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Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Fuchs J, Bareesel S, Kroon C, Polyzou A, Eickholt BJ, Leondaritis G. Plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins as pleiotropic regulators of neuron growth and excitability. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984655. [PMID: 36187351 PMCID: PMC9520309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasma membrane proteins are essential for integrating cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic signals to orchestrate neuronal differentiation, growth and plasticity in the developing and adult nervous system. Here, we shed light on the family of plasma membrane proteins phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins (PLPPRs) (alternative name, PRGs; plasticity-related genes) that fine-tune neuronal growth and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several studies uncovered essential functions of PLPPRs in filopodia formation, axon guidance and branching during nervous system development and regeneration, as well as in the control of dendritic spine number and excitability. Loss of PLPPR expression in knockout mice increases susceptibility to seizures, and results in defects in sensory information processing, development of psychiatric disorders, stress-related behaviors and abnormal social interaction. However, the exact function of PLPPRs in the context of neurological diseases is largely unclear. Although initially described as active lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ecto-phosphatases that regulate the levels of this extracellular bioactive lipid, PLPPRs lack catalytic activity against LPA. Nevertheless, they emerge as atypical LPA modulators, by regulating LPA mediated signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the effects of this protein family on cellular morphology, generation and maintenance of cellular protrusions as well as highlight their known neuronal functions and phenotypes of KO mice. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of PLPPRs including the deployment of phospholipids, actin-cytoskeleton and small GTPase signaling pathways, with a focus on identifying gaps in our knowledge to stimulate interest in this understudied protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shannon Bareesel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Britta J. Eickholt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Britta J. Eickholt,
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center Ioannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- George Leondaritis,
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Brosig A, Fuchs J, Ipek F, Kroon C, Schrötter S, Vadhvani M, Polyzou A, Ledderose J, van Diepen M, Holzhütter HG, Trimbuch T, Gimber N, Schmoranzer J, Lieberam I, Rosenmund C, Spahn C, Scheerer P, Szczepek M, Leondaritis G, Eickholt BJ. The Axonal Membrane Protein PRG2 Inhibits PTEN and Directs Growth to Branches. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2028-2040.e8. [PMID: 31722215 PMCID: PMC6856728 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing neurons, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control axon growth and branching by positively regulating PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3, but how neurons are able to generate sufficient PI(3,4,5)P3 in the presence of high levels of the antagonizing phosphatase PTEN is difficult to reconcile. We find that normal axon morphogenesis involves homeostasis of elongation and branch growth controlled by accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 through PTEN inhibition. We identify a plasma membrane-localized protein-protein interaction of PTEN with plasticity-related gene 2 (PRG2). PRG2 stabilizes membrane PI(3,4,5)P3 by inhibiting PTEN and localizes in nanoclusters along axon membranes when neurons initiate their complex branching behavior. We demonstrate that PRG2 is both sufficient and necessary to account for the ability of neurons to generate axon filopodia and branches in dependence on PI3K/PI(3,4,5)P3 and PTEN. Our data indicate that PRG2 is part of a neuronal growth program that induces collateral branch growth in axons by conferring local inhibition of PTEN. Neuronal axon growth and branching is globally regulated by PI3K/PTEN signaling PRG2 inhibits PTEN and stabilizes PIP3 and F-actin PRG2 localizes to nanoclusters on the axonal membrane and coincides with branching PRG2 promotes axonal filopodia and branching dependent on PI3K/PTEN
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brosig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatih Ipek
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, T.H. Chan Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Mayur Vadhvani
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiel van Diepen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility (AMBIO), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College, London, UK
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Spahn
- NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure-Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Tilve S, Iweka CA, Bao J, Hawken N, Mencio CP, Geller HM. Phospholipid phosphatase related 1 (PLPPR1) increases cell adhesion through modulation of Rac1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111911. [PMID: 32061832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a six-transmembrane protein that belongs to the family of plasticity-related gene proteins, which is a novel brain-specific subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase superfamily. PLPPR1-5 have prominent roles in synapse formation and axonal pathfinding. We found that PLPPR1 overexpression in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) results in increase in cell adhesion and reduced cell migration. During migration, these cells leave behind long fibrous looking extensions of the plasma membrane causing a peculiar phenotype. Cells expressing PLPPR1 showed decreased actin turnover and decreased disassembly of focal adhesions. PLPPR1 also reduced active Rac1, and expressing dominant negative Rac1 produced a similar phenotype to overexpression of PLPPR1. The PLPPR1-induced phenotype of long fibers was reversed by introducing constitutively active Rac1. In summary, we show that PLPPR1 decreases active Rac1 levels that leads to cascade of events which increases cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Hawken
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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5
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Cheng J, Sahani S, Hausrat TJ, Yang JW, Ji H, Schmarowski N, Endle H, Liu X, Li Y, Böttche R, Radyushkin K, Maric HM, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z, Prouvot PH, Trimbuch T, Ninnemann O, Huai J, Fan W, Visentin B, Sabbadini R, Strømgaard K, Stroh A, Luhmann HJ, Kneussel M, Nitsch R, Vogt J. Precise Somatotopic Thalamocortical Axon Guidance Depends on LPA-Mediated PRG-2/Radixin Signaling. Neuron 2016; 92:126-142. [PMID: 27641493 PMCID: PMC5065528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precise connection of thalamic barreloids with their corresponding cortical barrels is critical for processing of vibrissal sensory information. Here, we show that PRG-2, a phospholipid-interacting molecule, is important for thalamocortical axon guidance. Developing thalamocortical fibers both in PRG-2 full knockout (KO) and in thalamus-specific KO mice prematurely entered the cortical plate, eventually innervating non-corresponding barrels. This misrouting relied on lost axonal sensitivity toward lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which failed to repel PRG-2-deficient thalamocortical fibers. PRG-2 electroporation in the PRG-2-/- thalamus restored the aberrant cortical innervation. We identified radixin as a PRG-2 interaction partner and showed that radixin accumulation in growth cones and its LPA-dependent phosphorylation depend on its binding to specific regions within the C-terminal region of PRG-2. In vivo recordings and whisker-specific behavioral tests demonstrated sensory discrimination deficits in PRG-2-/- animals. Our data show that bioactive phospholipids and PRG-2 are critical for guiding thalamic axons to their proper cortical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sadhna Sahani
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Torben Johann Hausrat
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Haichao Ji
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Endle
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbo Li
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rahel Böttche
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans M Maric
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Fan
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Vogt J, Yang JW, Mobascher A, Cheng J, Li Y, Liu X, Baumgart J, Thalman C, Kirischuk S, Unichenko P, Horta G, Radyushkin K, Stroh A, Richers S, Sahragard N, Distler U, Tenzer S, Qiao L, Lieb K, Tüscher O, Binder H, Ferreiros N, Tegeder I, Morris AJ, Gropa S, Nürnberg P, Toliat MR, Winterer G, Luhmann HJ, Huai J, Nitsch R. Molecular cause and functional impact of altered synaptic lipid signaling due to a prg-1 gene SNP. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:25-38. [PMID: 26671989 PMCID: PMC4718157 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of plasticity‐related gene 1 (PRG‐1), which regulates synaptic phospholipid signaling, leads to hyperexcitability via increased glutamate release altering excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in cortical networks. A recently reported SNP in prg‐1 (R345T/mutPRG‐1) affects ~5 million European and US citizens in a monoallelic variant. Our studies show that this mutation leads to a loss‐of‐PRG‐1 function at the synapse due to its inability to control lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels via a cellular uptake mechanism which appears to depend on proper glycosylation altered by this SNP. PRG‐1+/− mice, which are animal correlates of human PRG‐1+/mut carriers, showed an altered cortical network function and stress‐related behavioral changes indicating altered resilience against psychiatric disorders. These could be reversed by modulation of phospholipid signaling via pharmacological inhibition of the LPA‐synthesizing molecule autotaxin. In line, EEG recordings in a human population‐based cohort revealed an E/I balance shift in monoallelic mutPRG‐1 carriers and an impaired sensory gating, which is regarded as an endophenotype of stress‐related mental disorders. Intervention into bioactive lipid signaling is thus a promising strategy to interfere with glutamate‐dependent symptoms in psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arian Mobascher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbo Li
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carine Thalman
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guilherme Horta
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Richers
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nassim Sahragard
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lianyong Qiao
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sergiu Gropa
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Winterer
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Gaaya A, Poirier O, Mougenot N, Hery T, Atassi F, Marchand A, Saulnier-Blache JS, Amour J, Vogt J, Lompré AM, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Plasticity-related gene-1 inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and prevents neointima formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1104-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00051.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity-related gene-1 (PRG-1) protects neuronal cells from lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) effects. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), LPA was shown to induce phenotypic modulation in vitro and vascular remodeling in vivo. Thus we explored the role of PRG-1 in modulating VSMC response to LPA. PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence experiments showed that PRG-1 is expressed in rat and human vascular media. PRG-1 expression was strongly inhibited in proliferating compared with quiescent VSMCs both in vitro and in vivo (medial vs. neointimal VSMCs), suggesting that PRG-1 expression is dependent on the cell phenotype. In vitro, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PRG-1 specifically inhibited LPA-induced rat VSMC proliferation and migration but not platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation. This effect was abolished by mutation of a conserved histidine in the lipid phosphate phosphatase family that is essential for interaction with lipid phosphates. In vivo, balloon-induced neointimal formation in rat carotid was significantly decreased in vessels infected with PRG-1 adenovirus compared with β-galactosidase adenovirus (−71%; P < 0.05). PRG-1 overexpression abolished the activation of the p42/p44 signaling pathway in LPA-stimulated rat VSMCs in culture and in balloon-injured rat carotids. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence of a protective role of PRG-1 in the vascular media under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Gaaya
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Odette Poirier
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, PECMV-IFR14, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Hery
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Atassi
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- INSERM, U1048/I2MC, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Amour
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; and
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microanatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Lompré
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Florent Soubrier
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR_S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR-S 956, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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8
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Strauss U, Bräuer AU. Current views on regulation and function of plasticity-related genes (PRGs/LPPRs) in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:133-8. [PMID: 23388400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity-related genes (PRGs, Lipid phosphate phosphatase-related proteins LPPRs) are a defined as a subclass of the lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) superfamily, comprising so far five brain- and vertebrate-specific membrane-spanning proteins. LPPs interfere with lipid phosphate signaling and are thereby involved in mediating the extracellular concentration and signal transduction of lipid phosphate esters such as lysophosphatidate (LPA) and spingosine-1 phosphate (S1P). LPPs dephosphorylate their substrates through extracellular catalytic domains, thus making them ecto-phosphatases. PRGs/LPPRs are structurally similar to the other LPP family members in general. They are predominantly expressed in the CNS in a subtype specific pattern rather than having a wide tissue distribution. In contrast to LPPs, PRGs/LPPRs may act by modifying bioactive lipids and their signaling pathways, rather than possessing an ecto-phosphatase activity. However, the exact functional roles of PRGs/LPPRs have just begun to be explored. Here, we discuss new findings on the neuron-specific transcriptional regulation of PRG1/LPPR4 and new insights into protein-protein interaction and signaling pathway regulation. Further, we start to shed light on the subcellular localization and the resulting functional modulatory influence of PRG1/LPPR4 expression in excitatory synaptic transmission to the established neural effects such as promotion of filopodia formation, neurite extension, axonal sprouting and reorganization after lesion. This range of effects suggests an involvement in the pathogenesis and/or reparation attempts in disease. Therefore, we summarize available data on the association of PRGs/LPPRs with several neurological and other diseases in humans and experimental animals. Finally we highlight important open questions and emerging future directions of research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Kok BPC, Venkatraman G, Capatos D, Brindley DN. Unlike two peas in a pod: lipid phosphate phosphatases and phosphatidate phosphatases. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5121-46. [PMID: 22742522 DOI: 10.1021/cr200433m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P C Kok
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, School of Translational Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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10
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Geist B, Vorwerk B, Coiro P, Ninnemann O, Nitsch R. PRG-1 transcriptional regulation independent from Nex1/Math2-mediated activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:651-61. [PMID: 21805347 PMCID: PMC11114846 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity-related gene 1 (PRG-1) is a novel player in glutamatergic synaptic transmission, acting by interfering with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent signaling pathways. In the central nervous system, PRG-1 expression is restricted to postsynaptic dendrites on glutamatergic neurons. In this study, we describe the promoter architecture of the PRG-1 gene using RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-Race) and PCR analysis. We found that PRG-1 expression is under the control of a TATA-less promoter with multiple transcription start sites. We demonstrated also that 200-kb genomic environment of the PRG-1 gene is sufficient to mediate cell type-specific expression in a reporter mouse model. Characterization of the PRG-1 promoter resulted in the identification of a 450-bp sequence, mediating ≈40-fold enhancement of transcription in cultured primary neurons compared to controls, and which induced reporter expression in slice cultures in neurons. Recently, the regulation of PRG-1 by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Nex1 (Math2, NeuroD6) was reported. However, our studies in Nex1-null-mice revealed that Nex1-deficiency induces no change in PRG-1 expression and localization. We detected an additional Nex1-independent regulation mechanism that increases PRG-1 expression and mediates neuron-specific expression in an organotypic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Geist
- Institute for Microanatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brita Vorwerk
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierluca Coiro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microanatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Ni H, Jiang YW, Xiao ZJ, Tao LY, Jin MF, Wu XR. Dynamic pattern of gene expression of ZnT-1, ZnT-3 and PRG-1 in rat brain following flurothyl-induced recurrent neonatal seizures. Toxicol Lett 2010; 194:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA; 1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate) is a phospholipid that is involved in numerous normal physiological and pathological processes such as brain development, blood vessel formation, embryo implantation, hair growth, neuropathic pain, lung fibrosis and colon cancer. Most of these functions are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) specific to LPA. So far, six GPCRs for LPA have been identified: LPA(1)/Edg2, LPA(2)/Edg4, LPA(3)/Edg7, LPA(4)/GPR23/P2Y9, LPA(5)/GPR92 and LPA(6)/P2Y5. An intracellular target of LPA has also been proposed. Among the LPA receptors, LPA(3) is unique in that it is activated significantly by a specific form of LPA (2-acyl LPA with unsaturated fatty acids) and is expressed in a limited number of tissues such as the reproductive organs. Recent studies have shown that LPA(3)-mediated LPA signaling is essential for proper embryo implantation and have revealed an unexpected genetic linkage between LPA and prostaglandin signaling. Here we review recent advances in the study of LPA(3), especially studies using LPA(3)-deficient mice. In addition, we focus on the agonists and antagonists that are specific to each LPA receptor as important tools for the functional study of LPA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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13
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Miriyala S, Subramanian T, Panchatcharam M, Ren H, McDermott MI, Sunkara M, Drennan T, Smyth SS, Spielmann HP, Morris AJ. Functional characterization of the atypical integral membrane lipid phosphatase PDP1/PPAPDC2 identifies a pathway for interconversion of isoprenols and isoprenoid phosphates in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13918-29. [PMID: 20110354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyisoprenoid diphosphates farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) are intermediates in the synthesis of cholesterol and related sterols by the mevalonate pathway and precursors for the addition of isoprenyl anchors to many membrane proteins. We developed tandem mass spectrometry assays to evaluate polyisoprenoid diphosphate phosphatase activity of an unusual integral membrane lipid enzyme: type 1 polyisoprenoid diphosphate phosphatase encoded by the PPAPDC2 gene (PDP1/PPAPDC2). In vitro, recombinant PDP1/PPAPDC2 preferentially hydrolyzed polyisoprenoid diphosphates, including FPP and GGPP over a variety of glycerol- and sphingo-phospholipid substrates. Overexpression of mammalian PDP1/PPAPDC2 in budding yeast depletes cellular pools of FPP leading to growth defects and sterol auxotrophy. In mammalian cells, PDP1/PPAPDC2 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope and, unlike the structurally related lipid phosphate phosphatases, is predicted to be oriented with key residues of its catalytic domain facing the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Studies using synthetic isoprenols with chemical properties that facilitate detection by mass spectrometry identify a pathway for interconversion of isoprenols and isoprenoid diphosphates in intact mammalian cells and demonstrate a role for PDP1/PPAPDC2 in this process. Overexpression of PDP1/PPAPDC2 in mammalian cells substantially decreases protein isoprenylation and results in defects in cell growth and cytoskeletal organization that are associated with dysregulation of Rho family GTPases. Taken together, these results focus attention on integral membrane lipid phosphatases as regulators of isoprenoid phosphate metabolism and suggest that PDP1/PPAPDC2 is a functional isoprenoid diphosphate phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Miriyala
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200, USA
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14
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Trimbuch T, Beed P, Vogt J, Schuchmann S, Maier N, Kintscher M, Breustedt J, Schuelke M, Streu N, Kieselmann O, Brunk I, Laube G, Strauss U, Battefeld A, Wende H, Birchmeier C, Wiese S, Sendtner M, Kawabe H, Kishimoto-Suga M, Brose N, Baumgart J, Geist B, Aoki J, Savaskan NE, Bräuer AU, Chun J, Ninnemann O, Schmitz D, Nitsch R. Synaptic PRG-1 modulates excitatory transmission via lipid phosphate-mediated signaling. Cell 2009; 138:1222-35. [PMID: 19766573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity related gene-1 (PRG-1) is a brain-specific membrane protein related to lipid phosphate phosphatases, which acts in the hippocampus specifically at the excitatory synapse terminating on glutamatergic neurons. Deletion of prg-1 in mice leads to epileptic seizures and augmentation of EPSCs, but not IPSCs. In utero electroporation of PRG-1 into deficient animals revealed that PRG-1 modulates excitation at the synaptic junction. Mutation of the extracellular domain of PRG-1 crucial for its interaction with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) abolished the ability to prevent hyperexcitability. As LPA application in vitro induced hyperexcitability in wild-type but not in LPA(2) receptor-deficient animals, and uptake of phospholipids is reduced in PRG-1-deficient neurons, we assessed PRG-1/LPA(2) receptor-deficient animals, and found that the pathophysiology observed in the PRG-1-deficient mice was fully reverted. Thus, we propose PRG-1 as an important player in the modulatory control of hippocampal excitability dependent on presynaptic LPA(2) receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology and NeuroCure, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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McDermott MI, Sigal YJ, Crump JS, Morris AJ. Enzymatic analysis of lipid phosphate phosphatases. Methods 2006; 39:169-79. [PMID: 16815033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid phosphate monoesters including phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate are intermediates in phosho- and sphingo-lipid biosynthesis and also play important roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. Dephosphorylation of these lipids terminates their signaling actions and, in some cases, generates products with additional biological activities or metabolic fates. The key enzymes responsible for dephosphorylation of these lipid phosphate substrates are collectively termed lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). They are integral membrane enzymes with a core domain of six transmembrane spanning alpha-helices linked by extramembrane loops. LPPs are oriented in the membrane with their N- and C-termini facing the cytoplasm. LPPs exhibit isoform and cell specific localization patterns being variably distributed between endomembrane compartments (primarily the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus) and the plasma membrane. The active site of these enzymes is formed from residues within two of the extramembrane loops and faces the lumen of endomembrane compartments or, when localized to the plasma membrane, towards, the extracellular space. Biochemical, pharmacological, cell biological and genetic studies identify roles for LPPs in both intracellular lipid metabolism and the regulation of both intra- and extra-cellular signaling pathways that control cell growth, survival and migration. This article describes procedures for the expression of LPPs in insect and mammalian cells and their analysis by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The most straightforward way to determine LPP activity is to measure release of the substrate phosphate group. We described methods for the synthesis and purification of [(32)P]-labeled LPP substrates. We describe the use of both radiolabeled and fluorescent lipid substrates for the detection, quantitation and analysis of the enzymatic activities of the LPPs measured using intact or broken cell preparations as the source of enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I McDermott
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Gill Heart Institute, 900 South Limestone Street 326 Charles T. Wethington Building, Lexington KY 40536, USA
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are potent biologically active lipid mediators that exert a wide range of cellular effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors. To date, four LPA receptors and five S1P receptors have been identified. These receptors are expressed in a large number of tissues and cell types, allowing for a wide variety of cellular responses to lysophospholipid signaling, including cell adhesion, cell motility, cytoskeletal changes, proliferation, angiogenesis, process retraction, and cell survival. In addition, recent studies in mice show that specific lysophospholipid receptors are required for proper cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, and reproductive system development and function. Lysophospholipid receptors may also have specific roles in cancer and other diseases. This review will cover identification and expression of the lysophospholipid receptors, as well as receptor signaling properties and function. Additionally, phenotypes of mice deficient for specific lysophospholipid receptors will be discussed to demonstrate how these animals have furthered our understanding of the role lysophospholipids play in normal biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rivera
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, ICND-118, CA 92037, USA
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17
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Taylor MM, Macdonald K, Morris AJ, McMaster CR. Enhanced apoptosis through farnesol inhibition of phospholipase D signal transduction. FEBS J 2005; 272:5056-63. [PMID: 16176276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol is a catabolite of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that preferentially causes apoptosis in tumorigenic cells. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidic acid (PA), and diacylglycerol (DAG) were able to prevent induction of apoptosis by farnesol. Primary alcohol inhibition of PC catabolism by phospholipase D augmented farnesol-induced apoptosis. Exogenous PC was unable to prevent the increase in farnesol-induced apoptosis by primary alcohols, whereas DAG was protective. Farnesol-mediated apoptosis was prevented by transformation with a plasmid coding for the PA phosphatase LPP3, but not by an inactive LPP3 point mutant. Farnesol did not directly inhibit LPP3 PA phosphatase enzyme activity in an in vitro mixed micelle assay. We propose that farnesol inhibits the action of a DAG pool generated by phospholipase D signal transduction that normally activates an antiapoptotic/pro-proliferative target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M Taylor
- Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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18
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Sigal Y, McDERMOTT M, Morris A. Integral membrane lipid phosphatases/phosphotransferases: common structure and diverse functions. Biochem J 2005; 387:281-93. [PMID: 15801912 PMCID: PMC1134956 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids and sphingolipids play critical roles in signal transduction, intracellular membrane trafficking, and control of cell growth and survival. We discuss recent progress in the identification and characterization of a family of integral membrane proteins with central roles in bioactive lipid metabolism and signalling. These five groups of homologous proteins, which we collectively term LPTs (lipid phosphatases/phosphotransferases), are characterized by a core domain containing six transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices connected by extramembrane loops, two of which interact to form the catalytic site. LPT family members are localized to all major membrane compartments of the cell. The transmembrane topology of these proteins places their active site facing the lumen of endomembrane compartments or the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. Sequence conservation between the active site of the LPPs (lipid phosphate phosphatases), SPPs (sphingosine phosphate phosphatases) and the recently identified SMSs (sphingomyelin synthases) with vanadium-dependent fungal oxidases provides a framework for understanding their common catalytic mechanism. LPPs hydrolyse LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) and structurally-related substrates. Although LPPs can dephosphorylate intracellularly generated substrates to control intracellular lipid metabolism and signalling, their best understood function is to regulate cell surface receptor-mediated signalling by LPA and S1P by inactivating these lipids at the plasma membrane or in the extracellular space. SPPs are intracellularly localized S1P-selective phosphatases, with key roles in the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism linked to control of cell growth and survival. The SMS enzymes catalyse the interconversion of phosphatidylcholine and ceramide with sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol, suggesting a pivotal role in both housekeeping lipid synthesis and regulation of bioactive lipid mediators. The remaining members of the LPT family, the LPR/PRGs (lipid phosphatase-related proteins/plasticity-related genes) and CSS2s (type 2 candidate sphingomyelin synthases), are presently much less well studied. These two groups include proteins that lack critical amino acids within the catalytic site, and could therefore not use the conserved LPT reaction mechanism to catalyse lipid phosphatase or phosphotransferase reactions. In this review, we discuss recent ideas about their possible biological activities and functions, which appear to involve regulation of cellular morphology and, possibly, lipid metabolism and signalling in the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury J. Sigal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, U.S.A
| | - Mark I. McDERMOTT
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, U.S.A
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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