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Chaudhary R, Rehman M, Agarwal V, Kumar A, Kaushik AS, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Verma R, Rajinikanth PS, Mishra V. Terra incognita of glial cell dynamics in the etiology of leukodystrophies: Broadening disease and therapeutic perspectives. Life Sci 2024; 354:122953. [PMID: 39122110 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroglial cells, also known as glia, are primarily characterized as auxiliary cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The recent findings have shed light on their significance in numerous physiological processes and their involvement in various neurological disorders. Leukodystrophies encompass an array of rare and hereditary neurodegenerative conditions that were initially characterized by the deficiency, aberration, or degradation of myelin sheath within CNS. The primary cellular populations that experience significant alterations are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. These glial cells are either structurally or metabolically impaired due to inherent cellular dysfunction. Alternatively, they may fall victim to the accumulation of harmful by-products resulting from metabolic disturbances. In either situation, the possible replacement of glial cells through the utilization of implanted tissue or stem cell-derived human neural or glial progenitor cells hold great promise as a therapeutic strategy for both the restoration of structural integrity through remyelination and the amelioration of metabolic deficiencies. Various emerging treatment strategies like stem cell therapy, ex-vivo gene therapy, infusion of adeno-associated virus vectors, emerging RNA-based therapies as well as long-term therapies have demonstrated success in pre-clinical studies and show promise for rapid clinical translation. Here, we addressed various leukodystrophies in a comprehensive and detailed manner as well as provide prospective therapeutic interventions that are being considered for clinical trials. Further, we aim to emphasize the crucial role of different glial cells in the pathogenesis of leukodystrophies. By doing so, we hope to advance our understanding of the disease, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and facilitate the development of potential treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Siddhi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Sukriti Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - P S Rajinikanth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India.
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2
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Brañes MC, Gillet R, Valenzuela R. Nuclear receptors behind the therapeutic effects of plant sterols on metabolism: A review. Lipids 2024. [PMID: 39077818 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Plant sterols are known for their hypocholesterolemic action, and the molecular mechanisms behind this within the gut have been extensively discussed and demonstrated to the point that there is a degree of consensus. However, recent studies show that these molecules exert an additional umbrella of therapeutic effects in other tissues, which are related to immune function, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. A strong hypothesis to explain these effects is the structural relationship between plant sterols and the ligands of a group of nuclear receptors. This review delves into the molecular aspects of therapeutic effects related with lipid and energy metabolism that have been observed and demonstrated for plant sterols, and turns the perspective to explore the involvement of nuclear receptors as part of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Emery B, Wood TL. Regulators of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041358. [PMID: 38503504 PMCID: PMC11146316 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Myelination has evolved as a mechanism to ensure fast and efficient propagation of nerve impulses along axons. Within the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is carried out by highly specialized glial cells, oligodendrocytes. The formation of myelin is a prolonged aspect of CNS development that occurs well into adulthood in humans, continuing throughout life in response to injury or as a component of neuroplasticity. The timing of myelination is tightly tied to the generation of oligodendrocytes through the differentiation of their committed progenitors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which reside throughout the developing and adult CNS. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of some of the signals and pathways that regulate the differentiation of OPCs, and thus the myelination of CNS axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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4
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Elitt MS, Tesar PJ. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: on the cusp of myelin medicine. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:459-470. [PMID: 38582621 PMCID: PMC11081862 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is caused by mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene encoding proteolipid protein (PLP). As a major component of myelin, mutated PLP causes progressive neurodegeneration and eventually death due to severe white matter deficits. Medical care has long been limited to symptomatic treatments, but first-in-class PMD therapies with novel mechanisms now stand poised to enter clinical trials. Here, we review PMD disease mechanisms and outline rationale for therapeutic interventions, including PLP1 suppression, cell transplantation, iron chelation, and intracellular stress modulation. We discuss available preclinical data and their implications on clinical development. With several novel treatments on the horizon, PMD is on the precipice of a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Elitt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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5
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Louie AY, Rund LA, Komiyama-Kasai KA, Weisenberger KE, Stanke KL, Larsen RJ, Leyshon BJ, Kuchan MJ, Das T, Steelman AJ. A hydrolyzed lipid blend diet promotes myelination in neonatal piglets in a region and concentration-dependent manner. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1864-1883. [PMID: 37737490 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The impact of early life nutrition on myelin development is of interest given that cognitive and behavioral function depends on proper myelination. Evidence shows that myelination can be altered by dietary lipid, but most of these studies have been performed in the context of disease or impairment. Here, we assessed the effects of lipid blends containing various levels of a hydrolyzed fat (HF) system on myelination in healthy piglets. Piglets were sow-reared, fed a control diet, or a diet containing 12%, 25%, or 53% HF consisting of cholesterol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and phospholipid from lecithin. At postnatal day 28/29, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess changes to brain development, followed by brain collection for microscopic analyses of myelin in targeted regions using CLARITY tissue clearing, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy techniques. Sow-reared piglets exhibited the highest overall brain white matter volume by MRI. However, a 25% HF diet resulted in the greatest total myelin density in the prefrontal cortex based on 3D modeling analysis of myelinated filaments. Nodal gap length and g-ratio were inversely correlated with percentage of HF in the corpus callosum, as well as in the PFC and internal capsule for g-ratio, indicating that a 53% HF diet resulted in the thickest myelin per axon and a 0% HF control diet the thinnest in specific brain regions. These findings indicate that HF promoted myelination in the neonatal piglet in a region- and concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y Louie
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Karin A Komiyama-Kasai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelsie E Weisenberger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kayla L Stanke
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Tapas Das
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Festa LK, Clyde AE, Long CC, Roth LM, Grinspan JB, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Antiretroviral treatment reveals a novel role for lysosomes in oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurochem 2023; 165:722-740. [PMID: 36718947 PMCID: PMC10724866 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
White matter deficits are a common neuropathologic finding in neurologic disorders, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In HAND, the persistence of white matter alterations despite suppressive antiretroviral (ARV) therapy suggests that ARVs may be directly contributing to these impairments. Here, we report that a frontline ARV, bictegravir (BIC), significantly attenuates remyelination following cuprizone-mediated demyelination, a model that recapitulates acute demyelination, but has no impact on already formed mature myelin. Mechanistic studies utilizing primary rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) revealed that treatment with BIC leads to significant decrease in mature oligodendrocytes accompanied by lysosomal deacidification and impairment of lysosomal degradative capacity with no alterations in lysosomal membrane permeability or total lysosome number. Activation of the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML1 prevents both lysosomal deacidification and impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation by BIC. Lastly, we show that deacidification of lysosomes by compounds that raise lysosomal pH is sufficient to prevent maturation of oligodendrocytes. Overall, this study has uncovered a critical role for lysosomal acidification in modulating oligodendrocyte function and has implications for neurologic diseases characterized by lysosomal dysfunction and white matter abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Festa
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Abigail E. Clyde
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Caela C. Long
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Judith B. Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Floriddia E. In conversation with Klaus-Armin Nave. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01349-w. [PMID: 37217728 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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8
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Barnes-Vélez JA, Aksoy Yasar FB, Hu J. Myelin lipid metabolism and its role in myelination and myelin maintenance. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100360. [PMID: 36588745 PMCID: PMC9800635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized cell membrane indispensable for rapid nerve conduction. The high abundance of membrane lipids is one of myelin's salient features that contribute to its unique role as an insulator that electrically isolates nerve fibers across their myelinated surface. The most abundant lipids in myelin include cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and plasmalogens, each playing critical roles in myelin development as well as function. This review serves to summarize the role of lipid metabolism in myelination and myelin maintenance, as well as the molecular determinants of myelin lipid homeostasis, with an emphasis on findings from genetic models. In addition, the implications of myelin lipid dysmetabolism in human diseases are highlighted in the context of hereditary leukodystrophies and neuropathies as well as acquired disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Barnes-Vélez
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Fatma Betul Aksoy Yasar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1901, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
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A new mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2J neuropathy replicates human axonopathy and suggest alteration in axo-glia communication. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010477. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid nerve impulse propagation and axon protection. Accordingly, defects in myelination or myelin maintenance lead to secondary axonal damage and subsequent degeneration. Studies utilizing genetic (CNPase-, MAG-, and PLP-null mice) and naturally occurring neuropathy models suggest that myelinating glia also support axons independently from myelin. Myelin protein zero (MPZ or P0), which is expressed only by Schwann cells, is critical for myelin formation and maintenance in the peripheral nervous system. Many mutations in MPZ are associated with demyelinating neuropathies (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B [CMT1B]). Surprisingly, the substitution of threonine by methionine at position 124 of P0 (P0T124M) causes axonal neuropathy (CMT2J) with little to no myelin damage. This disease provides an excellent paradigm to understand how myelinating glia support axons independently from myelin. To study this, we generated targeted knock-in MpzT124M mutant mice, a genetically authentic model of T124M-CMT2J neuropathy. Similar to patients, these mice develop axonopathy between 2 and 12 months of age, characterized by impaired motor performance, normal nerve conduction velocities but reduced compound motor action potential amplitudes, and axonal damage with only minor compact myelin modifications. Mechanistically, we detected metabolic changes that could lead to axonal degeneration, and prominent alterations in non-compact myelin domains such as paranodes, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and gap junctions, implicated in Schwann cell-axon communication and axonal metabolic support. Finally, we document perturbed mitochondrial size and distribution along MpzT124M axons suggesting altered axonal transport. Our data suggest that Schwann cells in P0T124M mutant mice cannot provide axons with sufficient trophic support, leading to reduced ATP biosynthesis and axonopathy. In conclusion, the MpzT124M mouse model faithfully reproduces the human neuropathy and represents a unique tool for identifying the molecular basis for glial support of axons.
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Khalaf G, Mattern C, Begou M, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Massaad C, Massaad-Massade L. Mutation of Proteolipid Protein 1 Gene: From Severe Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy to Inherited Spastic Paraplegia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071709. [PMID: 35885014 PMCID: PMC9313024 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher Disease (PMD) is an inherited leukodystrophy affecting the central nervous system (CNS)—a rare disorder that especially concerns males. Its estimated prevalence is 1.45–1.9 per 100,000 individuals in the general population. Patients affected by PMD exhibit a drastic reduction or absence of myelin sheaths in the white matter areas of the CNS. The Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1) gene encodes a transmembrane proteolipid protein. PLP1 is the major protein of myelin, and it plays a key role in the compaction, stabilization, and maintenance of myelin sheaths. Its function is predominant in oligodendrocyte development and axonal survival. Mutations in the PLP1 gene cause the development of a wide continuum spectrum of leukopathies from the most severe form of PMD for whom patients exhibit severe CNS hypomyelination to the relatively mild late-onset type 2 spastic paraplegia, leading to the concept of PLP1-related disorders. The genetic diversity and the biochemical complexity, along with other aspects of PMD, are discussed to reveal the obstacles that hinder the development of treatments. This review aims to provide a clinical and mechanistic overview of this spectrum of rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Khalaf
- U1195 Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System, INSERM and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | | | - Mélina Begou
- Neuro-Dol, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- UMR 1141, INSERM, NeuroDiderot Université Paris Cité and APH-P, Neuropédiatrie, French Reference Center for Leukodystrophies, LEUKOFRANCE, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Charbel Massaad
- UMRS 1124, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.M.-M.);Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-30 (L.M.-M.)
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- U1195 Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System, INSERM and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (L.M.-M.);Tel.: +33-1-49-59-18-30 (L.M.-M.)
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11
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Lupski JR. Biology in balance: human diploid genome integrity, gene dosage, and genomic medicine. Trends Genet 2022; 38:554-571. [PMID: 35450748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The path to completion of the functional annotation of the haploid human genome reference build, exploration of the clan genomics hypothesis, understanding human gene and genome functional biology, and gene genome and organismal evolution, is in reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lupski
- Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Duan R, Ji H, Yan H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li D, Cao B, Gu Q, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Li M, Wang J. Genotype-phenotype correlation and natural history analyses in a Chinese cohort with pelizaeus-merzbacher disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:137. [PMID: 35346287 PMCID: PMC8962489 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history and genotype-phenotype correlation of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) of Chinese patients has been rarely reported. METHOD Patients who met the criteria for PMD were enrolled in our study. Genomic analysis was conducted by multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and Sanger or whole-exome sequencing (WES). Natural history differences and genotype-phenotype correlations were analyzed. RESULT A total of 111 patients were enrolled in our follow-up study. The median follow-up interval was 53 m (1185). Among PMD patients, developmental delay was the most common sign, and nystagmus and hypotonia were the most common initial symptoms observed. A total of 78.4% of the patients were able to control their head, and 72.1% could speak words. However, few of the patients could stand (9.0%) or walk (4.5%) by themselves. Nystagmus improved in more than half of the patients, and hypotonia sometimes deteriorated to movement disorders. More PLP1 point mutations patients were categorized into severe group, while more patients with PLP1 duplications were categorized into mild group (p < 0.001). Compared to patients in mild groups, those in the severe group had earlier disease onset and had acquired fewer skills at a later age. CONCLUSION PMD patients have early disease onset with nystagmus and hypotonia followed by decreased nystagmus and movement disorders, such as spasticit. Patients with PLP1 duplication were more likely to be categorized into the mild group, whereas patients with point mutations were more likely to be categorized into the severe group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Haoran Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Children's Development and Rehabilitation, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Binbin Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China. .,Department of Children's Development and Rehabilitation, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Chung HL, Rump P, Lu D, Glassford MR, Mok JW, Fatih J, Basal A, Marcogliese PC, Kanca O, Rapp M, Fock JM, Kamsteeg EJ, Lupski JR, Larson A, Haninbal MC, Bellen H, Harel T. De novo variants in EMC1 lead to neurodevelopmental delay and cerebellar degeneration and affect glial function in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3231-3244. [PMID: 35234901 PMCID: PMC9523557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane protein complex (EMC) is a multi-protein transmembrane complex composed of 10 subunits that functions as a membrane-protein chaperone. Variants in EMC1 lead to neurodevelopmental delay and cerebellar degeneration. Multiple families with biallelic variants have been published, yet to date, only a single report of a monoallelic variant has been described, and functional evidence is sparse. METHODS Exome sequencing was used to investigate the genetic cause underlying severe developmental delay in three unrelated children. EMC1 variants were modeled in Drosophila, using loss-of-function (LoF) and overexpression studies. Glial-specific and neuronal-specific assays were used to determine whether the dysfunction was specific to one cell type. RESULTS Exome sequencing identified de novo variants in EMC1 in three individuals affected by global developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, visual impairment and cerebellar atrophy. All variants were located at Pro582 or Pro584. Drosophila studies indicated that imbalance of EMC1-either overexpression or knockdown-results in pupal lethality and suggest that the tested homologous variants are LoF alleles. In addition, glia-specific gene dosage, overexpression or knockdown, of EMC1 led to lethality, whereas neuron-specific alterations were tolerated. DISCUSSION We establish de novo monoallelic EMC1 variants as causative of a neurological disease trait by providing functional evidence in a Drosophila model. The identified variants failed to rescue the lethality of a null allele. Variations in dosage of the wild-type EMC1, specifically in glia, lead to pupal lethality, which we hypothesize results from the altered stoichiometry of the multi-subunit protein complex EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Rump
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan R Glassford
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism & Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jung-Wan Mok
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jawid Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adily Basal
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele Rapp
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 60045, USA
| | - Johanna M Fock
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Austin Larson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 60045, United States
| | - Mark C Haninbal
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism & Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hugo Bellen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel. Tel: +(972)-2-6776329; Fax: +(972)-2-6777618; ; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel: +1 832824-8750; Fax: +1832825-1240;
| | - Tamar Harel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel. Tel: +(972)-2-6776329; Fax: +(972)-2-6777618; ; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel: +1 832824-8750; Fax: +1832825-1240;
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14
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Khandker L, Jeffries MA, Chang YJ, Mather ML, Evangelou AV, Bourne JN, Tafreshi AK, Ornelas IM, Bozdagi-Gunal O, Macklin WB, Wood TL. Cholesterol biosynthesis defines oligodendrocyte precursor heterogeneity between brain and spinal cord. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110423. [PMID: 35235799 PMCID: PMC8988216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain and spinal cord oligodendroglia have distinct functional characteristics, and cell-autonomous loss of individual genes can result in different regional phenotypes. However, a molecular basis for these distinctions is unknown. Using single-cell analysis of oligodendroglia during developmental myelination, we demonstrate that brain and spinal cord precursors are transcriptionally distinct, defined predominantly by cholesterol biosynthesis. We further identify the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a major regulator promoting cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglia-specific loss of mTOR decreases cholesterol biosynthesis in both the brain and the spinal cord, but mTOR loss in spinal cord oligodendroglia has a greater impact on cholesterol biosynthesis, consistent with more pronounced deficits in developmental myelination. In the brain, mTOR loss results in a later adult myelin deficit, including oligodendrocyte death, spontaneous demyelination, and impaired axonal function, demonstrating that mTOR is required for myelin maintenance in the adult brain. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, Khandker et al. reveal that oligodendroglia in the brain and spinal cord are distinct. These differences arise from mechanisms regulating cholesterol acquisition, necessary for maintenance of the lipid-rich myelin sheath, and involve mTOR in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luipa Khandker
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Marisa A Jeffries
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- Office of Advance Research Computing, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Marie L Mather
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Angelina V Evangelou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jennifer N Bourne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Azadeh K Tafreshi
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Isis M Ornelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ozlem Bozdagi-Gunal
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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15
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Saher G. Local cholesterol metabolism orchestrates remyelination. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:272-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Sharma N, Tan MA, An SSA. Phytosterols: Potential Metabolic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212255. [PMID: 34830148 PMCID: PMC8618769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols constitute a class of natural products that are an important component of diet and have vast applications in foods, cosmetics, and herbal medicines. With many and diverse isolated structures in nature, they exhibit a broad range of biological and pharmacological activities. Among over 200 types of phytosterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were ubiquitous in many plant species, exhibiting important aspects of activities related to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this mini-review presented an overview of the reported studies on selected phytosterols related to neurodegenerative diseases. It covered the major phytosterols based on biosynthetic considerations, including other phytosterols with significant in vitro and in vivo biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Sharma
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Mario A. Tan
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-8755
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17
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Kapoor D, Garg D, Sharma S. Emerging Role of the Ketogenic Dietary Therapies beyond Epilepsy in Child Neurology. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:470-480. [PMID: 34728937 PMCID: PMC8513984 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_20_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) have been in use for refractory paediatric epilepsy for a century now. Over time, KDTs themselves have undergone various modifications to improve tolerability and clinical feasibility, including the Modified Atkins diet (MAD), medium chain triglyceride (MCT) diet and the low glycaemic index treatment (LGIT). Animal and observational studies indicate numerous benefits of KDTs in paediatric neurological conditions apart from their evident benefits in childhood intractable epilepsy, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, rarer neurogenetic conditions such as Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Kabuki syndrome, neurodegenerative conditions such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and other conditions such as stroke and migraine. A large proportion of the evidence is derived from individual case reports, case series and some small clinical trials, emphasising the vast scope for research in this avenue. The term 'neuroketotherapeutics' has been coined recently to encompass the rapid strides in this field. In the 100th year of its use for paediatric epilepsy, this review covers the role of the KDTs in non-epilepsy neurological conditions among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Divyani Garg
- Department of Neurology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suvasini Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India
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18
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Sun T, Hosang L, Depp C, Sasmita AO, Vasileva MH, Scholz P, Zhao Y, Krueger-Burg D, Wichert S, Brown ER, Michail K, Nave KA, Bonn S, Odoardi F, Rossner M, Ischebeck T, Edgar JM, Saher G. Neuronal cholesterol synthesis is essential for repair of chronically demyelinated lesions in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109889. [PMID: 34706227 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte-derived cholesterol supports brain cells under physiological conditions. However, in demyelinating lesions, astrocytes downregulate cholesterol synthesis, and the cholesterol that is essential for remyelination has to originate from other cellular sources. Here, we show that repair following acute versus chronic demyelination involves distinct processes. In particular, in chronic myelin disease, when recycling of lipids is often defective, de novo neuronal cholesterol synthesis is critical for regeneration. By gene expression profiling, genetic loss-of-function experiments, and comprehensive phenotyping, we provide evidence that neurons increase cholesterol synthesis in chronic myelin disease models and in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In mouse models, neuronal cholesterol facilitates remyelination specifically by triggering oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Our data contribute to the understanding of disease progression and have implications for therapeutic strategies in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew O Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina H Vasileva
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dilja Krueger-Burg
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Wichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Euan R Brown
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, James Naysmith Building, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kyriakos Michail
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, James Naysmith Building, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Axo-glial Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Spieth L, Berghoff SA, Stumpf SK, Winchenbach J, Michaelis T, Watanabe T, Gerndt N, Düking T, Hofer S, Ruhwedel T, Shaib AH, Willig K, Kronenberg K, Karst U, Frahm J, Rhee JS, Minguet S, Möbius W, Kruse N, von der Brelie C, Michels P, Stadelmann C, Hülper P, Saher G. Anesthesia triggers drug delivery to experimental glioma in mice by hijacking caveolar transport. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab140. [PMID: 34647026 PMCID: PMC8500692 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmaceutical intervention in the CNS is hampered by the shielding function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To induce clinical anesthesia, general anesthetics such as isoflurane readily penetrate the BBB. Here, we investigated whether isoflurane can be utilized for therapeutic drug delivery. Methods Barrier function in primary endothelial cells was evaluated by transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance, and nanoscale STED and SRRF microscopy. In mice, BBB permeability was quantified by extravasation of several fluorescent tracers. Mouse models including the GL261 glioma model were evaluated by MRI, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, western blot, and expression analysis. Results Isoflurane enhances BBB permeability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. We demonstrate that, mechanistically, isoflurane disturbs the organization of membrane lipid nanodomains and triggers caveolar transport in brain endothelial cells. BBB tightness re-establishes directly after termination of anesthesia, providing a defined window for drug delivery. In a therapeutic glioblastoma trial in mice, simultaneous exposure to isoflurane and cytotoxic agent improves efficacy of chemotherapy. Conclusions Combination therapy, involving isoflurane-mediated BBB permeation with drug administration has far-reaching therapeutic implications for CNS malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Spieth
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Berghoff
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sina K Stumpf
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Winchenbach
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Michaelis
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Biomedizinische NMR, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Biomedizinische NMR, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Gerndt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Düking
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Biomedizinische NMR, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ali H Shaib
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Willig
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Group of Optical Nanoscopy in Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kronenberg
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Biomedizinische NMR, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeong Seop Rhee
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany. Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany. Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niels Kruse
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Michels
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Anesthesiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuropathology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petra Hülper
- Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, University Hospital, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a group of genetically determined disorders that affect development or maintenance of central nervous system myelin. Leukodystrophies have an incidence of at least 1 in 4700 live births and significant morbidity and elevated risk of early death. This report includes a discussion of the types of leukodystrophies; their prevalence, clinical presentation, symptoms, and diagnosis; and current and future treatments. Leukodystrophies can present at any age from infancy to adulthood, with variability in disease progression and clinical presentation, ranging from developmental delay to seizures to spasticity. Diagnosis is based on a combination of history, examination, and radiologic and laboratory findings, including genetic testing. Although there are few cures, there are significant opportunities for care and improvements in patient well-being. Rapid advances in imaging and diagnosis, the emergence of and requirement for timely treatments, and the addition of leukodystrophy screening to newborn screening, make an understanding of the leukodystrophies necessary for pediatricians and other care providers for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah and Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
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21
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Bernardo A, De Nuccio C, Visentin S, Martire A, Minghetti L, Popoli P, Ferrante A. Myelin Defects in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168858. [PMID: 34445564 PMCID: PMC8396228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a wide-spectrum clinical condition classified as a neurovisceral disorder affecting mainly the liver and the brain. It is caused by mutations in one of two genes, NPC1 and NPC2, coding for proteins located in the lysosomes. NPC proteins are deputed to transport cholesterol within lysosomes or between late endosome/lysosome systems and other cellular compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. The first trait of NPC is the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids, like sphingosine and glycosphingolipids, in the late endosomal and lysosomal compartments, which causes the blockade of autophagic flux and the impairment of mitochondrial functions. In the brain, the main consequences of NPC are cerebellar neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and myelin defects. This review will focus on myelin defects and the pivotal importance of cholesterol for myelination and will offer an overview of the molecular targets and the pharmacological strategies so far proposed, or an object of clinical trials for NPC. Finally, it will summarize recent data on a new and promising pharmacological perspective involving A2A adenosine receptor stimulation in genetic and pharmacological NPC dysmyelination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Bernardo
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Chiara De Nuccio
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Sergio Visentin
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Alberto Martire
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.D.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Antonella Ferrante
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902050
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22
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Ho WY, Chang JC, Lim K, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen AT, Foo JC, Muralidharan S, Viera-Ortiz A, Ong SJM, Hor JH, Agrawal I, Hoon S, Arogundade OA, Rodriguez MJ, Lim SM, Kim SH, Ravits J, Ng SY, Wenk MR, Lee EB, Tucker-Kellogg G, Ling SC. TDP-43 mediates SREBF2-regulated gene expression required for oligodendrocyte myelination. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212536. [PMID: 34347016 PMCID: PMC8348376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism operates autonomously within the central nervous system (CNS), where the majority of cholesterol resides in myelin. We demonstrate that TDP-43, the pathological signature protein for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), influences cholesterol metabolism in oligodendrocytes. TDP-43 binds directly to mRNA of SREBF2, the master transcription regulator for cholesterol metabolism, and multiple mRNAs encoding proteins responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, including HMGCR, HMGCS1, and LDLR. TDP-43 depletion leads to reduced SREBF2 and LDLR expression, and cholesterol levels in vitro and in vivo. TDP-43-mediated changes in cholesterol levels can be restored by reintroducing SREBF2 or LDLR. Additionally, cholesterol supplementation rescues demyelination caused by TDP-43 deletion. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes harboring TDP-43 pathology from FTD patients show reduced HMGCR and HMGCS1, and coaggregation of LDLR and TDP-43. Collectively, our results indicate that TDP-43 plays a role in cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, and cholesterol dysmetabolism may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley Viera-Ortiz
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah J M Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | | | - Maria J Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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23
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von Jonquieres G, Rae CD, Housley GD. Emerging Concepts in Vector Development for Glial Gene Therapy: Implications for Leukodystrophies. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661857. [PMID: 34239416 PMCID: PMC8258421 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) homeostasis and function rely on intercellular synchronization of metabolic pathways. Developmental and neurochemical imbalances arising from mutations are frequently associated with devastating and often intractable neurological dysfunction. In the absence of pharmacological treatment options, but with knowledge of the genetic cause underlying the pathophysiology, gene therapy holds promise for disease control. Consideration of leukodystrophies provide a case in point; we review cell type – specific expression pattern of the disease – causing genes and reflect on genetic and cellular treatment approaches including ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene therapies and in vivo approaches using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We link recent advances in vectorology to glial targeting directed towards gene therapies for specific leukodystrophies and related developmental or neurometabolic disorders affecting the CNS white matter and frame strategies for therapy development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Kopylov AT, Malsagova KA, Stepanov AA, Kaysheva AL. Diversity of Plant Sterols Metabolism: The Impact on Human Health, Sport, and Accumulation of Contaminating Sterols. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051623. [PMID: 34066075 PMCID: PMC8150896 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The way of plant sterols transformation and their benefits for humans is still a question under the massive continuing revision. In fact, there are no receptors for binding with sterols in mammalians. However, possible biotransformation to steroids that can be catalyzed by gastro-intestinal microflora, microbial cells in prebiotics or cytochromes system were repeatedly reported. Some products of sterols metabolization are capable to imitate resident human steroids and compete with them for the binding with corresponding receptors, thus affecting endocrine balance and entire physiology condition. There are also tremendous reports about the natural origination of mammalian steroid hormones in plants and corresponding receptors for their binding. Some investigations and reports warn about anabolic effect of sterols, however, there are many researchers who are reluctant to believe in and have strong opposing arguments. We encounter plant sterols everywhere: in food, in pharmacy, in cosmetics, but still know little about their diverse properties and, hence, their exact impact on our life. Most of our knowledge is limited to their cholesterol-lowering influence and protective effect against cardiovascular disease. However, the world of plant sterols is significantly wider if we consider the thousands of publications released over the past 10 years.
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25
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Zhou X, Shin S, He C, Zhang Q, Rasband MN, Ren J, Dai C, Zorrilla-Veloz RI, Shingu T, Yuan L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Lan F, Hu J. Qki regulates myelinogenesis through Srebp2-dependent cholesterol biosynthesis. eLife 2021; 10:60467. [PMID: 33942715 PMCID: PMC8139834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination depends on timely, precise control of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelinogenesis. Cholesterol is the most abundant component of myelin and essential for myelin membrane assembly in the central nervous system. However, the underlying mechanisms of precise control of cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendrocytes remain elusive. In the present study, we found that Qki depletion in neural stem cells or oligodendrocyte precursor cells in neonatal mice resulted in impaired cholesterol biosynthesis and defective myelinogenesis without compromising their differentiation into Aspa+Gstpi+ myelinating oligodendrocytes. Mechanistically, Qki-5 functions as a co-activator of Srebp2 to control transcription of the genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in oligodendrocytes. Consequently, Qki depletion led to substantially reduced concentration of cholesterol in mouse brain, impairing proper myelin assembly. Our study demonstrated that Qki-Srebp2-controlled cholesterol biosynthesis is indispensable for myelinogenesis and highlights a novel function of Qki as a transcriptional co-activator beyond its canonical function as an RNA-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Cancer Research Institute of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Seula Shin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, United States
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Jiangong Ren
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Congxin Dai
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rocío I Zorrilla-Veloz
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, United States
| | - Takashi Shingu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, United States
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Clinical Science Division, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, United States
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Fei Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States.,Cancer Biology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, United States.,Neuroscience Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, United States
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26
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Sun T, Hosang L, Schlaphoff L, Depp C, Düking T, Winchenbach J, Neuber J, Ewers D, Scholz P, van der Meer F, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Sasmita AO, Meschkat M, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Sankowski R, Prinz M, Huitinga I, Sereda MW, Odoardi F, Ischebeck T, Simons M, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Edgar JM, Nave KA, Saher G. Microglia facilitate repair of demyelinated lesions via post-squalene sterol synthesis. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:47-60. [PMID: 33349711 PMCID: PMC7116742 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The repair of inflamed, demyelinated lesions as in multiple sclerosis (MS) necessitates the clearance of cholesterol-rich myelin debris by microglia/macrophages and the switch from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory lesion environment. Subsequently, oligodendrocytes increase cholesterol levels as a prerequisite for synthesizing new myelin membranes. We hypothesized that lesion resolution is regulated by the fate of cholesterol from damaged myelin and oligodendroglial sterol synthesis. By integrating gene expression profiling, genetics and comprehensive phenotyping, we found that, paradoxically, sterol synthesis in myelin-phagocytosing microglia/macrophages determines the repair of acutely demyelinated lesions. Rather than producing cholesterol, microglia/macrophages synthesized desmosterol, the immediate cholesterol precursor. Desmosterol activated liver X receptor (LXR) signaling to resolve inflammation, creating a permissive environment for oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LXR target gene products facilitated the efflux of lipid and cholesterol from lipid-laden microglia/macrophages to support remyelination by oligodendrocytes. Consequently, pharmacological stimulation of sterol synthesis boosted the repair of demyelinated lesions, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Schlaphoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Düking
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Winchenbach
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Neuber
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Ewers
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew O Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Meschkat
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModul Basics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Zheng X, Duan R, Li L, Xing S, Ji H, Yan H, Gao K, Wang J, Wang J, Chen L. Live-cell superresolution pathology reveals different molecular mechanisms of pelizaeus-merzbacher disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:2061-2064. [PMID: 36732956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruoyu Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Liuju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shijia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jianyong Wang
- School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China.
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28
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Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies constitute a subset of genetic white matter disorders characterized by a primary lack of myelin deposition. Most patients with severe hypomyelination present in infancy or early childhood and develop severe neurological deficits, but the clinical presentation can also be mild with onset of symptoms in adolescence or adulthood. MRI can be used to visualize the process of myelination in detail, and MRI pattern recognition can provide a clinical diagnosis in many patients. Next-generation sequencing provides a definitive diagnosis in 80-90% of patients. Genes associated with hypomyelination include those that encode structural myelin proteins but also many that encode proteins involved in RNA translation and some lysosomal proteins. The precise pathomechanisms remain to be elucidated. Improved understanding of the process of myelination, the metabolic axonal support functions of myelin and the proposed contribution of myelin to CNS plasticity provide possible explanations as to why almost all patients with hypomyelination experience slow clinical decline after a long phase of stability. In this Review, we provide an overview of the hypomyelinating leukodystrophies, the advances in our understanding of myelin biology and of the genes involved in these disorders, and the insights these advances have provided into their clinical presentations and evolution.
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29
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Gruenenfelder FI, McLaughlin M, Griffiths IR, Garbern J, Thomson G, Kuzman P, Barrie JA, McCulloch ML, Penderis J, Stassart R, Nave KA, Edgar JM. Neural stem cells restore myelin in a demyelinating model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Brain 2020; 143:1383-1399. [PMID: 32419025 PMCID: PMC7462093 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is a fatal X-linked leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the PLP1 gene, which is expressed in the CNS by oligodendrocytes. Disease onset, symptoms and mortality span a broad spectrum depending on the nature of the mutation and thus the degree of CNS hypomyelination. In the absence of an effective treatment, direct cell transplantation into the CNS to restore myelin has been tested in animal models of severe forms of the disease with failure of developmental myelination, and more recently, in severely affected patients with early disease onset due to point mutations in the PLP1 gene, and absence of myelin by MRI. In patients with a PLP1 duplication mutation, the most common cause of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, the pathology is poorly defined because of a paucity of autopsy material. To address this, we examined two elderly patients with duplication of PLP1 in whom the overall syndrome, including end-stage pathology, indicated a complex disease involving dysmyelination, demyelination and axonal degeneration. Using the corresponding Plp1 transgenic mouse model, we then tested the capacity of transplanted neural stem cells to restore myelin in the context of PLP overexpression. Although developmental myelination and axonal coverage by endogenous oligodendrocytes was extensive, as assessed using electron microscopy (n = 3 at each of four end points) and immunostaining (n = 3 at each of four end points), wild-type neural precursors, transplanted into the brains of the newborn mutants, were able to effectively compete and replace the defective myelin (n = 2 at each of four end points). These data demonstrate the potential of neural stem cell therapies to restore normal myelination and protect axons in patients with PLP1 gene duplication mutation and further, provide proof of principle for the benefits of stem cell transplantation for other fatal leukodystrophies with 'normal' developmental myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik I Gruenenfelder
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ian R Griffiths
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - James Garbern
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gemma Thomson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Peter Kuzman
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Maj-Lis McCulloch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacques Penderis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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30
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Birolini G, Valenza M, Di Paolo E, Vezzoli E, Talpo F, Maniezzi C, Caccia C, Leoni V, Taroni F, Bocchi VD, Conforti P, Sogne E, Petricca L, Cariulo C, Verani M, Caricasole A, Falqui A, Biella G, Cattaneo E. Striatal infusion of cholesterol promotes dose-dependent behavioral benefits and exerts disease-modifying effects in Huntington's disease mice. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12519. [PMID: 32959531 PMCID: PMC7539329 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of pathophysiological mechanisms are implicated in Huntington's disease (HD). Among them, reduced cholesterol biosynthesis has been detected in the HD mouse brain from pre-symptomatic stages, leading to diminished cholesterol synthesis, particularly in the striatum. In addition, systemic injection of cholesterol-loaded brain-permeable nanoparticles ameliorates synaptic and cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of HD. To identify an appropriate treatment regimen and gain mechanistic insights into the beneficial activity of exogenous cholesterol in the HD brain, we employed osmotic mini-pumps to infuse three escalating doses of cholesterol directly into the striatum of HD mice in a continuous and rate-controlled manner. All tested doses prevented cognitive decline, while amelioration of disease-related motor defects was dose-dependent. In parallel, we found morphological and functional recovery of synaptic transmission involving both excitatory and inhibitory synapses of striatal medium spiny neurons. The treatment also enhanced endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and clearance of mutant Huntingtin aggregates. These results indicate that cholesterol infusion to the striatum can exert a dose-dependent, disease-modifying effect and may be therapeutically relevant in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Birolini
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Eleonora Di Paolo
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Talpo
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Claudia Maniezzi
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and NeurogeneticsFondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Valerio Leoni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryMonza and Laboratory of Clinical PathologyHospital of DesioASST‐MonzaUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and NeurogeneticsFondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaMilanItaly
| | - Vittoria D Bocchi
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Paola Conforti
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Elisa Sogne
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) DivisionNABLA LabKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Lara Petricca
- Neuroscience UnitTranslational and Discovery Research DepartmentIRBM S.p.ARomeItaly
| | - Cristina Cariulo
- Neuroscience UnitTranslational and Discovery Research DepartmentIRBM S.p.ARomeItaly
| | - Margherita Verani
- Neuroscience UnitTranslational and Discovery Research DepartmentIRBM S.p.ARomeItaly
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Neuroscience UnitTranslational and Discovery Research DepartmentIRBM S.p.ARomeItaly
| | - Andrea Falqui
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE) DivisionNABLA LabKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Gerardo Biella
- Department of Biology and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
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31
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Garcia LM, Hacker JL, Sase S, Adang L, Almad A. Glial cells in the driver seat of leukodystrophy pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105087. [PMID: 32977022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are often viewed as support cells in the central nervous system, but recent discoveries highlight their importance in physiological functions and in neurological diseases. Central to this are leukodystrophies, a group of progressive, neurogenetic disease affecting white matter pathology. In this review, we take a closer look at multiple leukodystrophies, classified based on the primary glial cell type that is affected. While white matter diseases involve oligodendrocyte and myelin loss, we discuss how astrocytes and microglia are affected and impinge on oligodendrocyte, myelin and axonal pathology. We provide an overview of the leukodystrophies covering their hallmark features, clinical phenotypes, diverse molecular pathways, and potential therapeutics for clinical trials. Glial cells are gaining momentum as cellular therapeutic targets for treatment of demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophies, currently with no treatment options. Here, we bring the much needed attention to role of glia in leukodystrophies, an integral step towards furthering disease comprehension, understanding mechanisms and developing future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Garcia
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia L Hacker
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Adang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akshata Almad
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Suppression of proteolipid protein rescues Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Nature 2020; 585:397-403. [PMID: 32610343 PMCID: PMC7810164 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PLP1, the gene that encodes proteolipid protein (PLP), result in failure of myelination and neurological dysfunction in the X-chromosome-linked leukodystrophy Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD)1,2. Most PLP1 mutations, including point mutations and supernumerary copy variants, lead to severe and fatal disease. Patients who lack PLP1 expression, and Plp1-null mice, can display comparatively mild phenotypes, suggesting that PLP1 suppression might provide a general therapeutic strategy for PMD1,3-5. Here we show, using CRISPR-Cas9 to suppress Plp1 expression in the jimpy (Plp1jp) point-mutation mouse model of severe PMD, increased myelination and restored nerve conduction velocity, motor function and lifespan of the mice to wild-type levels. To evaluate the translational potential of this strategy, we identified antisense oligonucleotides that stably decrease the levels of Plp1 mRNA and PLP protein throughout the neuraxis in vivo. Administration of a single dose of Plp1-targeting antisense oligonucleotides in postnatal jimpy mice fully restored oligodendrocyte numbers, increased myelination, improved motor performance, normalized respiratory function and extended lifespan up to an eight-month end point. These results suggest that PLP1 suppression could be developed as a treatment for PMD in humans. More broadly, we demonstrate that oligonucleotide-based therapeutic agents can be delivered to oligodendrocytes in vivo to modulate neurological function and lifespan, establishing a new pharmaceutical modality for myelin disorders.
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Zhou Y, Borchelt D, Bauson JC, Fazio S, Miles JR, Tavori H, Notterpek L. Subcellular diversion of cholesterol by gain- and loss-of-function mutations in PMP22. Glia 2020; 68:2300-2315. [PMID: 32511821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene, including duplication, deletion and point mutations are a major culprit in Type 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases. The complete absence of PMP22 alters cholesterol metabolism in Schwann cells, which likely contributes to myelination deficits. Here, we examined the subcellular trafficking of cholesterol in distinct models of PMP22-linked neuropathies. In Schwann cells from homozygous Trembler J (TrJ) mice carrying a Leu16Pro mutation, cholesterol was retained with TrJ-PMP22 in the Golgi, alongside a corresponding reduction in its plasma membrane level. PMP22 overexpression, which models CMT1A caused by gene duplication, triggered cholesterol sequestration to lysosomes, and reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent cholesterol efflux. Conversely, lysosomal targeting of cholesterol by U18666A treatment increased wild type (WT)-PMP22 levels in lysosomes. Mutagenesis of a cholesterol recognition motif, or CRAC domain, in human PMP22 lead to increased levels of PMP22 in the ER and Golgi compartments, along with higher cytosolic, and lower membrane-associated cholesterol. Importantly, cholesterol trafficking defects observed in PMP22-deficient Schwann cells were rescued by WT but not CRAC-mutant-PMP22. We also observed that myelination deficits in dorsal root ganglia explants from heterozygous PMP22-deficient mice were improved by cholesterol supplementation. Collectively, these findings indicate that PMP22 is critical in cholesterol metabolism, and this mechanism is likely a contributing factor in PMP22-linked hereditary neuropathies. Our results provide a basis for understanding how altered expression of PMP22 impacts cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jodi C Bauson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Joshua R Miles
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Jang YC, Mun BR, Choi IS, Song MK. Rehabilitative management of an infant with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20110. [PMID: 32481377 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked recessive trait and a rare disease characterized by abnormal myelin formation in the central nervous system. Since Pelizaeus and Merzbacher reported the pathology of PMD in the 1990s most studies have examined pharmacological treatments. No studies have reported the effects of rehabilitation on patients with PMD aimed at improving their functional abilities. We report the first case of improved development after rehabilitation in a patient with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. PATIENT CONCERNS A 1-month-boy developed focal seizures, nystagmus, and jerky head movements. He was brought to our outpatient clinic for rehabilitation of developmental delay at 11 months of age. He showed hypotonia, nystagmus, and developmental delay of 4 to 5 months in his gross and fine motor ability. DIAGNOSES Developmental delay in a patient with PMD. INTERVENTIONS A child with PMD was hospitalized 3 times for 3 months and underwent rehabilitation to improve developmental delay. Developmental assessments were conducted before and after each admission for rehabilitation training. OUTCOMES Before training, the patient was unable to maintain a sitting position. After the first and second training sessions, his gross motor ability had improved, and he could sit with a mild assist. Fine motor function also improved. Before training, the patient was able to transfer a cube from one hand to the other. After training, he could perform a pincher grasp. LESSONS Rehabilitation training can help PMD patients achieve maximal function and catch-up in their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chol Jang
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju City, Republic of Korea
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35
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Poitelon Y, Kopec AM, Belin S. Myelin Fat Facts: An Overview of Lipids and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040812. [PMID: 32230947 PMCID: PMC7226731 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is critical for the proper function of the nervous system and one of the most complex cell–cell interactions of the body. Myelination allows for the rapid conduction of action potentials along axonal fibers and provides physical and trophic support to neurons. Myelin contains a high content of lipids, and the formation of the myelin sheath requires high levels of fatty acid and lipid synthesis, together with uptake of extracellular fatty acids. Recent studies have further advanced our understanding of the metabolism and functions of myelin fatty acids and lipids. In this review, we present an overview of the basic biology of myelin lipids and recent insights on the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and functions in myelinating cells. In addition, this review may serve to provide a foundation for future research characterizing the role of fatty acids and lipids in myelin biology and metabolic disorders affecting the central and peripheral nervous system.
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36
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Stone S, Wu S, Nave KA, Lin W. The UPR preserves mature oligodendrocyte viability and function in adults by regulating autophagy of PLP. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132364. [PMID: 32053121 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cellular proteostasis is essential for oligodendrocyte viability and function; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. Unfolded protein response (UPR), which comprises 3 parallel branches, inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), is a major mechanism that maintains cellular proteostasis by facilitating protein folding, attenuating protein translation, and enhancing autophagy and ER-associated degradation. Here we report that impaired UPR in oligodendrocytes via deletion of PERK and ATF6α did not affect developmental myelination but caused late-onset mature oligodendrocyte dysfunction and death in young adult mice. The detrimental effects of the impaired UPR on mature oligodendrocytes were accompanied by autophagy impairment and intracellular proteolipid protein (PLP) accumulation and were rescued by PLP deletion. Data indicate that PLP was degraded by autophagy and that intracellular PLP accumulation was cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes. Thus, these findings imply that the UPR is required for maintaining cellular proteostasis and the viability and function of mature oligodendrocytes in adults by regulating autophagy of PLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrabeth Stone
- Department of Neuroscience and.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shuangchan Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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37
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Matsumoto N, Watanabe N, Iibe N, Tatsumi Y, Hattori K, Takeuchi Y, Oizumi H, Ohbuchi K, Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-associated mutation of RARS leads it to the lysosome, inhibiting oligodendroglial morphological differentiation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100705. [PMID: 31737794 PMCID: PMC6849085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease in human, currently known as prototypic hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 1 (HLD1). The gene responsible for HLD1 encodes proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), which is the major myelin protein produced by oligodendrocytes. HLD9 is an autosomal recessive disorder responsible for the gene differing from the plp1 gene. The hld9 gene encodes arginyl-tRNA synthetase (RARS), which belongs to a family of cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Herein we show that HLD9-associated missense mutation of Ser456-to-Leu (S456L) localizes RARS proteins as aggregates into the lysosome but not into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi body. In contrast, wild-type proteins indeed distribute throughout the cytoplasm. Expression of S456L mutant constructs in cells decreases lysosome-related signaling through ribosomal S6 protein phosphorylation, which is known to be required for myelin formation. Cells harboring the S456L mutant constructs fail to exhibit phenotypes with myelin web-like structures following differentiation in FBD-102b cells, as part of the mammalian oligodendroglial cell model, whereas parental cells exhibit them. Collectively, HLD9-associated RARS mutant proteins are specifically localized in the lysosome with downregulation of S6 phosphorylation involved in myelin formation, inhibiting differentiation in FBD-102b cells. These results present some of the molecular and cellular pathological mechanisms for defect in myelin formation underlying HLD9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Natsumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Noriko Iibe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuriko Tatsumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kohei Hattori
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki, 200-1192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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38
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Zhou Y, Bazick H, Miles JR, Fethiere AI, Salihi MOA, Fazio S, Tavori H, Notterpek L. A neutral lipid-enriched diet improves myelination and alleviates peripheral nerve pathology in neuropathic mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Zhou Y, Miles JR, Tavori H, Lin M, Khoshbouei H, Borchelt DR, Bazick H, Landreth GE, Lee S, Fazio S, Notterpek L. PMP22 Regulates Cholesterol Trafficking and ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5404-5418. [PMID: 31061090 PMCID: PMC6607759 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2942-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of functional peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) is associated with shortened lifespan in rodents and severe peripheral nerve myelin abnormalities in several species including humans. Schwann cells and nerves from PMP22 knock-out (KO) mice show deranged cholesterol distribution and aberrant lipid raft morphology, supporting an unrecognized role for PMP22 in cellular lipid metabolism. To examine the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities, we studied Schwann cells and nerves from male and female PMP22 KO mice. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings in cultured Schwann cells revealed increased membrane capacitance and decreased membrane resistance in the absence of PMP22, which was consistent with a reduction in membrane cholesterol. Nerves from PMP22-deficient mice contained abnormal lipid droplets, with both mRNA and protein levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) being highly upregulated. Despite the upregulation of ABCA1 and apoE, the absence of PMP22 resulted in reduced localization of the transporter to the cell membrane and diminished secretion of apoE. The absence of PMP22 also impaired ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity. In nerves from ABCA1 KO mice, the expression of PMP22 was significantly elevated and the subcellular processing of the overproduced protein was aberrant. In wild-type samples, double immunolabeling identified overlapping distribution of PMP22 and ABCA1 at the Schwann cell plasma membrane and the two proteins were coimmunoprecipitated from Schwann cell and nerve lysates. Together, these results reveal a novel role for PMP22 in regulating lipid metabolism and cholesterol trafficking through functional interaction with the cholesterol efflux regulatory protein ABCA1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the subcellular events that underlie abnormal myelin formation in hereditary neuropathies is critical for advancing therapy development. Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) is an essential peripheral myelin protein because its genetic abnormalities account for ∼80% of hereditary neuropathies. Here, we demonstrate that in the absence of PMP22, the cellular and electrophysiological properties of the Schwann cells' plasma membrane are altered and cholesterol trafficking and lipid homeostasis are perturbed. The molecular mechanisms for these abnormalities involve a functional interplay among PMP22, cholesterol, apolipoprotein E, and the major cholesterol-efflux transporter protein ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). These findings establish a critical role for PMP22 in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua R Miles
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 27332, and
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 27332, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | | | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 27332, and
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Neuroscience,
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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40
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Stumpf SK, Berghoff SA, Trevisiol A, Spieth L, Düking T, Schneider LV, Schlaphoff L, Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Bley A, Burfeind D, Kusch K, Mitkovski M, Ruhwedel T, Guder P, Röhse H, Denecke J, Gärtner J, Möbius W, Nave KA, Saher G. Ketogenic diet ameliorates axonal defects and promotes myelination in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:147-161. [PMID: 30919030 PMCID: PMC6570703 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an untreatable and fatal leukodystrophy. In a model of PMD with perturbed blood-brain barrier integrity, cholesterol supplementation promotes myelin membrane growth. Here, we show that in contrast to the mouse model, dietary cholesterol in two PMD patients did not lead to a major advancement of hypomyelination, potentially because the intact blood-brain barrier precludes its entry into the CNS. We therefore turned to a PMD mouse model with preserved blood-brain barrier integrity and show that a high-fat/low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet restored oligodendrocyte integrity and increased CNS myelination. This dietary intervention also ameliorated axonal degeneration and normalized motor functions. Moreover, in a paradigm of adult remyelination, ketogenic diet facilitated repair and attenuated axon damage. We suggest that a therapy with lipids such as ketone bodies, that readily enter the brain, can circumvent the requirement of a disrupted blood-brain barrier in the treatment of myelin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina K Stumpf
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Trevisiol
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Düking
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart V Schneider
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Schlaphoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffi Dreha-Kulaczewski
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Bley
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dinah Burfeind
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Guder
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Röhse
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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41
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Li H, Okada H, Suzuki S, Sakai K, Izumi H, Matsushima Y, Ichinohe N, Goto YI, Okada T, Inoue K. Gene suppressing therapy for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease using artificial microRNA. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125052. [PMID: 31092737 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number increase or decrease of certain dosage-sensitive genes may cause genetic diseases with distinct phenotypes, conceptually termed genomic disorders. The most common cause of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), an X-linked hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, is genomic duplication encompassing the entire proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene. Although the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PLP1 duplication, which causes severe hypomyelination in the central nervous system, remain largely elusive, PLP1 overexpression is likely the fundamental cause of this devastating disease. Here, we investigated if adeno-associated virus-mediated (AAV-mediated) gene-specific suppression may serve as a potential cure for PMD by correcting quantitative aberrations in gene products. We developed an oligodendrocyte-specific Plp1 gene suppression therapy using artificial microRNA under the control of human CNP promoter in a self-complementary AAV (scAAV) platform. A single direct brain injection achieved widespread oligodendrocyte-specific Plp1 suppression in the white matter of WT mice. AAV treatment in Plp1-transgenic mice, a PLP1 duplication model, ameliorated cytoplasmic accumulation of Plp1, preserved mature oligodendrocytes from degradation, restored myelin structure and gene expression, and improved survival and neurological phenotypes. Together, our results provide evidence that AAV-mediated gene suppression therapy can serve as a potential cure for PMD resulting from PLP1 duplication and possibly for other genomic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Okada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Suzuki
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Izumi
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsushima
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Dimas P, Montani L, Pereira JA, Moreno D, Trötzmüller M, Gerber J, Semenkovich CF, Köfeler HC, Suter U. CNS myelination and remyelination depend on fatty acid synthesis by oligodendrocytes. eLife 2019; 8:44702. [PMID: 31063129 PMCID: PMC6504237 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) support neurons and signal transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) by enwrapping axons with myelin, a lipid-rich membrane structure. We addressed the significance of fatty acid (FA) synthesis in OLs by depleting FA synthase (FASN) from OL progenitor cells (OPCs) in transgenic mice. While we detected no effects in proliferation and differentiation along the postnatal OL lineage, we found that FASN is essential for accurate myelination, including myelin growth. Increasing dietary lipid intake could partially compensate for the FASN deficiency. Furthermore, FASN contributes to correct myelin lipid composition and stability of myelinated axons. Moreover, we depleted FASN specifically in adult OPCs to examine its relevance for remyelination. Applying lysolecithin-induced focal demyelinating spinal cord lesions, we found that FA synthesis is essential to sustain adult OPC-derived OLs and efficient remyelination. We conclude that FA synthesis in OLs plays key roles in CNS myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Dimas
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Montani
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A Pereira
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Moreno
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joanne Gerber
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States
| | - Harald C Köfeler
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Punetha J, Mackay-Loder L, Harel T, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Gibbs RA, Lee I, Terespolsky D, Lupski JR, Posey JE. Identification of a pathogenic PMP2 variant in a multi-generational family with CMT type 1: Clinical gene panels versus genome-wide approaches to molecular diagnosis. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:302-304. [PMID: 30249361 PMCID: PMC6326168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 1 is an inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by demyelination and reduced nerve conduction velocities. We present a multi-generational family with peripheral neuropathy in whom clinical CMT panel testing failed to conclude a molecular diagnosis. We found a PMP2 pathogenic variant c.155T > C, p.(Ile52Thr) that segregates with disease suggesting that PMP2 variants should be considered in patients with neuropathy and that it may be prudent to include in clinical CMT gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Punetha
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Loren Mackay-Loder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Genetics Program, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON L5M 2N1, Canada
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ian Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Genetics Program, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON L5M 2N1, Canada
| | - Deborah Terespolsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Genetics Program, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON L5M 2N1, Canada
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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44
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Fledrich R, Abdelaal T, Rasch L, Bansal V, Schütza V, Brügger B, Lüchtenborg C, Prukop T, Stenzel J, Rahman RU, Hermes D, Ewers D, Möbius W, Ruhwedel T, Katona I, Weis J, Klein D, Martini R, Brück W, Müller WC, Bonn S, Bechmann I, Nave KA, Stassart RM, Sereda MW. Targeting myelin lipid metabolism as a potential therapeutic strategy in a model of CMT1A neuropathy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3025. [PMID: 30072689 PMCID: PMC6072747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1A (CMT1A), peripheral nerves display aberrant myelination during postnatal development, followed by slowly progressive demyelination and axonal loss during adult life. Here, we show that myelinating Schwann cells in a rat model of CMT1A exhibit a developmental defect that includes reduced transcription of genes required for myelin lipid biosynthesis. Consequently, lipid incorporation into myelin is reduced, leading to an overall distorted stoichiometry of myelin proteins and lipids with ultrastructural changes of the myelin sheath. Substitution of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the diet is sufficient to overcome the myelination deficit of affected Schwann cells in vivo. This treatment rescues the number of myelinated axons in the peripheral nerves of the CMT rats and leads to a marked amelioration of neuropathic symptoms. We propose that lipid supplementation is an easily translatable potential therapeutic approach in CMT1A and possibly other dysmyelinating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - T Abdelaal
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - L Rasch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - V Bansal
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - V Schütza
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - B Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - C Lüchtenborg
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - T Prukop
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - J Stenzel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - R U Rahman
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - D Hermes
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - D Ewers
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - W Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - T Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - I Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - J Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - D Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - R Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - W Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - W C Müller
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - S Bonn
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - I Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - K A Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - R M Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - M W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany.
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45
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Hubler Z, Allimuthu D, Bederman I, Elitt MS, Madhavan M, Allan KC, Shick HE, Garrison E, T Karl M, Factor DC, Nevin ZS, Sax JL, Thompson MA, Fedorov Y, Jin J, Wilson WK, Giera M, Bracher F, Miller RH, Tesar PJ, Adams DJ. Accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols drives oligodendrocyte formation and remyelination. Nature 2018; 560:372-376. [PMID: 30046109 PMCID: PMC6423962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of myelin is mediated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), an abundant stem cell population in the CNS and the principal source of new myelinating oligodendrocytes. Loss of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) underlies a number of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and diverse genetic diseases1–3. Using high throughput chemical screening approaches, we and others have identified small molecules that stimulate oligodendrocyte formation from OPCs and functionally enhance remyelination in vivo4–10. Here we show a broad range of these pro-myelinating small molecules function not through their canonical targets but by directly inhibiting CYP51 (cytochrome P450, family 51), TM7SF2, or EBP (emopamil binding protein), a narrow range of enzymes within the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Subsequent accumulation of the 8,9-unsaturated sterol substrates of these enzymes is a key mechanistic node that promotes oligodendrocyte formation, as 8,9-unsaturated sterols are effective when supplied to OPCs in purified form while analogous sterols lacking this structural feature have no effect. Collectively, our results define a unifying sterol-based mechanism-of-action for most known small-molecule enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation and highlight specific targets to propel the development of optimal remyelinating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew S Elitt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mayur Madhavan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kevin C Allan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Elizabeth Shick
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Garrison
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Molly T Karl
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel C Factor
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zachary S Nevin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Thompson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Small Molecule Drug Development Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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46
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Andersen CJ. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E764. [PMID: 29899295 PMCID: PMC6024721 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft formation, and lipoprotein interactions contribute to the regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and response to pathogens. Lipid pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections, whereas altered lipid metabolism may contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, dietary cholesterol may exert protective or detrimental effects on risk, progression, and treatment of different infectious and autoimmune diseases, although current findings suggest that these effects are variable across populations and different diseases. Research evaluating the effects of dietary cholesterol, often provided by eggs or as a component of Western-style diets, demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns affect markers of immune inflammation and cellular cholesterol metabolism, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and functional properties of HDL. Further, cholesterol-rich diets appear to differentially impact immunomodulatory lipid pathways across human populations of variable metabolic status, suggesting that these complex mechanisms may underlie the relationship between dietary cholesterol and immunity. Given the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015⁻2020 revision to no longer include limitations on dietary cholesterol, evaluation of dietary cholesterol recommendations beyond the context of cardiovascular disease risk is particularly timely. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of significant and controversial studies on the role of dietary cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of infectious disease and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the need for further investigation in this developing area of research.
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47
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Tanoue A, Yamamoto M, Yamauchi J. The promoter region of 46-kDa CNPase is sufficient for its expression in corpus callosum. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 15:78-79. [PMID: 29560317 PMCID: PMC5857489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0355, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the PLP1 gene, which encodes the proteolipid protein of myelinating oligodendroglia. PMD exhibits phenotypic variability that reflects its considerable genotypic heterogeneity, but all forms of the disease result in central hypomyelination associated with early neurologic dysfunction, progressive deterioration, and ultimately death. PMD has been classified into three major subtypes, according to the age of presentation: connatal PMD, classic PMD, and transitional PMD, combining features of both connatal and classic forms. Two other less severe phenotypes were subsequently described, including the spastic paraplegia syndrome and PLP1-null disease. These disorders may be associated with duplications, as well as with point, missense, and null mutations within the PLP1 gene. A number of clinically similar Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disorders (PMLD) are considered in the differential diagnosis of PMD, the most prominent of which is PMLD-1, caused by misexpression of the GJC2 gene encoding connexin-47. No effective therapy for PMD exists. Yet, as a relatively pure central nervous system hypomyelinating disorder, with limited involvement of the peripheral nervous system and little attendant neuronal pathology, PMD is an attractive therapeutic target for neural stem cell and glial progenitor cell transplantation, efforts at which are now underway in a number of centers internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joana Osório
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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49
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Berghoff SA, Düking T, Spieth L, Winchenbach J, Stumpf SK, Gerndt N, Kusch K, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Saher G. Blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability precedes demyelination in the cuprizone model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:94. [PMID: 29195512 PMCID: PMC5710130 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, the physiological function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is perturbed, particularly in demyelinating lesions and supposedly secondary to acute demyelinating pathology. Using the toxic non-inflammatory cuprizone model of demyelination, we demonstrate, however, that the onset of persistent BBB impairment precedes demyelination. In addition to a direct effect of cuprizone on endothelial cells, a plethora of inflammatory mediators, which are mainly of astroglial origin during the initial disease phase, likely contribute to the destabilization of endothelial barrier function in vivo. Our study reveals that, at different time points of pathology and in different CNS regions, the level of gliosis correlates with the extent of BBB hyperpermeability and edema. Furthermore, in mutant mice with abolished type 3 CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR3) signaling, inflammatory responses are dampened and BBB dysfunction ameliorated. Together, these data have implications for understanding the role of BBB permeability in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
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50
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Harel T, Lupski JR. Genomic disorders 20 years on-mechanisms for clinical manifestations. Clin Genet 2017; 93:439-449. [PMID: 28950406 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic disorders result from copy-number variants (CNVs) or submicroscopic rearrangements of the genome rather than from single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Diverse technologies, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays, and more recently, whole genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing, have enabled robust genome-wide unbiased detection of CNVs in affected individuals and in reportedly healthy controls. Sequencing of breakpoint junctions has allowed for elucidation of upstream mechanisms leading to genomic instability and resultant structural variation, whereas studies of the association between CNVs and specific diseases or susceptibility to morbid traits have enhanced our understanding of the downstream effects. In this review, we discuss the hallmarks of genomic disorders as they were defined during the first decade of the field, including genomic instability and the mechanism for rearrangement defined as nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR); recurrent vs nonrecurrent rearrangements; and gene dosage sensitivity. Moreover, we highlight the exciting advances of the second decade of this field, including a deeper understanding of genomic instability and the mechanisms underlying complex rearrangements, mechanisms for constitutional and somatic chromosomal rearrangements, structural intra-species polymorphisms and susceptibility to NAHR, the role of CNVs in the context of genome-wide copy number and single nucleotide variation, and the contribution of noncoding CNVs to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harel
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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