcriptomics enabled further definition of the Tph gene signature in inflamed tissues and showed that Tph cells from ANA-positive patients upregulated genes associated with B cell help to a greater extent than patients without autoantibodies. T cells that co-expressed regulatory T and B cell-help factors were identified. The phenotype of these Tph-like Treg cells suggests an ability to restrain T cell-B cell interactions in tissues. Our findings support the central role of disordered T cell-help to B cells in autoantibody-positive arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie M. Julé
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ki Pui Lam
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Taylor
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kacie J. Hoyt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Siobhan M. Case
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mia Chandler
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Margaret H. Chang
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ezra M. Cohen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fatma Dedeoglu
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olha Halyabar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Hausmann
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa M. Hazen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mindy S. Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Esra Meidan
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jordan E. Roberts
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Holly Wobma
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Beth F. Son
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert P. Sundel
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Talal A. Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak A. Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lauren A. Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Gao L, Zhou J, Ye L. Role of CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998058. [PMID: 36452930 PMCID: PMC9701836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be effectively suppressed by life-long administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, the viral rebound can occur upon cART cessation due to the long-term presence of HIV reservoirs, posing a considerable barrier to drug-free viral remission. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets, especially T follicular helper (T FH ) cells that reside in B-cell follicles within lymphoid tissues, are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir. Substantial evidence indicates that HIV-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated cellular immunity can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control in elite controllers. However, most HIV cure strategies that rely on expanded HIV-specific CD8+ T cells for virus control are likely to fail due to cellular exhaustion and T FH reservoir-specialized anatomical structures that isolate HIV-specific CD8+ T cell entry into B-cell follicles. Loss of stem-like memory properties is a key feature of exhaustion. Recent studies have found that CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5)-expressing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are memory-like CD8+ T cells that can migrate into B-cell follicles to execute inhibition of viral replication. Furthermore, these unique CD8+ T cells can respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. In this review, we discuss the functions of these CD8+ T cells as well as the translation of findings into viable HIV treatment and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiqiong Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Zander R, Khatun A, Kasmani MY, Chen Y, Cui W. Delineating the transcriptional landscape and clonal diversity of virus-specific CD4 + T cells during chronic viral infection. eLife 2022; 11:e80079. [PMID: 36255051 PMCID: PMC9629829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence indicates that CD4+ T cells responding to chronic viral infection are functionally heterogenous, our understanding of the developmental relationships between these subsets, and a determination of how their transcriptional landscape compares to their acute infection counterparts remains unclear. Additionally, whether cell-intrinsic factors such as TCR usage influence CD4+ T cell fate commitment during persistent infection has not previously been studied. Herein, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with single-cell T cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq) on virus-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from mice infected with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We identify several transcriptionally distinct states among the Th1, Tfh, and memory-like T cell subsets that form at the peak of infection, including the presence of a previously unrecognized Slamf7+ subset with cytolytic features. We further show that the relative distribution of these populations differs substantially between acute and persistent LCMV infection. Moreover, while the progeny of most T cell clones displays membership within each of these transcriptionally unique populations, overall supporting a one cell-multiple fate model, a small fraction of clones display a biased cell fate decision, suggesting that TCR usage may impact CD4+ T cell development during chronic infection. Importantly, comparative analyses further reveal both subset-specific and core gene expression programs that are differentially regulated between CD4+ T cells responding to acute and chronic LCMV infection. Together, these data may serve as a useful framework and allow for a detailed interrogation into the clonal distribution and transcriptional circuits underlying CD4+ T cell differentiation during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
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21
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Bélanger S, Haupt S, Freeman BL, Getzler AJ, Diao H, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. The Transcription Factor YY-1 Is an Essential Regulator of T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1566-1573. [PMID: 36096645 PMCID: PMC11139054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of CD4 T cells that deliver critical help signals to B cells for the production of high-affinity Abs. Understanding the genetic program regulating TFH differentiation is critical if one wants to manipulate TFH cells during vaccination. A large number of transcription factor (TFs) involved in the regulation of TFH differentiation have been characterized. However, there are likely additional unknown TFs required for this process. To identify new TFs, we screened a large short hairpin RNA library targeting 353 TFs in mice using an in vivo RNA interference screen. Yin Yang 1 (YY-1) was identified as a novel positive regulator of TFH differentiation. Ablation of YY-1 severely impaired TFH differentiation following acute viral infection and protein immunization. We found that the zinc fingers of YY-1 are critical to support TFH differentiation. Thus, we discovered a novel TF involved in the regulation of TFH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bélanger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brian L Freeman
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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22
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Miyazaki M, Miyazaki K. The E-Id Axis Specifies Adaptive and Innate Lymphoid Lineage Cell Fates. J Biochem 2022; 172:259-264. [PMID: 36000775 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are constantly threatened with the invasion of pathogens, such as bacteria and virus. Immune responses against pathogens are evoked in collaboration with adaptive and innate immune systems. Adaptive immune cells including T and B cells recognize various antigens from pathogens through the antigen recognition receptors such as Immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR), and they evoke antigen-specific immune responses to eliminate the pathogens. This specific recognition of a variety of antigens relies on the V(D)J DNA recombination of Ig and TCR genes, which is generated by the Rag (recombination activation gene) 1/Rag2 protein complex. The expression of Rag1/2 genes are stringently controlled during the T and B cell development; Rag1/2 gene expression indicates the commitment towards adaptive lymphocyte lineages. In this review article, we will discuss the developmental bifurcation between adaptive and innate lymphoid cells, and the role of transcription factors, especially the E and Id proteins, upon the lineage commitment, and the regulation of Rag gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuko Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Luo Y, Li D, Xie L, Lei S, Chen X, Wang C, Yao D, Li L, Fang J, Chen C, Yuan S, Li F, Xie X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Hu L, Tang J, Ye L, Wei Z, He R. EZH2 restricts Tcf7 DNA methylation and promotes TFH differentiation during acute viral infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942465. [PMID: 36045674 PMCID: PMC9420843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide specialized help for B cells to ensure optimal humoral immunity. The histone methyltransferase EZH2, as a chromatin repressor, secures the TFH differentiation by promoting TFH lineage associated gene expression during acute viral infection, including Tcf7 and Bcl6. By using conditional deletion murine system, we observed that EZH2 ablation in CD4+ T cells was accompanied by aberrant accumulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) DNMT1 and DNMT3B in TFH cells. And the loss of EZH2 promoted aggravation of DNA methylation status at Tcf7 locus. Therefore, our findings suggested that EZH2 plays an important role in maintenance of hypomethylation at Tcf7 locus thus affecting TFH differentiation during acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Lei
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Fang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Wei
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ran He, ; Zhengping Wei,
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran He, ; Zhengping Wei,
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24
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Hwang SM, Im SH, Rudra D. Signaling networks controlling ID and E protein activity in T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964581. [PMID: 35983065 PMCID: PMC9379924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are involved in various cellular developmental processes and effector activities in T cells. Recent findings indicate that E and ID proteins are not only responsible for regulating thymic T cell development but also modulate the differentiation, function, and fate of peripheral T cells in multiple immune compartments. Based on the well-established E and ID protein axis (E-ID axis), it has been recognized that ID proteins interfere with the dimerization of E proteins, thus restricting their transcriptional activities. Given this close molecular relationship, the extent of expression or stability of these two protein families can dynamically affect the expression of specific target genes involved in multiple aspects of T cell biology. Therefore, it is essential to understand the endogenous proteins or extrinsic signaling pathways that can influence the dynamics of the E-ID axis in a cell-specific and context-dependent manner. Here, we provide an overview of E and ID proteins and the functional outcomes of the E-ID axis in the activation and function of multiple peripheral T cell subsets, including effector and memory T cell populations. Further, we review the mechanisms by which endogenous proteins and signaling pathways alter the E-ID axis in various T cell subsets influencing T cell function and fate at steady-state and in pathological settings. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of E and ID proteins in T cell biology can be instrumental in T cell-specific targeting of the E-ID axis to develop novel therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Bio Open Innovation Center, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
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25
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Babcock RL, Zhou Y, Patel B, Chrisikos TT, Kahn LM, Dyevoich AM, Medik YB, Watowich SS. Regulation and function of Id2 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:6-17. [PMID: 35640521 PMCID: PMC11390127 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized type I interferon (IFN-I) producing cells that promote anti-viral immune responses and contribute to autoimmunity. Development of pDCs requires the transcriptional regulator E2-2 and is opposed by inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2). Prior work indicates Id2 is induced in pDCs upon maturation and may affect pDC IFN-I production via suppression of E2-2, suggesting an important yet uncharacterized role in this lineage. We found TLR7 agonists stimulate Id2 mRNA and protein expression in pDCs. We further show that transcriptional activation of Id2 is dependent on the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, but independent of IFN-I signaling in response to TLR7 agonist stimulation. Nonetheless, conditional Id2 depletion in pDCs indicates Id2 is dispensable for TLR7 agonist-induced maturation and inhibition of E2-2 expression. Thus, we identify new mechanisms of Id2 regulation by Ubc13, which may be relevant for understanding Id2 gene regulation in other contexts, while ruling out major roles for Id2 in pDC responses to TLR7 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Babcock
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhakti Patel
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Taylor T Chrisikos
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura M Kahn
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allison M Dyevoich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yusra B Medik
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Memory CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating long-term protective immunity, positioning them as an important target in vaccine development. However, multiple functionally distinct helper CD4+ T-cell subsets can arise in response to a single invading pathogen, complicating the identification of rare populations of memory precursor cells during the effector phase of infection and memory CD4+ T cells following pathogen clearance and the contraction phase of infection. Furthermore, current literature remains unclear regarding whether a single CD4+ memory T-cell lineage gives rise to secondary CD4+ T helper subsets or if there are unique memory precursor cells within each helper lineage. A majority of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which have established memory potential, express Id3, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, following acute viral infection. We show that expression of Id3 definitively identified a subset of cells within both the CD4+ Tfh and T helper 1 (Th1) lineages at memory time points that exhibited memory potential, with the capacity for significant re-expansion in response to secondary infection. Notably, we demonstrate that a subset of Th1 cells that survive into the memory phase were marked by Id3 expression and possessed the potential for enhanced expansion and generation of both Th1 and Tfh secondary effector cell populations in a secondary response to pathogen. Additionally, these cells exhibited enrichment of key molecules associated with memory potential when compared with Id3lo Th1 cells. Therefore, we propose that Id3 expression serves as an important marker to indicate multipotent potential in memory CD4+ T cells.
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27
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Ye L. The Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953022. [PMID: 35909969 PMCID: PMC9329515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acute viral infection, virus-specific CD4+ T cells differentiate into either TH1 cells or follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The molecular pathways governing such bimodal cell fate commitment remain elusive. Additionally, effector virus-specific TFH cells further differentiate into corresponding memory population, which confer long-term protection against re-infection of same viruses by providing immediate help to virus-specific memory B cells. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance of memory TFH cells are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of early differentiation of virus-specific effector TFH cells and long-term maintenance of virus-specific memory TFH cells in mouse models of viral infection and patients of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lilin Ye,
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28
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Xia Y, Sandor K, Pai JA, Daniel B, Raju S, Wu R, Hsiung S, Qi Y, Yangdon T, Okamoto M, Chou C, Hiam-Galvez KJ, Schreiber RD, Murphy KM, Satpathy AT, Egawa T. BCL6-dependent TCF-1 + progenitor cells maintain effector and helper CD4 + T cell responses to persistent antigen. Immunity 2022; 55:1200-1215.e6. [PMID: 35637103 PMCID: PMC10034764 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soon after activation, CD4+ T cells are segregated into BCL6+ follicular helper (Tfh) and BCL6- effector (Teff) T cells. Here, we explored how these subsets are maintained during chronic antigen stimulation using the mouse chronic LCMV infection model. Using single cell-transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, we identified a population of PD-1+ TCF-1+ CD4+ T cells with memory-like features. TCR clonal tracing and adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that these cells have self-renewal capacity and continue to give rise to both Teff and Tfh cells, thus functioning as progenitor cells. Conditional deletion experiments showed Bcl6-dependent development of these progenitors, which were essential for sustaining antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to chronic infection. An analogous CD4+ T cell population developed in draining lymph nodes in response to tumors. Our study reveals the heterogeneity and plasticity of CD4+ T cells during persistent antigen exposure and highlights their population dynamics through a stable, bipotent intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunnie Hsiung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tenzin Yangdon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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29
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Baessler A, Novis CL, Shen Z, Perovanovic J, Wadsworth M, Thiede KA, Sircy LM, Harrison-Chau M, Nguyen NX, Varley KE, Tantin D, Hale JS. Tet2 coordinates with Foxo1 and Runx1 to balance T follicular helper cell and T helper 1 cell differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4982. [PMID: 35704571 PMCID: PMC9200277 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to various types of infection, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into diverse helper T cell subsets; however, the epigenetic programs that regulate differentiation in response to viral infection remain poorly understood. Demethylation of CpG dinucleotides by Tet methylcytosine dioxygenases is a key component of epigenetic programing that promotes specific gene expression, cellular differentiation, and function. We report that following viral infection, Tet2-deficient CD4+ T cells preferentially differentiate into highly functional germinal center T follicular helper (TFH) cells that provide enhanced help for B cells. Using genome-wide DNA methylation and transcription factor binding analyses, we find that Tet2 coordinates with multiple transcription factors, including Foxo1 and Runx1, to mediate the demethylation and expression of target genes, including genes encoding repressors of TFH differentiation. Our findings establish Tet2 as an important regulator of TFH cell differentiation and reveal pathways that could be targeted to enhance immune responses against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zuolian Shen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jelena Perovanovic
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mark Wadsworth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kendall A. Thiede
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Linda M. Sircy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Malia Harrison-Chau
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nguyen X. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katherine E. Varley
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Feng H, Zhao X, Xie J, Bai X, Fu W, Chen H, Tang H, Wang X, Dong C. Pathogen-associated T follicular helper cell plasticity is critical in anti-viral immunity. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1075-1090. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Aubrey M, Warburg ZJ, Murre C. Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins in Adaptive Immune Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881656. [PMID: 35634342 PMCID: PMC9134016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The E/ID protein axis is instrumental for defining the developmental progression and functions of hematopoietic cells. The E proteins are dimeric transcription factors that activate gene expression programs and coordinate changes in chromatin organization. Id proteins are antagonists of E protein activity. Relative levels of E/Id proteins are modulated throughout hematopoietic development to enable the progression of hematopoietic stem cells into multiple adaptive and innate immune lineages including natural killer cells, B cells and T cells. In early progenitors, the E proteins promote commitment to the T and B cell lineages by orchestrating lineage specific programs of gene expression and regulating VDJ recombination of antigen receptor loci. In mature B cells, the E/Id protein axis functions to promote class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. E protein activity further regulates differentiation into distinct CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets and instructs mature T cell immune responses. In this review, we discuss how the E/Id proteins define the adaptive immune system lineages, focusing on their role in directing developmental gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Hidaka R, Miyazaki K, Miyazaki M. The E-Id Axis Instructs Adaptive Versus Innate Lineage Cell Fate Choice and Instructs Regulatory T Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890056. [PMID: 35603170 PMCID: PMC9120639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are primarily mediated by adaptive and innate immune cells. Adaptive immune cells, such as T and B cells, evoke antigen-specific responses through the recognition of specific antigens. This antigen-specific recognition relies on the V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes mediated by recombination-activating gene (Rag)1 and Rag2 (Rag1/2). In addition, T and B cells employ cell type-specific developmental pathways during their activation processes, and the regulation of these processes is strictly regulated by the transcription factor network. Among these factors, members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor mammalian E protein family, including E12, E47, E2-2, and HEB, orchestrate multiple adaptive immune cell development, while their antagonists, Id proteins (Id1-4), function as negative regulators. It is well established that a majority of T and B cell developmental trajectories are regulated by the transcriptional balance between E and Id proteins (the E-Id axis). E2A is critically required not only for B cell but also for T cell lineage commitment, whereas Id2 and Id3 enforce the maintenance of naïve T cells and naïve regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we review the current knowledge of E- and Id-protein function in T cell lineage commitment and Treg cell differentiation.
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Zander R, Kasmani MY, Chen Y, Topchyan P, Shen J, Zheng S, Burns R, Ingram J, Cui C, Joshi N, Craft J, Zajac A, Cui W. Tfh-cell-derived interleukin 21 sustains effector CD8 + T cell responses during chronic viral infection. Immunity 2022; 55:475-493.e5. [PMID: 35216666 PMCID: PMC8916994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-derived interleukin 21 (IL-21) sustains CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection, but the helper subset that confers this protection remains unclear. Here, we applied scRNA and ATAC-seq approaches to determine the heterogeneity of IL-21+CD4+ T cells during LCMV clone 13 infection. CD4+ T cells were comprised of three transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct populations: Cxcr6+ Th1 cells, Cxcr5+ Tfh cells, and a previously unrecognized Slamf6+ memory-like (Tml) subset. T cell differentiation was specifically redirected toward the Tml subset during chronic, but not acute, LCMV infection. Although this subset displayed an enhanced capacity to accumulate and some developmental plasticity, it remained largely quiescent, which may hinder its helper potential. Conversely, mixed bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that Tfh cell-derived IL-21 was critical to sustain CD8+ T cell responses and viral control. Thus, strategies that bolster IL-21+Tfh cell responses may prove effective in enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shikan Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jennifer Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Allan Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Potential Role of CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020294. [PMID: 35053457 PMCID: PMC8774093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is currently the backbone of new drug treatments for many cancer patients. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is an important factor involved in recruiting immune cells that express CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in the tumor microenvironment and serves as a key molecular determinant of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation. An increasing number of studies have identified the influence of CXCL13 on prognosis in patients with cancer, regardless of the use of immunotherapy treatment. However, no comprehensive reviews of the role of CXCL13 in cancer immunotherapy have been published to date. This review aims to provide an overview of the CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis to summarize its mechanisms of action in cancer cells and lymphocytes, in addition to effects on immunity and cancer pathobiology, and its potential as a biomarker for the response to cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), represent some of the most important breakthroughs in new drug development for oncology therapy from the past decade. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) exclusively binds CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), which plays a critical role in immune cell recruitment and activation and the regulation of the adaptive immune response. CXCL13 is a key molecular determinant of the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are organized aggregates of T, B, and dendritic cells that participate in the adaptive antitumor immune response. CXCL13 may also serve as a prognostic and predictive factor, and the role played by CXCL13 in some ICI-responsive tumor types has gained intense interest. This review discusses how CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling modulates cancer and immune cells to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumor antigens, and differentiation to increase the antitumor immune response. We also summarize recent preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the ICI-therapeutic implications of targeting the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis and discuss the potential role of this signaling pathway in cancer immunotherapy.
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Yu C, Wang B, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Ren L, Lei X, Xiang Z, Zhou Z, Huang H, Wang J, Zhao Z. ID2 inhibits innate antiviral immunity by blocking TBK1- and IKKε-induced activation of IRF3. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabh0068. [PMID: 34982578 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abh0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Congci Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, School of Life Sciences,, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - He Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,CAMS-Oxford University International Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lin R, Ma C, Fang L, Xu C, Zhang C, Wu X, Wu W, Zhu R, Cong Y, Liu Z. TOB1 Blocks Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation Through Inducing ID2-Mediated Suppression of Th1/Th17 Cell Immune Responses in IBD. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1201-1221. [PMID: 34920145 PMCID: PMC8881672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TOB1 is an anti-proliferative protein of Tob/BTG family and typically involved in the tumorigenesis and T cell activation. Although TOB1 is associated with T helper 17 cell-related autoimmunity, its role in modulating T cell-mediated immune responses in IBD remains poorly understood. Here, we explored its expression and the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS TOB1 and ID2 expression in IBD patients was examined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. IBD CD4+ T cells were transfected with lentivirus expressing TOB1, ID2, TOB1 short hairpin RNA and ID2 short hairpin RNA, respectively, and Tob1-/-CD4+ T cells were transfected with lentivirus expressing Id2. Experimental colitis was established in Tob1-/- mice by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema and in Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with Tob1-/-CD45RBhighCD4+ T cells to further explore the role of Tob1 in intestinal mucosal inflammation. Splenic CD4+ T cells of Tob1-/- mice were sorted to determine transcriptome differences by RNA sequencing. RESULTS TOB1 expression was decreased in inflamed mucosa and peripheral blood CD4+ T cells of IBD patients compared with healthy subjects. Overexpression of TOB1 downregulated IBD CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Th1/Th17 cells compared with control subjects. Severe colitis was observed in Tob1-/- mice through trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema or in Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with Tob1-/-CD45RBhighCD4+ T cells, compared with control animals. RNA sequencing analysis revealed ID2 as functional target of TOB1 to inhibit IBD CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1/Th17 cells. Mechanistically, TOB1 was associated with Smad4/5 to induce ID2 expression and restrain Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS TOB1 restrains intestinal mucosal inflammation through suppressing Th1/Th17 cell-mediated immune responses via the Smad4/5-ID2 pathway. It may serve as a novel therapeutic target for treatment of human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritian Lin
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Fang
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu City Affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for IBD Research, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Zhanju Liu, MD, PhD, Center for IBD Research, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. fax: +86 21 66303983.
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Liu D, Yan J, Sun J, Liu B, Ma W, Li Y, Shao X, Qi H. BCL6 controls contact-dependent help delivery during follicular T-B cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:2245-2255.e4. [PMID: 34464595 PMCID: PMC8528402 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 is required for development of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to support germinal center (GC) formation. However, it is not clear what unique functions programmed by BCL6 can explain its absolute essentiality in T cells for GC formation. We found that ablation of one Bcl6 allele did not appreciably alter early T cell activation and follicular localization but inhibited GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance. BCL6 impinged on Tfh calcium signaling and also controlled Tfh entanglement with and CD40L delivery to B cells. Amounts of BCL6 protein and nominal frequencies of Tfh cells markedly changed within hours after strengths of T-B cell interactions were altered in vivo, while CD40L overexpression rectified both defective GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance because of the BCL6 haploinsufficiency. Our results reveal BCL6 functions in Tfh cells that are essential for GC formation and suggest that BCL6 helps maintain Tfh cell phenotypes in a T cell non-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Omilusik KD, Nadjsombati MS, Yoshida TM, Shaw LA, Goulding J, Goldrath AW. Ubiquitin Specific Protease 1 Expression and Function in T Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1377-1387. [PMID: 34380645 PMCID: PMC8387442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of immune responses against infectious diseases and provide long-lived protection from reinfection. The differentiation of naive to effector T cells and the subsequent differentiation and persistence of memory T cell populations in response to infection is a highly regulated process. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, are important regulators of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses; however, their regulation at the protein level has not been explored. Recently, the deubiquitinase USP1 was shown to stabilize Id2 and modulate cellular differentiation in osteosarcomas. In this study, we investigated a role for Usp1 in posttranslational control of Id2 and Id3 in murine T cells. We show that Usp1 was upregulated in T cells following activation in vitro or following infection in vivo, and the extent of Usp1 expression correlated with the degree of T cell expansion. Usp1 directly interacted with Id2 and Id3 following T cell activation. However, Usp1 deficiency did not impact Id protein abundance in effector T cells or alter effector T cell expansion or differentiation following a primary infection. Usp1 deficiency resulted in a gradual loss of memory CD8+ T cells over time and reduced Id2 protein levels and proliferation of effector CD8+ T cell following reinfection. Together, these results identify Usp1 as a player in modulating recall responses at the protein level and highlight differences in regulation of T cell responses between primary and subsequent infection encounters. Finally, our observations reveal differential regulation of Id2/3 proteins between immune versus nonimmune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tomomi M Yoshida
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Goulding
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Metabolic control of T FH cells and humoral immunity by phosphatidylethanolamine. Nature 2021; 595:724-729. [PMID: 34234346 PMCID: PMC8448202 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are crucial for B cell-mediated humoral immunity1. Although transcription factors such as BCL6 drive the differentiation of TFH cells2,3, it is unclear whether and how post-transcriptional and metabolic programs enforce TFH cell programming. Here we show that the cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates the expression and localization of CXCR5 with the responses of TFH cells and humoral immunity. Using in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screening and functional validation in mice, we identify ETNK1, PCYT2, and SELENOI-enzymes in the CDP-ethanolamine pathway for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-as selective post-transcriptional regulators of TFH cell differentiation that act by promoting the surface expression and functional effects of CXCR5. TFH cells exhibit unique lipid metabolic programs and PE is distributed to the outer layer of the plasma membrane, where it colocalizes with CXCR5. De novo synthesis of PE through the CDP-ethanolamine pathway co-ordinates these events to prevent the internalization and degradation of CXCR5. Genetic deletion of Pcyt2, but not of Pcyt1a (which mediates the CDP-choline pathway), in activated T cells impairs the differentiation of TFH cells, and this is associated with reduced humoral immune responses. Surface levels of PE and CXCR5 expression on B cells also depend on Pcyt2. Our results reveal that phospholipid metabolism orchestrates post-transcriptional mechanisms for TFH cell differentiation and humoral immunity, highlighting the metabolic control of context-dependent immune signalling and effector programs.
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Brown IK, Dyjack N, Miller MM, Krovi H, Rios C, Woolaver R, Harmacek L, Tu TH, O’Connor BP, Danhorn T, Vestal B, Gapin L, Pinilla C, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Santos RG, Reinhardt RL. Single cell analysis of host response to helminth infection reveals the clonal breadth, heterogeneity, and tissue-specific programming of the responding CD4+ T cell repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009602. [PMID: 34106992 PMCID: PMC8216541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ T cell response is critical to host protection against helminth infection. How this response varies across different hosts and tissues remains an important gap in our understanding. Using IL-4-reporter mice to identify responding CD4+ T cells to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, T cell receptor sequencing paired with novel clustering algorithms revealed a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response. While the most prevalent clones and clonotypes exhibited some tissue selectivity, most were observed to reside in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Antigen-reactivity of the broader repertoires was predicted to be shared across both tissues and individual mice. Transcriptome, trajectory, and chromatin accessibility analysis of lung and lymph-node repertoires revealed three unique but related populations of responding IL-4+ CD4+ T cells consistent with T follicular helper, T helper 2, and a transitional population sharing similarity with both populations. The shared antigen reactivity of lymph node and lung repertoires combined with the adoption of tissue-specific gene programs allows for the pairing of cellular and humoral responses critical to the orchestration of anti-helminth immunity. Using various “omic” approaches, the CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was explored after primary helminth infection. Infection generated a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response with the most prevalent clonotypes and predicted antigen specificities residing in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Tissue-specific programming of responding CD4+ T cells directed the establishment of committed Tfh and Th2 cells, both critical for driving distinct hallmarks of type-2 inflammation. These datasets help to explore the diverse yet tissue-specific nature of anti-helminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan Dyjack
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mindy M. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cydney Rios
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel Woolaver
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Harmacek
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ting-Hui Tu
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian P. O’Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Vestal
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Radleigh G. Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Olatunde AC, Hale JS, Lamb TJ. Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:536-550. [PMID: 33972167 PMCID: PMC9107098 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal centers (GCs). Increasing evidence suggests that Tfh cells are a heterogeneous population that generates cytokine-skewed immune responses - a reflection of the microenvironment during differentiation. This has important ramifications for Tfh-mediated B cell help. Because Tfh subsets can have opposing effects on GC B cell responses, we discuss current findings regarding the differentiation and functions of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in modulating GC B cell differentiation. Antibodies are important weapons against infectious diseases but can also be pathogenic mediators in some autoimmune conditions. Since cytokine-skewed Tfh cells can influence the magnitude and quality of the humoral response, we address the roles of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola C Olatunde
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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42
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Schroeder AR, Zhu F, Hu H. Stepwise Tfh cell differentiation revisited: new advances and long-standing questions. Fac Rev 2021; 10. [PMID: 33644779 PMCID: PMC7894273 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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43
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Choi J, Crotty S. Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Follicular Helper T cells (T FH). Trends Immunol 2021; 42:336-349. [PMID: 33663954 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are essential B cell-help providers in the formation of germinal centers (GCs), affinity maturation of GC B cells, differentiation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells, and production of memory B cells. The transcription factor (TF) B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is at the center of gene regulation in TFH biology, including differentiation and function, but how Bcl6 does this, and what additional TFs contribute, remain complex questions. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of Bcl6-mediated gene regulation of TFH functions, and the modulation of TFH by other TFs. These advances may have important implications in deciphering how repressor TFs can regulate many immunological cell types. An improved understanding of TFH biology will likely provide insights into biomedically relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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44
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METTL3-dependent m 6A modification programs T follicular helper cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1333. [PMID: 33637761 PMCID: PMC7910450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are specialized effector CD4+ T cells critical to humoral immunity. Whether post-transcriptional regulation has a function in TFH cells is unknown. Here, we show conditional deletion of METTL3 (a methyltransferase catalyzing mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification) in CD4+ T cells impairs TFH differentiation and germinal center responses in a cell-intrinsic manner in mice. METTL3 is necessary for expression of important TFH signature genes, including Tcf7, Bcl6, Icos and Cxcr5 and these effects depend on intact methyltransferase activity. m6A-miCLIP-seq shows the 3′ UTR of Tcf7 mRNA is subjected to METTL3-dependent m6A modification. Loss of METTL3 or mutation of the Tcf7 3′ UTR m6A site results in accelerated decay of Tcf7 transcripts. Importantly, ectopic expression of TCF-1 (encoded by Tcf7) rectifies TFH defects owing to METTL3 deficiency. Our findings indicate that METTL3 stabilizes Tcf7 transcripts via m6A modification to ensure activation of a TFH transcriptional program, indicating a pivotal function of post-transcriptional regulation in promoting TFH cell differentiation. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are specialized effector CD4+ T cells that are critical in humoral immunity, but the function of post-transcriptional regulation is not clearly defined. Here, the authors demonstrate that RNA methylation is important for TFH effector differentiation and subsequent antibody formation through stabilization of Tcf7 transcripts.
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45
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Abstract
T lymphocytes, the major effector cells in cellular immunity, produce cytokines in immune responses to mediate inflammation and regulate other types of immune cells. Work in the last three decades has revealed significant heterogeneity in CD4+ T cells, in terms of their cytokine expression, leading to the discoveries of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subsets. These cells possess unique developmental and regulatory pathways and play distinct roles in immunity and immune-mediated pathologies. Other types of T cells, including regulatory T cells and γδ T cells, as well as innate lymphocytes, display similar features of subpopulations, which may play differential roles in immunity. Mechanisms exist to prevent cytokine production by T cells to maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens, some of which may also underscore immune exhaustion in the context of tumors. Understanding cytokine regulation and function has offered innovative treatment of many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China;
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46
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Cao Y, Dong L, He Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Dong Y, Yang Q, Bi Y, Liu G. The direct and indirect regulation of follicular T helper cell differentiation in inflammation and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5466-5480. [PMID: 33421124 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play important roles in facilitating B-cell differentiation and inducing the antibody response in humoral immunity and immune-associated inflammatory diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, Tfh cell differentiation is mainly achieved through self-directed differentiation regulation and the indirect regulation mechanism of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During the direct intrinsic differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, Bcl-6, as the characteristic transcription factor, plays the core role of transcriptional regulation. APCs indirectly drive Tfh cell differentiation mainly by changing cytokine secretion mechanisms. Altered metabolic signaling is also critically involved in Tfh cell differentiation. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the direct and indirect regulatory signals and metabolic mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and function in immune-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Hu
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 80, Xingshikou Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20, East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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47
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Yi S, Huang X, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Luan Q, Li Y. E2A regulates neural ectoderm fate specification in human embryonic stem cells. Development 2020; 147:dev.190298. [PMID: 33144398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
E protein transcription factors are crucial for many cell fate decisions. However, the roles of E proteins in the germ-layer specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are poorly understood. We disrupted the TCF3 gene locus to delete the E protein E2A in hESCs. E2A knockout (KO) hESCs retained key features of pluripotency, but displayed decreased neural ectoderm coupled with enhanced mesoendoderm outcomes. Genome-wide analyses showed that E2A directly regulates neural ectoderm and Nodal pathway genes. Accordingly, inhibition of Nodal or E2A overexpression partially rescued the neural ectoderm defect in E2A KO hESCs. Loss of E2A had little impact on the epigenetic landscape of hESCs, whereas E2A KO neural precursors displayed increased accessibility of the gene locus encoding the Nodal agonist CRIPTO. Double-deletion of both E2A and HEB (TCF12) resulted in a more severe neural ectoderm defect. Therefore, this study reveals critical context-dependent functions for E2A in human neural ectoderm fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yi
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shixin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | | | - Qingxian Luan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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48
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 Blocks Tfh Cell Differentiation during Salmonella Infection, thereby Contributing to Germinal Center Suppression. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2796-2809.e5. [PMID: 31775046 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are crucial for the formation of long-lived humoral immunity. Many pathogens suppress GC, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), but the mechanisms driving suppression remain unknown. We report that neither plasmablasts nor STm-specific B cells are required for GC suppression in mice. Rather, we identify that interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ), directly suppresses T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of T cells intrinsically. Administering recombinant IL-12 during nitrophenyl-Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) immunization also suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and GC B cells, indicating that IL-12 is sufficient to suppress Tfh cell differentiation independent of STm infection. Recombinant IL-12 induces high levels of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for Tfh cell suppression. Therefore, IL-12 induced during STm infection in mice contributes to GC suppression via suppression of Tfh cell differentiation. More broadly, these data suggest that IL-12 can tailor the proportions of humoral (Tfh cell) and cellular (T helper type 1 [Th1] cell) immunity to the infection, with implications for IL-12 targeting therapies in autoimmunity and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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49
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Sheikh AA, Groom JR. Transcription tipping points for T follicular helper cell and T-helper 1 cell fate commitment. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:528-538. [PMID: 32999454 PMCID: PMC7525231 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, immune cells coordinate the induction of inflammatory responses that clear infection and humoral responses that promote protection. CD4+ T-cell differentiation sits at the center of this axis. Differentiation toward T-helper 1 (Th1) cells mediates inflammation and pathogen clearance, while T follicular helper (Tfh) cells facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions for the generation of high-affinity antibodies and immune memory. While Th1 and Tfh differentiation occurs in parallel, these CD4+ T-cell identities are mutually exclusive, and progression toward these ends is determined via the upregulation of T-bet and Bcl6, respectively. These lineage-defining transcription factors act in concert with multiple networks of transcriptional regulators that tip the T-bet and Bcl6 axis in CD4+ T-cell progenitors to either a Th1 or Tfh fate. It is now clear that these transcriptional networks are guided by cytokine cues that are not only varied between distinct viral infections but also dynamically altered throughout the duration of infection. Thus, multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors combine to specify the fate, plasticity, and function of Th1 and Tfh cells during infection. Here, we review the current information on the mode of action of the lineage-defining transcription factors Bcl6 and T-bet and how they act individually and in complex to govern CD4+ T-cell ontogeny. Furthermore, we outline the multifaceted transcriptional regulatory networks that act upstream and downstream of Bcl6 and T-bet to tip the differentiation equilibrium toward either a Tfh or Th1 fate and how these are impacted by dynamic inflammatory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amania A Sheikh
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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50
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Del Alcazar D, Wang Y, He C, Wendel BS, Del Río-Estrada PM, Lin J, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Malone MJ, Hernandez SM, Frank I, Naji A, Reyes-Terán G, Jiang N, Su LF. Mapping the Lineage Relationship between CXCR5 + and CXCR5 - CD4 + T Cells in HIV-Infected Human Lymph Nodes. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3047-3060.e7. [PMID: 31533030 PMCID: PMC6878759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR5 is a key marker of follicular helper T (TFH) cells. Using primary lymph nodes (LNs) from HIV-infected patients, we identified a population of CXCR5− CD4+ T cells with TFH-cell-like features. This CXCR5− subset becomes expanded in severe HIV infection and is characterized by the upregulation of activation markers and high PD-1 and ICOS surface expression. Integrated analyses on the phenotypic heterogeneity, functional capacity, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, transcriptional profile, and epigenetic state of CXCR5−PD-1+ICOS+ T cells revealed a shared clonal relationship with TFH cells. CXCR5−PD-1+ICOS+ T cells retained a poised state for CXCR5 expression and exhibited a migratory transcriptional program. TCR sequence overlap revealed a contribution of LN-derived CXCR5−PD-1+ICOS+ T cells to circulating CXCR5− CD4+ T cells with B cell help function. These data link LN pathology to circulating T cells and expand the current understanding on the diversity of T cells that regulate B cell responses during chronic inflammation. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are critical for antibody production. Del Alcazar et al. showed that TFH cells can lose their characteristic chemokine receptor, giving rise to migratory populations of CXCR5− T cells that retain B cell help function and are poised for CXCR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Del Alcazar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chenfeng He
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ben S Wendel
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Perla M Del Río-Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jerome Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael J Malone
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stefany M Hernandez
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ning Jiang
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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