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Rangel Guerrero DK, Balueva K, Barayeu U, Baracskay P, Gridchyn I, Nardin M, Roth CN, Wulff P, Csicsvari J. Hippocampal cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons regulate temporal coding and contextual learning. Neuron 2024; 112:2045-2061.e10. [PMID: 38636524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons (CCKIs) are hypothesized to shape pyramidal cell-firing patterns and regulate network oscillations and related network state transitions. To directly probe their role in the CA1 region, we silenced their activity using optogenetic and chemogenetic tools in mice. Opto-tagged CCKIs revealed a heterogeneous population, and their optogenetic silencing triggered wide disinhibitory network changes affecting both pyramidal cells and other interneurons. CCKI silencing enhanced pyramidal cell burst firing and altered the temporal coding of place cells: theta phase precession was disrupted, whereas sequence reactivation was enhanced. Chemogenetic CCKI silencing did not alter the acquisition of spatial reference memories on the Morris water maze but enhanced the recall of contextual fear memories and enabled selective recall when similar environments were tested. This work suggests the key involvement of CCKIs in the control of place-cell temporal coding and the formation of contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dámaris K Rangel Guerrero
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Kira Balueva
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Uladzislau Barayeu
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Baracskay
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Igor Gridchyn
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michele Nardin
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Nina Roth
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jozsef Csicsvari
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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2
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Barti B, Dudok B, Kenesei K, Zöldi M, Miczán V, Balla GY, Zala D, Tasso M, Sagheddu C, Kisfali M, Tóth B, Ledri M, Vizi ES, Melis M, Barna L, Lenkei Z, Soltész I, Katona I. Presynaptic nanoscale components of retrograde synaptic signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado0077. [PMID: 38809980 PMCID: PMC11135421 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
While our understanding of the nanoscale architecture of anterograde synaptic transmission is rapidly expanding, the qualitative and quantitative molecular principles underlying distinct mechanisms of retrograde synaptic communication remain elusive. We show that a particular form of tonic cannabinoid signaling is essential for setting target cell-dependent synaptic variability. It does not require the activity of the two major endocannabinoid-producing enzymes. Instead, by developing a workflow for physiological, anatomical, and molecular measurements at the same unitary synapse, we demonstrate that the nanoscale stoichiometric ratio of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) to the release machinery is sufficient to predict synapse-specific release probability. Accordingly, selective decrease of extrasynaptic CB1Rs does not affect synaptic transmission, whereas in vivo exposure to the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts the intrasynaptic nanoscale stoichiometry and reduces synaptic variability. These findings imply that synapses leverage the nanoscale stoichiometry of presynaptic receptor coupling to the release machinery to establish synaptic strength in a target cell-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Barti
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői st 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barna Dudok
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plz, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kata Kenesei
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zöldi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői st 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Miczán
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Y. Balla
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői st 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Translational Behavioral Neuroscience Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diana Zala
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Tasso
- Institute of Nanosystems, School of Bio and Nanotechnologies, National University of San Martín - CONICET, 25 de Mayo Ave., 1021 San Martín, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Máté Kisfali
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- BiTrial Ltd., Tállya st 23, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Blanka Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért square 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Üllői st 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Ledri
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - László Barna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Iván Soltész
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - István Katona
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 N Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony st 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Cholecystokinin (CCK): a neuromodulator with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101122. [PMID: 38346453 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide modulating digestion, glucose levels, neurotransmitters and memory. Recent studies suggest that CCK exhibits neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, we review the physiological function and therapeutic potential of CCK. The neuropeptide facilitates hippocampal glutamate release and gates GABAergic basket cell activity, which improves declarative memory acquisition, but inhibits consolidation. Cortical CCK alters recognition memory and enhances audio-visual processing. By stimulating CCK-1 receptors (CCK-1Rs), sulphated CCK-8 elicits dopamine release in the substantia nigra and striatum. In the mesolimbic pathway, CCK release is triggered by dopamine and terminates reward responses via CCK-2Rs. Importantly, activation of hippocampal and nigral CCK-2Rs is neuroprotective by evoking AMPK activation, expression of mitochondrial fusion modulators and autophagy. Other benefits include vagus nerve/CCK-1R-mediated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, intestinal protection and suppression of inflammation. We also discuss caveats and the therapeutic combination of CCK with other peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Second associated Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Neurodegeneration research group, Xinzhen, Henan province, China
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Dudok B, Fan LZ, Farrell JS, Malhotra S, Homidan J, Kim DK, Wenardy C, Ramakrishnan C, Li Y, Deisseroth K, Soltesz I. Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in vivo. Science 2024; 383:967-970. [PMID: 38422134 PMCID: PMC10921710 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated suppression of inhibitory synapses has been hypothesized, but this has not yet been demonstrated to occur in vivo because of the difficulty in tracking eCB dynamics and synaptic plasticity during behavior. In mice navigating a linear track, we observed location-specific eCB signaling in hippocampal CA1 place cells, and this was detected both in the postsynaptic membrane and the presynaptic inhibitory axons. All-optical in vivo investigation of synaptic responses revealed that postsynaptic depolarization was followed by a suppression of inhibitory synaptic potentials. Furthermore, interneuron-specific cannabinoid receptor deletion altered place cell tuning. Therefore, rapid, postsynaptic, activity-dependent eCB signaling modulates inhibitory synapses on a timescale of seconds during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dudok
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Linlin Z. Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jordan S. Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shreya Malhotra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jesslyn Homidan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Doo Kyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Celestine Wenardy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Cracking the Neural Code (CNC) Program, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University; Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University; Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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5
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Nguyen R, Sivakumaran S, Lambe EK, Kim JC. Ventral hippocampal cholecystokinin interneurons gate contextual reward memory. iScience 2024; 27:108824. [PMID: 38303709 PMCID: PMC10831933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Associating contexts with rewards depends on hippocampal circuits, with local inhibitory interneurons positioned to play an important role in shaping activity. Here, we demonstrate that the encoding of context-reward memory requires a ventral hippocampus (vHPC) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) circuit that is gated by cholecystokinin (CCK) interneurons. In a sucrose conditioned place preference (CPP) task, optogenetically inhibiting vHPC-NAc terminals impaired the acquisition of place preference. Transsynaptic rabies tracing revealed vHPC-NAc neurons were monosynaptically innervated by CCK interneurons. Using intersectional genetic targeting of CCK interneurons, ex vivo optogenetic activation of CCK interneurons increased GABAergic transmission onto vHPC-NAc neurons, while in vivo optogenetic inhibition of CCK interneurons increased cFos in these projection neurons. Notably, CCK interneuron inhibition during sucrose CPP learning increased time spent in the sucrose-associated location, suggesting enhanced place-reward memory. Our findings reveal a previously unknown hippocampal microcircuit crucial for modulating the strength of contextual reward learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Evelyn K. Lambe
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of OBGYN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Weng Z, Cao C, Stepicheva NA, Chen F, Foley LM, Cao S, Bhuiyan MIH, Wang Q, Wang Y, Hitchens TK, Sun D, Cao G. A Novel Needle Mouse Model of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7351-7360. [PMID: 37684030 PMCID: PMC10621771 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0282-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis (BCAS) is a useful model to mimic vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). However, current BCAS models have the disadvantages of high cost and incompatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning because of metal implantation. We have established a new low-cost VCID model that better mimics human VCID and is compatible with live-animal MRI. The right and the left CCAs were temporarily ligated to 32- and 34-gauge needles with three ligations, respectively. After needle removal, CCA blood flow, cerebral blood flow, white matter injury (WMI) and cognitive function were measured. In male mice, needle removal led to ∼49.8% and ∼28.2% blood flow recovery in the right and left CCA, respectively. This model caused persistent and long-term cerebral hypoperfusion in both hemispheres (more severe in the left hemisphere), and WMI and cognitive dysfunction in ∼90% of mice, which is more reliable compared with other models. Importantly, these pathologic changes and cognitive impairments lasted for up to 24 weeks after surgery. The survival rate over 24 weeks was 81.6%. Female mice showed similar cognitive dysfunction, but a higher survival rate (91.6%) and relatively milder white matter injury. A novel, low-cost VCID model compatible with live-animal MRI with long-term outcomes was established.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis (BCAS) is an animal model mimicking carotid artery stenosis to study vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). However, current BCAS models have the disadvantages of high cost and incompatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning due to metal implantation. We established a new asymmetric BCAS model by ligating the CCA to various needle gauges followed by an immediate needle removal. Needle removal led to moderate stenosis in the right CCA and severe stenosis in the left CCA. This needle model replicates the hallmarks of VCID well in ∼90% of mice, which is more reliable compared with other models, has ultra-low cost, and is compatible with MRI scanning in live animals. It will provide a new valuable tool and offer new insights for VCID research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Weng
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Catherine Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203
| | - Sarah Cao
- School of Arts & Science, University of Washington in St Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | | | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
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7
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Hernández-Frausto M, Bilash OM, Masurkar AV, Basu J. Local and long-range GABAergic circuits in hippocampal area CA1 and their link to Alzheimer's disease. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1223891. [PMID: 37841892 PMCID: PMC10570439 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1223891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory neurons are the principal source of inhibition in the brain. Traditionally, their role in maintaining the balance of excitation-inhibition has been emphasized. Beyond homeostatic functions, recent circuit mapping and functional manipulation studies have revealed a wide range of specific roles that GABAergic circuits play in dynamically tilting excitation-inhibition coupling across spatio-temporal scales. These span from gating of compartment- and input-specific signaling, gain modulation, shaping input-output functions and synaptic plasticity, to generating signal-to-noise contrast, defining temporal windows for integration and rate codes, as well as organizing neural assemblies, and coordinating inter-regional synchrony. GABAergic circuits are thus instrumental in controlling single-neuron computations and behaviorally-linked network activity. The activity dependent modulation of sensory and mnemonic information processing by GABAergic circuits is pivotal for the formation and maintenance of episodic memories in the hippocampus. Here, we present an overview of the local and long-range GABAergic circuits that modulate the dynamics of excitation-inhibition and disinhibition in the main output area of the hippocampus CA1, which is crucial for episodic memory. Specifically, we link recent findings pertaining to GABAergic neuron molecular markers, electrophysiological properties, and synaptic wiring with their function at the circuit level. Lastly, given that area CA1 is particularly impaired during early stages of Alzheimer's disease, we emphasize how these GABAergic circuits may contribute to and be involved in the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hernández-Frausto
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olesia M. Bilash
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Arjun V. Masurkar
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Batista-Brito R, Majumdar A, Nuño A, Ward C, Barnes C, Nikouei K, Vinck M, Cardin JA. Developmental loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons disrupts state-dependent cortical circuit dynamics. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3133-3143. [PMID: 37069344 PMCID: PMC10618960 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic inhibition plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of cortical circuits during development. Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) and its interneuron-specific receptor ErbB4 are key elements of a signaling pathway critical for the maturation and proper synaptic connectivity of interneurons. Using conditional deletions of the ERBB4 gene in mice, we tested the role of this signaling pathway at two developmental timepoints in parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons, the largest subpopulation of cortical GABAergic cells. Loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons during embryonic, but not late postnatal development leads to alterations in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons, along with severe disruption of cortical temporal organization. These impairments emerge by the end of the second postnatal week, prior to the complete maturation of the PV interneurons themselves. Early loss of ErbB4 in PV interneurons also results in profound dysregulation of excitatory pyramidal neuron dendritic architecture and a redistribution of spine density at the apical dendritic tuft. In association with these deficits, excitatory cortical neurons exhibit normal tuning for sensory inputs, but a loss of state-dependent modulation of the gain of sensory responses. Together these data support a key role for early developmental Nrg1/ErbB4 signaling in PV interneurons as a powerful mechanism underlying the maturation of both the inhibitory and excitatory components of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Batista-Brito
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Antara Majumdar
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Sherrington Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, England
| | - Alejandro Nuño
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Claire Ward
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Clayton Barnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kasra Nikouei
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Vinck
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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9
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Forro T, Klausberger T. Differential behavior-related activity of distinct hippocampal interneuron types during odor-associated spatial navigation. Neuron 2023:S0896-6273(23)00380-X. [PMID: 37279749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal pyramidal cells represent an animal's position in space together with specific contexts and events. However, it is largely unknown how distinct types of GABAergic interneurons contribute to such computations. We recorded from the intermediate CA1 hippocampus of head-fixed mice exhibiting odor-to-place memory associations during navigation in a virtual reality (VR). The presence of an odor cue and its prediction of a different reward location induced a remapping of place cell activity in the virtual maze. Based on this, we performed extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling of identified interneurons during task performance. The activity of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket, but not of PV-expressing bistratified cells, reflected the expected contextual change in the working-memory-related sections of the maze. Some interneurons, including identified cholecystokinin-expressing cells, decreased activity during visuospatial navigation and increased activity during reward. Our findings suggest that distinct types of GABAergic interneuron are differentially involved in cognitive processes of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Forro
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- Division of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Vancura B, Geiller T, Losonczy A. Organization and Plasticity of Inhibition in Hippocampal Recurrent Circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532296. [PMID: 36993553 PMCID: PMC10054977 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory interactions structure recurrent network dynamics for efficient cortical computations. In the CA3 area of the hippocampus, recurrent circuit dynamics, including experience-induced plasticity at excitatory synapses, are thought to play a key role in episodic memory encoding and consolidation via rapid generation and flexible selection of neural ensembles. However, in vivo activity of identified inhibitory motifs supporting this recurrent circuitry has remained largely inaccessible, and it is unknown whether CA3 inhibition is also modifiable upon experience. Here we use large-scale, 3-dimensional calcium imaging and retrospective molecular identification in the mouse hippocampus to obtain the first comprehensive description of molecularly-identified CA3 interneuron dynamics during both spatial navigation and sharp-wave ripple (SWR)-associated memory consolidation. Our results uncover subtype-specific dynamics during behaviorally distinct brain-states. Our data also demonstrate predictive, reflective, and experience-driven plastic recruitment of specific inhibitory motifs during SWR-related memory reactivation. Together these results assign active roles for inhibitory circuits in coordinating operations and plasticity in hippocampal recurrent circuits.
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11
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Abad-Perez P, F.J. MP, Martínez-Otero L, Borrell V, Redondo R, Brotons-Mas J. Theta/gamma co-modulation disruption after nmdar blockade by mk801 is associated with spatial working memory deficits in mice. Neuroscience 2023; 519:162-176. [PMID: 36990270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal NMDAr function has been linked to oscillopathies, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia (SCZ). Here, we investigate the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) hypofunction in pathological oscillations and behavior. We implanted mice with tetrodes in the dorsal/intermediate hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), administered the NMDAr antagonist MK-801, and recorded oscillations during spontaneous exploration in an open field and in the y-maze spatial working memory test. Our results show that NMDAr blockade disrupted the correlation between oscillations and speed of movement, crucial for internal representations of distance. In the hippocampus, MK-801 increased gamma oscillations and disrupted theta/gamma coupling during spatial working memory. In the mPFC, MK-801 increased the power of theta and gamma, generated high-frequency oscillations (HFO 155-185 Hz), and disrupted theta/gamma coupling. Moreover, the performance of mice in the spatial working memory version of the y-maze was strongly correlated with CA1-PFC theta/gamma co-modulation. Thus, theta/gamma mediated by NMDAr function might explain several of SCZ's cognitive symptoms and might be crucial to explaining hippocampal-PFC interaction.
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12
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Bilash OM, Chavlis S, Johnson CD, Poirazi P, Basu J. Lateral entorhinal cortex inputs modulate hippocampal dendritic excitability by recruiting a local disinhibitory microcircuit. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111962. [PMID: 36640337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) provides multisensory information to the hippocampus, directly to the distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. LEC neurons perform important functions for episodic memory processing, coding for contextually salient elements of an environment or experience. However, we know little about the functional circuit interactions between the LEC and the hippocampus. We combine functional circuit mapping and computational modeling to examine how long-range glutamatergic LEC projections modulate compartment-specific excitation-inhibition dynamics in hippocampal area CA1. We demonstrate that glutamatergic LEC inputs can drive local dendritic spikes in CA1 pyramidal neurons, aided by the recruitment of a disinhibitory VIP interneuron microcircuit. Our circuit mapping and modeling further reveal that LEC inputs also recruit CCK interneurons that may act as strong suppressors of dendritic spikes. These results highlight a cortically driven GABAergic microcircuit mechanism that gates nonlinear dendritic computations, which may support compartment-specific coding of multisensory contextual features within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesia M Bilash
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Spyridon Chavlis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Cara D Johnson
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece.
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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The potential role of the cholecystokinin system in declarative memory. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105440. [PMID: 36375634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the central nervous system, cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be associated with higher brain functions, including learning and memory. In this review, we examined the potential role of the CCK system in declarative memory. First, we summarized behavioral studies that provide evidence for an important role of CCK in two forms of declarative memory-fear memory and spatial memory. Subsequently, we examined the electrophysiological studies that support the diverse roles of CCK-2 receptor activation in neocortical and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and discussed the potential mechanisms that may be involved. Last but not least, we discussed whether the reported CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity can explain the strong influence of the CCK signaling system in neocortex and hippocampus dependent declarative memory. The available research supports the role of CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity in neocortex dependent declarative memory acquisition, but further study on the association between CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity and neocortex dependent declarative memory consolidation and retrieval is necessary. Although a direct link between CCK-mediated synaptic plasticity and hippocampus dependent declarative memory is missing, noticeable evidence from morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies encourages further investigation regarding the potential role of CCK-dependent synaptic plasticity in hippocampus dependent declarative memory.
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Abstract
Recent advances in genomics have revealed a wide spectrum of genetic variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders at an unprecedented scale. An increasing number of studies have consistently identified mutations-both inherited and de novo-impacting the function of specific brain circuits. This suggests that, during brain development, alterations in distinct neural circuits, cell types, or broad regulatory pathways ultimately shaping synapses might be a dysfunctional process underlying these disorders. Here, we review findings from human studies and animal model research to provide a comprehensive description of synaptic and circuit mechanisms implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. We discuss how specific synaptic connections might be commonly disrupted in different disorders and the alterations in cognition and behaviors emerging from imbalances in neuronal circuits. Moreover, we review new approaches that have been shown to restore or mitigate dysfunctional processes during specific critical windows of brain development. Considering the heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders, we also highlight the recent progress in developing improved clinical biomarkers and strategies that will help to identify novel therapeutic compounds and opportunities for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Exposito-Alonso
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;
- Current affiliation: Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Beatriz Rico
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;
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15
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VGLUT3 Ablation Differentially Modulates Glutamate Receptor Densities in Mouse Brain. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0041-22.2022. [PMID: 35443989 PMCID: PMC9087739 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0041-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT3) represents a unique modulator of glutamate release from both nonglutamatergic and glutamatergic varicosities within the brain. Despite its limited abundance, VGLUT3 is vital for the regulation of glutamate signaling and, therefore, modulates the activity of various brain microcircuits. However, little is known about how glutamate receptors are regulated by VGLUT3 across different brain regions. Here, we used VGLUT3 constitutive knock-out (VGLUT3-/-) mice and explored how VGLUT3 deletion influences total and cell surface expression of different ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. VGLUT3 deletion upregulated the overall expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR5 and mGluR2/3 in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, no change in the total expression of ionotropic NMDAR glutamate receptors were observed in the cerebral cortex of VGLUT3-/- mice. We noted significant reduction in cell surface levels of mGluR5, NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, as well as reductions in dopaminergic D1 receptors and muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus of VGLUT3-/- mice. Furthermore, mGluR2/3 total expression and mGluR5 cell surface levels were elevated in the striatum of VGLUT3-/- mice. Last, AMPAR subunit GluA1 was significantly upregulated throughout cortical, hippocampal, and striatal brain regions of VGLUT3-/- mice. Together, these findings complement and further support the evidence that VGLUT3 dynamically regulates glutamate receptor densities in several brain regions. These results suggest that VGLUT3 may play an intricate role in shaping glutamatergic signaling and plasticity in several brain areas.
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16
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Fazekas CL, Szabó A, Török B, Bánrévi K, Correia P, Chaves T, Daumas S, Zelena D. A New Player in the Hippocampus: A Review on VGLUT3+ Neurons and Their Role in the Regulation of Hippocampal Activity and Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:790. [PMID: 35054976 PMCID: PMC8775679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory amino acid in the central nervous system. Neurons using glutamate as a neurotransmitter can be characterised by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Among the three subtypes, VGLUT3 is unique, co-localising with other "classical" neurotransmitters, such as the inhibitory GABA. Glutamate, manipulated by VGLUT3, can modulate the packaging as well as the release of other neurotransmitters and serve as a retrograde signal through its release from the somata and dendrites. Its contribution to sensory processes (including seeing, hearing, and mechanosensation) is well characterised. However, its involvement in learning and memory can only be assumed based on its prominent hippocampal presence. Although VGLUT3-expressing neurons are detectable in the hippocampus, most of the hippocampal VGLUT3 positivity can be found on nerve terminals, presumably coming from the median raphe. This hippocampal glutamatergic network plays a pivotal role in several important processes (e.g., learning and memory, emotions, epilepsy, cardiovascular regulation). Indirect information from anatomical studies and KO mice strains suggests the contribution of local VGLUT3-positive hippocampal neurons as well as afferentations in these events. However, further studies making use of more specific tools (e.g., Cre-mice, opto- and chemogenetics) are needed to confirm these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Adrienn Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bánrévi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tiago Chaves
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stéphanie Daumas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS) INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (C.L.F.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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17
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Barettino C, Ballesteros-Gonzalez Á, Aylón A, Soler-Sanchis X, Ortí L, Díaz S, Reillo I, García-García F, Iborra FJ, Lai C, Dehorter N, Leinekugel X, Flames N, Del Pino I. Developmental Disruption of Erbb4 in Pet1+ Neurons Impairs Serotonergic Sub-System Connectivity and Memory Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:770458. [PMID: 34957103 PMCID: PMC8703035 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic system of mammals innervates virtually all the central nervous system and regulates a broad spectrum of behavioral and physiological functions. In mammals, serotonergic neurons located in the rostral raphe nuclei encompass diverse sub-systems characterized by specific circuitry and functional features. Substantial evidence suggest that functional diversity of serotonergic circuits has a molecular and connectivity basis. However, the landscape of intrinsic developmental mechanisms guiding the formation of serotonergic sub-systems is unclear. Here, we employed developmental disruption of gene expression specific to serotonergic subsets to probe the contribution of the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 to serotonergic circuit formation and function. Through an in vivo loss-of-function approach, we found that ErbB4 expression occurring in a subset of serotonergic neurons, is necessary for axonal arborization of defined long-range projections to the forebrain but is dispensable for the innervation of other targets of the serotonergic system. We also found that Erbb4-deletion does not change the global excitability or the number of neurons with serotonin content in the dorsal raphe nuclei. In addition, ErbB4-deficiency in serotonergic neurons leads to specific behavioral deficits in memory processing that involve aversive or social components. Altogether, our work unveils a developmental mechanism intrinsically acting through ErbB4 in subsets of serotonergic neurons to orchestrate a precise long-range circuit and ultimately involved in the formation of emotional and social memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Barettino
- Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Aylón
- Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leticia Ortí
- Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Selene Díaz
- Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Reillo
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-García
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cary Lai
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | | | - Xavier Leinekugel
- Institut de Neurobiology de la Méditerranée (INMED, UMR1249), INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Nuria Flames
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Del Pino
- Neural Plasticity Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Liu YJ, Liu TT, Jiang LH, Liu Q, Ma ZL, Xia TJ, Gu XP. Identification of hub genes associated with cognition in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's Disease. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9598-9609. [PMID: 34719328 PMCID: PMC8810106 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1999549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease featured by cognitive impairment. This bioinformatic analysis was used to identify hub genes related to cognitive dysfunction in AD. The gene expression profile GSE48350 in the hippocampus of AD patients aged >70 years was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses; a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The DEGs were enriched in synapse-related changes. A protein cluster was teased out of PPI. Furthermore, the cognition ranked the first among all the terms of biological process (BP). Next, 4 of 10 hub genes enriched in cognition were identified. The function of these genes was validated using APP/PS1 mice. Cognitive performance was validated by Morris Water Maze (MWM), and gene expression by RT-qPCR, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Tachykinin precursor 1 (TAC1), Calbindin 1 (CALB1) were downregulated in the hippocampus. These genes can provide new directions in the research of the molecular mechanism of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin-Hao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Liang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Xia
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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19
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Marks WD, Yamamoto N, Kitamura T. Complementary roles of differential medial entorhinal cortex inputs to the hippocampus for the formation and integration of temporal and contextual memory (Systems Neuroscience). Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6762-6779. [PMID: 32277786 PMCID: PMC8187108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, the entorhinal cortical (EC)-hippocampal (HPC) circuit is crucial for the formation and recall of memory, preserving both spatial information and temporal information about the occurrence of past events. Both modeling and experimental studies have revealed circuits within this network that play crucial roles in encoding space and context. However, our understanding about the time-related aspects of memory is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we first describe updates regarding recent anatomical discoveries for the EC-HPC network, as several important neural circuits critical for memory formation have been discovered by newly developed neural tracing technologies. Second, we examine the complementary roles of multiple medial entorhinal cortical inputs, including newly discovered circuits, into the hippocampus for the temporal and spatial aspects of memory. Finally, we will discuss how temporal and contextual memory information is integrated in HPC cornu ammonis 1 cells. We provide new insights into the neural circuit mechanisms for anatomical and functional segregation and integration of the temporal and spatial aspects of memory encoding in the EC-HPC networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Marks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
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20
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Miller DS, Wright KM. Neuronal Dystroglycan regulates postnatal development of CCK/cannabinoid receptor-1 interneurons. Neural Dev 2021; 16:4. [PMID: 34362433 PMCID: PMC8349015 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of functional neural circuits requires the precise formation of synaptic connections between diverse neuronal populations. The molecular pathways that allow GABAergic interneuron subtypes in the mammalian brain to initially recognize their postsynaptic partners remain largely unknown. The transmembrane glycoprotein Dystroglycan is localized to inhibitory synapses in pyramidal neurons, where it is required for the proper function of CCK+ interneurons. However, the precise temporal requirement for Dystroglycan during inhibitory synapse development has not been examined. Methods In this study, we use NEXCre or Camk2aCreERT2 to conditionally delete Dystroglycan from newly-born or adult pyramidal neurons, respectively. We then analyze forebrain development from postnatal day 3 through adulthood, with a particular focus on CCK+ interneurons. Results In the absence of postsynaptic Dystroglycan in developing pyramidal neurons, presynaptic CCK+ interneurons fail to elaborate their axons and largely disappear from the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb during the first two postnatal weeks. Other interneuron subtypes are unaffected, indicating that CCK+ interneurons are unique in their requirement for postsynaptic Dystroglycan. Dystroglycan does not appear to be required in adult pyramidal neurons to maintain CCK+ interneurons. Bax deletion did not rescue CCK+ interneurons in Dystroglycan mutants during development, suggesting that they are not eliminated by canonical apoptosis. Rather, we observed increased innervation of the striatum, suggesting that the few remaining CCK+ interneurons re-directed their axons to neighboring areas where Dystroglycan expression remained intact. Conclusion Together these findings show that Dystroglycan functions as part of a synaptic partner recognition complex that is required early for CCK+ interneuron development in the forebrain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13064-021-00153-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Miller
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, VIB 3435A, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L474, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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21
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Experience-Dependent Inhibitory Plasticity Is Mediated by CCK+ Basket Cells in the Developing Dentate Gyrus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4607-4619. [PMID: 33906898 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1207-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early postnatal experience shapes both inhibitory and excitatory networks in the hippocampus. However, the underlying circuit plasticity is unclear. Using an enriched environment (EE) paradigm during the preweaning period in mice of either sex, we assessed the circuit plasticity of inhibitory cell types in the hippocampus. We found that cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing basket cells strongly increased somatic inhibition on the excitatory granular cells (GCs) following EE, whereas another pivotal inhibitory cell type, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells, did not show changes. Using electrophysiological analysis and the use of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) agonist WIN 55 212-2, we demonstrate that the change in somatic inhibition from CCK+ neurons increases CB1R-mediated inhibition in the circuit. By inhibiting activity of the entorhinal cortex (EC) using a chemogenetic approach, we further demonstrate that the activity of the projections from the EC mediates the developmental assembly of CCK+ basket cell network. Altogether, our study places the experience-dependent remodeling of CCK+ basket cell innervation as a central process to adjust inhibition in the dentate gyrus and shows that cortical inputs to the hippocampus play an instructional role in controlling the refinement of the synaptic connections during the preweaning period.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brain plasticity is triggered by experience during postnatal brain development and shapes the maturing neural circuits. In humans, altered experience-dependent plasticity can have long-lasting detrimental effects on circuit function and lead to psychiatric disorders. Yet, the cellular mechanisms governing how early experience fine-tunes the maturing synaptic network is not fully understood. Here, taking advantage of an enrichment-housing paradigm, we unravel a new plasticity mechanism involved in the maintenance of the inhibitory to excitatory balance in the hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that cortical activity instructs the assembly of the CCK+ basket cell network. Considering the importance of this specific cell type for learning and memory, experience-dependent remodeling of CCK+ cells may be a critical determinant for establishing appropriate neural networks.
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22
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Kang YJ, Clement EM, Park IH, Greenfield LJ, Smith BN, Lee SH. Vulnerability of cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the unilateral intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113724. [PMID: 33915166 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Reduced hippocampal theta oscillations and hyperexcitability that contribute to cognitive deficits and spontaneous seizures are present beyond the sclerotic hippocampus in TLE. However, the mechanisms underlying compromised network oscillations and hyperexcitability observed in circuits remote from the sclerotic hippocampus are largely unknown. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing basket cells (CCKBCs) critically participate in hippocampal theta rhythmogenesis, and regulate neuronal excitability. Thus, we examined whether CCKBCs were vulnerable in nonsclerotic regions of the ventral hippocampus remote from dorsal sclerotic hippocampus using the intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse model of TLE, targeting unilateral dorsal hippocampus. We found a decrease in the number of CCK+ interneurons in ipsilateral ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice compared to those from sham controls. We also found that the number of boutons from CCK+ interneurons was reduced in the stratum pyramidale, but not in other CA1 layers, of ipsilateral hippocampus in epileptic mice, suggesting that CCKBCs are vulnerable. Electrical recordings showed that synaptic connectivity and strength from surviving CCKBCs to CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) were similar between epileptic mice and sham controls. In agreement with reduced CCKBC number in TLE, electrical recordings revealed a significant reduction in amplitude and frequency of IPSCs in CA1 PCs evoked by carbachol (commonly used to excite CCK+ interneurons) in ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice versus sham controls. These findings suggest that loss of CCKBCs beyond the hippocampal lesion may contribute to hyperexcitability and compromised network oscillations in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ethan M Clement
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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23
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Song CG, Kang X, Yang F, Du WQ, Zhang JJ, Liu L, Kang JJ, Jia N, Yue H, Fan LY, Wu SX, Jiang W, Gao F. Endocannabinoid system in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:803-831. [PMID: 33781002 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mature mammalian brains, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the functioning of neural networks. Besides, the ECS also contributes to the neurodevelopment of the central nervous system. Due to the increase in the medical and recreational use of cannabis, it is inevitable and essential to elaborate the roles of the ECS on neurodevelopment. GABAergic interneurons represent a group of inhibitory neurons that are vital in controlling neural network activity. However, the role of the ECS in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the ECS and interneuron diversity. We focus on the process of interneuron development and the role of ECS in the modulation of interneuron development, from the expansion of the neural stem/progenitor cells to the migration, specification and maturation of interneurons. We further discuss the potential implications of the ECS and interneurons in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Qing Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Jun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Yue
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu-Yu Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
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24
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Caccavano AP, McBain CJ. Timing isn't everything: opposing roles for perisomatic inhibition. Neuron 2021; 109:911-913. [PMID: 33735612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perisomatic inhibition from parvalbumin-containing (PV) interneurons is critical for timing, but the role of cholecystokinin-containing (CCK) interneurons remains obscure. Utilizing a novel mouse model, Dudok et al. demonstrate fundamentally distinct behavioral roles for these neuronal subpopulations during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Caccavano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chris J McBain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Dudok B, Klein PM, Hwaun E, Lee BR, Yao Z, Fong O, Bowler JC, Terada S, Sparks FT, Szabo GG, Farrell JS, Berg J, Daigle TL, Tasic B, Dimidschstein J, Fishell G, Losonczy A, Zeng H, Soltesz I. Alternating sources of perisomatic inhibition during behavior. Neuron 2021; 109:997-1012.e9. [PMID: 33529646 PMCID: PMC7979482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interneurons expressing cholecystokinin (CCK) and parvalbumin (PV) constitute two key GABAergic controllers of hippocampal pyramidal cell output. Although the temporally precise and millisecond-scale inhibitory regulation of neuronal ensembles delivered by PV interneurons is well established, the in vivo recruitment patterns of CCK-expressing basket cell (BC) populations has remained unknown. We show in the CA1 of the mouse hippocampus that the activity of CCK BCs inversely scales with both PV and pyramidal cell activity at the behaviorally relevant timescales of seconds. Intervention experiments indicated that the inverse coupling of CCK and PV GABAergic systems arises through a mechanism involving powerful inhibitory control of CCK BCs by PV cells. The tightly coupled complementarity of two key microcircuit regulatory modules demonstrates a novel form of brain-state-specific segregation of inhibition during spontaneous behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Peter M Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ernie Hwaun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John C Bowler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Fraser T Sparks
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gergely G Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jordan S Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Ballaz SJ, Bourin M. Cholecystokinin-Mediated Neuromodulation of Anxiety and Schizophrenia: A "Dimmer-Switch" Hypothesis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:925-938. [PMID: 33185164 PMCID: PMC8686311 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666201113145143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), the most abundant brain neuropeptide, is involved in relevant behavioral functions like memory, cognition, and reward through its interactions with the opioid and dopaminergic systems in the limbic system. CCK excites neurons by binding two receptors, CCK1 and CCK2, expressed at low and high levels in the brain, respectively. Historically, CCK2 receptors have been related to the induction of panic attacks in humans. Disturbances in brain CCK expression also underlie the physiopathology of schizophrenia, which is attributed to the modulation by CCK1 receptors of the dopamine flux in the basal striatum. Despite this evidence, neither CCK2 receptor antagonists ameliorate human anxiety nor CCK agonists have consistently shown neuroleptic effects in clinical trials. A neglected aspect of the function of brain CCK is its neuromodulatory role in mental disorders. Interestingly, CCK is expressed in pivotal inhibitory interneurons that sculpt cortical dynamics and the flux of nerve impulses across corticolimbic areas and the excitatory projections to mesolimbic pathways. At the basal striatum, CCK modulates the excitability of glutamate, the release of inhibitory GABA, and the discharge of dopamine. Here we focus on how CCK may reduce rather than trigger anxiety by regulating its cognitive component. Adequate levels of CCK release in the basal striatum may control the interplay between cognition and reward circuitry, which is critical in schizophrenia. Hence, it is proposed that disturbances in the excitatory/ inhibitory interplay modulated by CCK may contribute to the imbalanced interaction between corticolimbic and mesolimbic neural activity found in anxiety and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J. Ballaz
- Address correspondence to this author at the School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador; Tel: 593 (06) 299 9100, ext. 2626; E-mail:
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27
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Exposito-Alonso D, Osório C, Bernard C, Pascual-García S, Del Pino I, Marín O, Rico B. Subcellular sorting of neuregulins controls the assembly of excitatory-inhibitory cortical circuits. eLife 2020; 9:57000. [PMID: 33320083 PMCID: PMC7755390 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of specific neuronal circuits relies on the expression of complementary molecular programs in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. In the cerebral cortex, the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 is critical for the wiring of specific populations of GABAergic interneurons, in which it paradoxically regulates both the formation of inhibitory synapses as well as the development of excitatory synapses received by these cells. Here, we found that Nrg1 and Nrg3, two members of the neuregulin family of trophic factors, regulate the inhibitory outputs and excitatory inputs of interneurons in the mouse cerebral cortex, respectively. The differential role of Nrg1 and Nrg3 in this process is not due to their receptor-binding EGF-like domain, but rather to their distinctive subcellular localization within pyramidal cells. Our study reveals a novel strategy for the assembly of cortical circuits that involves the differential subcellular sorting of family-related synaptic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Exposito-Alonso
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Osório
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clémence Bernard
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Pascual-García
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Del Pino
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Rico
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Liu X, Dimidschstein J, Fishell G, Carter AG. Hippocampal inputs engage CCK+ interneurons to mediate endocannabinoid-modulated feed-forward inhibition in the prefrontal cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e55267. [PMID: 33034285 PMCID: PMC7609047 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections from the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulate cognition, emotion, and memory. These functions are also tightly controlled by inhibitory networks in the PFC, whose disruption is thought to contribute to mental health disorders. However, relatively little is known about how the vHPC engages different populations of interneurons in the PFC. Here we use slice physiology and optogenetics to study vHPC-evoked feed-forward inhibition in the mouse PFC. We first show that cholecystokinin (CCK+), parvalbumin (PV+), and somatostatin (SOM+) expressing interneurons are prominent in layer 5 (L5) of infralimbic PFC. We then show that vHPC inputs primarily activate CCK+ and PV+ interneurons, with weaker connections onto SOM+ interneurons. CCK+ interneurons make stronger synapses onto pyramidal tract (PT) cells over nearby intratelencephalic (IT) cells. However, CCK+ inputs undergo depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and CB1 receptor modulation only at IT cells. Moreover, vHPC-evoked feed-forward inhibition undergoes DSI only at IT cells, confirming a central role for CCK+ interneurons. Together, our findings show how vHPC directly engages multiple populations of inhibitory cells in deep layers of the infralimbic PFC, highlighting unexpected roles for both CCK+ interneurons and endocannabinoid modulation in hippocampal-prefrontal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, United States
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Adam G Carter
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
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29
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Interneuron-specific plasticity at parvalbumin and somatostatin inhibitory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal neurons shapes hippocampal output. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4395. [PMID: 32879322 PMCID: PMC7467931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of spatial representations within hippocampal cell assemblies is strongly dictated by patterns of inhibition from diverse interneuron populations. Although it is known that inhibitory synaptic strength is malleable, induction of long-term plasticity at distinct inhibitory synapses and its regulation of hippocampal network activity is not well understood. Here, we show that inhibitory synapses from parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons undergo long-term depression and potentiation respectively (PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP) during physiological activity patterns. Both forms of plasticity rely on T-type calcium channel activation to confer synapse specificity but otherwise employ distinct mechanisms. Since parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons preferentially target perisomatic and distal dendritic regions respectively of CA1 pyramidal cells, PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP coordinate a reprioritisation of excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex and CA3. Furthermore, circuit-level modelling reveals that PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP cooperate to stabilise place cells while facilitating representation of multiple unique environments within the hippocampal network. Inhibitory interneuron subtypes differentially control place cell representations in CA1. Here, the authors show that parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron synapses onto CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibit distinct plasticity mechanisms and incorporating this insight into circuit-level modeling leads to stable place cell representations.
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30
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Del Pino I, Tocco C, Magrinelli E, Marcantoni A, Ferraguto C, Tomagra G, Bertacchi M, Alfano C, Leinekugel X, Frick A, Studer M. COUP-TFI/Nr2f1 Orchestrates Intrinsic Neuronal Activity during Development of the Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5667-5685. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The formation of functional cortical maps in the cerebral cortex results from a timely regulated interaction between intrinsic genetic mechanisms and electrical activity. To understand how transcriptional regulation influences network activity and neuronal excitability within the neocortex, we used mice deficient for Nr2f1 (also known as COUP-TFI), a key determinant of primary somatosensory (S1) area specification during development. We found that the cortical loss of Nr2f1 impacts on spontaneous network activity and synchronization of S1 cortex at perinatal stages. In addition, we observed alterations in the intrinsic excitability and morphological features of layer V pyramidal neurons. Accordingly, we identified distinct voltage-gated ion channels regulated by Nr2f1 that might directly influence intrinsic bioelectrical properties during critical time windows of S1 cortex specification. Altogether, our data suggest a tight link between Nr2f1 and neuronal excitability in the developmental sequence that ultimately sculpts the emergence of cortical network activity within the immature neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Del Pino
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Elia Magrinelli
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Tomagra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Xavier Leinekugel
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Andreas Frick
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
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31
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de Salas-Quiroga A, García-Rincón D, Gómez-Domínguez D, Valero M, Simón-Sánchez S, Paraíso-Luna J, Aguareles J, Pujadas M, Muguruza C, Callado LF, Lutz B, Guzmán M, de la Prida LM, Galve-Roperh I. Long-term hippocampal interneuronopathy drives sex-dimorphic spatial memory impairment induced by prenatal THC exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:877-886. [PMID: 31982904 PMCID: PMC7075920 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prominent active constituent of cannabis, alters neurodevelopmental plasticity with a long-term functional impact on adult offspring. Specifically, THC affects the development of pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons via cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R). However, the particular contribution of these two neuronal lineages to the behavioral alterations and functional deficits induced by THC is still unclear. Here, by using conditional CB1R knockout mice, we investigated the neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal THC exposure in adulthood, as well as their potential sex differences. Adult mice that had been exposed to THC during embryonic development showed altered hippocampal oscillations, brain hyperexcitability, and spatial memory impairment. Remarkably, we found a clear sexual dimorphism in these effects, with males being selectively affected. At the neuronal level, we found a striking interneuronopathy of CCK-containing interneurons in the hippocampus, which was restricted to male progeny. This THC-induced CCK-interneuron reduction was not evident in mice lacking CB1R selectively in GABAergic interneurons, thus pointing to a cell-autonomous THC action. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of hippocampal LFPs revealed alterations in hippocampal oscillations confined to the stratum pyramidale of CA1 in male offspring. In addition, sharp-wave ripples, a major high-frequency oscillation crucial for learning and memory consolidation, were also altered, pointing to aberrant circuitries caused by persistent reduction of CCK+ basket cells. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-term interneuronopathy responsible for the sex-dimorphic cognitive impairment induced by prenatal THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán de Salas-Quiroga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel García-Rincón
- 0000 0001 2157 7667grid.4795.fDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1762 4012grid.418264.dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gómez-Domínguez
- 0000 0001 2177 5516grid.419043.bInstituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Valero
- 0000 0001 2177 5516grid.419043.bInstituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Simón-Sánchez
- 0000 0001 2157 7667grid.4795.fDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1762 4012grid.418264.dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- 0000 0001 2157 7667grid.4795.fDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1762 4012grid.418264.dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Aguareles
- 0000 0001 2157 7667grid.4795.fDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1762 4012grid.418264.dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mitona Pujadas
- 0000 0004 1767 9005grid.20522.37Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- 0000000121671098grid.11480.3cDepartment of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- 0000000121671098grid.11480.3cDepartment of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beat Lutz
- grid.410607.4Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- 0000 0001 2157 7667grid.4795.fDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1762 4012grid.418264.dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Gogos JA, Crabtree G, Diamantopoulou A. The abiding relevance of mouse models of rare mutations to psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:37-51. [PMID: 30987923 PMCID: PMC6790166 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies using powerful family-based designs aided by large scale case-control studies, have been instrumental in cracking the genetic complexity of the disease, identifying rare and highly penetrant risk mutations and providing a handle on experimentally tractable model systems. Mouse models of rare mutations, paired with analysis of homologous cognitive and sensory processing deficits and state-of-the-art neuroscience methods to manipulate and record neuronal activity have started providing unprecedented insights into pathogenic mechanisms and building the foundation of a new biological framework for understanding mental illness. A number of important principles are emerging, namely that degradation of the computational mechanisms underlying the ordered activity and plasticity of both local and long-range neuronal assemblies, the building blocks necessary for stable cognition and perception, might be the inevitable consequence and the common point of convergence of the vastly heterogeneous genetic liability, manifesting as defective internally- or stimulus-driven neuronal activation patterns and triggering the constellation of schizophrenia symptoms. Animal models of rare mutations have the unique potential to help us move from "which" (gene) to "how", "where" and "when" computational regimes of neural ensembles are affected. Linking these variables should improve our understanding of how symptoms emerge and how diagnostic boundaries are established at a circuit level. Eventually, a better understanding of pathophysiological trajectories at the level of neural circuitry in mice, aided by basic human experimental biology, should guide the development of new therapeutics targeting either altered circuitry itself or the underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Gogos
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Joseph A. Gogos ()
| | - Gregg Crabtree
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anastasia Diamantopoulou
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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33
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Pelkey KA, Calvigioni D, Fang C, Vargish G, Ekins T, Auville K, Wester JC, Lai M, Mackenzie-Gray Scott C, Yuan X, Hunt S, Abebe D, Xu Q, Dimidschstein J, Fishell G, Chittajallu R, McBain CJ. Paradoxical network excitation by glutamate release from VGluT3 + GABAergic interneurons. eLife 2020; 9:e51996. [PMID: 32053107 PMCID: PMC7039679 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In violation of Dale's principle several neuronal subtypes utilize more than one classical neurotransmitter. Molecular identification of vesicular glutamate transporter three and cholecystokinin expressing cortical interneurons (CCK+VGluT3+INTs) has prompted speculation of GABA/glutamate corelease from these cells for almost two decades despite a lack of direct evidence. We unequivocally demonstrate CCK+VGluT3+INT-mediated GABA/glutamate cotransmission onto principal cells in adult mice using paired recording and optogenetic approaches. Although under normal conditions, GABAergic inhibition dominates CCK+VGluT3+INT signaling, glutamatergic signaling becomes predominant when glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) function is compromised. CCK+VGluT3+INTs exhibit surprising anatomical diversity comprising subsets of all known dendrite targeting CCK+ interneurons in addition to the expected basket cells, and their extensive circuit innervation profoundly dampens circuit excitability under normal conditions. However, in contexts where the glutamatergic phenotype of CCK+VGluT3+INTs is amplified, they promote paradoxical network hyperexcitability which may be relevant to disorders involving GAD dysfunction such as schizophrenia or vitamin B6 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniela Calvigioni
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Calvin Fang
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Geoffrey Vargish
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Tyler Ekins
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kurt Auville
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jason C Wester
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mandy Lai
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Connie Mackenzie-Gray Scott
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Steven Hunt
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYUAbu-DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Gordon Fishell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chris J McBain
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Cholecystokinin-Expressing Interneurons of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Mediate Working Memory Retrieval. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2314-2331. [PMID: 32005764 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1919-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct components of working memory are coordinated by different classes of inhibitory interneurons in the PFC, but the role of cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive interneurons remains enigmatic. In humans, this major population of interneurons shows histological abnormalities in schizophrenia, an illness in which deficient working memory is a core defining symptom and the best predictor of long-term functional outcome. Yet, CCK interneurons as a molecularly distinct class have proved intractable to examination by typical molecular methods due to widespread expression of CCK in the pyramidal neuron population. Using an intersectional approach in mice of both sexes, we have succeeded in labeling, interrogating, and manipulating CCK interneurons in the mPFC. Here, we describe the anatomical distribution, electrophysiological properties, and postsynaptic connectivity of CCK interneurons, and evaluate their role in cognition. We found that CCK interneurons comprise a larger proportion of the mPFC interneurons compared with parvalbumin interneurons, targeting a wide range of neuronal subtypes with a distinct connectivity pattern. Phase-specific optogenetic inhibition revealed that CCK, but not parvalbumin, interneurons play a critical role in the retrieval of working memory. These findings shine new light on the relationship between cortical CCK interneurons and cognition and offer a new set of tools to investigate interneuron dysfunction and cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons outnumber other interneuron populations in key brain areas involved in cognition and memory, including the mPFC. However, they have proved intractable to examination as experimental techniques have lacked the necessary selectivity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report detailed properties of cortical cholecystokinin interneurons, revealing their anatomical organization, electrophysiological properties, postsynaptic connectivity, and behavioral function in working memory.
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PSA-NCAM Colocalized with Cholecystokinin-Expressing Cells in the Hippocampus Is Involved in Mediating Antidepressant Efficacy. J Neurosci 2019; 40:825-842. [PMID: 31801810 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1779-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular glycan polysialic acid linked to neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is principally expressed in the developing brain and the adult neurogenic regions. Although colocalization of PSA-NCAM with cholecystokinin (CCK) was found in the adult brain, the role of PSA-NCAM remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the functional significance of PSA-NCAM in the CA1 region of the male mouse hippocampus. Combined fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that few vesicular glutamate transporter 3-negative/CCK-positive (VGluT3-/CCK+) cells were colocalized with PSA-NCAM, but most of the VGluT3+/CCK+ cells were colocalized with PSA-NCAM. The somata of PSA-NCAM+/CCK+ cells were highly innervated by serotonergic boutons than those of PSA-NCAM-/CCK+ cells. The expression ratios of 5-HT3A receptors and p11, a serotonin receptor-interacting protein, were higher in PSA-NCAM+/CCK+ cells than in PSA-NCAM-/CCK+ cells. Pharmacological digestion of PSA-NCAM impaired the efficacy of antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, but not the efficacy of benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam. A Western blot showed that restraint stress decreased the expressions of p11 and mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and FLX increased them. Interestingly, the FLX-induced elevation of expression of p11, but not mature BDNF, was impaired by the digestion of PSA-NCAM. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that restraint stress reduced the expression of polysialyltransferase ST8Sia IV and FLX elevated it. Collectively, PSA-NCAM colocalized with VGluT3+/CCK+ cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus may play a unique role in the regulation of antidepressant efficacy via the serotonergic pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Polysialic acid (PSA) is composed of eight or more α2,8-linked sialic acids. Here, we examined the functional significance of polysialic acid linked to the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the adult mouse hippocampus. Few vesicular glutamate transporter 3-negative/cholecystokinin-positive (VGluT3-/CCK+) cells were colocalized with PSA-NCAM, but most of the VGluT3+/CCK+ cells were colocalized with PSA-NCAM. The expression ratios of 5-HT3A receptors and p11, a serotonin receptor-interacting protein, were higher in PSA-NCAM+/CCK+ cells than in PSA-NCAM-/CCK+ cells. The efficacy of antidepressants, but not anxiolytics, was impaired by the digestion of PSA-NCAM. The antidepressant-induced increase in p11 expression was inhibited following PSA-NCAM digestion. We hence hypothesize that PSA-NCAM colocalized with VGluT3+/CCK+ cells may play a unique role in regulating antidepressant efficacy.
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Resolving and Rescuing Developmental Miswiring in a Mouse Model of Cognitive Impairment. Neuron 2019; 105:60-74.e7. [PMID: 31733940 PMCID: PMC6953432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits, core features of mental illness, largely result from dysfunction of prefrontal networks. This dysfunction emerges during early development, before a detectable behavioral readout, yet the cellular elements controlling the abnormal maturation are still unknown. Here, we address this open question by combining in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, neuroanatomy, and behavioral assays during development in mice mimicking the dual genetic-environmental etiology of psychiatric disorders. We report that pyramidal neurons in superficial layers of the prefrontal cortex are key elements causing disorganized oscillatory entrainment of local circuits in beta-gamma frequencies. Their abnormal firing rate and timing relate to sparser dendritic arborization and lower spine density. Administration of minocycline during the first postnatal week, potentially acting via microglial cells, rescues the neuronal deficits and restores pre-juvenile cognitive abilities. Elucidation of the cellular substrate of developmental miswiring causing later cognitive deficits opens new perspectives for identification of neurobiological targets amenable to therapies. Mice mimicking the etiology of mental illness have dysregulated prefrontal network Weaker beta activation of prefrontal circuits results from superficial layers deficits Rescue of microglial function restores developing prefrontal function and behavior Early prefrontal dysfunction relates to later-emerging cognitive performance
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Imbriglio T, Verhaeghe R, Martinello K, Pascarelli MT, Chece G, Bucci D, Notartomaso S, Quattromani M, Mascio G, Scalabrì F, Simeone A, Maccari S, Del Percio C, Wieloch T, Fucile S, Babiloni C, Battaglia G, Limatola C, Nicoletti F, Cannella M. Developmental abnormalities in cortical GABAergic system in mice lacking mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors. FASEB J 2019; 33:14204-14220. [PMID: 31665922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901093rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants of the gene encoding for metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3) are linked to schizophrenia. Because abnormalities of cortical GABAergic interneurons lie at the core of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we examined whether mGlu3 receptors influence the developmental trajectory of cortical GABAergic transmission in the postnatal life. mGlu3-/- mice showed robust changes in the expression of interneuron-related genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including large reductions in the expression of parvalbumin (PV) and the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. The number of cortical cells enwrapped by perineuronal nets was increased in mGlu3-/- mice, suggesting that mGlu3 receptors shape the temporal window of plasticity of PV+ interneurons. Electrophysiological measurements of GABAA receptor-mediated responses revealed a more depolarized reversal potential of GABA currents in the somata of PFC pyramidal neurons in mGlu3-/- mice at postnatal d 9 associated with a reduced expression of the K+/Cl- symporter. Finally, adult mGlu3-/- mice showed lower power in electroencephalographic rhythms at 1-45 Hz in quiet wakefulness as compared with their wild-type counterparts. These findings suggest that mGlu3 receptors have a strong impact on the development of cortical GABAergic transmission and cortical neural synchronization mechanisms corroborating the concept that genetic variants of mGlu3 receptors may predispose to psychiatric disorders.-Imbriglio, T., Verhaeghe, R., Martinello, K., Pascarelli, M. T., Chece, G., Bucci, D., Notartomaso, S., Quattromani, M., Mascio, G., Scalabrì, F., Simeone, A., Maccari, S., Del Percio, C., Wieloch, T., Fucile, S., Babiloni, C., Battaglia, G., Limatola, C., Nicoletti, F., Cannella, M. Developmental abnormalities in cortical GABAergic system in mice lacking mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Imbriglio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Remy Verhaeghe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Martinello
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pascarelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bucci
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Serena Notartomaso
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Miriana Quattromani
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giada Mascio
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Scalabrì
- Istituto di Ricerca Biologia Molecolare (IRBM) Science Park S.p.A., Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", Centro Nazionale Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Maccari
- Department of Science and Medical-Surgical Biotechnology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,University of Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Sergio Fucile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Sohal VS, Rubenstein JLR. Excitation-inhibition balance as a framework for investigating mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1248-1257. [PMID: 31089192 PMCID: PMC6742424 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 Rubenstein and Merzenich hypothesized that some forms of Autism (ASD) might be caused by a reduction in signal-to-noise in key neural circuits, which could be the result of changes in excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance. Here, we have clarified the concept of E-I balance, and updated the original hypothesis in light of the field's increasingly sophisticated understanding of neuronal circuits. We discuss how specific developmental mechanisms, which reduce inhibition, affect cortical and hippocampal functions. After describing how mutations of some ASD genes disrupt inhibition in mice, we close by suggesting that E-I balance represents an organizing framework for understanding findings related to pathophysiology and for identifying appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikaas S. Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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The Role of AMPARs in the Maturation and Integration of Caudal Ganglionic Eminence-Derived Interneurons into Developing Hippocampal Microcircuits. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5435. [PMID: 30931998 PMCID: PMC6443733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampal CA1, caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE)-derived interneurons are recruited by activation of glutamatergic synapses comprising GluA2-containing calcium-impermeable AMPARs and exert inhibitory regulation of the local microcircuit. However, the role played by AMPARs in maturation of the developing circuit is unknown. We demonstrate that elimination of the GluA2 subunit (GluA2 KO) of AMPARs in CGE-derived interneurons, reduces spontaneous EPSC frequency coupled to a reduction in dendritic glutamatergic synapse density. Removal of GluA1&2&3 subunits (GluA1-3 KO) in CGE-derived interneurons, almost completely eliminated sEPSCs without further reducing synapse density, but increased dendritic branching. Moreover, in GluA1-3 KOs, the number of interneurons invading the hippocampus increased in the early postnatal period but converged with WT numbers later due to increased apoptosis. However, the CCK-containing subgroup increased in number, whereas the VIP-containing subgroup decreased. Both feedforward and feedback inhibitory input onto pyramidal neurons was decreased in GluA1-3 KO. These combined anatomical, synaptic and circuit alterations, were accompanied with a wide range of behavioural abnormalities in GluA1-3 KO mice compared to GluA2 KO and WT. Thus, AMPAR subunits differentially contribute to numerous aspects of the development and maturation of CGE-derived interneurons and hippocampal circuitry that are essential for normal behaviour.
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40
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Turi GF, Li WK, Chavlis S, Pandi I, O'Hare J, Priestley JB, Grosmark AD, Liao Z, Ladow M, Zhang JF, Zemelman BV, Poirazi P, Losonczy A. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Expressing Interneurons in the Hippocampus Support Goal-Oriented Spatial Learning. Neuron 2019; 101:1150-1165.e8. [PMID: 30713030 PMCID: PMC6428605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse computations in the neocortex are aided by specialized GABAergic interneurons (INs), which selectively target other INs. However, much less is known about how these canonical disinhibitory circuit motifs contribute to network operations supporting spatial navigation and learning in the hippocampus. Using chronic two-photon calcium imaging in mice performing random foraging or goal-oriented learning tasks, we found that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP+), disinhibitory INs in hippocampal area CA1 form functional subpopulations defined by their modulation by behavioral states and task demands. Optogenetic manipulations of VIP+ INs and computational modeling further showed that VIP+ disinhibition is necessary for goal-directed learning and related reorganization of hippocampal pyramidal cell population dynamics. Our results demonstrate that disinhibitory circuits in the hippocampus play an active role in supporting spatial learning. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Ke Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Spyridon Chavlis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 700 13, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pandi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 700 13, Greece; School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 741 00, Greece
| | - Justin O'Hare
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James Benjamin Priestley
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andres Daniel Grosmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhenrui Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Max Ladow
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jeff Fang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Boris Valery Zemelman
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 700 13, Greece.
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Selective Activation of Cholecystokinin-Expressing GABA (CCK-GABA) Neurons Enhances Memory and Cognition. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0360-18. [PMID: 30834305 PMCID: PMC6397954 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0360-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic (CCK-GABA) neurons are perisomatic inhibitory cells that have been argued to regulate emotion and sculpt the network oscillations associated with cognition. However, no study has selectively manipulated CCK-GABA neuron activity during behavior in freely-moving animals. To explore the behavioral effects of activating CCK-GABA neurons on emotion and cognition, we utilized a novel intersectional genetic mouse model coupled with a chemogenetic approach. Specifically, we generated triple transgenic CCK-Cre;Dlx5/6-Flpe;RC::FL-hM3Dq (CCK-GABA/hM3Dq) mice that expressed the synthetic excitatory hM3Dq receptor in CCK-GABA neurons. Results showed that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)-mediated activation of CCK-GABA neurons did not alter open field (OF) or tail suspension (TS) performance and only slightly increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Although CNO treatment had only modestly affected emotional behavior, it significantly enhanced multiple cognitive and memory behaviors including social recognition, contextual fear conditioning, contextual discrimination, object recognition, and problem-solving in the puzzle box. Collectively, these findings suggest that systemic activation of CCK-GABA neurons minimally affects emotion but significantly enhances cognition and memory. Our results imply that CCK-GABA neurons are more functionally diverse than originally expected and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive/memory disorders.
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Trudeau LE, El Mestikawy S. Glutamate Cotransmission in Cholinergic, GABAergic and Monoamine Systems: Contrasts and Commonalities. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:113. [PMID: 30618649 PMCID: PMC6305298 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple discoveries made since the identification of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) two decades ago revealed that many neuronal populations in the brain use glutamate in addition to their "primary" neurotransmitter. Such a mode of cotransmission has been detected in dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and surprisingly even in GABA neurons. Interestingly, work performed by multiple groups during the past decade suggests that the use of glutamate as a cotransmitter takes different forms in these different populations of neurons. In the present review, we will provide an overview of glutamate cotransmission in these different classes of neurons, highlighting puzzling differences in: (1) the proportion of such neurons expressing a VGLUT in different brain regions and at different stages of development; (2) the sub-cellular localization of the VGLUT; (3) the localization of the VGLUT in relation to the neurons' other vesicular transporter; and (4) the functional role of glutamate cotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Eric Trudeau
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119-CNRS UMR 8246-INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
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43
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Favuzzi E, Rico B. Molecular diversity underlying cortical excitatory and inhibitory synapse development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:8-15. [PMID: 29704699 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and precision of cortical circuitries is achieved during development due to the exquisite diversity of synapse types that is generated in a highly regulated manner. Here, we review the recent increase in our understanding of how synapse type-specific molecules differentially regulate the development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, several synapse subtype-specific molecules have been shown to control the targeting, formation or maturation of particular subtypes of excitatory synapses. Because inhibitory neurons are extremely diverse, a similar molecular diversity is likely to underlie the development of different inhibitory synapses making it a promising topic for future investigation in the field of the synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Favuzzi
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Rico
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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44
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Kandasamy P, Gyimesi G, Kanai Y, Hediger MA. Amino acid transporters revisited: New views in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:752-789. [PMID: 30177408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are membrane-bound transport proteins that mediate transfer of amino acids into and out of cells or cellular organelles. AATs have diverse functional roles ranging from neurotransmission to acid-base balance, intracellular energy metabolism, and anabolic and catabolic reactions. In cancer cells and diabetes, dysregulation of AATs leads to metabolic reprogramming, which changes intracellular amino acid levels, contributing to the pathogenesis of cancer, obesity and diabetes. Indeed, the neutral amino acid transporters (NATs) SLC7A5/LAT1 and SLC1A5/ASCT2 are likely involved in several human malignancies. However, a clinical therapy that directly targets AATs has not yet been developed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the structural and functional diversity of AATs, their diverse physiological roles in different tissues and organs, their wide-ranging implications in human diseases and the emerging strategies and tools that will be necessary to target AATs therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Kandasamy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Gyimesi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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45
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Lupica CR, Hoffman AF. Cannabinoid disruption of learning mechanisms involved in reward processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:435-445. [PMID: 30115765 PMCID: PMC6097761 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046748.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of cannabis, its derivatives, and synthetic cannabinoids for medicinal and recreational purposes has led to burgeoning interest in understanding the addictive potential of this class of molecules. It is estimated that ∼10% of marijuana users will eventually show signs of dependence on the drug, and the diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (CUD) is increasing in the United States. The molecule that sustains the use of cannabis is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and our knowledge of its effects, and those of other cannabinoids on brain function has expanded rapidly in the past two decades. Additionally, the identification of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) systems in brain and their roles in physiology and behavior, demonstrate extensive involvement of these lipid signaling molecules in regulating CNS function. Here, we examine roles for endogenous cannabinoids in shaping synaptic activity in cortical and subcortical brain circuits, and we discuss mechanisms in which exogenous cannabinoids, such as Δ9-THC, interact with endocannabinoid systems to disrupt neuronal network oscillations. We then explore how perturbation of the interaction of this activity within brain reward circuits may lead to impaired learning. Finally, we propose that disruption of cellular plasticity mechanisms by exogenous cannabinoids in cortical and subcortical circuits may explain the difficulty in establishing viable cannabinoid self-administration models in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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46
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Serotonin receptor 2c-expressing cells in the ventral CA1 control attention via innervation of the Edinger–Westphal nucleus. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1239-1250. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartzell AL, Martyniuk KM, Brigidi GS, Heinz DA, Djaja NA, Payne A, Bloodgood BL. NPAS4 recruits CCK basket cell synapses and enhances cannabinoid-sensitive inhibition in the mouse hippocampus. eLife 2018; 7:35927. [PMID: 30052197 PMCID: PMC6105310 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent expression of immediate-early gene transcription factors (IEG-TFs) can transiently change the transcriptome of active neurons and initiate persistent changes in cellular function. However, the impact of IEG-TFs on circuit connectivity and function is poorly understood. We investigate the specificity with which the IEG-TF NPAS4 governs experience-dependent changes in inhibitory synaptic input onto CA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs). We show that novel sensory experience selectively enhances somatic inhibition mediated by cholecystokinin-expressing basket cells (CCKBCs) in an NPAS4-dependent manner. NPAS4 specifically increases the number of synapses made onto PNs by individual CCKBCs without altering synaptic properties. Additionally, we find that sensory experience-driven NPAS4 expression enhances depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), a short-term form of cannabinoid-mediated plasticity expressed at CCKBC synapses. Our results indicate that CCKBC inputs are a major target of the NPAS4-dependent transcriptional program in PNs and that NPAS4 is an important regulator of plasticity mediated by endogenous cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Hartzell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Kelly M Martyniuk
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - G Stefano Brigidi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Daniel A Heinz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nathalie A Djaja
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Anja Payne
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Brenda L Bloodgood
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Kang YJ, Lewis HES, Young MW, Govindaiah G, Greenfield LJ, Garcia-Rill E, Lee SH. Cell Type-specific Intrinsic Perithreshold Oscillations in Hippocampal GABAergic Interneurons. Neuroscience 2018; 376:80-93. [PMID: 29462702 PMCID: PMC5978001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning, memory, and spatial processing through coordinated network activity including theta and gamma oscillations. Recent evidence suggests that hippocampal subregions (e.g., CA1) can generate these oscillations at the network level, at least in part, through GABAergic interneurons. However, it is unclear whether specific GABAergic interneurons generate intrinsic theta and/or gamma oscillations at the single-cell level. Since major types of CA1 interneurons (i.e., parvalbumin-positive basket cells (PVBCs), cannabinoid type 1 receptor-positive basket cells (CB1BCs), Schaffer collateral-associated cells (SCAs), neurogliaform cells and ivy cells) are thought to play key roles in network theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus, we tested the hypothesis that these cells generate intrinsic perithreshold oscillations at the single-cell level. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from GABAergic interneurons in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus in the presence of synaptic blockers to identify intrinsic perithreshold membrane potential oscillations. The majority of PVBCs (83%), but not the other interneuron subtypes, produced intrinsic perithreshold gamma oscillations if the membrane potential remained above -45 mV. In contrast, CB1BCs, SCAs, neurogliaform cells, ivy cells, and the remaining PVBCs (17%) produced intrinsic theta, but not gamma, oscillations. These oscillations were prevented by blockers of persistent sodium current. These data demonstrate that the major types of hippocampal interneurons produce distinct frequency bands of intrinsic perithreshold membrane oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - Mason William Young
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gubbi Govindaiah
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Tan Z, Robinson HL, Yin DM, Liu Y, Liu F, Wang H, Lin TW, Xing G, Gan L, Xiong WC, Mei L. Dynamic ErbB4 Activity in Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Top-Down Attention in Rodents. Neuron 2018; 98:380-393.e4. [PMID: 29628188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Top-down attention is crucial for meaningful behaviors and impaired in various mental disorders. However, its underpinning regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrate that the hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony associates with levels of top-down attention. Both attention and synchrony are reduced in mutant mice of ErbB4, a receptor of neuregulin-1. We used chemical genetic and optogenetic approaches to inactivate ErbB4 kinase and ErbB4+ interneurons, respectively, both of which reduce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity. Such inhibitions in the hippocampus impair both hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and top-down attention, whereas those in the prefrontal cortex alter attention, but not synchrony. These observations identify a role of ErbB4-dependent GABA activity in the hippocampus in synchronizing the hippocampal-prefrontal pathway and demonstrate that acute, dynamic ErbB4 signaling is required to command top-down attention. Because both neuregulin-1 and ErbB4 are susceptibility genes of schizophrenia and major depression, our study contributes to a better understanding of these disorders. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Tan
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Heath L Robinson
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Thiri W Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guanglin Xing
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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50
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Kotzadimitriou D, Nissen W, Paizs M, Newton K, Harrison PJ, Paulsen O, Lamsa K. Neuregulin 1 Type I Overexpression Is Associated with Reduced NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Signaling in Hippocampal Interneurons Expressing PV or CCK. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0418-17.2018. [PMID: 29740596 PMCID: PMC5938717 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0418-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ), a heritable disorder with many susceptibility genes. However, it is still unclear how SZ risk genes interfere with NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission in diverse inhibitory interneuron populations. One putative risk gene is neuregulin 1 (NRG1), which signals via the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4, itself a schizophrenia risk gene. The type I isoform of NRG1 shows increased expression in the brain of SZ patients, and ErbB4 is enriched in GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) or cholecystokinin (CCK). Here, we investigated ErbB4 expression and synaptic transmission in interneuronal populations of the hippocampus of transgenic mice overexpressing NRG1 type I (NRG1tg-type-I mice). Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that ErbB4 was coexpressed with either PV or CCK in hippocampal interneurons, but we observed a reduced number of ErbB4-immunopositive interneurons in the NRG1tg-type-I mice. NMDAR-mediated currents in interneurons expressing PV (including PV+ basket cells) or CCK were reduced in NRG1tg-type-I mice compared to their littermate controls. We found no difference in AMPA receptor-mediated currents. Optogenetic activation (5 pulses at 20 Hz) of local glutamatergic fibers revealed a decreased NMDAR-mediated contribution to disynaptic GABAergic inhibition of pyramidal cells in the NRG1tg-type-I mice. GABAergic synaptic transmission from either PV+ or CCK+ interneurons, and glutamatergic transmission onto pyramidal cells, did not significantly differ between genotypes. The results indicate that synaptic NMDAR-mediated signaling in hippocampal interneurons is sensitive to chronically elevated NGR1 type I levels. This may contribute to the pathophysiological consequences of increased NRG1 expression in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiebke Nissen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Melinda Paizs
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Kathryn Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Paul J. Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ole Paulsen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karri Lamsa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
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