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Lee J, Im KI, Gil S, Na H, Min GJ, Kim N, Cho SG. TLR5 agonist in combination with anti-PD-1 treatment enhances anti-tumor effect through M1/M2 macrophage polarization shift and CD8 + T cell priming. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:102. [PMID: 38630304 PMCID: PMC11024077 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized anti-tumor therapy, notably improving treatment responses in various tumors. However, many patients remain non-responsive and do not experience benefits. Given that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can counteract tumor immune tolerance by stimulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, TLR agonists are being explored as potential immune adjuvants for cancer treatment. In this study, we assessed the potential of enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors by activating innate immunity with a TLR5 agonist. In a mouse tumor model, combination therapy with TLR5 agonist and anti-PD-1 significantly inhibited tumor growth. The TLR5 agonist shifted the balance from M2-like to M1-like macrophages and upregulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in macrophages. Furthermore, TLR5 agonist promoted the activation and tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. As a result, the TLR5 agonist augmented the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1, suggesting its potential in modulating the tumor microenvironment to enhance the anti-tumor response. Our findings point toward the possibility of optimizing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy using TLR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok Lee
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Il Im
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojin Gil
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Na
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-June Min
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hematology Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hematology Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, Akira S. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity. Immunity 2024; 57:649-673. [PMID: 38599164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan; Life Science Collaboration Center (LiSCo), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Moe Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DSS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Han YZ, Zheng HJ, Du BX, Zhang Y, Zhu XY, Li J, Wang YX, Liu WJ. Role of Gut Microbiota, Immune Imbalance, and Allostatic Load in the Occurrence and Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:8871677. [PMID: 38094870 PMCID: PMC10719010 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8871677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevailing complication arising from diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, there are no trustworthy and efficacious treatment modalities currently available. In recent times, compelling evidence has emerged regarding the intricate correlation between the kidney and the gut microbiota, which is considered the largest immune organ within the human physique. Various investigations have demonstrated that the perturbation of the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites potentially underlie the etiology and progression of DKD. This phenomenon may transpire through perturbation of both the innate and the adaptive immunity, leading to a burdensome allostatic load on the body and ultimately culminating in the development of DKD. Within this literature review, we aim to delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and the immune system in the context of DKD. Furthermore, we strive to explore and elucidate potential chemical interventions that could hold promise for the treatment of DKD, thereby offering invaluable insights and directions for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhen Han
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Zheng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xuan Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Yu Zhu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao Xian Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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4
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Wan T, Wang Y, He K, Zhu S. Microbial sensing in the intestine. Protein Cell 2023; 14:824-860. [PMID: 37191444 PMCID: PMC10636641 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health and disease, particularly through their interactions with the immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the symbiotic relationships between the host and the diverse gut microbiota, which is influenced by the highly co-evolved immune-microbiota interactions. The first step of the interaction between the host and the gut microbiota is the sensing of the gut microbes by the host immune system. In this review, we describe the cells of the host immune system and the proteins that sense the components and metabolites of the gut microbes. We further highlight the essential roles of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the nuclear receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the intestine-resident immune cells. We also discuss the mechanisms by which the disruption of microbial sensing because of genetic or environmental factors causes human diseases such as the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Digestive Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
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5
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Hu XL, Xiao W, Lei Y, Green A, Lee X, Maradana MR, Gao Y, Xie X, Wang R, Chennell G, Basson MA, Kille P, Maret W, Bewick GA, Zhou Y, Hogstrand C. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor utilises cellular zinc signals to maintain the gut epithelial barrier. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5431. [PMID: 37669965 PMCID: PMC10480478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc and plant-derived ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) are dietary components affecting intestinal epithelial barrier function. Here, we explore whether zinc and the AHR pathway are linked. We show that dietary supplementation with an AHR pre-ligand offers protection against inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model while protection fails in mice lacking AHR in the intestinal epithelium. AHR agonist treatment is also ineffective in mice fed zinc depleted diet. In human ileum organoids and Caco-2 cells, AHR activation increases total cellular zinc and cytosolic free Zn2+ concentrations through transcription of genes for zinc importers. Tight junction proteins are upregulated through zinc inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer and calpain activity. Our data show that AHR activation by plant-derived dietary ligands improves gut barrier function at least partly via zinc-dependent cellular pathways, suggesting that combined dietary supplementation with AHR ligands and zinc might be effective in preventing inflammatory gut disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchuan Lucas Hu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxian Lei
- Department of Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xinyi Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yajing Gao
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueru Xie
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George Chennell
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Albert Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
- Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Pete Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Department of Diabetes, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Venkatesh SR, Gupta A, Singh V. Amphid sensory neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans orchestrate its survival from infection with broad classes of pathogens. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301949. [PMID: 37258276 PMCID: PMC10233725 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of a host during infection relies on its ability to rapidly sense the invading pathogen and mount an appropriate response. The bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans lacks most of the traditional pattern recognition mechanisms. In this study, we hypothesized that the 12 pairs of amphid sensory neurons in the heads of worms provide sensing capability and thus affect survival during infection. We tested animals lacking amphid neurons to three major classes of pathogens, namely-a Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, and a pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans By using individual neuronal ablation lines or mutants lacking specific neurons, we demonstrate that some neurons broadly suppress the survival of the host and colonization of all pathogens, whereas other amphid neurons differentially regulate host survival during infection. We also show that the roles of some of these neurons are pathogen-specific, as seen with the AWB odor sensory neurons that promote survival only during infections with P aeruginosa Overall, our study reveals broad and specific roles for amphid neurons during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Venkatesh
- Department of Developmental Biology & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Center for Biosystems, Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Developmental Biology & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
- Center for Biosystems, Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, INDIA
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7
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Abstract
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, covalent conjugates between antigens and adjuvants, are chemically well-defined compared with conventional vaccines formulated through mixing antigens with adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively induce acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity, thereby enhancing host immune responses. Thus, innate immune receptor ligands are often used as adjuvants in self-adjuvanting vaccines. In a self-adjuvanting vaccine, the covalent linkage of antigen and adjuvant enables their simultaneous uptake into immune cells where the adjuvant consequently induces antigen-specific immune responses. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require immobilization to carrier proteins or co-administration of additional adjuvants and thus avoid inducing undesired immune responses. Because of these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to be candidates for next-generation vaccines. Here, we take an overview of vaccine adjuvants, mainly focusing on those utilized in self-adjuvanting vaccines and then we review recent reports on self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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8
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Xiao Q, Xia Y. Insights into dendritic cell maturation during infection with application of advanced imaging techniques. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140765. [PMID: 36936763 PMCID: PMC10018208 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses. When encountering immune stimulus such as bacterial and viral infection, parasite invasion and dead cell debris, DCs capture antigens, mature, acquire immunostimulatory activity and transmit the immune information to naïve T cells. Then activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells directly kill the infected cells, while CD4+ T helper cells release cytokines to aid the activity of other immune cells, and help B cells produce antibodies. Thus, detailed insights into the DC maturation process are necessary for us to understand the working principle of immune system, and develop new medical treatments for infection, cancer and autoimmune disease. This review summarizes the DC maturation process, including environment sensing and antigen sampling by resting DCs, antigen processing and presentation on the cell surface, DC migration, DC-T cell interaction and T cell activation. Application of advanced imaging modalities allows visualization of subcellular and molecular processes in a super-high resolution. The spatiotemporal tracking of DCs position and migration reveals dynamics of DC behavior during infection, shedding novel lights on DC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Xiao,
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
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9
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Woo CW, Tso P, Yiu JHC. Commensal gut microbiota-based strategies for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1004-1013. [PMID: 36057462 PMCID: PMC9669164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are rarely available in oral dosage form because the hostile environment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their large size make this delivery method difficult. Commensal bacteria in the gut face the same situation; however, they not only survive but low levels of their structural components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and flagellin are also consistently detectable in the circulatory systems of healthy individuals. This opinion article discusses how gut bacteria survive in the gut, how their components penetrate the body from the perspective of the bacteria's and the host's proactivity, and how orally administered therapeutic proteins may be developed that exploit similar mechanisms to enter the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie W Woo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jensen H C Yiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Luo J, Zhang L, Shen F, Luo L, Chen L, Fan Z, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Blood transcriptome analysis revealing aging gene expression profiles in red panda. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13743. [PMID: 35898935 PMCID: PMC9310792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The red panda is an endangered forest species distributed on the edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The species has been conserved in ex-situ in many countries and its survival is threatened by many diseases. Its immune system is vulnerable to age-associated alterations, which accumulate and result in a progressive deterioration that leads to an increased incidence of diseases. We identified 2,219 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between geriatric (11-16 years) and adult individuals (4-8 years), and 1690 DEGs between adults and juveniles (1 year). The gene expression and functional annotation results showed that the innate immunity of red pandas increases significantly in geriatric individuals, whereas its change remains unclear when comparing adults and juveniles. We found that the adaptive immunity of red pandas first increased and then decreased with age. We identified CXCR3, BLNK, and CCR4 as the hub genes in the age-related protein-protein interaction network, which showed their central role in age-related immune changes. Many DNA repair genes were down-regulated in geriatric red pandas, suggesting that the DNA repair ability of the blood tissue in geriatric red pandas is significantly reduced. The significantly up-regulated TLR5 in geriatric individuals also suggests the possibility of enhancing the vaccination immune response by incorporating flagellin, which could be used to address decreased vaccine responses caused by age-related declines in immune system function. This work provides an insight into gene expression changes associated with aging and paves the way for effective disease prevention and treatment strategies for red pandas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Luo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Xiong L, Wang S, Dean JW, Oliff KN, Jobin C, Curtiss R, Zhou L. Group 3 innate lymphoid cell pyroptosis represents a host defence mechanism against Salmonella infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1087-1099. [PMID: 35668113 PMCID: PMC9250631 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) produce interleukin (IL)-22 and coordinate with other cells in the gut to mount productive host immunity against bacterial infection. However, the role of ILC3s in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection, which causes foodborne enteritis in humans, remains elusive. Here we show that S. Typhimurium exploits ILC3-produced IL-22 to promote its infection in mice. Specifically, S. Typhimurium secretes flagellin through activation of the TLR5-MyD88-IL-23 signalling pathway in antigen presenting cells (APCs) to selectively enhance IL-22 production by ILC3s, but not T cells. Deletion of ILC3s but not T cells in mice leads to better control of S. Typhimurium infection. We also show that S. Typhimurium can directly invade ILC3s and cause caspase-1-mediated ILC3 pyroptosis independently of flagellin. Genetic ablation of Casp1 in mice leads to increased ILC3 survival and IL-22 production, and enhanced S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, our data suggest a key host defence mechanism against S. Typhimurium infection via induction of ILC3 death to limit intracellular bacteria and reduce IL-22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph W Dean
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristen N Oliff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Mechanisms for the Invasion and Dissemination of Salmonella. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:2655801. [PMID: 35722038 PMCID: PMC9203224 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2655801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a gastroenteric Gram-negative bacterium that can infect both humans and animals and causes millions of illnesses per year around the world. Salmonella infections usually occur after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Infections with Salmonella species can cause diseases ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever. Salmonella has developed multiple strategies to invade and establish a systemic infection in the host. Different cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and M cells, are important in the infection process of Salmonella. Dissemination throughout the body and colonization of remote organs are hallmarks of Salmonella infection. There are several routes for the dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium. This review summarizes the current understanding of the infection mechanisms of Salmonella. Additionally, different routes of Salmonella infection will be discussed. In this review, the strategies used by Salmonella enterica to establish persistent infection will be discussed. Understanding both the bacterial and host factors leading to the successful colonization of Salmonella enterica may enable the rational design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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13
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The link between genetic variation and variability in vaccine responses: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Roles of neuronal toll-like receptors in neuropathic pain and central nervous system injuries and diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:163-178. [PMID: 35176442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that are expressed in immune cells as well as glia and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are best known for their role in the host defense in response to pathogens and for the induction of inflammation in infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), TLRs modulate glial and neuronal functions as well as innate immunity and neuroinflammation under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. The majority of the studies on TLRs in CNS pathologies investigated their overall contribution without focusing on a particular cell type, or they analyzed TLRs in glia and infiltrating immune cells in the context of neuroinflammation and cellular activation. The role of neuronal TLRs in CNS diseases and injuries has received little attention and remains underappreciated. The primary goal of this review is to summarize findings demonstrating the pivotal and unique roles of neuronal TLRs in neuropathic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and CNS injuries. We discuss how the current findings warrant future investigations to better define the specific contributions of neuronal TLRs to these pathologies. We underline the paucity of information regarding the role of neuronal TLRs in other neurodegenerative, demyelinating, and psychiatric diseases. We draw attention to the importance of broadening research on neuronal TLRs in view of emerging evidence demonstrating their distinctive functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ 07042, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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15
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Liu Q, Umemoto E, Morita N, Kayama H, Baba Y, Kurosaki T, Okumura R, Takeda K. Pyruvate enhances oral tolerance via GPR31. Int Immunol 2022; 34:343-352. [PMID: 35303081 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 high myeloid cells in the small intestine mediate the induction of oral tolerance by driving regulatory T (Treg) cells. Bacterial metabolites, e.g., pyruvate and lactate, induce a dendrite extension of CX3CR1 high myeloid cells into the intestinal lumen via GPR31. However, it remains unclear whether the pyruvate-GPR31 axis is involved in the induction of oral tolerance. Here, we show that pyruvate enhances oral tolerance in a GPR31-dependent manner. In ovalbumin (OVA)-fed Gpr31-deficient mice, an OVA-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity response was substantially induced, demonstrating the defective induction of oral tolerance in Gpr31-deficient mice. The percentage of RORγt+ Treg cells in the small intestine was reduced in Gpr31-deficient mice. In pyruvate-treated wild-type mice, a low dose of OVA efficiently induced oral tolerance. IL-10 production from intestinal CX3CR1 high myeloid cells was increased by OVA ingestion in wild-type mice, but not in Gpr31-deficient mice. CX3CR1 high myeloid cell-specific IL-10-deficient mice showed a defective induction of oral tolerance to OVA and a decreased accumulation of OVA-specific Treg cells in the small intestine. These findings demonstrate that pyruvate enhances oral tolerance through a GPR31-dependent effect on intestinal CX3CR1 high myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Umemoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Morita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiative, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Kong Y, Du Q, Li J, Xing H. Engineering bacterial surface interactions using DNA as a programmable material. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3086-3100. [PMID: 35077527 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06138k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diverse surface interactions and functions of a bacterium play an important role in cell signaling, host infection, and colony formation. To understand and synthetically control the biological functions of individual cells as well as the whole community, there is growing attention on the development of chemical and biological tools that can integrate artificial functional motifs onto the bacterial surface to replace the native interactions, enabling a variety of applications in biosynthesis, environmental protection, and human health. Among all these functional motifs, DNA emerges as a powerful tool that can precisely control bacterial interactions at the bio-interface due to its programmability and biorecognition properties. Compared with conventional chemical and genetic approaches, the sequence-specific Watson-Crick interaction enables almost unlimited programmability in DNA nanostructures, realizing one base-pair spatial control and bio-responsive properties. This highlight aims to provide an overview on this emerging research topic of DNA-engineered bacterial interactions from the aspect of synthetic chemists. We start with the introduction of native bacterial surface ligands and established synthetic approaches to install artificial ligands, including direct modification, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering. A brief overview of DNA nanotechnology, reported DNA-bacteria conjugation chemistries, and several examples of DNA-engineered bacteria are included in this highlight. The future perspectives and challenges in this field are also discussed, including the development of dynamic bacterial surface chemistry, assembly of programmable multicellular community, and realization of bacteria-based theranostic agents and synthetic microbiota as long-term goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Kong
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Qi Du
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Hang Xing
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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17
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18
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Berman R, Rose CS, Downey GP, Day BJ, Chu HW. Role of Particulate Matter from Afghanistan and Iraq in Deployment-Related Lung Disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2408-2423. [PMID: 34808040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 3 million United States military personnel and contractors were deployed to Southwest Asia and Afghanistan over the past two decades. After returning to the United States, many developed persistent respiratory symptoms, including those due to asthma, rhinosinusitis, bronchiolitis, and others, which we collectively refer to as deployment-related lung diseases (DRLD). The mechanisms of different DRLD have not been well defined. Limited studies from us and others suggest that multiple factors and biological signaling pathways contribute to the onset of DRLD. These include, but are not limited to, exposures to high levels of particulate matter (PM) from sandstorms, burn pit combustion products, improvised explosive devices, and diesel exhaust particles. Once inhaled, these hazardous substances can activate lung immune and structural cells to initiate numerous cell-signaling pathways such as oxidative stress, Toll-like receptors, and cytokine-driven cell injury (e.g., interleukin-33). These biological events may lead to a pro-inflammatory response and airway hyperresponsiveness. Additionally, exposures to PM and other environmental hazards may predispose military personnel and contractors to more severe disease due to the interactions of those hazardous materials with subsequent exposures to allergens and cigarette smoke. Understanding how airborne exposures during deployment contribute to DRLD may identify effective targets to alleviate respiratory diseases and improve quality of life in veterans and active duty military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Berman
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Cecile S Rose
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
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19
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Role of TLR5 in the Translocation and Dissemination of Commensal Bacteria in the Intestine after Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6417658. [PMID: 34840990 PMCID: PMC8626180 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6417658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterogenous infection is a major cause of death during traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS). It has been reported that Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays an integral role in regulating mucosal immunity and intestinal homeostasis of the microbiota. However, the roles played by TLR5 on intestinal barrier maintenance and commensal bacterial translocation post-THS are poorly understood. In this research, we established THS models in wild-type (WT) and Tlr5-/- (genetically deficient in TLR5 expression) mice. We found that THS promoted bacterial translocation, while TLR5 deficiency played a protective role in preventing commensal bacteria dissemination after THS. Furthermore, intestinal microbiota analysis uncovered that TLR5 deficiency enhanced the mucosal biological barrier by decreasing RegIIIγ-mediated bactericidal activity against G+ anaerobic bacteria. We then sorted small intestinal TLR5+ lamina propria dendritic cells (LPDCs) and analyzed TH1 differentiation in the intestinal lamina propria and a coculture system consisting of LPDCs and naïve T cells. Although TLR5 deficiency attenuated the regulation of TH1 polarization by LPDCs, it conferred stability to the cells during THS. Moreover, retinoic acid (RA) released from TLR5+ LPDCs could play a key role in modulating TH1 polarization. We also found that gavage administration of RA alleviated bacterial translocation in THS-treated WT mice. In summary, we documented that TLR5 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating RegIIIγ-induced killing of G+ anaerobic bacteria, and LPDCs mediated TH1 differentiation via RA. These processes prevent intestinal bacterial translocation and enterogenous infection after THS, suggesting that therapeutically targeting LPDCs or gut microbiota can interfere with bacterial translocation after THS.
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20
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Wahida A, Müller M, Hiergeist A, Popper B, Steiger K, Branca C, Tschurtschenthaler M, Engleitner T, Donakonda S, De Coninck J, Öllinger R, Pfautsch MK, Müller N, Silva M, Usluer S, Thiele Orberg E, Böttcher JP, Pfarr N, Anton M, Slotta-Huspenina JB, Nerlich AG, Madl T, Basic M, Bleich A, Berx G, Ruland J, Knolle PA, Rad R, Adolph TE, Vandenabeele P, Kanegane H, Gessner A, Jost PJ, Yabal M. XIAP restrains TNF-driven intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis by promoting innate immune responses of Paneth and dendritic cells. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabf7235. [PMID: 34739338 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is the cause for X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome 2 (XLP2). About one-third of these patients suffer from severe and therapy-refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the exact cause of this pathogenesis remains undefined. Here, we used XIAP-deficient mice to characterize the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation. In Xiap−/− mice, we observed spontaneous terminal ileitis and microbial dysbiosis characterized by a reduction of Clostridia species. We showed that in inflamed mice, both TNF receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1/2) cooperated in promoting ileitis by targeting TLR5-expressing Paneth cells (PCs) or dendritic cells (DCs). Using intestinal organoids and in vivo modeling, we demonstrated that TLR5 signaling triggered TNF production, which induced PC dysfunction mediated by TNFR1. TNFR2 acted upon lamina propria immune cells. scRNA-seq identified a DC population expressing TLR5, in which Tnfr2 expression was also elevated. Thus, the combined activity of TLR5 and TNFR2 signaling may be responsible for DC loss in lamina propria of Xiap−/− mice. Consequently, both Tnfr1−/−Xiap−/− and Tnfr2−/−Xiap−/− mice were rescued from dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, RNA-seq of ileal crypts revealed that in inflamed Xiap−/− mice, TLR5 signaling was abrogated, linking aberrant TNF responses with the development of a dysbiosis. Evidence for TNFR2 signaling driving intestinal inflammation was detected in XLP2 patient samples. Together, these data point toward a key role of XIAP in mediating resilience of TLR5-expressing PCs and intestinal DCs, allowing them to maintain tissue integrity and microbiota homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dysbiosis/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Intestines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Paneth Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 5/immunology
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/deficiency
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wahida
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Müller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Animal Models, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology and Digital Pathology, Institute for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Branca
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer Therapy, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Jordy De Coninck
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie K Pfautsch
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Müller
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Silva
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sinem Usluer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erik Thiele Orberg
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia B Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas G Nerlich
- Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic Munich-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Medical Department III for Hematology and Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monica Yabal
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Logeswaran A, Contreras-Ruiz L, Masli S. Conjunctival Goblet Cell Responses to TLR5 Engagement Promote Activation of Local Antigen-Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716939. [PMID: 34434198 PMCID: PMC8380822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival epithelium forms a barrier between the ocular surface microbial flora and the ocular mucosa. In addition to secreting gel-forming mucins, goblet cells, located in the conjunctival epithelium, help maintain local immune homeostasis by secreting active TGFβ2 and promoting tolerogenic phenotype of dendritic cells in the vicinity. Although dendritic cell subsets, characteristic of mucosal tissues, are found in the conjunctiva, previous studies provided limited information about their location within the tissue. In this study, we examine immunostained conjunctiva explants to determine the location of CD11c-positive dendritic cells in the context of MUC5AC-positive goblet cells. Considering that conjunctival goblet cells are responsive to signaling induced by pathogen recognition receptors, we also assess if their responses to microbial product, flagellin, can contribute to the disruption of ocular mucosal homeostasis that promotes activation of dendritic cells and results in chronic ocular surface inflammation. We find that dendritic cells in the conjunctiva with an increased microbial colonization are located adjacent to goblet cells. While their cell bodies in the stromal layer are immediately below the epithelial layer, several extensions of dendritic cells are projected across the epithelium towards the ocular surface. Such trans-epithelial dendrites are not detectable in healthy ocular mucosa. In response to topically applied flagellin, increased proportion of CD11c-positive cells in the conjunctiva strongly express MHC class II relative to the untreated conjunctiva. This change is accompanied by reduced immunoreactivity to TGFβ-activating Thrombospondin-1 in the conjunctival epithelium. These findings are supported by in vitro observations in primary cultures of goblet cells that respond to the TLR5 stimulation with an increased expression of IL-6 and reduced level of active TGFβ. The observed changes in the conjunctiva after flagellin application correspond with the development of clinical signs of chronic ocular mucosal inflammation including corneal epitheliopathy. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the ability of ocular mucosal dendritic cells to extend trans-epithelial dendrites in response to increased microbial colonization at the ocular surface. Moreover, this study provides key insight into how goblet cell responses to microbial stimuli may contribute to the disruption of ocular mucosal homeostasis and chronic ocular mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiramy Logeswaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura Contreras-Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Kayama H, Okumura R, Takeda K. Interaction Between the Microbiota, Epithelia, and Immune Cells in the Intestine. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 38:23-48. [PMID: 32340570 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-070119-115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral tolerance with microbial metabolites, components, and attachment to host cells. To avoid aberrant immune responses, epithelial cells segregate the intestinal microbiota from immune cells by constructing chemical and physical barriers, leading to the establishment of host-commensal mutualism. Furthermore, intestinal immune cells participate in the maintenance of a healthy microbiota community and reinforce epithelial barrier functions. Perturbations of the microbiota composition are commonly observed in patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders. An understanding of the intimate interactions between the intestinal microbiota, epithelial cells, and immune cells that are crucial for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis might promote advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kayama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; , , .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Negi S, Saini S, Tandel N, Sahu K, Mishra RP, Tyagi RK. Translating Treg Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Humanized Mice. Cells 2021; 10:1847. [PMID: 34440615 PMCID: PMC8393385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans, afflicted in genetically predisposed individuals due to dysregulated immune response directed against constituents of gut flora. The defective immune responses mounted against the regulatory mechanisms amplify and maintain the IBD-induced mucosal inflammation. Therefore, restoring the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immunepathways in the gut may contribute to halting the IBD-associated tissue-damaging immune response. Phenotypic and functional characterization of various immune-suppressive T cells (regulatory T cells; Tregs) over the last decade has been used to optimize the procedures for in vitro expansion of these cells for developing therapeutic interventional strategies. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of action and functional importance of Tregs during the pathogenesis of IBD and modulating the disease induced inflammation as well as role of mouse models including humanized mice repopulated with the human immune system (HIS) to study the IBD. "Humanized" mouse models provide new tools to analyze human Treg ontogeny, immunobiology, and therapy and the role of Tregs in developing interventional strategies against IBD. Overall, humanized mouse models replicate the human conditions and prove a viable tool to study molecular functions of human Tregs to harness their therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/metabolism
- Crohn Disease/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Negi
- Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India; (S.N.); (S.S.); (K.S.)
- BERPDC Department, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India; (S.N.); (S.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India;
| | - Kiran Sahu
- Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India; (S.N.); (S.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Ravi P.N. Mishra
- BERPDC Department, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh 160036, India; (S.N.); (S.S.); (K.S.)
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24
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Molecular Basis for the Activation of Human Innate Immune Response by the Flagellin Derived from Plant-Pathogenic Bacterium, Acidovorax avenae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136920. [PMID: 34203170 PMCID: PMC8268093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidovorax avenae is a flagellated, pathogenic bacterium to various plant crops that has also been found in human patients with haematological malignancy, fever, and sepsis; however, the exact mechanism for infection in humans is not known. We hypothesized that the human innate immune system could be responsive to the purified flagellin isolated from A. avenae, named FLA-AA. We observed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 by treating FLA-AA to human dermal fibroblasts, as well as macrophages. This response was exclusively through TLR5, which was confirmed by using TLR5-overexpression cell line, 293/hTLR5, as well as TLR5-specific inhibitor, TH1020. We also observed the secretion of inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, by the activation of NLRC4 with FLA-AA. Overall, our results provide a molecular basis for the inflammatory response caused by FLA-AA in cell-based assays.
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25
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Sharma V, Hecker N, Walther F, Stuckas H, Hiller M. Convergent Losses of TLR5 Suggest Altered Extracellular Flagellin Detection in Four Mammalian Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1847-1854. [PMID: 32145026 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role for the innate immune system by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR5 encodes the major extracellular receptor for bacterial flagellin and frequently evolves under positive selection, consistent with coevolutionary arms races between the host and pathogens. Furthermore, TLR5 is inactivated in several vertebrates and a TLR5 stop codon polymorphism is widespread in human populations. Here, we analyzed the genomes of 120 mammals and discovered that TLR5 is convergently lost in four independent lineages, comprising guinea pigs, Yangtze river dolphin, pinnipeds, and pangolins. Validated inactivating mutations, absence of protein-coding transcript expression, and relaxed selection on the TLR5 remnants confirm these losses. PCR analysis further confirmed the loss of TLR5 in the pinniped stem lineage. Finally, we show that TLR11, encoding a second extracellular flagellin receptor, is also absent in these four lineages. Independent losses of TLR5 and TLR11 suggest that a major pathway for detecting flagellated bacteria is not essential for different mammals and predicts an impaired capacity to sense extracellular flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,CRTD-DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Walther
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heiko Stuckas
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Senckenberg - Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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26
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Lei X, Palomero J, de Rink I, de Wit T, van Baalen M, Xiao Y, Borst J. Flagellin/TLR5 Stimulate Myeloid Progenitors to Enter Lung Tissue and to Locally Differentiate Into Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621665. [PMID: 33815375 PMCID: PMC8017192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is the receptor of bacterial Flagellin. Reportedly, TLR5 engagement helps to combat infections, especially at mucosal sites, by evoking responses from epithelial cells and immune cells. Here we report that TLR5 is expressed on a previously defined bipotent progenitor of macrophages (MΦs) and osteoclasts (OCs) that resides in the mouse bone marrow (BM) and circulates at low frequency in the blood. In vitro, Flagellin promoted the generation of MΦs, but not OCs from this progenitor. In vivo, MΦ/OC progenitors were recruited from the blood into the lung upon intranasal inoculation of Flagellin, where they rapidly differentiated into MΦs. Recruitment of the MΦ/OC progenitors into the lung was likely promoted by the CCL2/CCR2 axis, since the progenitors expressed CCR2 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) produced CCL2 upon stimulation by Flagellin. Moreover, CCR2 blockade reduced migration of the MΦ/OC progenitors toward lung lavage fluid (LLF) from Flagellin-inoculated mice. Our study points to a novel role of the Flagellin/TLR5 axis in recruiting circulating MΦ/OC progenitors into infected tissue and stimulating these progenitors to locally differentiate into MΦs. The progenitor pathway to produce MΦs may act, next to monocyte recruitment, to fortify host protection against bacterial infection at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jara Palomero
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom de Wit
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Baalen
- Flow Cytometry Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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27
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Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Cardoso A, Minutti CM, Pereira da Costa M, Reis E Sousa C. Dendritic Cells Revisited. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:131-166. [PMID: 33481643 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-061020-053707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) possess the ability to integrate information about their environment and communicate it to other leukocytes, shaping adaptive and innate immunity. Over the years, a variety of cell types have been called DCs on the basis of phenotypic and functional attributes. Here, we refocus attention on conventional DCs (cDCs), a discrete cell lineage by ontogenetic and gene expression criteria that best corresponds to the cells originally described in the 1970s. We summarize current knowledge of mouse and human cDC subsets and describe their hematopoietic development and their phenotypic and functional attributes. We hope that our effort to review the basic features of cDC biology and distinguish cDCs from related cell types brings to the fore the remarkable properties of this cell type while shedding some light on the seemingly inordinate complexity of the DC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Ana Cardoso
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Carlos M Minutti
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Caetano Reis E Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom;
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28
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Semin I, Ninnemann J, Bondareva M, Gimaev I, Kruglov AA. Interplay Between Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors and Cytokines for the Maintenance of Epithelial Barrier Integrity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644333. [PMID: 34124086 PMCID: PMC8194074 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is densely populated by microbiota consisting of various commensal microorganisms that are instrumental for the healthy state of the living organism. Such commensals generate various molecules that can be recognized by the Toll-like receptors of the immune system leading to the inflammation marked by strong upregulation of various proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β. To prevent excessive inflammation, a single layer of constantly renewing, highly proliferating epithelial cells (IEC) provides proper segregation of such microorganisms from the body cavities. There are various triggers which facilitate the disturbance of the epithelial barrier which often leads to inflammation. However, the nature and duration of the stress may determine the state of the epithelial cells and their responses to cytokines. Here we discuss the role of the microbiota-TLR-cytokine axis in the maintenance of the epithelial tissue integrity. In particular, we highlight discrepancies in the function of TLR and cytokines in IEC barrier during acute or chronic inflammation and we suggest that intervention strategies should be applied based on the type of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Semin
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Justus Ninnemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilia Gimaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Andrey A. Kruglov
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29
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Manabe Y, Chang TC, Fukase K. Recent advances in self-adjuvanting glycoconjugate vaccines. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:61-71. [PMID: 34895656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compared to traditional vaccines that are formulated into mixtures of an adjuvant and an antigen, a self-adjuvanting vaccine consists of an antigen that is covalently conjugated to a well-defined adjuvant. In self-adjuvanting vaccines, innate immune receptor ligands are usually used as adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively trigger acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity to enhance host immune responses to antigens. When a self-adjuvanting vaccine is used, immune cells simultaneously uptake the antigen and the adjuvant because they are covalently linked. Consequently, the adjuvant can specifically induce immune responses against the conjugated antigen. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require co-administration of additional adjuvants or immobilization to carrier proteins, which enables avoidance of the use of highly toxic adjuvants or the induction of undesired immune responses. Given these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to serve as candidates for the next generation of vaccines. Herein, we review vaccine adjuvants, with a focus on the adjuvants used in self-adjuvanting vaccines, and then overview recent advances made with self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan; Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
| | - Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan; Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
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30
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Akhade AS, Atif SM, Lakshmi BS, Dikshit N, Hughes KT, Qadri A, Subramanian N. Type 1 interferon-dependent repression of NLRC4 and iPLA2 licenses down-regulation of Salmonella flagellin inside macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29811-29822. [PMID: 33177235 PMCID: PMC7703570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002747117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes have been implicated in the detection and clearance of a variety of bacterial pathogens, but little is known about whether this innate sensing mechanism has any regulatory effect on the expression of stimulatory ligands by the pathogen. During infection with Salmonella and many other pathogens, flagellin is a major activator of NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated macrophage pyroptosis and pathogen eradication. Salmonella switches to a flagellin-low phenotype as infection progresses to avoid this mechanism of clearance by the host. However, the host cues that Salmonella perceives to undergo this switch remain unclear. Here, we report an unexpected role of the NLRC4 inflammasome in promoting expression of its microbial ligand, flagellin, and identify a role for type 1 IFN signaling in switching of Salmonella to a flagellin-low phenotype. Early in infection, activation of NLRC4 by flagellin initiates pyroptosis and concomitant release of lysophospholipids which in turn enhance expression of flagellin by Salmonella thereby amplifying its ability to elicit cell death. TRIF-dependent production of type 1 IFN, however, later represses NLRC4 and the lysophospholipid biosynthetic enzyme iPLA2, causing a decline in intracellular lysophospholipids that results in down-regulation of flagellin expression by Salmonella These findings reveal a previously unrecognized immune-modulating regulatory cross-talk between endosomal TLR signaling and cytosolic NLR activation with significant implications for the establishment of infection with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neha Dikshit
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Kelly T Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ayub Qadri
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, 110067 New Delhi, India;
| | - Naeha Subramanian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109;
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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31
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Kumarasingha R, Ioannidis LJ, Abeysekera W, Studniberg S, Wijesurendra D, Mazhari R, Poole DP, Mueller I, Schofield L, Hansen DS, Eriksson EM. Transcriptional Memory-Like Imprints and Enhanced Functional Activity in γδ T Cells Following Resolution of Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582358. [PMID: 33154754 PMCID: PMC7591758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play an essential role in the immune response to many pathogens, including Plasmodium. However, long-lasting effects of infection on the γδ T cell population still remain inadequately understood. This study focused on assessing molecular and functional changes that persist in the γδ T cell population following resolution of malaria infection. We investigated transcriptional changes and memory-like functional capacity of malaria pre-exposed γδ T cells using a Plasmodiumchabaudi infection model. We show that multiple genes associated with effector function (chemokines, cytokines and cytotoxicity) and antigen-presentation were upregulated in P. chabaudi-exposed γδ T cells compared to γδ T cells from naïve mice. This transcriptional profile was positively correlated with profiles observed in conventional memory CD8+ T cells and was accompanied by enhanced reactivation upon secondary encounter with Plasmodium-infected red blood cells in vitro. Collectively our data demonstrate that Plasmodium exposure result in "memory-like imprints" in the γδ T cell population and also promotes γδ T cells that can support antigen-presentation during subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Studniberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinidu Wijesurendra
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana S. Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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32
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He JW, Zhou XJ, Lv JC, Zhang H. Perspectives on how mucosal immune responses, infections and gut microbiome shape IgA nephropathy and future therapies. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11462-11478. [PMID: 33052226 PMCID: PMC7545987 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections have been considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) because synpharyngitic hematuria is a common feature in IgAN. However, how infections participate in this process is still debated. More recent studies have also revealed that the alteration of the gut microbiome exerts a profound effect on host immune responses, contributing to the etiology or progression of autoimmunity. Considering IgA as the first line of defense against bacterial and viral antigens, this review evaluates the relationships among intestinal infections, gut microbiome, and IgA for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IgAN. Moreover, as a prototype of IgA immunity, we provide detailed clarification of IgAN pathogenesis to shed light on other diseases in which IgA plays a role. Finally, we discuss potential therapies focusing on microbes and mucosal immune responses in IgAN.
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33
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Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
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34
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Zou J, Zhao X, Shi Z, Zhang Z, Vijay-Kumar M, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT. Critical Role of Innate Immunity to Flagellin in the Absence of Adaptive Immunity. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1478-1487. [PMID: 32830227 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial flagellin is a major target of innate and adaptive immunity, both of which can promote and/or compensate for deficiencies in each other's function. METHODS To investigate the role of innate immune detection of flagellin irrespective of adaptive immunity, we examined the consequences of loss of Toll-like receptor 5 (T5) and/or Nod-like receptor 4 (N4) upon a Rag1-deficient background. RESULTS Mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5 and Rag1 (T5/Rag-DKO) exhibited frequent lethal Pasteurellaceae-containing abscesses that prevented breeding of these mice. Mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5, Nod-like receptor 4, and Rag1 (T5/N4/Rag-TKO) also resulted in sporadic lethal abdominal abscesses caused by similar Pasteurellaceae. In the absence of such infections, relative to Rag1-KO, T5/N4/Rag-TKO mice exhibited microbiota encroachment, low-grade inflammation, microbiota dysbiosis, and, moreover were highly prone to Citrobacter infection and developed severe colitis when adoptively transferred with colitogenic T cells. Relative proneness of T5/N4/Rag-TKO mice to T-cell colitis was ablated by antibiotics while fecal microbiota transplant from T5/N4/Rag-TKO mice to wild-type mice transferred proneness to Citrobacter infection, indicating that dysbiosis in T5/N4/Rag-TKO mice contributed to these phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a critical role for innate immune detection of flagellin, especially in the intestinal tract and particularly in hosts deficient in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xu Zhao
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenda Shi
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,French National Institute of Health and Medical Research - INSERM, U1016, team "Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases," Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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35
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Cappai MG, Dimauro C, Arlinghaus M, Sander SJ, Pinna W, Kamphues J. Subluminal Focal Lesions in Peyer's Patches in the Terminal Ileum of Pigs Fed With Different Physical Forms of One Same Diet. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:207. [PMID: 32478102 PMCID: PMC7242563 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde backflow of cecum chyme and consequent ascendent colonization of the foregut may occur via the ileocecal valve (IV) under predisposing circumstances. The Peyer's patches (PPs) in the terminal ileum (TI) play a crucial role in targeting antigens and act as a first line of blockage of pathogens in the small intestine. In view of the established impact of the physical form of the diet (grinding and compaction of ingredients) on the physicochemical and microbiological composition of digesta throughout the different gastrointestinal tracts, special attention was paid to PP reaction following different dietary treatments. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of different physical forms of one diet (identical for botanical and chemical composition) administered to growing pigs on macro- and microscopic morphology of PPs in the last 3 cm of the TI, as a region of interest immediately close to the IV involved in the prevention of retrograde contamination of the small intestine. The diet effect was tested after 4 weeks of experimental feeding on PPs of 32 growing pigs, fed with four dietary treatments differing for the physical form: FP—finely ground pelleted diet (dMEAN, 0.463 mm); CM—coarsely ground meal diet (dMEAN, 0.880 mm); CP—coarsely ground pelleted diet (dMEAN, 0.836); and CE—coarsely ground extruded diet (dMEAN, 0.659). A higher prevalence of subluminal focal liquefactive necrosis (FLN) in the last 3 cm of the TI was observed in pigs fed with the CE and the FP diet (n. 3/8 or 37.5% and n. = 1/8 or 12.5%, respectively) (p = 0.076). FLN negatively and significantly correlated with the pH value of digesta of the last part of the small intestine (ρ = −0.361; p = 0.026). All animals enrolled appeared clinically healthy throughout the trial. Growth performance were not affected by the different dietary treatments, but fecal dry matter and pH values were affected in a significant way. Results about the morphology of PPs assessed in this trial can be suggestive of the physical form of the diet as a contributing factor to the onset of different antigenic potentials of the intestinal chyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corrado Dimauro
- Department of Agriculture, Research Unit of Animal Breeding Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Arlinghaus
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Saara J Sander
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Walter Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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36
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Gorczynski RM, Hoffmann G. Combined IMIG and immune Ig attenuates inflammatory colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106464. [PMID: 32278130 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using a combination of homologous and heterologous (mouse/human) polyclonal anti-idiotypic Igs and immune Igs in BALB/c mice we have previously reported attenuation of allergic type responses following OVA immunization. We have now investigated attenuation of an inflammatory colitis in C57BL/6 mice receiving dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in their drinking water, using additional treatment of DSS-exposed mice with combined human Igs, commercial IVIG (given IM, hence hereafter IMIG) as a source of pooled anti-idiotype Ig, and human anti-Tet as immune Ig. METHODS Acute or chronic colitis was induced by DSS in groups of C57BL/6 mice. Mice also received weekly immunotherapy with im injections of polyclonal immune Ig, polyclonal anti-idiotype Ig, or the combined Igs, for a total of 5 injections, beginning with DSS treatment or after 2 cycles of DSS. Weight loss and mortality were monitored daily, and the extent of colitis was determined further using colonic length measurement, and by ELISA measurement of inflammatory cytokines in supernatants from colonic explant cultures. RESULTS Mice developed colitis in both the acute and chronic models with loss of body weight, shortened colon lengths, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in colonic tissue. Loss of body weight, and inflammatory cytokine production, was attenuated only in chronic colitis, and only after combined IMIG and immune Ig treatment, and not in groups receiving only IMIG or immune Ig alone. CONCLUSION Heterologous combinations of polyclonal IMIG and immune Ig can attenuate inflammatory colitis in mice. Given the described efficacy of this treatment for allergic desensitization, we hypothesize this methodology may have widespread clinic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gorczynski
- Universityof Toronto, ON, Canada; Network Immunology, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - G Hoffmann
- Network Immunology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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37
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Kang W, Park A, Huh JW, You G, Jung DJ, Song M, Lee HK, Kim YM. Flagellin-Stimulated Production of Interferon-β Promotes Anti-Flagellin IgG2c and IgA Responses. Mol Cells 2020; 43:251-263. [PMID: 32131150 PMCID: PMC7103879 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin, a major structural protein of the flagellum found in all motile bacteria, activates the TLR5- or NLRC4 inflammasomedependent signaling pathway to induce innate immune responses. Flagellin can also serve as a specific antigen for the adaptive immune system and stimulate anti-flagellin antibody responses. Failure to recognize commensal-derived flagellin in TLR5-deficient mice leads to the reduction in antiflagellin IgA antibodies at steady state and causes microbial dysbiosis and mucosal barrier breach by flagellated bacteria to promote chronic intestinal inflammation. Despite the important role of anti-flagellin antibodies in maintaining the intestinal homeostasis, regulatory mechanisms underlying the flagellin-specific antibody responses are not well understood. In this study, we show that flagellin induces interferon-β (IFN-β) production and subsequently activates type I IFN receptor signaling in a TLR5- and MyD88-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo . Internalization of TLR5 from the plasma membrane to the acidic environment of endolysosomes was required for the production of IFN-β, but not for other proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that antiflagellin IgG2c and IgA responses were severely impaired in interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-deficient mice, suggesting that IFN-β produced by the flagellin stimulation regulates anti-flagellin antibody class switching. Our findings shed a new light on the regulation of flagellin-mediated immune activation and may help find new strategies to promote the intestinal health and develop mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondae Kang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Areum Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Huh
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Gihoon You
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Da-Jung Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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38
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Santos-Sierra S. Developments in anticancer vaccination: budding new adjuvants. Biol Chem 2020; 401:435-446. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe immune system has a limited capacity to recognize and fight cells that become cancerous and in cancer patients, the immune system has to seek the right balance between cancer rejection and host-immunosupression. The tumor milieu builds a protective shell and tumor cells rapidly accumulate mutations that promote antigen variability and immune-escape. Therapeutic vaccination of cancer is a promising strategy the success of which depends on a powerful activation of the cells of the adaptive immune system specific for tumor-cell detection and killing (e.g. CD4+and CD8+T-cells). In the last decades, the search for novel adjuvants that enhance dendritic cell (DC) function and their ability to prime T-cells has flourished and some Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have long been known to be valid immune adjuvants. The implementation of TLR-synthetic agonists in clinical studies of cancer vaccination is replacing the initial use of microbial-derived products with some encouraging results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest discoveries of TLR-synthetic agonists with adjuvant potential in anti-cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Santos-Sierra
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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39
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Gowing SD, Cool-Lartigue JJ, Spicer JD, Seely AJE, Ferri LE. Toll-like receptors: exploring their potential connection with post-operative infectious complications and cancer recurrence. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:225-239. [PMID: 31975313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in North America. Despite modern advances in cancer therapy, many patients will ultimately develop cancer metastasis resulting in mortality. Surgery to resect early stage solid malignancies remains the cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, surgery places patients at risk of developing post-operative infectious complications that are linked to earlier cancer metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily-conserved sentinel receptors of the innate immune system that are activated by microbial products present during infection, leading to activation of innate immunity. Numerous types of solid cancer cells also express TLRs, with their activation augmenting their ability to metastasize. Similarly, healthy host-tissue TLRs activated during infection induce a prometastatic environment in the host. Cancer cells additionally secrete TLR activating ligands that activate both cancer TLRs and host TLRs to promote metastasis. Consequently, TLRs are an attractive therapeutic candidate to target infection-induced cancer metastasis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gowing
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - J J Cool-Lartigue
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J D Spicer
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - A J E Seely
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Ferri
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
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40
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Seo B, Jeon K, Moon S, Lee K, Kim WK, Jeong H, Cha KH, Lim MY, Kang W, Kweon MN, Sung J, Kim W, Park JH, Ko G. Roseburia spp. Abundance Associates with Alcohol Consumption in Humans and Its Administration Ameliorates Alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:25-40.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Fujimoto K, Uematsu S. Development of prime-boost-type next-generation mucosal vaccines. Int Immunol 2019; 32:597-603. [PMID: 31882997 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are constantly exposed to a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms through mucosal sites. Therefore, effective vaccines that can protect at the mucosa are vital; however, only a few clinically established mucosal vaccines are available. Although conventional injectable vaccines can induce antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and prevent severe infection, it is difficult to efficiently inhibit the invasion of pathogens at mucosal surfaces because of the inadequate ability to induce antigen-specific IgA. Recently, we have developed a parenteral vaccine with emulsified curdlan and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and reported its application. Unlike other conventional injectable vaccines, this immunization contributes to the induction of antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Even if antigen-specific IgA at the mucosa disappears, this immunization can induce high-titer IgA after boosting with a small amount of antigen on the target mucosal surface. Indeed, vaccination with Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen effectively prevented lung infection induced by this bacterium. In addition, vaccination with Clostridium ramosum, which is a representative pathobiont associated with obesity and diabetes in humans, reduced obesity in mice colonized with this microorganism. This immunization approach might be an effective treatment for intestinal bacteria-mediated diseases that have been difficult to regulate so far, as well as common infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Wang Y, Yin Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Wang X, Chen H, Xiang C. Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Flagellins From Segmented Filamentous Bacteria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2750. [PMID: 31824516 PMCID: PMC6883716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper-17 (Th17) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that can produce the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 and play vital roles in protecting the host from bacterial and fungal infections, especially at the mucosal surface. These are abundant in the small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and their differentiation are associated with the colonization of the intestinal flora. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) drew the attention of researchers due to their unique ability to drive the accumulation of Th17 cells in the SI LP of mice. Recent work has highlighted that SFB used microbial adhesion-triggered endocytosis (MATE) to transfer SFB antigenic proteins into small intestinal epithelial cells (SI ECs) and modulate host immune homeostasis. However, which components of SFB are involved in this immune response process remains unclear. Here, we examined the roles of SFB flagellins in Th17 cells induction using various techniques, including ELISA, ELISPOT, and RNA-seq in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the immune function of SFB flagellins is similar to SFB, i.e., induces the appearance of CD4+ T helper cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 (Th17 cells) in the SI LP. Furthermore, treatment of mice with SFB flagellins lead to a significant increase in the expression of genes associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. In addition, SFB flagellins have an intimate relationship with intestinal epithelial cells, influencing the expression of epithelial cell-specific genes such as Nos2, Duox2, Duoxa2, SAA3, Tat, and Lcn2. Thus, we propose that SFB flagellins play a significant role in the involvement of SFB in the induction of intestinal Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeshi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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43
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Debrie AS, Mielcarek N, Lecher S, Roux X, Sirard JC, Locht C. Early Protection against Pertussis Induced by Live AttenuatedBordetella pertussisBPZE1 Depends on TLR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3293-3300. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Shah JA, Emery R, Lee B, Venkatasubramanian S, Simmons JD, Brown M, Hung CF, Prins JM, Verbon A, Hawn TR, Skerrett SJ. TOLLIP deficiency is associated with increased resistance to Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1382-1390. [PMID: 31462698 PMCID: PMC6824992 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is a flagellated, intracellular bacterium that can cause Legionnaires' disease (LD). Lp activates multiple innate immune receptors, and TOLLIP dampens MyD88-dependent signaling and may influence susceptibility to LD. We evaluated the effect of TOLLIP on innate immunity, pneumonia severity, and LD susceptibility in mouse lungs and human populations. To accomplish this, we evaluated the effect of TOLLIP on lung-specific Lp control and immune response and associated a common functional TOLLIP variant with Lp-induced innate immune responses and LD susceptibility in humans. After aerosol Lp infection, Tollip-/- mice demonstrated significantly fewer bacterial colony-forming unit and increased cytokine responses from BAL fluid. Tollip-/- macrophages also suppressed intracellular Lp replication in a flagellin-independent manner. The presence of a previously characterized, functionally active SNP associated with decreased TOLLIP mRNA transcript in monocytes was associated with increased TNF and IL-6 secretion after Lp stimulation of PBMC ex vivo. This genotype was separately associated with decreased LD susceptibility (309 controls, 88 cases, p = 0.008, OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.76) in a candidate gene association study. These results suggest that TOLLIP decreases lung-specific TLR responses to increase LD susceptibility in human populations. Better understanding of TOLLIP may lead to novel immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed A. Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robyn Emery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jason D. Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melanie Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chi F. Hung
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jan M. Prins
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shawn J. Skerrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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45
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Negi S, Das DK, Pahari S, Nadeem S, Agrewala JN. Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Induction and Regulation of Innate Immune Memory. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2441. [PMID: 31749793 PMCID: PMC6842962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota significantly regulates the development and function of the innate and adaptive immune system. The attribute of immunological memory has long been linked only with adaptive immunity. Recent evidence indicates that memory is also present in the innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and natural killer cells. These cells exhibit pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs) expressed by the microbes. Interaction between PRRs and MAMPs is quite crucial since it triggers the sequence of signaling events and epigenetic rewiring that not only play a cardinal role in modulating the activation and function of the innate cells but also impart a sense of memory response. We discuss here how gut microbiota can influence the generation of innate memory and functional reprogramming of bone marrow progenitors that helps in protection against infections. This article will broaden our current perspective of association between the gut microbiome and innate memory. In the future, this knowledge may pave avenues for development and designing of novel immunotherapies and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Gastroenterology Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Immunology Division, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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46
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Ito H, Sadatomo A, Inoue Y, Yamada N, Aizawa E, Hishida E, Kamata R, Karasawa T, Kimura H, Watanabe S, Komada T, Horie H, Kitayama J, Sata N, Takahashi M. Role of TLR5 in inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:15-22. [PMID: 31472954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a life-threatening complication that leads to inflammation and remote organ damage. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is highly expressed in mucosa and recognizes flagellin, the main component of the bacterial flagella. Here, we investigated the role of TLR5 in inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury using TLR5-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Intestinal levels of TLR5 mRNA and flagellin protein were elevated in wild-type mice subjected to intestinal I/R. Although TLR5 deficiency had no effect on intestinal flagellin levels, it significantly attenuated intestinal injury and inflammatory responses after intestinal I/R. TLR5 deficiency also markedly improved survival in mice after intestinal I/R injury. In wild-type mice, intestinal I/R injury induced remote organ damage, particularly in the lung, which was attenuated by TLR5 deficiency. Furthermore, TLR5 deficiency prevented lung inflammatory responses and vascular permeability after intestinal I/R injury. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate a novel role of TLR5 and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homare Ito
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ai Sadatomo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Erika Hishida
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisanaga Horie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Li J, Mao R, Kurada S, Wang J, Lin S, Chandra J, Rieder F. Pathogenesis of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease. Transl Res 2019; 209:39-54. [PMID: 30981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which could affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. A severe complication of CD is fibrosis-associated strictures, which can cause bowel obstruction. Unfortunately, there is no specific antifibrotic therapy available. More than 80% of the patients with CD will have to undergo at least 1 surgery in their life and recurrence of strictures after surgery is common. Investigations on the mechanism of fibrostenosing CD have revealed that fibrosis is mainly driven by expansion of mesenchymal cells including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Being exposed to a pro-fibrotic milieu, these cells increase the secretion of extracellular matrix, as well as crosslinking enzymes, which drive tissue stiffness and remodeling. Fibrogenesis can become independent of inflammation in later stages of disease, which offers unique therapeutic potential. Exciting new evidence suggests smooth muscle cell hyperplasia as a strong contributor to luminal narrowing in fibrostenotic CD. Approval of new drugs in other fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as new targets associated with fibrosis found in CD, such as cadherins or specific integrins, shed light on the development of novel antifibrotic approaches in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Satya Kurada
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jyotsna Chandra
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
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48
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Steimle A, Menz S, Bender A, Ball B, Weber ANR, Hagemann T, Lange A, Maerz JK, Parusel R, Michaelis L, Schäfer A, Yao H, Löw HC, Beier S, Tesfazgi Mebrhatu M, Gronbach K, Wagner S, Voehringer D, Schaller M, Fehrenbacher B, Autenrieth IB, Oelschlaeger TA, Frick JS. Flagellin hypervariable region determines symbiotic properties of commensal Escherichia coli strains. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000334. [PMID: 31206517 PMCID: PMC6597123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents a classical intestinal gram-negative commensal. Despite this commensalism, different E. coli strains can mediate disparate immunogenic properties in a given host. Symbiotic E. coli strains such as E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are attributed beneficial properties, e.g., promotion of intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, we aimed to identify molecular features derived from symbiotic bacteria that might help to develop innovative therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of intestinal immune disorders. This study was performed using the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, which is routinely used to evaluate potential therapeutics for the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). We focused on the analysis of flagellin structures of different E. coli strains. EcN flagellin was found to harbor a substantially longer hypervariable region (HVR) compared to other commensal E. coli strains, and this longer HVR mediated symbiotic properties through stronger activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)5, thereby resulting in interleukin (IL)-22–mediated protection of mice against DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, using bone-marrow–chimeric mice (BMCM), CD11c+ cells of the colonic lamina propria (LP) were identified as the main mediators of these flagellin-induced symbiotic effects. We propose flagellin from symbiotic E. coli strains as a potential therapeutic to restore intestinal immune homeostasis, e.g., for the treatment of IBD patients. A flagellum renders bacteria motile, but this study reveals another property important for symbiosis: the hypervariable region of Escherichia coli flagellin strongly determines activation of TLR5, mediating benefits for the host such as protection against colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Steimle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Menz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Bender
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brianna Ball
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hagemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan K. Maerz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Parusel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Michaelis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schäfer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans Yao
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna-Christine Löw
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sina Beier
- Chair of Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gronbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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49
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D'Orazio SEF. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses during Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019. [PMID: 31124430 PMCID: PMC11086964 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0065-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It could be argued that we understand the immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes better than the immunity elicited by any other bacteria. L. monocytogenes are Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically tractable and easy to cultivate in vitro, and the mouse model of intravenous (i.v.) inoculation is highly reproducible. For these reasons, immunologists frequently use the mouse model of systemic listeriosis to dissect the mechanisms used by mammalian hosts to recognize and respond to infection. This article provides an overview of what we have learned over the past few decades and is divided into three sections: "Innate Immunity" describes how the host initially detects the presence of L. monocytogenes and characterizes the soluble and cellular responses that occur during the first few days postinfection; "Adaptive Immunity" discusses the exquisitely specific T cell response that mediates complete clearance of infection and immunological memory; "Use of Attenuated Listeria as a Vaccine Vector" highlights the ways that investigators have exploited our extensive knowledge of anti-Listeria immunity to develop cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E F D'Orazio
- University of Kentucky, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Lexington, KY 40536-0298
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50
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Badr MT, Häcker G. Gene expression profiling meta-analysis reveals novel gene signatures and pathways shared between tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213470. [PMID: 30845171 PMCID: PMC6405138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading causes of death by infectious diseases. An epidemiological association between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been reported but it remains unclear if there is a causal relationship, and if so, which molecular pathways and regulatory mechanisms contribute to it. Here we used a computational biology approach by global gene expression meta-analysis to identify candidate genes and pathways that may link TB and RA. Data were collected from public expression databases such as NCBI GEO. Studies were selected that analyzed mRNA-expression in whole blood or blood cell populations in human case control studies at comparable conditions. Six TB and RA datasets (41 active TB patients, 33 RA patients, and 67 healthy controls) were included in the downstream analysis. This approach allowed the identification of deregulated genes that had not been identified in the single analysis of TB or RA patients and that were co-regulated in TB and RA patients compared to healthy subjects. The genes encoding TLR5, TNFSF10/TRAIL, PPP1R16B/TIMAP, SIAH1, PIK3IP1, and IL17RA were among the genes that were most significantly deregulated in TB and RA. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed 'T cell receptor signaling pathway', 'Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,' and 'virus defense related pathways' among the pathways most strongly associated with both diseases. The identification of a common gene signature and pathways substantiates the observation of an epidemiological association of TB and RA and provides clues on the mechanistic basis of this association. Newly identified genes may be a basis for future functional and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Badr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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