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Shapiro JR, Corrado M, Perry J, Watts TH, Bolotin S. The contributions of T cell-mediated immunity to protection from vaccine-preventable diseases: A primer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2395679. [PMID: 39205626 PMCID: PMC11364080 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2395679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the face of the ever-present burden of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, there is a growing need to comprehensively assess individual- and population-level immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Many of these efforts, however, focus exclusively on antibody-mediated immunity, ignoring the role of T cells. Aimed at clinicians, public health practioners, and others who play central roles in human vaccine research but do not have formal training in immunology, we review how vaccines against infectious diseases elicit T cell responses, what types of vaccines elicit T cell responses, and how T cell responses are measured. We then use examples to demonstrate six ways that T cells contribute to protection from VPD, including directly mediating protection, enabling antibody responses, reducing disease severity, increasing cross-reactivity, improving durability, and protecting special populations. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and solutions to more widespread consideration of T cell responses in clinical vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R. Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Corrado
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Perry
- Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly Bolotin
- Center for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Yu J, Shang C, Deng X, Jia J, Shang X, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Liu WJ, Li H, Cao B. Time-resolved scRNA-seq reveals transcription dynamics of polarized macrophages with influenza A virus infection and antigen presentation to T cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2387450. [PMID: 39129565 PMCID: PMC11370681 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2387450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Throughout history, the influenza A virus has caused numerous devastating global pandemics. Macrophages, as pivotal innate immune cells, exhibit a wide range of immune functions characterized by distinct polarization states, reflecting their intricate heterogeneity. In this study, we employed the time-resolved single-cell sequencing technique coupled with metabolic RNA labelling to elucidate the dynamic transcriptional changes in distinct polarized states of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) upon infection with the influenza A virus. Our approach not only captures the temporal dimension of transcriptional activity, which is lacking in conventional scRNA-seq methods, but also reveals that M2-polarized Arg1_macrophage cluster is the sole state supporting successful replication of influenza A virus. Furthermore, we identified distinct antigen presentation capabilities to CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells across diverse polarized states of macrophages. Notably, the M1 phenotype, exhibited by (BMDMs) and murine alveolar macrophages (AMs), demonstrated superior conventional and cross-presentation abilities for exogenous antigens, with a particular emphasis on cross-presentation capacity. Additionally, as CD8+ T cell differentiation progressed, M1 polarization exhibited an enhanced capacity for cross-presentation. All three phenotypes of BMDMs, including M1, demonstrated robust presentation to CD4+ regulatory T cells, while displaying limited ability to present to naive CD4+ T cells. These findings offer novel insights into the immunological regulatory mechanisms governing distinct polarized states of macrophages, particularly their roles in restricting the replication of influenza A virus and modulating antigen-specific T cell responses through innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congcong Shang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- THU-PKU Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ju Jia
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shang
- THU-PKU Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongling Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - William J. Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Hamza H, Ghosh M, Löffler MW, Rammensee HG, Planz O. Identification and relative abundance of naturally presented and cross-reactive influenza A virus MHC class I-restricted T cell epitopes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2306959. [PMID: 38240239 PMCID: PMC10854457 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2306959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are key for controlling viral infection. Unravelling CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity to distinct influenza virus strains and subtypes across prominent HLA types is relevant for combating seasonal infections and emerging new variants. Using an immunopeptidomics approach, naturally presented influenza A virus-derived ligands restricted to HLA-A*24:02, HLA-A*68:01, HLA-B*07:02, and HLA-B*51:01 molecules were identified. Functional characterization revealed multifunctional memory CD8+ T cell responses for nine out of sixteen peptides. Peptide presentation kinetics was optimal around 12 h post infection and presentation of immunodominant epitopes shortly after infection was not always persistent. Assessment of immunogenic epitopes revealed that they are highly conserved across the major zoonotic reservoirs and may contain a single substitution in the vicinity of the anchor residues. These findings demonstrate how the identified epitopes promote T cell pools, possibly cross-protective in individuals and can be potential targets for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Hamza
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Virology Laboratory, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Ghosh
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence CMFI (EXC2124) "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Institute for Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Balderas-Cisneros FDJ, León-Buitimea A, Zarate X, Morones-Ramírez JR. Expression and purification of an NP-hoc fusion protein: Utilizing influenza a nucleoprotein and phage T4 hoc protein. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 221:106506. [PMID: 38772430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Influenza poses a substantial health risk, with infants and the elderly being particularly susceptible to its grave impacts. The primary challenge lies in its rapid genetic evolution, leading to the emergence of new Influenza A strains annually. These changes involve punctual mutations predominantly affecting the two main glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Our existing vaccines target these proteins, providing short-term protection, but fall short when unexpected pandemics strike. Delving deeper into Influenza's genetic makeup, we spotlight the nucleoprotein (NP) - a key player in the transcription, replication, and packaging of RNA. An intriguing characteristic of the NP is that it is highly conserved across all Influenza A variants, potentially paving the way for a more versatile and broadly protective vaccine. We designed and synthesized a novel NP-Hoc fusion protein combining Influenza A nucleoprotein and T4 phage Hoc, cloned using Gibson assembly in E. coli, and purified via ion affinity chromatography. Simultaneously, we explore the T4 coat protein Hoc, typically regarded as inconsequential in controlled viral replication. Yet, it possesses a unique ability: it can link with another protein, showcasing it on the T4 phage coat. Fusing these concepts, our study designs, expresses, and purifies a novel fusion protein named NP-Hoc. We propose this protein as the basis for a new generation of vaccines, engineered to guard broadly against Influenza A. The excitement lies not just in the immediate application, but the promise this holds for future pandemic resilience, with NP-Hoc marking a significant leap in adaptive, broad-spectrum influenza prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de Jesús Balderas-Cisneros
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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5
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Motaghi S, Pullenayegum E, Morgan RL, Loeb M. The role of influenza Hemagglutination-Inhibition antibody as a vaccine mediator in children. Vaccine 2024; 42:126122. [PMID: 39074996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccination may protect through the humoral immune response, cellular immune response, or possibly both. Immunity after vaccination can be mediated through antibodies that may be detected by the rise of serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. Our objective was to investigate the proportion of protection against influenza mediated through antibodies by measuring the rise of HAI titer (indirect effect) compared to that induced through other immune mechanisms (direct effect) for influenza A and B. METHODS We analysed data from a cluster randomized trial conducted during the 2008-2009 season in which Canadian Hutterite children were vaccinated against influenza. We used inverse probability weighting to calculate the indirect and direct effect of vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 and influenza B/Brisbane using HAI titres and overall vaccine efficacy. RESULTS We included data on 617 children from 46 Hutterite colonies, aged between 3 and 15 years who were vaccinated with either inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine or hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine efficacy was 63 % for influenza A (H3N2) and 28 % for influenza B. The hazard ratio for protection against influenza A/H3N2 due to an indirect effect of vaccination was 0.96 (95 % confidence interval (CI) of 0.00 to 2.89) while for the direct effect it was 0.38 (95 % CI of 0.00 to 5.47). The hazard ratio for influenza B indirect effect was 0.75 (95 % CI of 0.07 to 1) and for the direct effect 0.96 (95 % CI of 0.00 to 12.02). In contrast, repeating the analysis using microneutralization in a subgroup of 488 children revealed that the protective effect for vaccination for A/H3N2 was entirely mediated by antibodies but only for 13 % for influenza B. CONCLUSIONS Although vaccination provided higher protective effectiveness against influenza A than B, most of the influenza A vaccine efficacy likely occurred through antibodies other than what could be detected by HAI titres. In contrast, for influenza B, while the HAI titres appeared to mediate most of the vaccine effectiveness, this was not confirmed by microneutralization analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Motaghi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Eleanor Pullenayegum
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rebecca L Morgan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Mackin SR, Sariol A, Diamond MS. Antibody-mediated control mechanisms of viral infections. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39162394 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies generated after vaccination or natural pathogen exposure are essential mediators of protection against many infections. Most studies with viruses have focused on antibody neutralization, in which protection is conferred by the fragment antigen binding region (Fab) through targeting of different steps in the viral lifecycle including attachment, internalization, fusion, and egress. Beyond neutralization, the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of antibodies can integrate innate and adaptive immune responses by engaging complement components and distinct Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) on different host immune cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of antibody neutralization and Fc effector functions, and the assays used to measure them. Additionally, we describe the contexts in which these mechanisms are associated with protection against viruses and highlight how Fc-FcγR interactions can improve the potency of antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology and Center for Genome Sciences, Lab & Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan Sariol
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology and Center for Genome Sciences, Lab & Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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Amoah S, Cao W, Sayedahmed EE, Wang Y, Kumar A, Mishina M, Eddins DJ, Wang WC, Burroughs M, Sheth M, Lee J, Shieh WJ, Ray SD, Bohannon CD, Ranjan P, Sharma SD, Hoehner J, Arthur RA, Gangappa S, Wakamatsu N, Johnston HR, Pohl J, Mittal SK, Sambhara S. The frequency and function of nucleoprotein-specific CD8 + T cells are critical for heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0071124. [PMID: 39082839 PMCID: PMC11334528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00711-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediate host defense against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and tumors. However, the magnitude of CTL response and their function needed to confer heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus infection are unknown. We addressed the role of CD8+ T cells in the absence of any cross-reactive antibody responses to influenza viral proteins using an adenoviral vector expressing a 9mer amino acid sequence recognized by CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that both CD8+ T cell frequency and function are crucial for heterosubtypic immunity. Low morbidity, lower viral lung titers, low to minimal lung pathology, and better survival upon heterosubtypic virus challenge correlated with the increased frequency of NP-specific CTLs. NP-CD8+ T cells induced by differential infection doses displayed distinct RNA transcriptome profiles and functional properties. CD8+ T cells induced by a high dose of influenza virus secreted significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and exhibited higher levels of cytotoxic function. The mice that received NP-CD8+ T cells from the high-dose virus recipients through adoptive transfer had lower viral titers following viral challenge than those induced by the low dose of virus, suggesting differential cellular programming by antigen dose. Enhanced NP-CD8+ T-cell functions induced by a higher dose of influenza virus strongly correlated with the increased expression of cellular and metabolic genes, indicating a shift to a more glycolytic metabolic phenotype. These findings have implications for developing effective T cell vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. IMPORTANCE Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are an important component of the adaptive immune system that clears virus-infected cells or tumor cells. Hence, developing next-generation vaccines that induce or recall CTL responses against cancer and infectious diseases is crucial. However, it is not clear if the frequency, function, or both are essential in conferring protection, as in the case of influenza. In this study, we demonstrate that both CTL frequency and function are crucial for providing heterosubtypic immunity to influenza by utilizing an Ad-viral vector expressing a CD8 epitope only to rule out the role of antibodies, single-cell RNA-seq analysis, as well as adoptive transfer experiments. Our findings have implications for developing T cell vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Amoah
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Weiping Cao
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Devon J. Eddins
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark Burroughs
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin Lee
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sean D. Ray
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin D. Bohannon
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Hoehner
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory Integrated Core Facilities, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert A. Arthur
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory Integrated Core Facilities, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - H. Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Harrer CE, Mayer L, Fathi A, Lassen S, Ly ML, Zinser ME, Wolf T, Becker S, Sutter G, Dahlke C, Addo MM. Identification of a Spike-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Epitope Following Vaccination Against the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e327-e332. [PMID: 38195212 PMCID: PMC11326828 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Licensed vaccines against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), an emerging pathogen of concern, are lacking. The modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector-based vaccine MVA-MERS-S, expressing the MERS-CoV-spike glycoprotein (MERS-S), is one of 3 candidate vaccines in clinical development and elicits robust humoral and cellular immunity. Here, we identified for the first time a MERS-S-specific CD8+ T-cell epitope in an HLA-A*03:01/HLA-B*35:01-positive vaccinee using a screening assay, intracellular cytokine staining, and in silico epitope prediction. As evidence from MERS-CoV infection suggests a protective role of long-lasting CD8+ T-cell responses, the identification of epitopes will facilitate longitudinal analyses of vaccine-induced T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Harrer
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Leonie Mayer
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Susan Lassen
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - My L Ly
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Madeleine E Zinser
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Timo Wolf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Munich, Munich
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
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9
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Heil L, Jewell S, Lines JL, Garvy BA. The Altered Neonatal CD8 + T Cell Immunodominance Hierarchy during Influenza Virus Infection Impacts Peptide Vaccination. Viruses 2024; 16:1271. [PMID: 39205245 PMCID: PMC11359775 DOI: 10.3390/v16081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonates are more susceptible to influenza virus infection than adults, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality and delayed clearance of the virus. Generating effective CD8+ T cell responses may be important for improving vaccination outcomes in vulnerable populations, but neonatal T cells frequently respond differently than adult cells. We sought to understand CD8+ T cell specificity and immunodominance during neonatal influenza infection and how any differences from the adult hierarchy might impact peptide vaccine effectiveness. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice displayed an altered CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy during influenza infection, preferentially responding to an epitope in the influenza protein PA rather than the co-dominant adult response to NP and PA. Heterosubtypic infections in mice first infected as pups also displayed altered immunodominance and reduced protection compared to mice first infected as adults. Adoptive transfer of influenza-infected bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells promoted an NP-specific CD8+ T cell response in influenza-virus-infected pups and increased viral clearance. Finally, pups responded to PA (224-233), but not NP (366-374) during peptide vaccination. PA (224-233)-vaccinated mice were not protected during viral challenge. Epitope usage should be considered when designing vaccines that target T cells when the intended patient population includes infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Heil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
| | - Samantha Jewell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State University, Henderson, NV 89002, USA
| | - J. Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (L.H.); (S.J.); (J.L.L.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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10
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Malouli D, Tiwary M, Gilbride RM, Morrow DW, Hughes CM, Selseth A, Penney T, Castanha P, Wallace M, Yeung Y, Midgett M, Williams C, Reed J, Yu Y, Gao L, Yun G, Treaster L, Laughlin A, Lundy J, Tisoncik-Go J, Whitmore LS, Aye PP, Schiro F, Dufour JP, Papen CR, Taher H, Picker LJ, Früh K, Gale M, Maness NJ, Hansen SG, Barratt-Boyes S, Reed DS, Sacha JB. Cytomegalovirus vaccine vector-induced effector memory CD4 + T cells protect cynomolgus macaques from lethal aerosolized heterologous avian influenza challenge. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6007. [PMID: 39030218 PMCID: PMC11272155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An influenza vaccine approach that overcomes the problem of viral sequence diversity and provides long-lived heterosubtypic protection is urgently needed to protect against pandemic influenza viruses. Here, to determine if lung-resident effector memory T cells induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV)-vectored vaccines expressing conserved internal influenza antigens could protect against lethal influenza challenge, we immunize Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) with cynomolgus CMV (CyCMV) vaccines expressing H1N1 1918 influenza M1, NP, and PB1 antigens (CyCMV/Flu), and challenge with heterologous, aerosolized avian H5N1 influenza. All six unvaccinated MCM died by seven days post infection with acute respiratory distress, while 54.5% (6/11) CyCMV/Flu-vaccinated MCM survived. Survival correlates with the magnitude of lung-resident influenza-specific CD4 + T cells prior to challenge. These data demonstrate that CD4 + T cells targeting conserved internal influenza proteins can protect against highly pathogenic heterologous influenza challenge and support further exploration of effector memory T cell-based vaccines for universal influenza vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malouli
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Meenakshi Tiwary
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - David W Morrow
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Andrea Selseth
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Priscila Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Megan Wallace
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Yeung
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Connor Williams
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason Reed
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Yun Yu
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Gabin Yun
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luke Treaster
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leanne S Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jason P Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Courtney R Papen
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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11
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Eiden J, Fierro C, White A, Davis M, Rhee M, Turner M, Murray B, Herber R, Aitchison R, Marshall D, Moser MJ, Belshe R, Greenberg H, Coelingh K, Kawaoka Y, Neumann G, Bilsel P. Safety and immunogenicity of the intranasal H3N2 M2-deficient single-replication influenza vaccine alone or coadministered with an inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent) in adults aged 65-85 years in the USA: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 1b trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:S1473-3099(24)00351-7. [PMID: 39004096 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults (aged ≥65 years) show increased susceptibility to severe disease with influenza virus infection, accounting for 70-85% of annual influenza-related fatalities in the USA. Stimulating mucosal antibodies and T cells might enhance the low vaccine effectiveness seen in older adults for currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccines, which induce mainly serum antibodies. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the intranasal H3N2 M2-deficient single-replication (M2SR) vaccine, alone or coadministered with a licensed inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent; hereafter referred to as Fluzone HD), in older adults. METHODS In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 1b trial, individuals aged 65-85 years who were considered healthy or with stable chronic conditions with no recent (<6 months) influenza vaccinations were recruited from five clinical trial sites in the USA and randomly assigned (3:3:3:1) using a permuted block design to receive the H3N2 M2SR vaccine and Fluzone HD, the H3N2 M2SR vaccine and placebo, Fluzone HD and placebo, or placebo alone. All participants received a single intranasal spray and a single intramuscular injection, whether active or placebo, to maintain masking. The primary outcome was to assess the safety of H3N2 M2SR, administered alone or with Fluzone HD, in the safety analysis set, which included all participants who were randomly assigned and received treatment. Serum and mucosal antibodies were assessed as a secondary endpoint, and cell-mediated immunity as an exploratory endpoint, in participants in the per-protocol population, which included individuals in the safety analysis set without major protocol deviations. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05163847. FINDINGS Between June 14 and Sept 15, 2022, 305 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive the H3N2 M2SR vaccine plus placebo (n=89), H3N2 M2SR vaccine plus Fluzone HD (n=94), Fluzone HD plus placebo (n=92), or placebo alone (n=30). All randomly assigned participants were included in the safety analysis set. The most frequently reported local symptoms up to day 8 in groups that received M2SR were rhinorrhoea (43% [38 of 89] in the H3N2 M2SR plus placebo group and 38% [36 of 94] in the H3N2 M2SR plus Fluzone HD group), nasal congestion (51% [45 of 89] and 35% [33 of 94]), and injection-site pain (8% [seven of 89] and 49% [46 of 94]), and the most frequently reported solicited systemic symptoms were sore throat (28% [25 of 89]) for M2SR and decreased activity (26% [24 of 94]) for the M2SR plus Fluzone HD group. In the Fluzone HD plus placebo group, the most frequently reported local symptom was injection-site pain (48% [44 of 92]) and systemic symptom was muscle aches (22% [20 of 92]). The frequency of participants with any treatment-emergent adverse event related to vaccination was low across all groups (2-5%). One serious adverse event was reported, in a participant in the Fluzone HD plus placebo group. M2SR with Fluzone HD induced seroconversion (≥four-fold increase in haemagglutination inhibition antibodies from baseline to day 29) in 44 (48%) of 91 participants, compared with 28 (31%) of 90 participants who seroconverted in the Fluzone HD plus placebo group (p=0·023). M2SR with Fluzone HD also induced mucosal and cellular immune responses. INTERPRETATION The H3N2 M2SR vaccine coadministered with Fluzone HD in older adults was well tolerated and provided enhanced immunogenicity compared with Fluzone HD administered alone, suggesting potential for improved efficacy of influenza vaccination in this age group. Additional studies are planned to assess efficacy. FUNDING US Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harry Greenberg
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Emeritus, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Evans TG, Castellino F, Kowalik Dobczyk M, Tucker G, Walley AM, Van Leuven K, Klein J, Rutkowski K, Ellis C, Eagling-Vose E, Treanor J, van Baalen C, Filkov E, Laurent C, Thacker J, Asher J, Donabedian A. Assessment of CD8 + T-cell mediated immunity in an influenza A(H3N2) human challenge model in Belgium: a single centre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:645-654. [PMID: 38729196 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection afforded by inactivated influenza vaccines can theoretically be improved by inducing T-cell responses to conserved internal influenza A antigens. We assessed whether, in an influenza controlled human infection challenge, susceptible individuals receiving a vaccine boosting T-cell responses would exhibit lower viral load and decreased symptoms compared with placebo recipients. METHODS In this single centre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 study, healthy adult (aged 18-55 years) volunteers with microneutralisation titres of less than 20 to the influenza A(H3N2) challenge strain were enrolled at an SGS quarantine facility in Antwerp, Belgium. Participants were randomly assigned double-blind using a permuted-block list with a 3:2 allocation ratio to receive 0·5 mL intramuscular injections of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing H3N2 nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 1 (M1) at 1·5 × 108 plaque forming units (4·3 × 108 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]; MVA-NP+M1 group) or saline placebo (placebo group). At least 6 weeks later, participants were challenged intranasally with 0·5 mL of a 1 × 106 TCID50/mL dose of influenza A/Belgium/4217/2015 (H3N2). Nasal swabs were collected twice daily from day 2 until day 11 for viral PCR, and symptoms of influenza were recorded from day 2 until day 11. The primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of MVA-NP+M1 vaccine to reduce the degree of nasopharyngeal viral shedding as measured by the cumulative viral area under the curve using a log-transformed quantitative PCR. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03883113. FINDINGS Between May 2 and Oct 24, 2019, 145 volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned to the MVA-NP+M1 group (n=87) or the placebo group (n=58). Of these, 118 volunteers entered the challenge period (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 47 in the placebo group) and 117 participants completed the study (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 46 in the placebo group). 78 (54%) of the 145 volunteers were female and 67 (46%) were male. The primary outcome, overall viral load as determined by quantitative PCR, did not show a statistically significant difference between the MVA-NP+M1 (mean 649·7 [95% CI 552·7-746·7) and placebo groups (mean 726·1 [604·0-848·2]; p=0·17). All reported treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs; 11 in the vaccination phase and 51 in the challenge phase) were grade 1 and 2, except for two grade 3 TEAEs in the placebo group in the challenge phase. A grade 4 second trimester fetal death, considered possibly related to the MVA-NP+M1 vaccination, and an acute psychosis reported in a placebo participant during the challenge phase were reported. INTERPRETATION The use of an MVA vaccine to expand CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to conserved influenza A antigens in peripheral blood did not affect nasopharyngeal viral load in an influenza H3N2 challenge model in seronegative, healthy adults. FUNDING Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; and Barinthus Biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Castellino
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Treanor
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ella Filkov
- Viroclinics, a Cerba Research Company, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Juilee Thacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester; Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jason Asher
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Armen Donabedian
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Hulin-Curtis S, Geary JK, MacLachlan BJ, Altmann DM, Baillon L, Cole DK, Greenshields-Watson A, Hesketh SJ, Humphreys IR, Jones IM, Lauder SN, Mason GH, Smart K, Scourfield DO, Scott J, Sukhova K, Stanton RJ, Wall A, Rizkallah PJ, Barclay WS, Gallimore A, Godkin A. A targeted single mutation in influenza A virus universal epitope transforms immunogenicity and protective immunity via CD4 + T cell activation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114259. [PMID: 38819988 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central to adaptive immunity. Their role in cross-protection in viral infections such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is well documented; however, molecular rules governing T cell receptor (TCR) engagement of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) class II are less understood. Here, we exploit an aspect of HLA class II presentation, the peptide-flanking residues (PFRs), to "tune" CD4+ T cell responses within an in vivo model system of influenza. Using a recombinant virus containing targeted substitutions at immunodominant HLA-DR1 epitopes, we demonstrate limited weight loss and improved clinical scores after heterosubtypic re-challenge. We observe enhanced protection linked to lung-derived influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells prior to re-infection. Structural analysis of the ternary TCR:pHLA complex identifies that flanking amino acids influence side chains in the core 9-mer peptide, increasing TCR affinity. Augmentation of CD4+ T cell immunity is achievable with a single mutation, representing a strategy to enhance adaptive immunity that is decoupled from vaccine modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hulin-Curtis
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James K Geary
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Danny M Altmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laury Baillon
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alex Greenshields-Watson
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Sophie J Hesketh
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian M Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Sarah N Lauder
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jake Scott
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ksenia Sukhova
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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14
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Vieira Antão A, Oltmanns F, Schmidt A, Viherlehto V, Irrgang P, Rameix-Welti MA, Bayer W, Lapuente D, Tenbusch M. Filling two needs with one deed: a combinatory mucosal vaccine against influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376395. [PMID: 38975350 PMCID: PMC11224462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Virus (IAV) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are both responsible for millions of severe respiratory tract infections every year worldwide. Effective vaccines able to prevent transmission and severe disease, are important measures to reduce the burden for the global health system. Despite the strong systemic immune responses induced upon current parental immunizations, this vaccination strategy fails to promote a robust mucosal immune response. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a mucosal adenoviral vector vaccine to tackle both pathogens simultaneously at their entry site. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with adenoviral vectors (Ad) encoding the influenza-derived proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP), in combination with an Ad encoding for the RSV fusion (F) protein. The mucosal combinatory vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies as well as local IgA responses against both viruses. Moreover, the vaccine elicited pulmonary CD8+ and CD4+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) against the immunodominant epitopes of RSV-F and IAV-NP. Furthermore, the addition of Ad-TGFβ or Ad-CCL17 as mucosal adjuvant enhanced the formation of functional CD8+ TRM responses against the conserved IAV-NP. Consequently, the combinatory vaccine not only provided protection against subsequent infections with RSV, but also against heterosubtypic challenges with pH1N1 or H3N2 strains. In conclusion, we present here a potent combinatory vaccine for mucosal applications, which provides protection against two of the most relevant respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vieira Antão
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Oltmanns
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Viherlehto
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Irrgang
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay – Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Le Sage V, Rockey NC, French AJ, McBride R, McCarthy KR, Rigatti LH, Shephard MJ, Jones JE, Walter SG, Doyle JD, Xu L, Barbeau DJ, Wang S, Frizzell SA, Myerburg MM, Paulson JC, McElroy AK, Anderson TK, Vincent Baker AL, Lakdawala SS. Potential pandemic risk of circulating swine H1N2 influenza viruses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5025. [PMID: 38871701 PMCID: PMC11176300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses in swine have considerable genetic diversity and continue to pose a pandemic threat to humans due to a potential lack of population level immunity. Here we describe a pipeline to characterize and triage influenza viruses for their pandemic risk and examine the pandemic potential of two widespread swine origin viruses. Our analysis reveals that a panel of human sera collected from healthy adults in 2020 has no cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against a α-H1 clade strain (α-swH1N2) but do against a γ-H1 clade strain. The α-swH1N2 virus replicates efficiently in human airway cultures and exhibits phenotypic signatures similar to the human H1N1 pandemic strain from 2009 (H1N1pdm09). Furthermore, α-swH1N2 is capable of efficient airborne transmission to both naïve ferrets and ferrets with prior seasonal influenza immunity. Ferrets with H1N1pdm09 pre-existing immunity show reduced α-swH1N2 viral shedding and less severe disease signs. Despite this, H1N1pdm09-immune ferrets that became infected via the air can still onward transmit α-swH1N2 with an efficiency of 50%. These results indicate that this α-swH1N2 strain has a higher pandemic potential, but a moderate level of impact since there is reduced replication fitness and pathology in animals with prior immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ferrets/virology
- Humans
- Swine
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/immunology
- Pandemics
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Swine Diseases/blood
- Female
- Virus Shedding
- Male
- Adult
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole C Rockey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea J French
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meredith J Shephard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sydney G Walter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Doyle
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dominique J Barbeau
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheila A Frizzell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Myerburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Bliss CM, Nachbagauer R, Mariottini C, Cuevas F, Feser J, Naficy A, Bernstein DI, Guptill J, Walter EB, Berlanda-Scorza F, Innis BL, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F, Coughlan L. A chimeric haemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine boosts human cellular immune responses directed towards the conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain and the viral nucleoprotein. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105153. [PMID: 38805853 PMCID: PMC11154122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a universal influenza virus vaccine, to protect against both seasonal and pandemic influenza A viruses, is a long-standing public health goal. The conserved stalk domain of haemagglutinin (HA) is a promising vaccine target. However, the stalk is immunosubdominant. As such, innovative approaches are required to elicit robust immunity against this domain. In a previously reported observer-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I trial (NCT03300050), immunisation regimens using chimeric HA (cHA)-based immunogens formulated as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) -/+ AS03 adjuvant, or live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), elicited durable HA stalk-specific antibodies with broad reactivity. In this study, we sought to determine if these vaccines could also boost T cell responses against HA stalk, and nucleoprotein (NP). METHODS We measured interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay at baseline, seven days post-prime, pre-boost and seven days post-boost following heterologous prime:boost regimens of LAIV and/or adjuvanted/unadjuvanted IIV-cHA vaccines. FINDINGS Our findings demonstrate that immunisation with adjuvanted cHA-based IIVs boost HA stalk-specific and NP-specific T cell responses in humans. To date, it has been unclear if HA stalk-specific T cells can be boosted in humans by HA-stalk focused universal vaccines. Therefore, our study will provide valuable insights for the design of future studies to determine the precise role of HA stalk-specific T cells in broad protection. INTERPRETATION Considering that cHA-based vaccines also elicit stalk-specific antibodies, these data support the further clinical advancement of cHA-based universal influenza vaccine candidates. FUNDING This study was funded in part by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Bliss
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Cancer & Genetics and Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Mariottini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frans Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jodi Feser
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abdi Naficy
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guptill
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Innis
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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17
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Perofsky AC, Huddleston J, Hansen C, Barnes JR, Rowe T, Xu X, Kondor R, Wentworth DE, Lewis N, Whittaker L, Ermetal B, Harvey R, Galiano M, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Fujisaki S, Nakamura K, Kishida N, Watanabe S, Hasegawa H, Sullivan SG, Barr IG, Subbarao K, Krammer F, Bedford T, Viboud C. Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.10.02.23296453. [PMID: 37873362 PMCID: PMC10593063 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.23296453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continually evolve new antigenic variants, through mutations in epitopes of their major surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antigenic drift potentiates the reinfection of previously infected individuals, but the contribution of this process to variability in annual epidemics is not well understood. Here we link influenza A(H3N2) virus evolution to regional epidemic dynamics in the United States during 1997-2019. We integrate phenotypic measures of HA antigenic drift and sequence-based measures of HA and NA fitness to infer antigenic and genetic distances between viruses circulating in successive seasons. We estimate the magnitude, severity, timing, transmission rate, age-specific patterns, and subtype dominance of each regional outbreak and find that genetic distance based on broad sets of epitope sites is the strongest evolutionary predictor of A(H3N2) virus epidemiology. Increased HA and NA epitope distance between seasons correlates with larger, more intense epidemics, higher transmission, greater A(H3N2) subtype dominance, and a greater proportion of cases in adults relative to children, consistent with increased population susceptibility. Based on random forest models, A(H1N1) incidence impacts A(H3N2) epidemics to a greater extent than viral evolution, suggesting that subtype interference is a major driver of influenza A virus infection dynamics, presumably via heterosubtypic cross-immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Perofsky
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, United States
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, United States
| | - John Huddleston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, United States
| | - Chelsea Hansen
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, United States
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, United States
| | - John R Barnes
- Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Rebecca Kondor
- Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - David E Wentworth
- Virology Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States
| | - Nicola Lewis
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Whittaker
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Ermetal
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Galiano
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Stuart Daniels
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Australia
| | - Florian Krammer
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Cécile Viboud
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, United States
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18
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Leong SL, Murdolo L, Maddumage JC, Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Purcell AW, Gras S, Grant EJ. Characterisation of novel influenza-derived HLA-B*18:01-restricted epitopes. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1509. [PMID: 38737448 PMCID: PMC11087170 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Seasonal influenza viruses cause roughly 650 000 deaths annually despite available vaccines. CD8+ T cells typically recognise influenza-derived peptides from internal structural and non-structural influenza proteins and are an attractive avenue for future vaccine design as they could reduce the severity of disease following infection with diverse influenza strains. CD8+ T cells recognise peptides presented by the highly polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigens class I molecules (HLA-I). Each HLA-I variant has distinct peptide binding preferences, representing a significant obstacle for designing vaccines that elicit CD8+ T cell responses across broad populations. Consequently, the rational design of a CD8+ T cell-mediated vaccine would require the identification of highly immunogenic peptides restricted to a range of different HLA molecules. Methods Here, we assessed the immunogenicity of six recently published novel influenza-derived peptides identified by mass-spectrometry and predicted to bind to the prevalent HLA-B*18:01 molecule. Results Using CD8+ T cell activation assays and protein biochemistry, we showed that 3/6 of the novel peptides were immunogenic in several HLA-B*18:01+ individuals and confirmed their HLA-B*18:01 restriction. We subsequently compared CD8+ T cell responses towards the previously identified highly immunogenic HLA-B*18:01-restricted NP219 peptide. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the first crystal structures of HLA-B*18:01 presenting immunogenic influenza-derived peptides. Finally, we dissected the first TCR repertoires specific for HLA-B*18:01 restricted pathogen-derived peptides, identifying private and restricted repertoires against each of the four peptides. Conclusion Overall the characterisation of these novel immunogenic peptides provides additional HLA-B*18:01-restricted vaccine targets derived from the Matrix protein 1 and potentially the non-structural protein and the RNA polymerase catalytic subunit of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Lawton Murdolo
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Janesha C Maddumage
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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19
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Mosmann TR, McMichael AJ, LeVert A, McCauley JW, Almond JW. Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8. [PMID: 38698082 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Almond
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Jansen JM, Meineke R, Molle A, van de Sandt CE, Saletti G, Rimmelzwaan GF. Selective pressure mediated by influenza virus M1 58-66 epitope-specific CD8 +T cells promotes accumulation of extra-epitopic amino acid substitutions associated with viral resistance to these T cells. Virus Res 2024; 343:199355. [PMID: 38490580 PMCID: PMC10955411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are notorious for their capacity to evade host immunity. Not only can they evade recognition by virus-neutralizing antibodies, there is also evidence that they accumulate mutations in epitopes recognized by virus-specific CD8+T cells. In addition, we have shown previously that human influenza A viruses were less well recognized than avian influenza viruses by CD8+T cells directed to the highly conserved, HLA-A*02:01 restricted M158-66 epitope located in the Matrix 1 (M1) protein. Amino acid differences at residues outside the epitope were responsible for the differential recognition, and it was hypothesized that this reflected immune adaptation of human influenza viruses to selective pressure exerted by M158-66-specific CD8+T cells in the human population. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis and investigated if selective pressure exerted by M158-66 epitope-specific CD8+T cells could drive mutations at the extra-epitopic residues in vitro. To this end, isogenic influenza A viruses with the M1 gene of a human or an avian influenza virus were serially passaged in human lung epithelial A549 cells that transgenically express the HLA-A*02:01 molecule or not, in the presence or absence of M158-66 epitope-specific CD8+T cells. Especially in the virus with the M1 gene of an avian influenza virus, variants emerged with mutations at the extra-epitopic residues associated with reduced recognition by M158-66-specific T cells as detected by Next Generation Sequencing. Although the emergence of these variants was observed in the absence of selective pressure exerted by M158-66 epitope-specific CD8+T cells, their proportion was much larger in the presence of this selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina M Jansen
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonia Molle
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Menon T, Illing PT, Chaurasia P, McQuilten HA, Shepherd C, Rowntree LC, Petersen J, Littler DR, Khuu G, Huang Z, Allen LF, Rockman S, Crowe J, Flanagan KL, Wakim LM, Nguyen THO, Mifsud NA, Rossjohn J, Purcell AW, van de Sandt CE, Kedzierska K. CD8 + T-cell responses towards conserved influenza B virus epitopes across anatomical sites and age. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3387. [PMID: 38684663 PMCID: PMC11059233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause substantive morbidity and mortality, and yet immunity towards IBVs remains understudied. CD8+ T-cells provide broadly cross-reactive immunity and alleviate disease severity by recognizing conserved epitopes. Despite the IBV burden, only 18 IBV-specific T-cell epitopes restricted by 5 HLAs have been identified currently. A broader array of conserved IBV T-cell epitopes is needed to develop effective cross-reactive T-cell based IBV vaccines. Here we identify 9 highly conserved IBV CD8+ T-cell epitopes restricted to HLA-B*07:02, HLA-B*08:01 and HLA-B*35:01. Memory IBV-specific tetramer+CD8+ T-cells are present within blood and tissues. Frequencies of IBV-specific CD8+ T-cells decline with age, but maintain a central memory phenotype. HLA-B*07:02 and HLA-B*08:01-restricted NP30-38 epitope-specific T-cells have distinct T-cell receptor repertoires. We provide structural basis for the IBV HLA-B*07:02-restricted NS1196-206 (11-mer) and HLA-B*07:02-restricted NP30-38 epitope presentation. Our study increases the number of IBV CD8+ T-cell epitopes, and defines IBV-specific CD8+ T-cells at cellular and molecular levels, across tissues and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Menon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia T Illing
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Priyanka Chaurasia
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chloe Shepherd
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dene R Littler
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Grace Khuu
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilith F Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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23
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Livieratos A, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes. Viruses 2024; 16:685. [PMID: 38793566 PMCID: PMC11125779 DOI: 10.3390/v16050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, known as hybrid immunity. The different immune reactions, conditional on vaccination status and the viral variant involved, bear implications for inflammatory responses, patient outcomes, pathogen transmission rates, and lingering post-COVID conditions. Considering these developments, we have performed a review of recently published literature, aiming to disentangle the intricate relationships among immunological profiles, transmission, the long-term health effects post-COVID infection poses, and the resultant clinical manifestations. This investigation is directed toward understanding the variability in the longevity and potency of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by immunization and hybrid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
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24
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Lanfermeijer J, van de Ven K, Hendriks M, van Dijken H, Lenz S, Vos M, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, de Jonge J. The Memory-CD8+-T-Cell Response to Conserved Influenza Virus Epitopes in Mice Is Not Influenced by Time Since Previous Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38675801 PMCID: PMC11054904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To protect older adults against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, innovative strategies are imperative to overcome the decrease in protective immune response with age. One approach involves the boosting of CD8+ T cells at middle age that were previously induced by natural infection. At this stage, the immune system is still fit. Given the high conservation of T-cell epitopes within internal viral proteins, such a response may confer lasting protection against evolving influenza strains at older age, also reducing the high number of influenza immunizations currently required. However, at the time of vaccination, some individuals may have been more recently exposed to IAV than others, which could affect the T-cell response. We therefore investigated the fundamental principle of how the interval between the last infection and booster immunization during middle age influences the CD8+ T-cell response. To model this, female mice were infected at either 6 or 9 months of age and subsequently received a heterosubtypic infection booster at middle age (12 months). Before the booster infection, 6-month-primed mice displayed lower IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the spleen and lung than 9-month-primed mice. Both groups were better protected against the subsequent heterosubtypic booster infection compared to naïve mice. Notably, despite the different CD8+ T-cell levels between the 6-month- and 9-month-primed mice, we observed comparable responses after booster infection, based on IFNγ responses, and IAV-specific T-cell frequencies and repertoire diversity. Lung-derived CD8+ T cells of 6- and 9-month-primed mice expressed similar levels of tissue-resident memory-T-cell markers 30 days post booster infection. These data suggest that the IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after boosting is not influenced by the time post priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- AstraZeneca, 2594 AV Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Ven
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- DICA (Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing), 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Deventer Ziekenhuis, 7416 SE Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- MSD Animal Health, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Kristensen NP, Dionisio E, Bentzen AK, Tamhane T, Kemming JS, Nos G, Voss LF, Hansen UK, Lauer GM, Hadrup SR. Simultaneous analysis of pMHC binding and reactivity unveils virus-specific CD8 T cell immunity to a concise epitope set. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8951. [PMID: 38608022 PMCID: PMC11014448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
CD8 T cells provide immunity to virus infection through recognition of epitopes presented by peptide major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). To establish a concise panel of widely recognized T cell epitopes from common viruses, we combined analysis of TCR down-regulation upon stimulation with epitope-specific enumeration based on barcode-labeled pMHC multimers. We assess CD8 T cell binding and reactivity for 929 previously reported epitopes in the context of 1 of 25 HLA alleles representing 29 viruses. The prevalence and magnitude of CD8 T cell responses were evaluated in 48 donors and reported along with 137 frequently recognized virus epitopes, many of which were underrepresented in the public domain. Eighty-four percent of epitope-specific CD8 T cell populations demonstrated reactivity to peptide stimulation, which was associated with effector and long-term memory phenotypes. Conversely, nonreactive T cell populations were associated primarily with naive phenotypes. Our analysis provides a reference map of epitopes for characterizing CD8 T cell responses toward common human virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Pagh Kristensen
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edoardo Dionisio
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janine Sophie Kemming
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Grigorii Nos
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Frank Voss
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kring Hansen
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Georg Michael Lauer
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Rosa Duque JS, Cheng SMS, Cohen CA, Leung D, Wang X, Mu X, Chung Y, Lau TM, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wong HHW, Tsang LCH, Chaothai S, Kwan TC, Li JKC, Chan KCK, Luk LLH, Ho JCH, Li WY, Lee AMT, Lam JHY, Chan SM, Wong WHS, Tam IYS, Mori M, Valkenburg SA, Peiris M, Tu W, Lau YL. Superior antibody and membrane protein-specific T-cell responses to CoronaVac by intradermal versus intramuscular routes in adolescents. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:353-370. [PMID: 38085470 PMCID: PMC11052846 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimising the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines to improve their protection against disease is necessary. Fractional dosing by intradermal (ID) administration has been shown to be equally immunogenic as intramuscular (IM) administration for several vaccines, but the immunogenicity of ID inactivated whole severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the full dose is unknown. This study (NCT04800133) investigated the superiority of antibody and T-cell responses of full-dose CoronaVac by ID over IM administration in adolescents. METHODS Participants aged 11-17 years received two doses of IM or ID vaccine, followed by the 3rd dose 13-42 days later. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity outcomes were measured post-dose 2 (IM-CC versus ID-CC) and post-dose 3 (IM-CCC versus ID-CCC). Doses 2 and 3 were administered to 173 and 104 adolescents, respectively. RESULTS Spike protein (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG), S-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG, S IgG Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa)-binding, SNM [sum of individual (S), nucleocapsid protein (N), and membrane protein (M) peptide pool]-specific interleukin-2 (IL-2)+CD4+, SNM-specific IL-2+CD8+, S-specific IL-2+CD8+, N-specific IL-2+CD4+, N-specific IL-2+CD8+ and M-specific IL-2+CD4+ responses fulfilled the superior and non-inferior criteria for ID-CC compared to IM-CC, whereas IgG avidity was inferior. For ID-CCC, S-RBD IgG, surrogate virus neutralisation test, 90% plaque reduction neutralisation titre (PRNT90), PRNT50, S IgG avidity, S IgG FcγRIIIa-binding, M-specific IL-2+CD4+, interferon-γ+CD8+ and IL-2+CD8+ responses were superior and non-inferior to IM-CCC. The estimated vaccine efficacies were 49%, 52%, 66% and 79% for IM-CC, ID-CC, IM-CCC and ID-CCC, respectively. The ID groups reported more local, mild adverse reactions. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate superior antibody and M-specific T-cell responses by ID inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and serves as the basis for future research to improve the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Rosa Duque
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carolyn A Cohen
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuet Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsun Ming Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Howard H W Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Chun Kwan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John K C Li
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl C K Chan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L H Luk
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenson C H Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Yan Li
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos M T Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer H Y Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sau Man Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilfred H S Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Issan Y S Tam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection, and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Center for Immunology and Infection C2i, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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Lee S, Yeung KK, Watts TH. Tissue-resident memory T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 65:101397. [PMID: 38458064 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Influenza virus is an important human pathogen with significant pandemic potential. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide critical protection against influenza, but unlike Trm at other mucosal sites, Trm in the respiratory tract (RT) are subject to rapid attrition in mice, mirroring the decline in protective immunity to influenza virus over time. Conversely, dysfunctional Trm can drive fibrosis in aged mice. The requirement for local antigen to induce and maintain RT Trm must be considered in vaccine strategies designed to induce this protective immune subset. Here, we discuss recent studies that inform our understanding of influenza-specific respiratory Trm, and the factors that influence their development and persistence. We also discuss how these biological insights are being used to develop vaccines that induce Trm in the RT, despite the limitations to monitoring Trm in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoo Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karen Km Yeung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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28
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Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. The power of memory T cells minus antibodies. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:594-595. [PMID: 38491310 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Xing M, Hu G, Wang X, Wang Y, He F, Dai W, Wang X, Niu Y, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang X, Xu J, Cai Q, Zhou D. An intranasal combination vaccine induces systemic and mucosal immunity against COVID-19 and influenza. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:64. [PMID: 38509167 PMCID: PMC10954707 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite prolonged surveillance and interventions, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses continue to pose a severe global health burden. Thus, we developed a chimpanzee adenovirus-based combination vaccine, AdC68-HATRBD, with dual specificity against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. When used as a standalone vaccine, intranasal immunization with AdC68-HATRBD induced comprehensive and potent immune responses consisting of immunoglobin (Ig) G, mucosal IgA, neutralizing antibodies, and memory T cells, which protected the mice from BA.5.2 and pandemic H1N1 infections. When used as a heterologous booster, AdC68-HATRBD markedly improved the protective immune response of the licensed SARS-CoV-2 or influenza vaccine. Therefore, whether administered intranasally as a standalone or booster vaccine, this combination vaccine is a valuable strategy to enhance the overall vaccine efficacy by inducing robust systemic and mucosal immune responses, thereby conferring dual lines of immunological defenses for these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Furong He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Weiqian Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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30
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Lidenge SJ, Yalcin D, Bennett SJ, Ngalamika O, Kweyamba BB, Mwita CJ, Tso FY, Mwaiselage J, West JT, Wood C. Viral Epitope Scanning Reveals Correlation between Seasonal HCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses among Cancer and Non-Cancer Patients. Viruses 2024; 16:448. [PMID: 38543814 PMCID: PMC10975915 DOI: 10.3390/v16030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses (HCoVs) are known to contribute to cross-reactive antibody (Ab) responses against SARS-CoV-2. While these responses are predictable due to the high homology between SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs, the impact of these responses on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients is unclear. To investigate the influence of prior HCoV infection on anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab responses among COVID-19 asymptomatic individuals with cancer and controls without cancers, we utilized the VirScan technology in which phage immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PhIP-seq) of longitudinal plasma samples was performed to investigate high-resolution (i.e., epitope level) humoral CoV responses. Despite testing positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab in the plasma, a majority of the participants were asymptomatic for COVID-19 with no prior history of COVID-19 diagnosis. Although the magnitudes of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab responses were lower in individuals with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) compared to non-KS cancer individuals and those without cancer, the HCoV Ab repertoire was similar between individuals with and without cancer independent of age, sex, HIV status, and chemotherapy. The magnitudes of the anti-spike HCoV responses showed a strong positive association with those of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike in cancer patients, and only a weak association in non-cancer patients, suggesting that prior infection with HCoVs might play a role in limiting SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum J. Lidenge
- Department of Clinical Research, Training, and Consultancy, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (B.B.K.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania
| | - Dicle Yalcin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.Y.); (S.J.B.); (F.Y.T.); (J.T.W.)
| | - Sydney J. Bennett
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.Y.); (S.J.B.); (F.Y.T.); (J.T.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68516, USA
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka P.O. Box 50001, Zambia;
| | - Brenda B. Kweyamba
- Department of Clinical Research, Training, and Consultancy, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (B.B.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Chacha J. Mwita
- Department of Clinical Research, Training, and Consultancy, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (B.B.K.); (J.M.)
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.Y.); (S.J.B.); (F.Y.T.); (J.T.W.)
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Department of Clinical Research, Training, and Consultancy, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (B.B.K.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.Y.); (S.J.B.); (F.Y.T.); (J.T.W.)
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.Y.); (S.J.B.); (F.Y.T.); (J.T.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68516, USA
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31
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Ho CL, Yen LC, Huang HW, Lu CC, Hung YJ, Liao CL, Hung CM, Chiu KC. Long-term analysis of humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340645. [PMID: 38533494 PMCID: PMC10963495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about the sustainability of vaccine-induced immunity. Little is known about the long-term humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants, with specific attention to BA.4/5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. Methods We assessed immune responses in 50 uninfected individuals who received varying three-dose vaccination combinations (2X AstraZeneca + 1X Moderna, 1X AstraZeneca + 2X Moderna, and 3X Moderna) against wild-type (WT) and Omicron variants at eight months post-vaccination. The serum antibody titers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and neutralizing activities were examined by pseudovirus and infectious SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. T cell reactivities and their memory phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry. Results We found that RBD-specific antibody titers, neutralizing activities, and CD4+ T cell reactivities were reduced against Omicron variants compared to WT. In contrast, CD8+ T cell responses, central memory, effector memory, and CD45RA+ effector memory T cells remained unaffected upon stimulation with the Omicron peptide pool. Notably, CD4+ effector memory T cells even exhibited a higher proportion of reactivity against Omicron variants. Furthermore, participants who received three doses of the Moderna showed a more robust response regarding neutralization and CD8+ T cell reactions than other three-dose vaccination groups. Conclusion Reduction of humoral and CD4+ T cell responses against Omicron variants in vaccinees suggested that vaccine effectiveness after eight months may not have sufficient protection against the new emerging variants, which provides valuable information for future vaccination strategies such as receiving BA.4/5 or XBB.1-based bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lo Ho
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lu
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Mao Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of General Dentistry, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Leong SL, Gras S, Grant EJ. Fighting flu: novel CD8 + T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1491. [PMID: 38362528 PMCID: PMC10867544 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8+ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8+ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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Cox RM, Wolf JD, Lieberman NA, Lieber CM, Kang HJ, Sticher ZM, Yoon JJ, Andrews MK, Govindarajan M, Krueger RE, Sobolik EB, Natchus MG, Gewirtz AT, deSwart RL, Kolykhalov AA, Hekmatyar K, Sakamoto K, Greninger AL, Plemper RK. Therapeutic mitigation of measles-like immune amnesia and exacerbated disease after prior respiratory virus infections in ferrets. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1189. [PMID: 38331906 PMCID: PMC10853234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Measles cases have surged pre-COVID-19 and the pandemic has aggravated the problem. Most measles-associated morbidity and mortality arises from destruction of pre-existing immune memory by measles virus (MeV), a paramyxovirus of the morbillivirus genus. Therapeutic measles vaccination lacks efficacy, but little is known about preserving immune memory through antivirals and the effect of respiratory disease history on measles severity. We use a canine distemper virus (CDV)-ferret model as surrogate for measles and employ an orally efficacious paramyxovirus polymerase inhibitor to address these questions. A receptor tropism-intact recombinant CDV with low lethality reveals an 8-day advantage of antiviral treatment versus therapeutic vaccination in maintaining immune memory. Infection of female ferrets with influenza A virus (IAV) A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) four weeks pre-CDV causes fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia with lung onslaught by commensal bacteria. RNAseq identifies CDV-induced overexpression of trefoil factor (TFF) peptides in the respiratory tract, which is absent in animals pre-infected with IAV. Severe outcomes of consecutive IAV/CDV infections are mitigated by oral antivirals even when initiated late. These findings validate the morbillivirus immune amnesia hypothesis, define measles treatment paradigms, and identify priming of the TFF axis through prior respiratory infections as risk factor for exacerbated morbillivirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Josef D Wolf
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Nicole A Lieberman
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carolin M Lieber
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hae-Ji Kang
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Zachary M Sticher
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeong-Joong Yoon
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Meghan K Andrews
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Rebecca E Krueger
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Sobolik
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Rik L deSwart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Khan Hekmatyar
- Advanced Translational Imaging Facility, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Zhou J, Uddback I, Kohlmeier JE, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Vaccine induced memory CD8 + T cells efficiently prevent viral transmission from the respiratory tract. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1322536. [PMID: 38164135 PMCID: PMC10757911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucosal immunization eliciting local T-cell memory has been suggested for improved protection against respiratory infections caused by viral variants evading pre-existing antibodies. However, it remains unclear whether T-cell targeted vaccines suffice for prevention of viral transmission and to which extent local immunity is important in this context. Methods To study the impact of T-cell vaccination on the course of viral respiratory infection and in particular the capacity to inhibit viral transmission, we used a mouse model involving natural murine parainfluenza infection with a luciferase encoding virus and an adenovirus based nucleoprotein targeting vaccine. Results and discussion Prior intranasal immunization inducing strong mucosal CD8+ T cell immunity provided an almost immediate shut-down of the incipient infection and completely inhibited contact based viral spreading. If this first line of defense did not operate, as in parentally immunized mice, recirculating T cells participated in accelerated viral control that reduced the intensity of inter-individual transmission. These observations underscore the importance of pursuing the development of mucosal T-cell inducing vaccines for optimal protection of the individual and inhibition of inter-individual transmission (herd immunity), while at the same time explain why induction of a strong systemic T-cell response may still impact viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Uddback
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Leroux-Roels I, Willems P, Waerlop G, Janssens Y, Tourneur J, De Boever F, Bruhwyler J, Alhatemi A, Jacobs B, Nicolas F, Leroux-Roels G, Le Vert A. Immunogenicity, safety, and preliminary efficacy evaluation of OVX836, a nucleoprotein-based universal influenza A vaccine candidate: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1360-1369. [PMID: 37517422 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OVX836, a recombinant vaccine containing the nucleoprotein of the influenza A virus A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) and the oligomerisation domain OVX313, has displayed a good safety profile and elicited dose-dependent humoral and cellular immune responses at 90 μg or 180 μg (intramuscularly) in previous clinical trials. The aim of this study was to explore higher doses, since no maximum tolerated dose had been reached. METHODS In this phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we recruited 137 healthy adults aged 18-55 years in a single centre in Belgium. Participants were randomly assigned (interactive web response system; block size=4) using SAS (version 9.4) to receive one single intramuscular administration of OVX836 influenza vaccine at three doses (180 μg [n=33], 300 μg [n=35], and 480 μg [n=36]) or placebo (n=33). The two primary endpoints were the safety and the cell-mediated immune response to OVX836 at the three doses in terms of change of nucleoprotein-specific IFNγ spot forming cell (SFC) frequencies in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population, measured by IFNγ ELISpot, at day 8 versus pre-injection baseline (day 1). The population used for the safety analysis is the modified intention-to-treat cohort. The population used for the immunogenicity analysis is the per-protocol cohort. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05060887, and EudraCT, 2021-002535-39. FINDINGS Participants were recruited between Nov 15, 2021, and Feb 1, 2022. OVX836 had a favourable safety profile up to 480 μg without reaching the maximum tolerated dose, and showed a good safety profile at all doses with mild local and systemic reactogenicity. 7 days after vaccination, although no significant differences were observed between the doses, OVX836 increased the frequency of nucleoprotein-specific IFNγ SFCs per million PBMCs from days 1 to 8 (primary endpoint): by 124 SFCs per 106 PMBCs (95% CI 67 to 180; p=0·002) at 180 μg; by 202 SFCs per 106 PMBCs (95% CI 138 to 267; p<0·0001) at 300 μg; by 223 SFCs per 106 PMBCs (95% CI 147 to 299; p<0·0001) at 480 μg; and decreased by 1 SFCs per 106 PMBCs (95% CI -24 to 22] in the placebo group (Kruskal-Wallis test p<0·0001 followed by Mann-Whitney's tests; per-protocol cohort). Dose-dependent and polyfunctional nucleoprotein-specific CD4 T-cell responses were observed, and CD8 T-cell responses were elicited at 300 μg and 480 μg (secondary endpoints). INTERPRETATION OVX836 appears to be a safe and well tolerated candidate vaccine that elicits humoral and cellular nucleoprotein-specific immune responses (including CD8 T cells at the highest dose levels) and showed a preliminary signal of protection against influenza. Therefore, OVX836 is a promising vaccine candidate for universal influenza A prevention, that warrants further trials. FUNDING OSIVAX, Bpifrance, Wallonia Region, and the EUs Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program.
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36
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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van Bergen J, Camps MG, Pardieck IN, Veerkamp D, Leung WY, Leijs AA, Myeni SK, Kikkert M, Arens R, Zondag GC, Ossendorp F. Multiantigen pan-sarbecovirus DNA vaccines generate protective T cell immune responses. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172488. [PMID: 37707962 PMCID: PMC10721273 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic coronavirus to cause a major outbreak in humans in recent years, and many more SARS-like coronaviruses with pandemic potential are circulating in several animal species. Vaccines inducing T cell immunity against broadly conserved viral antigens may protect against hospitalization and death caused by outbreaks of such viruses. We report the design and preclinical testing of 2 T cell-based pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, based on conserved regions within viral proteins of sarbecovirus isolates of human and other carrier animals, like bats and pangolins. One vaccine (CoVAX_ORF1ab) encoded antigens derived from nonstructural proteins, and the other (CoVAX_MNS) encoded antigens from structural proteins. Both multiantigen DNA vaccines contained a large set of antigens shared across sarbecoviruses and were rich in predicted and experimentally validated human T cell epitopes. In mice, the multiantigen vaccines generated both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to shared epitopes. Upon encounter of full-length spike antigen, CoVAX_MNS-induced CD4+ T cells were responsible for accelerated CD8+ T cell and IgG Ab responses specific to the incoming spike, irrespective of its sarbecovirus origin. Finally, both vaccines elicited partial protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice. These results support clinical testing of these universal sarbecovirus vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Iris N. Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Veerkamp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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38
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van de Sandt CE, Nguyen THO, Gherardin NA, Crawford JC, Samir J, Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Rizzetto S, Szeto C, Kaur J, Ranson N, Sonda S, Harper A, Redmond SJ, McQuilten HA, Menon T, Sant S, Jia X, Pedrina K, Karapanagiotidis T, Cain N, Nicholson S, Chen Z, Lim R, Clemens EB, Eltahla A, La Gruta NL, Crowe J, Lappas M, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, Thomas PG, Gras S, Flanagan KL, Luciani F, Kedzierska K. Newborn and child-like molecular signatures in older adults stem from TCR shifts across human lifespan. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1890-1907. [PMID: 37749325 PMCID: PMC10602853 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells provide robust antiviral immunity, but how epitope-specific T cells evolve across the human lifespan is unclear. Here we defined CD8+ T cell immunity directed at the prominent influenza epitope HLA-A*02:01-M158-66 (A2/M158) across four age groups at phenotypic, transcriptomic, clonal and functional levels. We identify a linear differentiation trajectory from newborns to children then adults, followed by divergence and a clonal reset in older adults. Gene profiles in older adults closely resemble those of newborns and children, despite being clonally distinct. Only child-derived and adult-derived A2/M158+CD8+ T cells had the potential to differentiate into highly cytotoxic epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, which was linked to highly functional public T cell receptor (TCR)αβ signatures. Suboptimal TCRαβ signatures in older adults led to less proliferation, polyfunctionality, avidity and recognition of peptide mutants, although displayed no signs of exhaustion. These data suggest that priming T cells at different stages of life might greatly affect CD8+ T cell responses toward viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jerome Samir
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Simone Rizzetto
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Viral and Structural Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasveen Kaur
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicole Ranson
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alice Harper
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Samuel J Redmond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tejas Menon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Pedrina
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theo Karapanagiotidis
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Cain
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ratana Lim
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Auda Eltahla
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Viral and Structural Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Westerhof LM, Noonan J, Hargrave KE, Chimbayo ET, Cheng Z, Purnell T, Jackson MR, Borcherding N, MacLeod MKL. Multifunctional cytokine production marks influenza A virus-specific CD4 T cells with high expression of survival molecules. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350559. [PMID: 37490492 PMCID: PMC10947402 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine production by memory T cells is a key mechanism of T cell mediated protection. However, we have limited understanding of the persistence of cytokine producing T cells during memory cell maintenance and secondary responses. We interrogated antigen-specific CD4 T cells using a mouse influenza A virus infection model. Although CD4 T cells detected using MHCII tetramers declined in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs, we found similar numbers of cytokine+ CD4 T cells at days 9 and 30 in the lymphoid organs. CD4 T cells with the capacity to produce cytokines expressed higher levels of pro-survival molecules, CD127 and Bcl2, than non-cytokine+ cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a heterogeneous population of memory CD4 T cells with three clusters of cytokine+ cells. These clusters match flow cytometry data and reveal an enhanced survival signature in cells capable of producing multiple cytokines. Following re-infection, multifunctional T cells expressed low levels of the proliferation marker, Ki67, whereas cells that only produce the anti-viral cytokine, interferon-γ, were more likely to be Ki67+ . Despite this, multifunctional memory T cells formed a substantial fraction of the secondary memory pool. Together these data indicate that survival rather than proliferation may dictate which populations persist within the memory pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute & Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Elizabeth T. Chimbayo
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome CentreBlantyreMalawi
| | - Zhiling Cheng
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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40
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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41
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Neale I, Ali M, Kronsteiner B, Longet S, Abraham P, Deeks AS, Brown A, Moore SC, Stafford L, Dobson SL, Plowright M, Newman TAH, Wu MY, Carr EJ, Beale R, Otter AD, Hopkins S, Hall V, Tomic A, Payne RP, Barnes E, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Turtle L, de Silva TI, Carroll M, Lambe T, Klenerman P, Dunachie S. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibodies are associated with protection against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection: a nested case-control study within the PITCH study. mBio 2023; 14:e0121223. [PMID: 37655880 PMCID: PMC10653804 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01212-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Defining correlates of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine breakthrough infection informs vaccine policy for booster doses and future vaccine designs. Existing studies demonstrate humoral correlates of protection, but the role of T cells in protection is still unclear. In this study, we explore antibody and T cell immune responses associated with protection against Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infection in a well-characterized cohort of UK Healthcare Workers (HCWs). We demonstrate evidence to support a role for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as antibodies against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection. In addition, our results suggest a potential role for cross-reactive T cells in vaccine breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Neale
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Abraham
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra S. Deeks
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shona C. Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Dobson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Plowright
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. H. Newman
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Y. Wu
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Crick COVID Immunity Pipeline
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Tomic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca P. Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. A. Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thushan I. de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - On behalf of the PITCH Consortium
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Ko GY, Lee J, Bae H, Ryu JH, Park HS, Kang H, Jung J, Choi AR, Lee R, Lee DG, Oh EJ. Longitudinal Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Breakthrough Infection following BNT162b2/BNT162b2/BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort in Naive Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1613. [PMID: 37897015 PMCID: PMC10610978 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing immune responses post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is crucial for optimizing vaccine strategies. This prospective study aims to evaluate immune responses and breakthrough infection in 235 infection-naïve healthcare workers up to 13-15 months after initial vaccination in two vaccine groups (108 BNT/BNT/BNT and 127 ChAd/ChAd/BNT). Immune responses were assessed using the interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, total immunoglobulin, and neutralizing activity through surrogate virus neutralization test at nine different time points. Both groups exhibited peak responses one to two months after the second or third dose, followed by gradual declines over six months. Notably, the ChAd group exhibited a gradual increase in ELISPOT results, but their antibody levels declined more rapidly after reaching peak response compared to the BNT group. Six months after the third dose, both groups had substantial cellular responses, with superior humoral responses in the BNT group (p < 0.05). As many as 55 breakthrough infection participants displayed higher neutralization activities against Omicron variants, but similar cellular responses compared to 127 infection-naïve individuals, suggesting cross-immunity. Distinct neutralization classifications (<30%, >80% inhibition) correlated with different ELISPOT results. Our study reveals diverse immune response patterns based on vaccine strategies and breakthrough infections, emphasizing the importance of understanding these dynamics for optimized vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Young Ko
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Hyunjoo Bae
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (J.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Ji Hyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
| | - Hye-Sun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
| | - Hyunhye Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
- Resesarch and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
- Resesarch and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
| | - Raeseok Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (R.L.); (D.-G.L.)
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (J.H.R.); (H.-S.P.); (H.K.); (J.J.); (A.-R.C.)
- Resesarch and Development Institute for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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43
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Khadri L, Ziraksaz MH, Barekzai AB, Ghauri B. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 202:183-217. [PMID: 38237986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of T cell responses in COVID-19, focusing on T cell differentiation, specificity, and functional characteristics during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The differentiation of T cells in COVID-19 is explored, highlighting the key factors that influence T cell fate and effector functions. The immunology of the spike protein, a critical component of SARS-CoV-2, is discussed in detail, emphasizing its role in driving T-cell responses. The cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection are examined, including the specificity, phenotype, and functional attributes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses. Furthermore, the chapter explores T-cell cross-recognition against other human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the mechanisms of immune regulation mediated by spike proteins. This includes the induction of regulation through the innate immune system, the activation of self-spike protein-cross-reactive regulatory T cells, and the impact of self-tolerance on the regulation of spike proteins. The chapter investigates T cell responses to self-spike proteins and their implications in disease. The role of spike proteins as immunological targets in the context of COVID-19 is examined, shedding light on potential therapeutic interventions and clinical trials in autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, this chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of T cell responses in COVID-19, highlighting their differentiation, immune regulation, and clinical implications. This knowledge contributes to the development of targeted immunotherapies, vaccine strategies, and diagnostic approaches for COVID-19 and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiqha Khadri
- Department of Biotechnology, Immune Inspired, Bangalore.
| | | | | | - Baber Ghauri
- Department of Biotechnology, Immune Inspired, Bangalore
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44
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Cheung M, Chang C, Rathnasinghe R, Rossignol E, Zhang Y, Ferrari A, Patel H, Huang Y, Sanchez Guillen M, Scalzo T, Lee C, Otten GR, Settembre EC, Music N, Palladino G, Wen Y. Self-amplifying mRNA seasonal influenza vaccines elicit mouse neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immunity and protect ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:150. [PMID: 37794051 PMCID: PMC10550923 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed influenza vaccines focus immune responses on viral hemagglutinin (HA), while the other major surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) is not tightly controlled in inactivated vaccine formulations despite evidence that anti-NA antibodies reduce clinical disease. We utilized a bicistronic self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) platform encoding both HA and NA from four seasonal influenza strains, creating a quadrivalent influenza vaccine. sa-mRNA vaccines encoding an NA component induced the production of NA-inhibiting antibodies and CD4+ T-cell responses in both monovalent and quadrivalent formulations. Including NA in the vaccine enabled cross-neutralization against antigenically drifted strains and provided greater protection than HA alone upon A(H3N2) challenge in ferrets. These results demonstrate that next-generation bicistronic sa-mRNA vaccines expressing HA and NA induce potent antibodies against both viral coat proteins, as well as vaccine-specific cell-mediated immunity. When formulated as a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine, the sa-mRNA platform provides an opportunity to increase the breadth of protection through cross-neutralizing anti-NA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Chang
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yunfei Zhang
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Harsh Patel
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Yanjun Huang
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Tina Scalzo
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Changkeun Lee
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Nedzad Music
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Yingxia Wen
- CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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45
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Kumar R, Singh S, Chawla R, Balhara K, Dhar L. COVID-19 vaccination: Immune response in healthcare workers-A study with review of literature. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2023; 66:758-763. [PMID: 38084528 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_126_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the world has been going through a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the past two years, a safe and effective vaccine was urgently needed. Vaccination against the disease was launched in India on January 16, 2021 with healthcare workers, frontline workers, and the elderly above 60 years being the first beneficiaries. Vaccines being used in India are Covishield and Covaxin. Materials and Methods Fifteen healthcare workers (HCWs) who were vaccinated with Covishield or Covaxin were included in the study, and T cell, B cell and antibody response of the HCWs were analyzed. Blood samples collected from every subject were sent for antibody analysis, hematological workup for cell counts, and flow cytometry was performed for various subsets of lymphocytes. Hematological variables in naïve HCWs (who never had any natural infection) and recovered HCWs (those recovered from natural infection) were compared. Results Antibody index among recovered HCWs was significantly higher than the naïve HCWs. All the leucocyte parameters showed a higher median value in the recovered group except total leucocyte count (TLC), T helper cell count (Th cell), T helper cell to T cytotoxic cell (Th cell: CTL) ratio and natural killer (NK) cell. But only Th: CTL ratio showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion This study shows that the antibody index among individuals who had both vaccination and COVID-19 infection is significantly higher than those who just had vaccination. T helper cell to T cytotoxic cell ratio is lowered in the recovered HCWs as compared to the naïve HCWs and this finding is statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabish Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Balhara
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Lity Dhar
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Shahbaz S, Bozorgmehr N, Lu J, Osman M, Sligl W, Tyrrell DL, Elahi S. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates, namely the Wuhan strain, Delta variant, and Omicron variant, identifies differential immune profiles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0125623. [PMID: 37676005 PMCID: PMC10581158 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01256-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to better understand the impact of different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants on immune response and disease dynamics to facilitate better intervention strategies. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially affect host immune responses. The magnitude and quantity of cytokines and chemokines were comparable in those infected with the Wuhan strain and the Delta variant. However, individuals infected with the Omicron variant had significantly lower levels of these mediators. We also found an elevation of plasma galectins (Gal-3, Gal-8, and Gal-9) in infected individuals, in particular, in those with the original strain. Soluble galectins exert a proinflammatory role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. This was illustrated by their correlation with the plasma levels of sCD14, sCD163, enhanced TNF-α/IL-6 secretion, and increased SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro. Moreover, we observed enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation in Wuhan strain-infected individuals. Surprisingly, there was a more pronounced T cell activation in those infected with the Omicron in comparison to the Delta variant. In line with T cell activation status, we observed a more pronounced expansion of T cells expressing different co-inhibitory receptors in patients infected with the Wuhan strain, followed by the Omicron and Delta variants. Individuals infected with the Wuhan strain or the Omicron variant had a similar pattern of plasma soluble immune checkpoints. Our results imply that a milder innate immune response might be beneficial and protective in those infected with the Omicron variant. Our results provide a novel insight into the differential impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on host immunity. IMPORTANCE There is a need to better understand how different SARS-CoV-2 variants influence the immune system and disease dynamics to facilitate the development of better vaccines and therapies. We compared immune responses in 140 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with the Wuhan strain, the Delta variant, or the Omicron variant. All these patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and were SARS-CoV-2 vaccination naïve. We found that SARS-CoV-2 variants differentially affect the host immune response. This was done by measuring soluble biomarkers in their plasma and examining different immune cells. Overall, we found that the magnitude of cytokine storm in individuals infected with the Wuhan strain or the Delta variant was greater than in those infected with the Omicron variant. In light of enhanced cytokine release syndrome in individuals infected with the Wuhan strain or the Delta variant, we believe that a milder innate immune response might be beneficial and protective in those infected with the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shahbaz
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Najmeh Bozorgmehr
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Lu
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammed Osman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wendy Sligl
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Division of Foundational Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children Health Research Institute (WCHRI), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Glycomics Institute of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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47
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Bell S, Perkins GB, Anandh U, Coates PT. COVID and the Kidney: An Update. Semin Nephrol 2023; 43:151471. [PMID: 38199827 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has led to a global pandemic that continues to be responsible for ongoing health issues for people worldwide. Immunocompromised individuals such as kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients have been and continue to be among the most affected, with poorer outcomes after infection, impaired response to COVID-19 vaccines, and protracted infection. The pandemic also has had a significant impact on patients with underlying chronic kidney disease (CKD), with CKD increasing susceptibility to COVID-19, risk of hospital admission, and mortality. COVID-19 also has been shown to lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) through both direct and indirect mechanisms. The incidence of COVID-19 AKI has been decreasing as the pandemic has evolved, but continues to be associated with adverse patient outcomes correlating with the severity of AKI. There is also increasing evidence examining the longer-term effect of COVID-19 on the kidney demonstrating continued decline in kidney function several months after infection. This review summarizes the current evidence examining the impact of COVID-19 on the kidney, covering both the impact on patients with CKD, including patients receiving kidney replacement therapy, in addition to discussing COVID-19 AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bell
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland.
| | - Griffith B Perkins
- University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 Australia; Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide
| | - Urmila Anandh
- Department of Nephrology, Amrita Hospitals, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - P Toby Coates
- University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 Australia; Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide
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48
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Tortellini E, Fosso Ngangue YC, Dominelli F, Guardiani M, Falvino C, Mengoni F, Carraro A, Marocco R, Pasculli P, Mastroianni CM, Ciardi MR, Lichtner M, Zingaropoli MA. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccination in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1844. [PMID: 37766251 PMCID: PMC10534440 DOI: 10.3390/v15091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) remain at high risk of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has restored life expectancy and general well-being. When, which, and how many doses of vaccine should be administered over the lifetime of PLWH are questions that have become clinically relevant. Immune responses to most vaccines are known to be impaired in PLWH. Effective control of viremia with ART and restored CD4+ T-cell count are correlated with an improvement in responsiveness to routine vaccines. However, the presence of immune alterations, comorbidities and co-infections may alter it. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on immune responses to different vaccines in the setting of HIV infection, emphasizing the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of comorbidities in modulating such responses. A better understanding of these issues will help guide vaccination and prevention strategies for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yann Collins Fosso Ngangue
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Federica Dominelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Carmen Falvino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fabio Mengoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Anna Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
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49
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Finney GE, Hargrave KE, Pingen M, Purnell T, Todd D, MacDonald F, Worrell JC, MacLeod MKL. Triphasic production of IFN γ by innate and adaptive lymphocytes following influenza A virus infection. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad014. [PMID: 37842651 PMCID: PMC10568397 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent antiviral cytokine that can be produced by many innate and adaptive immune cells during infection. Currently, our understanding of which cells produce IFNγ and where they are located at different stages of an infection is limited. We have used reporter mice to investigate in vivo expression of Ifnγ mRNA in the lung and secondary lymphoid organs during and following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We observed a triphasic production of Ifnγ expression. Unconventional T cells and innate lymphoid cells, particularly NK cells, were the dominant producers of early Ifnγ, while CD4 and CD8 T cells were the main producers by day 10 post-infection. Following viral clearance, some memory CD4 and CD8 T cells continued to express Ifnγ in the lungs and draining lymph node. Interestingly, Ifnγ production by lymph node natural killer (NK), NKT, and innate lymphoid type 1 cells also continued to be above naïve levels, suggesting memory-like phenotypes for these cells. Analysis of the localization of Ifnγ+ memory CD4 and CD8 T cells demonstrated that cytokine+ T cells were located near airways and in the lung parenchyma. Following a second IAV challenge, lung IAV-specific CD8 T cells rapidly increased their expression of Ifnγ while CD4 T cells in the draining lymph node increased their Ifnγ response. Together, these data suggest that Ifnγ production fluctuates based on cellular source and location, both of which could impact subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Finney
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kerrie E Hargrave
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Todd
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Freya MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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50
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Haach V, Bastos APA, Gava D, da Fonseca FN, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Franco AC, Schaefer R. A polyvalent virosomal influenza vaccine induces broad cellular and humoral immunity in pigs. Virol J 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37587490 PMCID: PMC10428566 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. METHODS This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. RESULTS A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. Furthermore, it induced a significant maturation of macrophages, and proliferation of B lymphocytes, effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing interferon-γ. Also, the vaccine demonstrated potential to confer long-lasting immunity until the market age of pigs and proved to be safe and non-cytotoxic to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This virosome platform allows flexibility to adjust the vaccine content to reflect the diversity of circulating IAVs in swine in Brazil. The vaccination of pigs may reduce the impact of the disease on swine production and the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70770-901, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil.
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