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Hasler MF, Speck RF, Kadzioch NP. Humanized mice for studying HIV latency and potentially its eradication. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:157-167. [PMID: 38547338 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The quest for an HIV cure faces a formidable challenge: the persistent presence of latent viral infections within the cells and tissues of infected individuals. This review provides a thorough examination of discussions surrounding HIV latency, the use of humanized mouse models, and strategies aimed at eliminating the latent HIV reservoir. It explores the hurdles and advancements in understanding HIV pathogenesis, mainly focusing on establishing latent reservoirs in CD4 + T cells and macrophages. Introducing the concepts of functional and sterile cures, the review underscores the indispensable role of humanized mouse models in HIV research, offering crucial insights into the efficacy of cART and the ongoing pursuit of an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we highlight studies investigating molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis related to HIV latency in humanized mice and discuss novel strategies for eradicating latent HIV. Emphasizing the importance of analytical cART interruption in humanized mouse studies to gauge its impact on the latent reservoir accurately, the review underlines the ongoing progress and challenges in harnessing humanized mouse models for HIV research. SUMMARY This review suggests that humanized mice models provide valuable insights into HIV latency and potential eradication strategies, contributing significantly to the quest for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa F Hasler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Tang S, Lu Y, Sun F, Qin Y, Harypursat V, Deng R, Zhang G, Chen Y, Wang T. Transcriptomic crosstalk between viral and host factors drives aberrant homeostasis of T-cell proliferation and cell death in HIV-infected immunological non-responders. J Infect 2024; 88:106151. [PMID: 38582127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological non-responders (INRs) among people living with HIV have inherently higher mortality and morbidity rates. The underlying immunological mechanisms whereby failure of immune reconstitution occurs in INRs require elucidation. METHOD HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 cell-associated RNA (CA-HIV RNA) quantifications were conducted via RT-qPCR. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), bioinformatics, and biological verifications were performed to discern the crosstalk between host and viral factors. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cellular activation, proliferation, and death. RESULTS HIV-1 DNA and CA-HIV RNA levels were observed to be significantly higher in INRs compared to immunological responders (IRs). Evaluation of CD4/CD8 ratios showed a significantly negative correlation with HIV-1 DNA in IRs, but not in INRs. Bioinformatics analyses and biological verifications showed IRF7/INF-α regulated antiviral response was intensified in INRs. PBMCs of INRs expressed significantly more HIV integrase-mRNA (p31) than IRs. Resting (CD4+CD69- T-cells) and activated (CD4+CD69+ T-cells) HIV-1 reservoir harboring cells were significantly higher in INRs, with the co-occurrence of significantly higher cellular proliferation and cell death in CD4+ T-cells of INRs. CONCLUSION In INRs, the systematic crosstalk between the HIV-1 reservoir and host cells tends to maintain a persistent antiviral response-associated inflammatory environment, which drives aberrant cellular activation, proliferation, and death of CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Renni Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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4
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Taga K, Takeuchi H. Novel role of host protein SLC25A42 in the HIV-1 reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:90-99. [PMID: 38244193 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains incurable. To seek new strategies to overcome HIV type 1 (HIV-1) latency, one of the major barriers to HIV elimination, it is crucial to better understand how this state is maintained. Here, by means of an RNA interference screen employing an HIV-1 latency model using monocytic cell lines, we identified solute carrier family 25 member 42 (SLC25A42) as a potential host factor not previously known to affect HIV-1 latency. SLC25A42 knockdown resulted in increased HIV-1 expression, whereas forced expression of exogenous SLC25A42 suppressed it in SLC25A42-depleted cells. SLC25A42 depletion increased HIV-1 proviral transcriptional elongation but did not cause HIV-1 activation in an HIV-1 Tat-depleted latency model. This suggests that the role of SLC25A42 in HIV-1 transcription depends on HIV-1 Tat. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR analysis further revealed that SLC25A42 accumulated on or near the HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat promoter region of the HIV-1 provirus, suggesting a possible role in regulating HIV-1 Tat near this promoter region. These results indicate that SLC25A42 plays a novel role in HIV-1 latency maintenance in monocytic HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Taga
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of High-risk Infectious Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- TMDU Center for Infectious Disease Education and Analysis (TCIDEA), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Rahmberg AR, Wu C, Shin T, Hong SG, Pei L, Markowitz TE, Hickman HD, Dunbar CE, Brenchley JM. Ongoing production of tissue-resident macrophages from hematopoietic stem cells in healthy adult macaques. Blood Adv 2024; 8:523-537. [PMID: 38048388 PMCID: PMC10835270 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Macrophages orchestrate tissue immunity from the initiation and resolution of antimicrobial immune responses to the repair of damaged tissue. Murine studies demonstrate that tissue-resident macrophages are a heterogenous mixture of yolk sac-derived cells that populate the tissue before birth, and bone marrow-derived replacements recruited in adult tissues at steady-state and in increased numbers in response to tissue damage or infection. How this translates to species that are constantly under immunologic challenge, such as humans, is unknown. To understand the ontogeny and longevity of tissue-resident macrophages in nonhuman primates (NHPs), we use a model of autologous hematopoietic stem progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation with HSPCs genetically modified to be marked with clonal barcodes, allowing for subsequent analysis of clonal ontogeny. We study the contribution of HSPCs to tissue macrophages, their clonotypic profiles relative to leukocyte subsets in the peripheral blood, and their transcriptomic and epigenetic landscapes. We find that HSPCs contribute to tissue-resident macrophage populations in all anatomic sites studied. Macrophage clonotypic profiles are dynamic and overlap significantly with the clonal hierarchy of contemporaneous peripheral blood monocytes. Epigenetic and transcriptomic landscapes of HSPC-derived macrophages are similar to tissue macrophages isolated from NHPs that did not undergo transplantation. We also use in vivo bromodeoxyuridine infusions to monitor tissue macrophage turnover in NHPs that did not undergo transplantation and find evidence for macrophage turnover at steady state. These data demonstrate that the life span of most tissue-resident macrophages is limited and can be replenished continuously from HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Rahmberg
- Division of Intramural Research, Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chuanfeng Wu
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Taehoon Shin
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - So Gun Hong
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luxin Pei
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tovah E. Markowitz
- Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cynthia E. Dunbar
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Division of Intramural Research, Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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Guney MH, Nagalekshmi K, McCauley SM, Carbone C, Aydemir O, Luban J. IFIH1 (MDA5) is required for innate immune detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.17.567619. [PMID: 38014177 PMCID: PMC10680824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 viremia and prevents progression to AIDS. Nonetheless, chronic inflammation is a common problem for people living with HIV-1 on ART. One possible cause of inflammation is ongoing transcription from HIV-1 proviruses, whether or not the sequences are competent for replication. Previous work has shown that intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus in primary human blood cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, activates type 1 interferon. This activation required HIV-1 rev and was blocked by the XPO1 (CRM1)-inhibitor leptomycin. To identify the innate immune receptor required for detection of intron-containing RNA expressed from the HIV-1 provirus, a loss-of-function screen was performed with shRNA-expressing lentivectors targeting twenty-one candidate genes in human monocyte derived dendritic cells. Among the candidate genes tested, only knockdown of XPO1 (CRM1), IFIH1 (MDA5), or MAVS prevented activation of the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15. The importance of IFIH1 protein was demonstrated by rescue of the knockdown with non-targetable IFIH1 coding sequence. Inhibition of HIV-1-induced ISG15 by the IFIH1-specific Nipah virus V protein, and by IFIH1-transdominant inhibitory CARD-deletion or phosphomimetic point mutations, indicates that IFIH1 filament formation, dephosphorylation, and association with MAVS, are all required for innate immune activation in response to HIV-1 transduction. Since both IFIH1 and DDX58 (RIG-I) signal via MAVS, the specificity of HIV-1 RNA detection by IFIH1 was demonstrated by the fact that DDX58 knockdown had no effect on activation. RNA-Seq showed that IFIH1-knockdown in dendritic cells globally disrupted the induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Finally, specific enrichment of unspliced HIV-1 RNA by IFIH1 was revealed by formaldehyde crosslinking immunoprecipitation (f-CLIP). These results demonstrate that IFIH1 is required for innate immune activation by intron-containing RNA from the HIV-1 provirus, and potentially contributes to chronic inflammation in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hakan Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Karthika Nagalekshmi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sean Matthew McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ozkan Aydemir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ling L, De C, Spagnuolo RA, Begum N, Falcinelli SD, Archin NM, Kovarova M, Silvestri G, Wahl A, Margolis DM, Garcia JV. Transient CD4+ T cell depletion during suppressive ART reduces the HIV reservoir in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011824. [PMID: 38055722 PMCID: PMC10699604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifelong treatment is required for people living with HIV as current antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not eradicate HIV infection. Latently infected cells are essentially indistinguishable from uninfected cells and cannot be depleted by currently available approaches. This study evaluated antibody mediated transient CD4+ T cell depletion as a strategy to reduce the latent HIV reservoir. Anti-CD4 antibodies effectively depleted CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and tissues of humanized mice. We then demonstrate that antibody-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion of HIV infected ART-suppressed animals results in substantial reductions in cell-associated viral RNA and DNA levels in peripheral blood cells over the course of anti-CD4 antibody treatment. Recovery of CD4+ T cells was observed in all tissues analyzed except for the lung 26 days after cessation of antibody treatment. After CD4+ T cell recovery, significantly lower levels of cell-associated viral RNA and DNA were detected in the tissues of anti-CD4 antibody-treated animals. Further, an 8.5-fold reduction in the levels of intact HIV proviral DNA and a 3.1-fold reduction in the number of latently infected cells were observed in anti-CD4-antibody-treated animals compared with controls. However, there was no delay in viral rebound when ART was discontinued in anti-CD4 antibody-treated animals following CD4+ T cell recovery compared with controls. Our results suggest that transient CD4+ T cell depletion, a long-standing clinical intervention that might have an acceptable safety profile, during suppressive ART can reduce the size of the HIV reservoir in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ling
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chandrav De
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rae Ann Spagnuolo
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nurjahan Begum
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shane D. Falcinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martina Kovarova
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Vines L, Sotelo D, Giddens N, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Neurological, Behavioral, and Pathophysiological Characterization of the Co-Occurrence of Substance Use and HIV: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1480. [PMID: 37891847 PMCID: PMC10605099 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly reduced the severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in people living with HIV (PLWH); however, PLWH are more likely than the general population to use drugs and suffer from substance use disorders (SUDs) and to exhibit risky behaviors that promote HIV transmission and other infections. Dopamine-boosting psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine are some of the most widely used substances among PLWH. Chronic use of these substances disrupts brain function, structure, and cognition. PLWH with SUD have poor health outcomes driven by complex interactions between biological, neurocognitive, and social factors. Here we review the effects of comorbid HIV and psychostimulant use disorders by discussing the distinct and common effects of HIV and chronic cocaine and methamphetamine use on behavioral and neurological impairments using evidence from rodent models of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments (Tat or gp120 protein expression) and clinical studies. We also provide a biopsychosocial perspective by discussing behavioral impairment in differentially impacted social groups and proposing interventions at both patient and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Vines
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Diana Sotelo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Natasha Giddens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
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10
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Jamal I, Paudel A, Thompson L, Abdelmalek M, Khan IA, Singh VB. Sulforaphane prevents the reactivation of HIV-1 by suppressing NFκB signaling. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100341. [PMID: 37663574 PMCID: PMC10469555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 20 years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), complete eradication of HIV remains a daunting task. While cART has been very effective in limiting new cycles of infection and keeping viral load below detectable levels with partial restoration of immune functions, it cannot provide a cure. Evidently, the interruption of cART leads to a quick rebound of the viral load within a few weeks. These consistent observations have revealed HIV ability to persist as an undetectable latent reservoir in a variety of tissues that remain insensitive to antiretroviral therapies. The 'Block-and-Lock' approach to drive latent cells into deep latency has emerged as a viable strategy to achieve a functional cure. It entails the development of latency-promoting agents with anti-HIV functions. Recent reports have suggested sulforaphane (SFN), an inducer of NRF-2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2)-mediated antioxidative signaling, to possess anti-HIV properties by restricting HIV replication at the early stages. However, the effect of SFN on the expression of integrated provirus remains unexplored. We have hypothesized that SFN may promote latency and prevent reactivation. Our results indicate that SFN can render latently infected monocytes and CD4+ T cells resistant to reactivation. SFN treatments antagonized the effects of known latency reactivating agents, tumor necrosis pactor (TNF-α), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and caused a significant reduction in HIV transcription, viral RNA copies, and p24 levels. Furthermore, this block of reactivation was found to be mediated by SFN-induced NRF-2 signaling that specifically decreased the activation of NFκB signaling and thus restricted the HIV-1 promoter (5'LTR) activity. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence to highlight the latency-promoting potential of SFN which could be used in the 'Block-and-Lock' approach to achieve an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Jamal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Anisha Paudel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Landon Thompson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Michel Abdelmalek
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Irfan A. Khan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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11
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Campbell GR, Rawat P, To RK, Spector SA. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates TREM1 Expression in Human Microglia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:429-442. [PMID: 37326481 PMCID: PMC10352590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because microglia are a reservoir for HIV and are resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, they are a roadblock for any HIV cure strategy. We have previously identified that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) plays a key role in human macrophage resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. In this article, we show that HIV-infected human microglia express increased levels of TREM1 and are resistant to HIV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, upon genetic inhibition of TREM1, HIV-infected microglia undergo cell death in the absence of increased viral or proinflammatory cytokine expression or the targeting of uninfected cells. We also show that the expression of TREM1 is mediated by HIV Tat through a TLR4, TICAM1, PG-endoperoxide synthase 2, PGE synthase, and PGE2-dependent manner. These findings highlight the potential of TREM1 as a therapeutic target to eradicate HIV-infected microglia without inducing a proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
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12
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Lewis CA, Margolis DM, Browne EP. New Concepts in Therapeutic Manipulation of HIV-1 Transcription and Latency: Latency Reversal versus Latency Prevention. Viruses 2023; 15:1677. [PMID: 37632019 PMCID: PMC10459382 DOI: 10.3390/v15081677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the prognosis for people living with HIV-1, but a cure remains elusive. The largest barrier to a cure is the presence of a long-lived latent reservoir that persists within a heterogenous mix of cell types and anatomical compartments. Efforts to eradicate the latent reservoir have primarily focused on latency reversal strategies. However, new work has demonstrated that the majority of the long-lived latent reservoir is established near the time of ART initiation, suggesting that it may be possible to pair an intervention with ART initiation to prevent the formation of a sizable fraction of the latent reservoir. Subsequent treatment with latency reversal agents, in combination with immune clearance agents, may then be a more tractable strategy for fully clearing the latent reservoir in people newly initiating ART. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of latency establishment and maintenance, ongoing efforts to develop effective latency reversal agents, and newer efforts to design latency prevention agents. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in both the establishment and maintenance of latency will aid in the development of new latency prevention and reversal approaches to ultimately eradicate the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lewis
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edward P. Browne
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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13
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Eltalkhawy YM, Takahashi N, Ariumi Y, Shimizu J, Miyazaki K, Senju S, Suzu S. iPS cell-derived model to study the interaction between tissue macrophage and HIV-1. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:53-67. [PMID: 36976024 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persists in cells, including macrophages, which is an obstacle to cure. However, the precise role of macrophages in HIV-1 infection remains unclear because they reside in tissues that are not easily accessible. Monocyte-derived macrophages are widely used as a model in which peripheral blood monocytes are cultured and differentiated into macrophages. However, another model is needed because recent studies revealed that most macrophages in adult tissues originate from the yolk sac and fetal liver precursors rather than monocytes, and the embryonic macrophages possess a self-renewal (proliferating) capacity that monocyte-derived macrophages lack. Here, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells are a useful self-renewing macrophage model. They proliferate in a cytokine-dependent manner, retain macrophage functions, support HIV-1 replication, and exhibit infected monocyte-derived macrophage-like phenotypes, such as enhanced tunneling nanotube formation and cell motility, as well as resistance to a viral cytopathic effect. However, several differences are also observed between monocyte-derived macrophages and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells, most of which can be explained by the proliferation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. For instance, proviruses with large internal deletions, which increased over time in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy, are enriched more rapidly in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. Interestingly, inhibition of viral transcription by HIV-1-suppressing agents is more obvious in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells. Collectively, our present study proposes that the model of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived immortalized macrophage-like cells is suitable for mimicking the interplay between HIV-1 and self-renewing tissue macrophages, the newly recognized major population in most tissues that cannot be fully modeled by monocyte-derived macrophages alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef M Eltalkhawy
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Goryo-ohara 1-36, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyazaki
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Goryo-ohara 1-36, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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14
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Mascarau R, Woottum M, Fromont L, Gence R, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Vahlas Z, Lévêque K, Bertrand F, Beunon T, Métais A, El Costa H, Jabrane-Ferrat N, Gallois Y, Guibert N, Davignon JL, Favre G, Maridonneau-Parini I, Poincloux R, Lagane B, Bénichou S, Raynaud-Messina B, Vérollet C. Productive HIV-1 infection of tissue macrophages by fusion with infected CD4+ T cells. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213978. [PMID: 36988579 PMCID: PMC10067447 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for HIV-1 pathogenesis and represent major viral reservoirs. Therefore, it is critical to understand macrophage infection, especially in tissue macrophages, which are widely infected in vivo, but poorly permissive to cell-free infection. Although cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is a determinant mode of macrophage infection in vivo, how HIV-1 transfers toward macrophages remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that fusion of infected CD4+ T lymphocytes with human macrophages leads to their efficient and productive infection. Importantly, several tissue macrophage populations undergo this heterotypic cell fusion, including synovial, placental, lung alveolar, and tonsil macrophages. We also find that this mode of infection is modulated by the macrophage polarization state. This fusion process engages a specific short-lived adhesion structure and is controlled by the CD81 tetraspanin, which activates RhoA/ROCK-dependent actomyosin contractility in macrophages. Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying infection of tissue-resident macrophages, and establishment of persistent cellular reservoirs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Léa Fromont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Cantaloube-Ferrieu
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Lévêque
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Florent Bertrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Beunon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Métais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Jabrane-Ferrat
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Gallois
- ENT, Otoneurology and Pediatric ENT Department, University Hospital of Toulouse , Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, Pulmonology Department, Larrey University Hospital , Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm UMR1037 and Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse - Oncopôle , Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Université Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm , Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Bénichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS) , Toulouse, France
- International Research Project " MAC-TB/HIV " , Toulouse, France
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15
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Naghavi MH. Virus update for the M2 "mac-in-touch". J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303016. [PMID: 37043190 PMCID: PMC10103641 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1 infection of macrophages plays a major role in viral persistence and pathogenesis, how HIV-1 transfers from infected T cells to macrophages remains elusive. In this issue, Mascarau et al. (2023. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202205103) demonstrate how macrophage polarization drives their ability to fuse with HIV-1 infected T cells via the CD81/RhoA-ROCK/Myosin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Baroncini L, Bredl S, Nicole KP, Speck RF. The Humanized Mouse Model: What Added Value Does It Offer for HIV Research? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040608. [PMID: 37111494 PMCID: PMC10142098 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, novel humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into immunocompromised mice were introduced (hu mice). The human HSPCs gave rise to a lymphoid system of human origin. The HIV research community has greatly benefitted from these hu mice. Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection results in a high-titer disseminated HIV infection, hu mice have been of great value for all types of HIV research from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Since the first description of this new generation of hu mice, great efforts have been expended to improve humanization by creating other immunodeficient mouse models or supplementing mice with human transgenes to improve human engraftment. Many labs have their own customized hu mouse models, making comparisons quite difficult. Here, we discuss the different hu mouse models in the context of specific research questions in order to define which characteristics should be considered when determining which hu mouse model is appropriate for the question posed. We strongly believe that researchers must first define their research question and then determine whether a hu mouse model exists, allowing the research question to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baroncini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bredl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kadzioch P Nicole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F Speck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Guo T, Deng Q, Qiu Z, Rong L. HIV infection dynamics and viral rebound: Modeling results from humanized mice. J Theor Biol 2023; 567:111490. [PMID: 37054969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV persists in infected individuals. The virus also rebounds after the cessation of cART. The sources contributing to viral persistence and rebound are not fully understood. When viral rebound occurs, what affects the time to rebound and how to delay the rebound remain unclear. In this paper, we started with the data fitting of an HIV infection model to the viral load data in treated and untreated humanized myeloid-only mice (MoM) in which macrophages serve as the target of HIV infection. By fixing the parameter values for macrophages from the MoM fitting, we fit a mathematical model including the infection of two target cell populations to the viral load data from humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice, in which both CD4+ T cells and macrophages are the target of HIV infection. Data fitting suggests that the viral load decay in BLT mice under treatment has three phases. The loss of infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages is a major contributor to the first two phases of viral decay, and the last phase may be due to the latent infection of CD4+ T cells. Numerical simulations using parameter estimates from the data fitting show that the pre-ART viral load and the latent reservoir size at treatment cessation can affect viral growth rate and predict the time to viral rebound. Model simulations further reveal that early and prolonged cART can delay the viral rebound after cessation of treatment, which may have implications in the search for functional control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Aliyun School of Big Data, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Qi Deng
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Center for Basic Teaching and Experiment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214443, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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18
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Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Costa PAG, Ferreira EA, Ratliff J, Pohlenz L, Shirk EN, Rubin LH, Blankson JN, Gama L, Clements JE. Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:833-844. [PMID: 36973419 PMCID: PMC10159852 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Previous studies show that HIV persists in myeloid cells (monocytes and macrophages) in blood and tissues in virologically suppressed people with HIV (vsPWH). However, how myeloid cells contribute to the size of the HIV reservoir and what impact they have on rebound after treatment interruption remain unclear. Here we report the development of a human monocyte-derived macrophage quantitative viral outgrowth assay (MDM-QVOA) and highly sensitive T cell detection assays to confirm purity. We assess the frequency of latent HIV in monocytes using this assay in a longitudinal cohort of vsPWH (n = 10, 100% male, ART duration 5-14 yr) and find half of the participants showed latent HIV in monocytes. In some participants, these reservoirs could be detected over several years. Additionally, we assessed HIV genomes in monocytes from 30 vsPWH (27% male, ART duration 5-22 yr) utilizing a myeloid-adapted intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and demonstrate that intact genomes were present in 40% of the participants and higher total HIV DNA correlated with reactivatable latent reservoirs. The virus produced in the MDM-QVOA was capable of infecting bystander cells resulting in viral spread. These findings provide further evidence that myeloid cells meet the definition of a clinically relevant HIV reservoir and emphasize that myeloid reservoirs should be included in efforts towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedro A G Costa
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaysha Ratliff
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lily Pohlenz
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Adhikari R, Witwer KW, Wiberg KJ, Chen YC. The interplay among HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles: a systematic review. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:255-287. [PMID: 36802000 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapies, chronic inflammation and spontaneous viral "blips" occur in HIV-infected patients. Given the roles for monocytes/macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication, we performed this systematic review to delineate the triad of HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles in the modulation of immune activation and HIV activities. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for published articles, up to 18 August 2022, relevant to this triad. The search identified 11,836 publications, and 36 studies were deemed eligible and included in this systematic review. Data were extracted for the characteristics of HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles used for experiments and the immunologic and virologic outcomes in extracellular vesicle recipient cells. Evidence for the effects on outcomes was synthesized by stratifying the characteristics by outcomes. In this triad, monocytes/macrophages were potential producers and recipients of extracellular vesicles, whose cargo repertoires and functionalities were regulated by HIV infection and cellular stimulation. Extracellular vesicles derived from HIV-infected monocytes/macrophages or the biofluid of HIV-infected patients enhanced innate immune activation and HIV dissemination, cellular entry, replication, and latency reactivation in bystander or infected target cells. These extracellular vesicles could be synthesized in the presence of antiretroviral agents and elicit pathogenic effects in a wide range of nontarget cells. At least eight functional types of extracellular vesicles could be classified based on the diverse extracellular vesicle effects, which were linked to specific virus- and/or host-derived cargos. Thus, the monocyte/macrophage-centered multidirectional crosstalk through extracellular vesicles may help sustain persistent immune activation and residual viral activities during suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romin Adhikari
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Epidemiology and Immune Knowledge of Infectious Diseases, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kjell J Wiberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Clinic, Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital, 2401 W Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
| | - Yun-Chi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Epidemiology and Immune Knowledge of Infectious Diseases, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,RCMI@Morgan Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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20
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Kincer LP, Joseph SB, Gilleece MM, Hauser BM, Sizemore S, Zhou S, Di Germanio C, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Deeks SG, Spudich S, Gisslen M, Price RW, Swanstrom R. Rebound HIV-1 in cerebrospinal fluid after antiviral therapy interruption is mainly clonally amplified R5 T cell-tropic virus. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:260-271. [PMID: 36717718 PMCID: PMC10201410 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persists as a latent reservoir in people receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). When ART is interrupted (treatment interruption/TI), rebound virus re-initiates systemic infection in the lymphoid system. During TI, HIV-1 is also detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the source of this rebound virus is unknown. To investigate whether there is a distinct HIV-1 reservoir in the central nervous system (CNS), we compared rebound virus after TI in the blood and CSF of 11 participants. Peak rebound CSF viral loads vary and we show that high viral loads and the appearance of clonally amplified viral lineages in the CSF are correlated with the transient influx of white blood cells. We found no evidence of rebound macrophage-tropic virus in the CSF, even in one individual who had macrophage-tropic HIV-1 in the CSF pre-therapy. We propose a model in which R5 T cell-tropic virus is released from infected T cells that enter the CNS from the blood (or are resident in the CNS during therapy), with clonal amplification of infected T cells and virus replication occurring in the CNS during TI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Kincer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Beth Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria M Gilleece
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Sizemore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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21
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Kitamura H, Sukegawa S, Matsuda K, Tanimoto K, Kobayakawa T, Takahashi K, Tamamura H, Tsuchiya K, Gatanaga H, Maeda K, Takeuchi H. 4-phenylquinoline-8-amine induces HIV-1 reactivation and apoptosis in latently HIV-1 infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:139-147. [PMID: 36527748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) dramatically suppresses the viral load to undetectable levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, HIV-1 reservoirs in CD4+T cells and myeloid cells, which can evade cART and host antiviral immune systems, are still significant obstacles to HIV-1 eradication. The "Shock and Kill" approach using latently-reversing agents (LRAs) is therefore currently developing strategies for effective HIV-1 reactivation from latency and inducing cell death. Here, we performed small-molecular chemical library screening with monocytic HIV-1 latently-infected model cells, THP-1 Nluc #225, and identified 4-phenylquinoline-8-amine (PQA) as a novel LRA candidate. PQA induced efficient HIV-1 reactivation in combination with PKC agonists including Prostratin and showed a similar tendency for HIV-1 activation in primary HIV-1 reservoirs. Furthermore, PQA induced killing of HIV-1 latently-infected cells. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed PQA had different functional mechanisms from PKC agonists, and oxidative stress-inducible genes including DDIT3 or CTSD were only involved in PQA-mediated cell death. In summary, PQA is a potential LRA lead compound that exerts novel functions related to HIV-1 activation and apoptosis-mediated cell death to eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sukegawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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23
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Zerbato JM, Avihingsanon A, Singh KP, Zhao W, Deleage C, Rosen E, Cottrell ML, Rhodes A, Dantanarayana A, Tumpach C, Tennakoon S, Crane M, Price DJ, Braat S, Mason H, Roche M, Kashuba AD, Revill PA, Audsley J, Lewin SR. HIV DNA persists in hepatocytes in people with HIV-hepatitis B co-infection on antiretroviral therapy. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104391. [PMID: 36502576 PMCID: PMC9763386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV can infect multiple cells in the liver including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and infiltrating T cells, but whether HIV can persist in the liver in people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unknown. METHODS In a prospective longitudinal cohort of PWH and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection living in Bangkok, Thailand, we collected blood and liver biopsies from 18 participants prior to and following ART and quantified HIV and HBV persistence using quantitative (q)PCR and RNA/DNAscope. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels were quantified using mass spectroscopy. FINDINGS In liver biopsies taken prior to ART, HIV DNA and HIV RNA were detected by qPCR in 53% (9/17) and 47% (8/17) of participants respectively. Following a median ART duration of 3.4 years, HIV DNA was detected in liver in 61% (11/18) of participants by either qPCR, DNAscope or both, but only at very low and non-quantifiable levels. Using immunohistochemistry, HIV DNA was observed in both hepatocytes and liver infiltrating CD4+ T cells on ART. HIV RNA was not detected in liver biopsies collected on ART, by either qPCR or RNAscope. All ARVs were clearly detected in liver tissue. INTERPRETATION Persistence of HIV DNA in liver in PWH on ART represents an additional reservoir that warrants further investigation. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Project Grant APP1101836, 1149990, and 1135851); This project has been funded in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Zerbato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Centre of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasha P. Singh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elias Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ajantha Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Crane
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabine Braat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,MISCH (Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical Health) Research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh Mason
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter A. Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Audsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Corresponding author. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 786-798 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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24
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Riggs PK, Chaillon A, Jiang G, Letendre SL, Tang Y, Taylor J, Kaytes A, Smith DM, Dubé K, Gianella S. Lessons for Understanding Central Nervous System HIV Reservoirs from the Last Gift Program. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:566-579. [PMID: 36260191 PMCID: PMC9580451 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep tissue HIV reservoirs, especially within the central nervous system (CNS), are understudied due to the challenges of sampling brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. Understanding the cellular characteristics and viral dynamics in CNS reservoirs is critical so that HIV cure trials can address them and monitor the direct and indirect effects of interventions. The Last Gift program was developed to address these needs by enrolling altruistic people with HIV (PWH) at the end of life who agree to rapid research autopsy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings from the Last Gift emphasize significant heterogeneity across CNS reservoirs, CNS compartmentalization including differential sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies, and bidirectional migration of HIV across the blood-brain barrier. Our findings add support for the potential of CNS reservoirs to be a source of rebounding viruses and reseeding of systemic sites if they are not targeted by cure strategies. This review highlights important scientific, practical, and ethical lessons learned from the Last Gift program in the context of recent advances in understanding the CNS reservoirs and key knowledge gaps in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Yuyang Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Taylor
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- HIV + Aging Research Project - Palm Springs (HARP-PS), Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kaytes
- AntiViral Research Center (AVRC) Community Advisory Board, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Karine Dubé
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Dickey LL, Martins LJ, Planelles V, Hanley TM. HIV-1-induced type I IFNs promote viral latency in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1343-1356. [PMID: 35588262 PMCID: PMC9613502 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-616r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages chronically infected with HIV-1 serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy; however, the mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of this virus reservoir have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that HIV-1 enters a state reminiscent of latency in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), characterized by integrated proviral DNA with decreased viral transcription. This quiescent state is associated with decreased NF-κB p65, RNA polymerase II, and p-TEFb recruitment to the HIV-1 promoter as well as maintenance of promoter chromatin in a transcriptionally nonpermissive state. MDM transition to viral latency is mediated by type I IFN signaling, as inhibiting type I IFN signaling or blocking type 1 IFN prevents the establishment of latent infection. Knockdown studies demonstrate that the innate immune signaling molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is required for the transition to latency. Finally, we demonstrate a role for the viral accessory protein Vpr in the establishment of HIV-1 latency in macrophages. Our data indicate that HIV-1-induced type I IFN production is responsible for the establishment of viral latency in MDMs and identify possible therapeutic targets for the prevention or elimination of this important HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Dickey
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Laura J. Martins
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Timothy M. Hanley
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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26
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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27
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Liu Z, Julius P, Kang G, West JT, Wood C. Subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs throughout the body in ART-suppressed individuals. JCI Insight 2022; 7:162604. [PMID: 36278485 PMCID: PMC9714794 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype B HIV-1 reservoirs have been intensively investigated, but reservoirs in other subtypes and how they respond to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is substantially less established. To characterize subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs, we implemented postmortem frozen, as well as formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sampling of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. HIV-1 LTR, gag, envelope (env) DNA and RNA was quantified using genomic DNA and RNA extracted from frozen tissues. RNAscope was used to localize subtype C HIV-1 DNA and RNA in FFPE tissue. Despite uniform viral load suppression in our cohort, PCR results showed that subtype C HIV-1 proviral copies vary both in magnitude and tissue distribution, with detection primarily in secondary lymphoid tissues. Interestingly, the appendix harbored proviruses in all subjects. Unlike subtype B, subtype C provirus was rarely detectable in the CNS, and there was no detectable HIV-1 RNA. HIV-1 RNA was detected in peripheral lymphoid tissues of 6 out of 8 ART-suppressed cases. In addition to active HIV-1 expression in lymphoid tissues, RNAscope revealed HIV RNA detection in CD4-expressing cells in the appendix, suggesting that this tissue was a previously unreported potential treatment-resistant reservoir for subtype C HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter Julius
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Guobin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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28
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Real F, Zhu A, Huang B, Belmellat A, Sennepin A, Vogl T, Ransy C, Revol M, Arrigucci R, Lombès A, Roth J, Gennaro ML, Bouillaud F, Cristofari S, Bomsel M. S100A8-mediated metabolic adaptation controls HIV-1 persistence in macrophages in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5956. [PMID: 36220814 PMCID: PMC9553955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication is hindered by viral persistence in cell reservoirs, established not only in circulatory CD4+T-cells but also in tissue-resident macrophages. The nature of macrophage reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence despite combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) remain unclear. Using genital mucosa from cART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals, we evaluated the implication of macrophage immunometabolic pathways in HIV-1 persistence. We demonstrate that ex vivo, macrophage tissue reservoirs contain transcriptionally active HIV-1 and viral particles accumulated in virus-containing compartments, and harbor an inflammatory IL-1R+S100A8+MMP7+M4-phenotype prone to glycolysis. Reactivation of infectious virus production and release from these reservoirs in vitro are induced by the alarmin S100A8, an endogenous factor produced by M4-macrophages and implicated in “sterile” inflammation. This process metabolically depends on glycolysis. Altogether, inflammatory M4-macrophages form a major tissue reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1, which reactivate viral production upon autocrine/paracrine S100A8-mediated glycolytic stimulation. This HIV-1 persistence pathway needs to be targeted in future HIV eradication strategies. HIV-1 eradication is hindered by viral persistence in different cell reservoirs, including circulatory CD4+ T-cells and tissue-resident macrophages. Here, by analyzing male genital mucosa from cART-suppressed HIV1-infected individuals, Real et al. show that M4 macrophages represent the major macrophage HIV-1 reservoir in this tissue. These macrophages have an inflammatory IL1R+S100A8+MMP7+M4-phenotype, and contain transcriptionally active HIV-1, which reactivate infectious virus production from viral latency in response to autocrine/paracrine S100A8-mediated glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Aiwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Boxin Huang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ania Belmellat
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Sennepin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Céline Ransy
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Revol
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Arrigucci
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Lombès
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sarra Cristofari
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
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Murphy AJ, Kelschenbach J, He H, Chao W, Kim BH, Volsky DJ, Berman JW. Buprenorphine reverses neurocognitive impairment in EcoHIV infected mice: A potential therapy for HIV-NCI. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004985. [PMID: 36275760 PMCID: PMC9585248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight million people worldwide are living with HIV, PWH, a major public health problem. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) revolutionized HIV treatment and significantly increased the lifespan of PWH. However, approximately 15-50% of PWH develop HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HIV-NCI), a spectrum of cognitive deficits, that negatively impact quality of life. Many PWH also have opioid use disorder (OUD), and studies in animal models of HIV infection as well as in PWH suggest that OUD can contribute to HIV-NCI. The synthetic opioid agonist, buprenorphine, treats OUD but its effects on HIV-NCI are unclear. We reported that human mature inflammatory monocytes express the opioid receptors MOR and KOR, and that buprenorphine reduces important steps in monocyte transmigration. Monocytes also serve as HIV reservoirs despite effective ART, enter the brain, and contribute to HIV brain disease. Using EcoHIV infected mice, an established model of HIV infection and HIV-NCI, we previously showed that pretreatment of mice prior to EcoHIV infection reduces mouse monocyte entry into the brain and prevents NCI. Here we show that buprenorphine treatment of EcoHIV infected mice with already established chronic NCI completely reverses the disease. Disease reversal was associated with a significant reduction in brain inflammatory monocytes and reversal of dendritic injury in the cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that HIV-NCI persistence may require a continuing influx of inflammatory monocytes into the brain. Thus, we recommend buprenorphine as a potential therapy for mitigation of HIV brain disease in PWH with or without OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniella J. Murphy
- Laboratory of Dr. Joan W. Berman, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Kelschenbach
- Laboratory or Dr. David J. Volsky, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Hongxia He
- Laboratory or Dr. David J. Volsky, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Wei Chao
- Laboratory or Dr. David J. Volsky, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Boe-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory or Dr. David J. Volsky, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - David J. Volsky
- Laboratory or Dr. David J. Volsky, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Laboratory of Dr. Joan W. Berman, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Cui J, Meshesha M, Churgulia N, Merlo C, Fuchs E, Breakey J, Jones J, Stivers JT. Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP. Retrovirology 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36114511 PMCID: PMC9482235 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced transcription depending on the uracil base excision repair (UBER) competence of the macrophage. Incorporated dUMP has also been detected in viral DNA from circulating monocytes (MC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), establishing the biological relevance of this phenotype but not the replicative capacity of dUMP-containing proviruses. RESULTS As compared to in vitro differentiated MDM, AM from normal donors had sixfold lower levels of dTTP and a sixfold increased dUTP/dTTP, indicating a highly restrictive dNTP pool for reverse transcription. Expression of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) was eightfold lower in AM compared to the already low levels in MDM. Accordingly, ~ 80% of HIV proviruses contained dUMP, which persisted for at least 14-days due to low UNG excision activity. Unlike MDM, AM expression levels of UNG and SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 (SAMHD1) increased over 14 days post-HIV infection, while dUTP nucleotidohydrolase (DUT) expression decreased. These AM-specific effects suggest a restriction response centered on excising uracil from viral DNA copies and increasing relative dUTP levels. Despite the restrictive nucleotide pools, we detected rare replication competent HIV in AM, peripheral MC, and CD4+ T cells from ART-treated donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the potential integration block of incorporated dUMP is not realized during in vivo infection of AM and MC due to the near absence of UBER activity. In addition, the increased expression of UNG and SAMHD1 in AM post-infection is too slow to prevent integration. Accordingly, dUMP persists in integrated viruses, which based on in vitro studies, can lead to transcriptional silencing. This possible silencing outcome of persistent dUMP could promote viral latency until the repressive effects of viral dUMP are reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Cui
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Mesfin Meshesha
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Natela Churgulia
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Christian Merlo
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street/5th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Edward Fuchs
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Jennifer Breakey
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development Unit, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 569, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - James T. Stivers
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
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Hendricks CM, Cash MN, Tagliamonte MS, Riva A, Brander C, Llano A, Salemi M, Stevenson M, Mavian C. Discordance between HIV-1 Population in Plasma at Rebound after Structured Treatment Interruption and Archived Provirus Population in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135322. [PMID: 35699458 PMCID: PMC9431602 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01353-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can sustain the suppression of plasma viremia to below detection levels. Infected individuals undergoing a treatment interruption exhibit rapid viral rebound in plasma viremia which is fueled by cellular reservoirs such as CD4+ T cells, myeloid cells, and potentially uncharacterized cellular sources. Interrogating the populations of viruses found during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) can give insights into the biologically competent reservoirs that persist under effective ART as well as the nature of the cellular reservoirs that enable viral persistence under ART. We interrogated plasma viremia from four rare cases of individuals undergoing sequential ATIs. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on cell-associated viral DNA and cell-free virus to understand the interrelationship between sequential ATIs as well as the relationship between viral genomes in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RNA from rebound plasma. We observed population differences between viral populations recrudescing at sequential ATIs as well as divergence between viral sequences in plasma and those in PBMCs. This indicated that viruses in PBMCs were not a major source of post-ATI viremia and highlights the role of anatomic reservoirs in post-ATI viremia and viral persistence. IMPORTANCE Even with effective ART, HIV-1 persists at undetectable levels and rebounds in individuals who stop treatment. Cellular and anatomical reservoirs ignite viral rebound upon treatment interruption, remaining one of the key obstacles for HIV-1 cure. To further examine HIV-1 persistence, a better understanding of the distinct populations that fuel viral rebound is necessary to identify and target reservoirs and the eradication of HIV-1. This study investigates the populations of viruses found from proviral genomes from PBMCs and plasma at rebound from a unique cohort of individuals who underwent multiple rounds of treatment interruption. Using NGS, we characterized the subtypes of viral sequences and found divergence in viral populations between plasma and PBMCs at each rebound, suggesting that distinct viral populations appear at each treatment interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M. Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie N. Cash
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anuska Llano
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Chen J, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Luo S, Chen H, Chen D, Li C, Li W. The reservoir of latent HIV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945956. [PMID: 35967854 PMCID: PMC9368196 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent reservoir of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently the major challenge in curing HIV infection. After HIV infects the human body, the latent HIV is unable to be recognized by the body’s immune system. Currently, the widely adopted antiretroviral therapy (ART) is also unble to eliminate it, thus hindering the progress of HIV treatment. This review discusses the existence of latent HIV vault for HIV treatment, its formation and factors affecting its formation, cell, and tissue localization, methods for detection and removing latent reservoir, to provide a comprehensive understanding of latent HIV vault, in order to assist in the future research and play a potential role in achieving HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Luo
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyun Li
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
| | - Weihua Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
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33
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Immune Cells in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Heart Lung Circ 2022; 31:934-943. [PMID: 35361533 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex and serious cardiopulmonary disease; it is characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular remodelling accompanied by disordered endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation within pulmonary arterioles and arteries. Although recent reports have suggested that dysregulated immunity and inflammation are key players in PAH pathogenesis, their roles in PAH progression remain unclear. Intriguingly, altered host immune cell distribution, number, and polarisation within the lung arterial vasculature have been linked to disease development. This review mainly focusses on the roles of different immune cells in PAH and discusses the underlying mechanisms.
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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Mensching L, Hoelzemer A. NK Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV-1 Control: Impact of Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883728. [PMID: 35711433 PMCID: PMC9197227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and synchronized responses of innate immune cells are an integral part of managing viral spread in acute virus infections. In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, increased immune control has been associated with the expression of certain natural killer (NK) cell receptors. Further, immune activation of monocytes/macrophages and the presence of specific cytokines was linked to low levels of HIV-1 replication. In addition to the intrinsic antiviral capabilities of NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, interaction between these cell types has been shown to substantially enhance NK cell function in the context of viral infections. This review discusses the involvement of NK cells and monocytes/macrophages in the effective control of HIV-1 and highlights aspects of innate immune crosstalk in viral infections that may be of relevance to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Mensching
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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Kreider EF, Bar KJ. HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:194-206. [PMID: 35404007 PMCID: PMC10443186 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), a viral reservoir persists in individuals living with HIV that can reignite systemic replication should treatment be interrupted. Understanding how HIV-1 persists through effective ART is essential to develop cure strategies to induce ART-free virus remission. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 reservoir resides in a pool of CD4-expressing cells as a range of viral species, a subset of which is genetically intact. Recent studies suggest that the reservoir on ART is highly dynamic, with expansion and contraction of virus-infected cells over time. Overall, the intact proviral reservoir declines faster than defective viruses, suggesting enhanced immune clearance or cellular turnover. Upon treatment interruption, rebound viruses demonstrate escape from adaptive and innate immune responses, implicating these selective pressures in restriction of virus reactivation. Cure strategies employing immunotherapy are poised to test whether host immune pressure can be augmented to enhance reservoir suppression or clearance. Alternatively, genomic engineering approaches are being applied to directly eliminate intact viruses and shrink the replication-competent virus pool. New evidence suggests host immunity exerts selective pressure on reservoir viruses and clears HIV-1 infected cells over years on ART. Efforts to build on the detectable, but insufficient, reservoir clearance via empiric testing in clinical trials will inform our understanding of mechanisms of viral persistence and the direction of future cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Kreider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall Room 130-150, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6073, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 502D Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104‑0673, USA.
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Han M, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Xie M, Armani-Tourret M, Woottum M, Pagès JC, Colin P, Lagane B, Benichou S. HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread overcomes the virus entry block of non-macrophage-tropic strains in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010335. [PMID: 35622876 PMCID: PMC9182568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are increasingly recognized as HIV-1 target cells involved in the pathogenesis and persistence of infection. Paradoxically, in vitro infection assays suggest that virus isolates are mostly T-cell-tropic and rarely MΦ-tropic. The latter are assumed to emerge under CD4+ T-cell paucity in tissues such as the brain or at late stage when the CD4 T-cell count declines. However, assays to qualify HIV-1 tropism use cell-free viral particles and may not fully reflect the conditions of in vivo MΦ infection through cell-to-cell viral transfer. Here, we investigated the capacity of viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins (Envs) with CCR5 and/or CXCR4 usage from different stages of infection, including transmitted/founder Envs, to infect MΦ by a cell-free mode and through cell-to-cell transfer from infected CD4+ T cells. The results show that most viruses were unable to enter MΦ as cell-free particles, in agreement with the current view that non-M-tropic viruses inefficiently use CD4 and/or CCR5 or CXCR4 entry receptors on MΦ. In contrast, all viruses could be effectively cell-to-cell transferred to MΦ from infected CD4+ T cells. We further showed that viral transfer proceeded through Env-dependent cell-cell fusion of infected T cells with MΦ targets, leading to the formation of productively infected multinucleated giant cells. Compared to cell-free infection, infected T-cell/MΦ contacts showed enhanced interactions of R5 M- and non-M-tropic Envs with CD4 and CCR5, resulting in a reduced dependence on receptor expression levels on MΦ for viral entry. Altogether, our results show that virus cell-to-cell transfer overcomes the entry block of isolates initially defined as non-macrophage-tropic, indicating that HIV-1 has a more prevalent tropism for MΦ than initially suggested. This sheds light into the role of this route of virus cell-to-cell transfer to MΦ in CD4+ T cell rich tissues for HIV-1 transmission, dissemination and formation of tissue viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Maorong Xie
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pagès
- Institut RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BL); (SB)
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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Pagani I, Demela P, Ghezzi S, Vicenzi E, Pizzato M, Poli G. Host Restriction Factors Modulating HIV Latency and Replication in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063021. [PMID: 35328442 PMCID: PMC8951319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, myeloid cells and, particularly, differentiated macrophages are targets of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection via the interaction of gp120Env with CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Both T cells and macrophages support virus replication, although with substantial differences. In contrast to activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-1 replication in macrophages occurs in nondividing cells and it is characterized by the virtual absence of cytopathicity both in vitro and in vivo. These general features should be considered in evaluating the role of cell-associated restriction factors aiming at preventing or curtailing virus replication in macrophages and T cells, particularly in the context of designing strategies to tackle the viral reservoir in infected individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. In this regard, we will here also discuss a model of reversible HIV-1 latency in primary human macrophages and the role of host factors determining the restriction or reactivation of virus replication in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pagani
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Pietro Demela
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy; (I.P.); (S.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Guido Poli
- Human Immuno-Virology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina n. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2643-4909
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Liposomes as Carriers for the Delivery of Efavirenz in Combination with Glutathione—An Approach to Combat Opportunistic Infections. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022; 12. [PMID: 35663347 PMCID: PMC9161618 DOI: 10.3390/app12031468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals display an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This reduction of antioxidant capacity in host tissues has been related to the decrease in total levels of ROS scavengers such as glutathione (GSH). Prevention of opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system is becoming a key strategy along with HIV elimination. Research in these directions is clearly warranted, especially a combination of antiretrovirals and antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress, improve intracellular uptake and target viral reservoirs. Hence, we aimed to formulate liposomes loaded with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz (EFA) in the presence of glutathione, as these carriers can be engineered to enhance the ability to reach the target reservoirs. The goal of the present work was to investigate the intracellular uptake of EFA-loaded liposome (with and without GSH) by human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells) and examine cell viability and ROS scavenging activity. Results obtained provided significant data as follows: (i) treatment with EFA and GSH combination could enhance the uptake and reduce cytotoxicity; (ii) encapsulation of EFA into liposomes increased its levels in the macrophages, which was further enhanced in the presence of GSH; (iii) delivery of EFA in the presence of GSH quenched the intracellular ROS, which was significantly higher when delivered via liposomes. Data revealed that a combination of EFA and GSH encompasses advantages; hence, GSH supplementation could be a safe and cost-effective treatment to slow the development of HIV infection and produce an immune-enhancing effect.
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Di Y, Lavender KJ. Inducing Long-Term HIV-1 Latency in the TKO-BLT Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:253-273. [PMID: 34985670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple humanized mouse models have been produced for the study of HIV-1 infection and treatment. Humanized mice produced using the bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT) method particularly have well-reconstituted and functional human immune systems, providing an excellent model for HIV-1 cure strategies that aim to harness the human immune system as part of the cure approach. The TKO-BLT humanized mouse model is especially useful for long-term studies as it is highly resistant to the wasting syndrome and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD ) that can limit the use of other BLT-models. Here we describe the methods used to induce latency in TKO-BLT mice, using both injectable and free-fed combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens, for use in the study of HIV-1 latency and evaluation of HIV-1 cure interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Di
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Kalada W, Cory TJ. The Importance of Tissue Sanctuaries and Cellular Reservoirs of HIV-1. Curr HIV Res 2021; 20:102-110. [PMID: 34961449 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666211227161237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review - There have been significant developments in the treatment of people living with HIV-1/AIDS with current antiretroviral therapies; however, these developments have not been able to achieve a functional or sterilizing cure for HIV-1. While there are multiple barriers, one such barrier is the existence of pharmacological sanctuaries and viral reservoirs where the concentration of antiretrovirals is suboptimal, which includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, central nervous system, lymph nodes, and myeloid cells. This review will focus on illustrating the significance of these sanctuaries, specific barriers to optimal antiretroviral concentrations in each of these sites, and potential strategies to overcome these barriers. Recent Findings - Research and studies have shown that a uniform antiretroviral distribution is not achieved with current therapies. This may allow for low-level replication associated with low antiretroviral concentrations in these sanctuaries/reservoirs. Many methods are being investigated to increase antiretroviral concentrations in these sites, such as blocking transporting enzymes functions, modulating transporter expression and nanoformulations of current antiretrovirals. While these methods have been shown to increase antiretroviral concentrations in the sanctuaries/reservoirs, no functional or sterilizing cure has been achieved due to these approaches. Summary - New methods of increasing antiretroviral concentrations at the specific sites of HIV-1 replication has the potential to target cellular reservoirs. In order to optimize antiretroviral distribution into viral sanctuaries/reservoirs, additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kalada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy. 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, USA
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45
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Bryostatin-1 decreases HIV-1 infection and viral production in human primary macrophages. J Virol 2021; 96:e0195321. [PMID: 34878918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01953-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy maintains undetectable viremia in People Living With HIV (PLWH), a life-long treatment is necessary to prevent viremic rebound after therapy cessation. This rebound seemed mainly caused by long lived HIV-1 latently infected cells reversing to a viral productive status. Reversing latency and elimination of these cells by the so-called shock and kill strategy is one of the main investigated leads to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Small molecules referred as latency reversal agents (LRAs) proved to efficiently reactivate latent CD4+ T cells. However, LRAs impact on de novo infection or HIV-1 production in productively infected macrophages remain elusive. Nontoxic doses of bryostatin-1, JQ1 and romidepsin were investigated in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Treatment with bryostatin-1 or romidepsin resulted in a downregulation of CD4 and CCR5 receptors respectively, accompanied by a reduction of R5 tropic virus infection. HIV-1 replication was mainly regulated by receptor modulation for bryostatin-1, while romidepsin effect rely on upregulation of SAMHD1 activity. LRA stimulation of chronically infected cells did not enhance neither HIV-1 production nor gene expression. Surprisingly, bryostatin-1 caused a major decrease in viral production. This effect was not viral strain specific but appears to occur only in myeloid cells. Bryostatin-1 treatment of infected MDMs led to decreased amounts of capsid and matrix mature proteins with little to no modulation of precursors. Our observations revealed that bryostatin-1-treated myeloid and CD4+ T cells are responding differently upon HIV-1 infection. Therefore, additional studies are warranted to more fully assess the efficiency of HIV-1 eradicating strategies. Importance HIV-1 persists in a cellular latent form despite therapy that quickly propagates infection upon treatment interruption. Reversing latency would contribute to eradicate these cells, closing a gap to a cure. Macrophages are an acknowledged HIV-1 reservoir during therapy and are suspected to harbor latency establishment in vivo. Yet, the impact of latency reversal agents (LRAs) on HIV-1 infection and viral production in human macrophages is poorly known but nonetheless crucial to probe the safety of this strategy. In this in vitro study, we discovered encouraging anti-replicative features of distinct LRAs in human macrophages. We also described a new viral production inhibition mechanism by protein kinase C agonists which is specific to myeloid cells. This study provides new insights on HIV-1 propagation restriction potentials by LRAs in human macrophages and underline the importance of assessing latency reversal strategy on all HIV-1 targeted cells.
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Pires D, Calado M, Velez T, Mandal M, Catalão MJ, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Modulation of Cystatin C in Human Macrophages Improves Anti-Mycobacterial Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Coinfection With HIV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742822. [PMID: 34867965 PMCID: PMC8637326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis owes its resurgence as a major global health threat mostly to the emergence of drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The synergy between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modifies the host immune environment to enhance both viral and bacterial replication and spread. In the lung immune context, both pathogens infect macrophages, establishing favorable intracellular niches. Both manipulate the endocytic pathway in order to avoid destruction. Relevant players of the endocytic pathway to control pathogens include endolysosomal proteases, cathepsins, and their natural inhibitors, cystatins. Here, a mapping of the human macrophage transcriptome for type I and II cystatins during Mtb, HIV, or Mtb-HIV infection displayed different profiles of gene expression, revealing cystatin C as a potential target to control mycobacterial infection as well as HIV coinfection. We found that cystatin C silencing in macrophages significantly improves the intracellular killing of Mtb, which was concomitant with an increased general proteolytic activity of cathepsins. In addition, downmodulation of cystatin C led to an improved expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II in macrophages and an increased CD4+ T-lymphocyte proliferation along with enhanced IFN-γ secretion. Overall, our results suggest that the targeting of cystatin C in human macrophages represents a promising approach to improve the control of mycobacterial infections including multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Velez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse, France
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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48
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de Armas LR, Gavegnano C, Pallikkuth S, Rinaldi S, Pan L, Battivelli E, Verdin E, Younis RT, Pahwa R, Williams SL, Schinazi RF, Pahwa S. The Effect of JAK1/2 Inhibitors on HIV Reservoir Using Primary Lymphoid Cell Model of HIV Latency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720697. [PMID: 34531866 PMCID: PMC8438319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV eradication is hindered by the existence of latent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells. Therapeutic strategies targeting latent cells are required to achieve a functional cure, however the study of latently infected cells from HIV infected persons is extremely challenging due to the lack of biomarkers that uniquely characterize them. In this study, the dual reporter virus HIVGKO was used to investigate latency establishment and maintenance in lymphoid-derived CD4+ T cells. Single cell technologies to evaluate protein expression, host gene expression, and HIV transcript expression were integrated to identify and analyze latently infected cells. FDA-approved, JAK1/2 inhibitors were tested in this system as a potential therapeutic strategy to target the latent reservoir. Latent and productively infected tonsillar CD4+ T cells displayed similar activation profiles as measured by expression of CD69, CD25, and HLADR, however latent cells showed higher CXCR5 expression 3 days post-infection. Single cell analysis revealed a small set of genes, including HIST1-related genes and the inflammatory cytokine, IL32, that were upregulated in latent compared to uninfected and productively infected cells suggesting a role for these molecular pathways in persistent HIV infection. In vitro treatment of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells with physiological concentrations of JAK1/2 inhibitors, ruxolitinib and baricitinib, used in clinical settings to target inflammation, reduced latent and productive infection events when added 24 hr after infection and blocked HIV reactivation from latent cells. Our methods using an established model of HIV latency and lymphoid-derived cells shed light on the biology of latency in a crucial anatomical site for HIV persistence and provides key insights about repurposing baricitinib or ruxolitinib to target the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley R de Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Ramzi T Younis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Siôn L Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The Landscape of IFN/ISG Signaling in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Possible Role in the HIV-1 Latency. Cells 2021; 10:2378. [PMID: 34572027 PMCID: PMC8467246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the generation of latent viral reservoirs, which have been associated with chronic immune activation and sustained inflammation. Macrophages play a protagonist role in this context since they are persistently infected while being a major effector of the innate immune response through the generation of type-I interferons (type I IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The balance in the IFN signaling and the ISG induction is critical to promote a successful HIV-1 infection. Classically, the IFNs response is fine-tuned by opposing promotive and suppressive signals. In this context, it was described that HIV-1-infected macrophages can also synthesize some antiviral effector ISGs and, positive and negative regulators of the IFN/ISG signaling. Recently, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms were described, being the N6-methylation (m6A) modification on mRNAs one of the most relevant. The epitranscriptomic regulation can affect not only IFN/ISG signaling, but also type I IFN expression, and viral fitness through modifications to HIV-1 RNA. Thus, the establishment of replication-competent latent HIV-1 infected macrophages may be due to non-classical mechanisms of type I IFN that modulate the activation of the IFN/ISG signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyelly Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
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Interests of the Non-Human Primate Models for HIV Cure Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090958. [PMID: 34579195 PMCID: PMC8472852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are important for vaccine development and also contribute to HIV cure research. Although none of the animal models are perfect, NHPs enable the exploration of important questions about tissue viral reservoirs and the development of intervention strategies. In this review, we describe recent advances in the use of these models for HIV cure research and highlight the progress that has been made as well as limitations using these models. The main NHP models used are (i) the macaque, in which simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) infection displays similar replication profiles as to HIV in humans, and (ii) the macaque infected by a recombinant virus (SHIV) consisting of SIVmac expressing the HIV envelope gene serving for studies analyzing the impact of anti-HIV Env broadly neutralizing antibodies. Lessons for HIV cure that can be learned from studying the natural host of SIV are also presented here. An overview of the most promising and less well explored HIV cure strategies tested in NHP models will be given.
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