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Maya-Aguirre CA, Torres A, Gutiérrez-Castañeda LD, Salazar LM, Abreu-Villaça Y, Manhães AC, Arenas NE. Changes in the proteome of Apis mellifera acutely exposed to sublethal dosage of glyphosate and imidacloprid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45954-45969. [PMID: 38980489 PMCID: PMC11269427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled use of pesticides has caused a dramatic reduction in the number of pollinators, including bees. Studies on the effects of pesticides on bees have reported effects on both metabolic and neurological levels under chronic exposure. In this study, variations in the differential expression of head and thorax-abdomen proteins in Africanized A. mellifera bees treated acutely with sublethal doses of glyphosate and imidacloprid were studied using a proteomic approach. A total of 92 proteins were detected, 49 of which were differentially expressed compared to those in the control group (47 downregulated and 2 upregulated). Protein interaction networks with differential protein expression ratios suggested that acute exposure of A. mellifera to sublethal doses of glyphosate could cause head damage, which is mainly associated with behavior and metabolism. Simultaneously, imidacloprid can cause damage associated with metabolism as well as, neuronal damage, cellular stress, and impairment of the detoxification system. Regarding the thorax-abdomen fractions, glyphosate could lead to cytoskeleton reorganization and a reduction in defense mechanisms, whereas imidacloprid could affect the coordination and impairment of the oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Maya-Aguirre
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Bogota, D.C, Colombia
- Grupo Ciencias Básicas en Salud-CBS-FUCS, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital Infanti L Universitario de San José, Carrera 54 No.67A-80, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Angela Torres
- Departmento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Luz Dary Gutiérrez-Castañeda
- Grupo Ciencias Básicas en Salud-CBS-FUCS, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de La Salud, Hospital Infanti L Universitario de San José, Carrera 54 No.67A-80, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Luz Mary Salazar
- Departmento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Bogota, D.C., Colombia
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex Christian Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Nelson Enrique Arenas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Campus Zaragocilla, Barrio Zaragocilla, Carrera 50a #24-63, Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia.
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Takasaki T, Bamba A, Kukita Y, Nishida A, Kanbayashi D, Hagihara K, Satoh R, Ishihara K, Sugiura R. Rcn1, the fission yeast homolog of human DSCR1, regulates arsenite tolerance independently from calcineurin. Genes Cells 2024; 29:589-598. [PMID: 38715219 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a conserved Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphoprotein phosphatase that plays a key role in Ca2+ signaling. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), also known as Down syndrome critical region gene 1 (DSCR1), interacts with calcineurin and inhibits calcineurin-dependent signaling in various organisms. Ppb1, the fission yeast calcineurin regulates Cl--homeostasis, and Ppb1 deletion induces MgCl2 hypersensitivity. Here, we characterize the conserved and novel roles of the fission yeast RCAN1 homolog rcn1+. Consistent with its role as an endogenous calcineurin inhibitor, Rcn1 overproduction reproduced the calcineurin-null phenotypes, including MgCl2 hypersensitivity and inhibition of calcineurin signaling upon extracellular Ca2+ stimuli as evaluated by the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the calcineurin substrate Prz1. Notably, overexpression of rcn1+ causes hypersensitivity to arsenite, whereas calcineurin deletion induces arsenite tolerance, showing a phenotypic discrepancy between Rcn1 overexpression and calcineurin deletion. Importantly, although Rcn1 deletion induces modest sensitivities to arsenite and MgCl2 in wild-type cells, the arsenite tolerance, but not MgCl2 sensitivity, associated with Ppb1 deletion was markedly suppressed by Rcn1 deletion. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized functional collaboration between Rcn1 and calcineurin, wherein Rcn1 not only negatively regulates calcineurin in the Cl- homeostasis, but also Rcn1 mediates calcineurin signaling to modulate arsenite cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Takasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Bamba
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Kukita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Nishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanbayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Hagihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Hygienic Science, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ishihara
- Laboratory of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Elangovan A, Babu HWS, Iyer M, Gopalakrishnan AV, Vellingiri B. Untangle the mystery behind DS-associated AD - Is APP the main protagonist? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101930. [PMID: 37031726 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein profusion in Trisomy 21, also called Down Syndrome (DS), is rooted in the genetic determination of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the recent development in patient care, the life expectancy of DS patients has gradually increased, leading to the high prospect of AD development, consequently leading to the development of plaques of amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles made of tau by the fourth decade of the patient leading to dementia. The altered gene expression resulted in cellular dysfunction due to impairment of autophagy, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, and copy number variation controlled by the additional genes in Trisomy 21. The cognitive impairment and mechanistic insights underlying DS-AD conditions have been reviewed in this article. Some recent findings regarding biomarkers and therapeutics of DS-AD conditions were highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore-641021, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/ Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India; Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bai XL, Luo YJ, Fan WQ, Zhang YM, Liao X. Neuroprotective Effects of Lycium Barbarum Fruit Extract on Pink1 B9Drosophila Melanogaster Genetic Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:68-75. [PMID: 36322321 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (LB) is a famous traditional Chinese medicinal plant as well as food supplement possessing various pharmacological functions such as anti-aging and antioxidant effects. The Parkinson's disease (PD)-related kinase Pink1 plays vital role in maintaining the neuron cell homeostasis, having been recognized as a potential target for the development of anti-PD drugs. In this work, the neuroprotective effects of methanol extract of LB fruit (LBFE) were investigated using a Drosophila PD model (PINK1B9) and a human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We found that when LBFE was supplied to the PINK1B9 flies at 6, 12, and 18 days of age, it raised the ATP and dopamine levels at all ages, extended life span, improved motor behavior, and rescued olfactory deficits of the PINK1B9 flies. In addition, histopathological examinations indicated that muscle atrophy in thoraces of the mutant flies was significantly repaired. Finally, LBFE was able to rescue the SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. This work reports for the first time the anti-PD potential of L. barbarum fruit extract in PINK1 mutant fruit flies, presenting a new viewpoint for studing the mechanism of action of LBFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jie Luo
- University of Western Australia, 6000, Perth, Australia
| | - Wen-Qin Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Armstrong NS, Frank CA. The calcineurin regulator Sarah enables distinct forms of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 14:1033743. [PMID: 36685082 PMCID: PMC9846150 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1033743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The ability of synapses to maintain physiological levels of evoked neurotransmission is essential for neuronal stability. A variety of perturbations can disrupt neurotransmission, but synapses often compensate for disruptions and work to stabilize activity levels, using forms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) is one such mechanism. PHP is expressed at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse, as well as other NMJs. In PHP, presynaptic neurotransmitter release increases to offset the effects of impairing muscle transmitter receptors. Prior Drosophila work has studied PHP using different ways to perturb muscle receptor function-either acutely (using pharmacology) or chronically (using genetics). Some of our prior data suggested that cytoplasmic calcium signaling was important for expression of PHP after genetic impairment of glutamate receptors. Here we followed up on that observation. Methods: We used a combination of transgenic Drosophila RNA interference and overexpression lines, along with NMJ electrophysiology, synapse imaging, and pharmacology to test if regulators of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin are necessary for the normal expression of PHP. Results: We found that either pre- or postsynaptic dysregulation of a Drosophila gene regulating calcineurin, sarah (sra), blocks PHP. Tissue-specific manipulations showed that either increases or decreases in sra expression are detrimental to PHP. Additionally, pharmacologically and genetically induced forms of expression of PHP are functionally separable depending entirely upon which sra genetic manipulation is used. Surprisingly, dual-tissue pre- and postsynaptic sra knockdown or overexpression can ameliorate PHP blocks revealed in single-tissue experiments. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of calcineurin corroborated this latter finding. Discussion: Our results suggest tight calcineurin regulation is needed across multiple tissue types to stabilize peripheral synaptic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S. Armstrong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - C. Andrew Frank
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: C. Andrew Frank
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Suh GSB, Yu K, Kim YJ, Oh Y, Park JJ. History of Drosophila neurogenetic research in South Korea. J Neurogenet 2022:1-7. [PMID: 36165786 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenetic research using the Drosophila model has immensely expanded around the world. Likewise, scientists in South Korea have leveraged the advantages of Drosophila genetic tools to understand various neurobiological processes. In this special issue, we will overview the history of Drosophila neurogenetic research in South Korea that led to significant discoveries and notably implications. We will describe how Drosophila system was first introduced to elevate neural developmental studies in 1990s. Establishing Drosophila-related resources has been a key venture, which led to the generation of over 100,000 mutant lines and the launch of the K-Gut initiative with Korea Drosophila Research Center (KDRC). These resources have supported the pioneer studies in modeling human disease and understanding genes and neural circuits that regulate animal behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kweon Yu
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Metabolism and Neurophysiology Research Group, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangkyun Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Jean Park
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Wang J, Chen Z, He F, Lee T, Cai W, Chen W, Miao N, Zeng Z, Hussain G, Yang Q, Guo Q, Sun T. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Cultured Amniotic Fluid Cells Reveals Complex Gene Expression Alterations in Human Fetuses With Trisomy 18. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825345. [PMID: 35392164 PMCID: PMC8980718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 18, commonly known as Edwards syndrome, is the second most common autosomal trisomy among live born neonates. Multiple tissues including cardiac, abdominal, and nervous systems are affected by an extra chromosome 18. To delineate the complexity of anomalies of trisomy 18, we analyzed cultured amniotic fluid cells from two euploid and three trisomy 18 samples using single-cell transcriptomics. We identified 6 cell groups, which function in development of major tissues such as kidney, vasculature and smooth muscle, and display significant alterations in gene expression as detected by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Moreover, we demonstrated significant gene expression changes in previously proposed trisomy 18 critical regions, and identified three new regions such as 18p11.32, 18q11 and 18q21.32, which are likely associated with trisomy 18 phenotypes. Our results indicate complexity of trisomy 18 at the gene expression level and reveal genetic reasoning of diverse phenotypes in trisomy 18 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco- Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei He
- Genergy Bio-Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemical Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qingwei Yang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiwei Guo
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Women and Children’s Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Qiwei Guo, ; Tao Sun,
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Qiwei Guo, ; Tao Sun,
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Choi C, Park J, Kim H, Chang KT, Park J, Min KT. DSCR1 upregulation enhances dural meningeal lymphatic drainage to attenuate amyloid pathology of Alzheimer's disease. J Pathol 2021; 255:296-310. [PMID: 34312845 DOI: 10.1002/path.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly developed meningeal lymphatics remove waste products from the brain. Disruption of meningeal lymphatic vessels in a mouse model of amyloid pathology (5XFAD) accelerates the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the meninges and brain, and causes learning and memory deficits, suggesting that clearance of toxic wastes by lymphatic vessels plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we discovered that DSCR1 (Down syndrome critical region 1, known also as RCAN1, regulator of calcineurin 1) facilitates the drainage of waste products by increasing the coverage of dorsal meningeal lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, upregulation of DSCR1 in 5XFAD mice diminishes Aβ pathology in the brain and improves memory defects. Surgical ligation of cervical lymphatic vessels afferent to dcLN blocks the beneficial effects of DSCR1 on Aβ accumulation and cognitive function. Interestingly, intracerebroventricular delivery of AAV1-DSCR1 to 5XFAD mice is sufficient to rebuild the meningeal lymphatic system and re-establish cognitive performance. Collectively, our data indicate that DSCR1 facilitates the growth of dorsal meningeal lymphatics to improve drainage efficiency and protect against Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies, further highlighting that improving meningeal lymphatic function is a feasible treatment strategy for AD. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyeol Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen T Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tai Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Garrido-Pérez N, Meade P, Iglesias E, Jiménez-Salvador I, Montoya J, Martínez-Cué C, Ruiz-Pesini E. Down syndrome is an oxidative phosphorylation disorder. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101871. [PMID: 33540295 PMCID: PMC7859316 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common genomic disorder of intellectual disability and is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Several genes in this chromosome repress mitochondrial biogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether early overexpression of these genes may cause a prenatal impairment of oxidative phosphorylation negatively affecting neurogenesis. Reduction in the mitochondrial energy production and a lower mitochondrial function have been reported in diverse tissues or cell types, and also at any age, including early fetuses, suggesting that a defect in oxidative phosphorylation is an early and general event in Down syndrome individuals. Moreover, many of the medical conditions associated with Down syndrome are also frequently found in patients with oxidative phosphorylation disease. Several drugs that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis are nowadays available and some of them have been already tested in mouse models of Down syndrome restoring neurogenesis and cognitive defects. Because neurogenesis relies on a correct mitochondrial function and critical periods of brain development occur mainly in the prenatal and early neonatal stages, therapeutic approaches intended to improve oxidative phosphorylation should be provided in these periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Nuria Garrido-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria. Av. Herrera Oría, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Signalling Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration in Individuals with and without Down Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6906. [PMID: 32962300 PMCID: PMC7555886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of intellectual disability of genetic origin, is characterized by alterations in central nervous system morphology and function that appear from early prenatal stages. However, by the fourth decade of life, all individuals with DS develop neuropathology identical to that found in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, loss of neurons and synapses, reduced neurogenesis, enhanced oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It has been proposed that DS could be a useful model for studying the etiopathology of AD and to search for therapeutic targets. There is increasing evidence that the neuropathological events associated with AD are interrelated and that many of them not only are implicated in the onset of this pathology but are also a consequence of other alterations. Thus, a feedback mechanism exists between them. In this review, we summarize the signalling pathways implicated in each of the main neuropathological aspects of AD in individuals with and without DS as well as the interrelation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain;
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11
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Lee SK, Ahnn J. Regulator of Calcineurin (RCAN): Beyond Down Syndrome Critical Region. Mol Cells 2020; 43:671-685. [PMID: 32576715 PMCID: PMC7468584 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulator of calcineurin (RCAN) was first reported as a novel gene called DSCR1, encoded in a region termed the Down syndrome critical region (DSCR) of human chromosome 21. Genome sequence comparisons across species using bioinformatics revealed three members of the RCAN gene family, RCAN1, RCAN2, and RCAN3, present in most jawed vertebrates, with one member observed in most invertebrates and fungi. RCAN is most highly expressed in brain and striated muscles, but expression has been reported in many other tissues, as well, including the heart and kidneys. Expression levels of RCAN homologs are responsive to external stressors such as reactive oxygen species, Ca2+, amyloid β, and hormonal changes and upregulated in pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, and degenerative neuropathy. RCAN binding to calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, inhibits calcineurin activity, thereby regulating different physiological events via dephosphorylation of important substrates. Novel functions of RCANs have recently emerged, indicating involvement in mitochondria homeostasis, RNA binding, circadian rhythms, obesity, and thermogenesis, some of which are calcineurin-independent. These developments suggest that besides significant contributions to DS pathologies and calcineurin regulation, RCAN is an important participant across physiological systems, suggesting it as a favorable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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12
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Drosophila melanogaster Mitochondrial Carriers: Similarities and Differences with the Human Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176052. [PMID: 32842667 PMCID: PMC7504413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers are a family of structurally related proteins responsible for the exchange of metabolites, cofactors and nucleotides between the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. The in silico analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has highlighted the presence of 48 genes encoding putative mitochondrial carriers, but only 20 have been functionally characterized. Despite most Drosophila mitochondrial carrier genes having human homologs and sharing with them 50% or higher sequence identity, D. melanogaster genes display peculiar differences from their human counterparts: (1) in the fruit fly, many genes encode more transcript isoforms or are duplicated, resulting in the presence of numerous subfamilies in the genome; (2) the expression of the energy-producing genes in D. melanogaster is coordinated from a motif known as Nuclear Respiratory Gene (NRG), a palindromic 8-bp sequence; (3) fruit-fly duplicated genes encoding mitochondrial carriers show a testis-biased expression pattern, probably in order to keep a duplicate copy in the genome. Here, we review the main features, biological activities and role in the metabolism of the D. melanogaster mitochondrial carriers characterized to date, highlighting similarities and differences with their human counterparts. Such knowledge is very important for obtaining an integrated view of mitochondrial function in D. melanogaster metabolism.
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13
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Hose J, Escalante LE, Clowers KJ, Dutcher HA, Robinson D, Bouriakov V, Coon JJ, Shishkova E, Gasch AP. The genetic basis of aneuploidy tolerance in wild yeast. eLife 2020; 9:52063. [PMID: 31909711 PMCID: PMC6970514 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is highly detrimental during development yet common in cancers and pathogenic fungi – what gives rise to differences in aneuploidy tolerance remains unclear. We previously showed that wild isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tolerate chromosome amplification while laboratory strains used as a model for aneuploid syndromes do not. Here, we mapped the genetic basis to Ssd1, an RNA-binding translational regulator that is functional in wild aneuploids but defective in laboratory strain W303. Loss of SSD1 recapitulates myriad aneuploidy signatures previously taken as eukaryotic responses. We show that aneuploidy tolerance is enabled via a role for Ssd1 in mitochondrial physiology, including binding and regulating nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs, coupled with a role in mitigating proteostasis stress. Recapitulating ssd1Δ defects with combinatorial drug treatment selectively blocked proliferation of wild-type aneuploids compared to euploids. Our work adds to elegant studies in the sensitized laboratory strain to present a mechanistic understanding of eukaryotic aneuploidy tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hose
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Leah E Escalante
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Katie J Clowers
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - H Auguste Dutcher
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - DeElegant Robinson
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Venera Bouriakov
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, United States
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, United States.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, United States
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, United States
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, United States
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14
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Wei J, Li L, Yao S, Yang S, Zhou S, Liu X, Du M, An S. Calcineurin-Modulated Antimicrobial Peptide Expression Is Required for the Development of Helicoverpa armigera. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31681018 PMCID: PMC6812685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is a universal pest around the world that has been extensively used as a model organism for agricultural pests. Calcineurin (CAN) is an important Ca2+-dependent phosphatase that is participated in various biological pathways. Here, we revealed that CAN inhibition significantly arrested H. armigera larval development by reducing larvae weight, prolonging development time and reducing pupate rates. Furthermore, CAN serves as an immune activator and regulates antimicrobial peptide (AMP; cecropin D, attacin, and gloverin) expression by binding with relish transcript factor in H. armigera. This study provides a potential target to control H. armigera by using synergistic agents for pesticides or plant-mediated RNA interference technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Choi C, Kim T, Chang KT, Min K. DSCR1-mediated TET1 splicing regulates miR-124 expression to control adult hippocampal neurogenesis. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101293. [PMID: 31304631 PMCID: PMC6627232 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation and microRNAs interact to control adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we show that Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) protein plays a key role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating two epigenetic factors: TET1 and miR-124. We find that DSCR1 mutant mice have impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis. DSCR1 binds to TET1 introns to regulate splicing of TET1, thereby modulating TET1 level. Furthermore, TET1 controls the demethylation of the miRNA-124 promoter to modulate miR-124 expression. Correcting the level of TET1 in DSCR1 knockout mice is sufficient to prevent defective adult neurogenesis. Importantly, restoring DSCR1 level in a Down syndrome mouse model effectively rescued adult neurogenesis and learning and memory deficits. Our study reveals that DSCR1 plays a critical upstream role in epigenetic regulation of adult neurogenesis and provides insights into potential therapeutic strategy for treating cognitive defects in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyeol Choi
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for ProteostasisUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for ProteostasisUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
| | - Karen T Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kyung‐Tai Min
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for ProteostasisUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanKorea
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16
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Tian Y, Wang S, Jiao F, Kong Q, Liu C, Wu Y. Telomere Length: A Potential Biomarker for the Risk and Prognosis of Stroke. Front Neurol 2019; 10:624. [PMID: 31263449 PMCID: PMC6585102 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Age is associated with increased risk of stroke, while telomere length shortening plays a pivotal role in the process of aging. Moreover, telomere length shortening is associated with many risk factors of stroke in addition to age. Accumulated evidence shows that short leukocyte telomere length is not only associated with stroke occurrence but also associated with post-stroke recovery in the elderly population. In this review, we aimed to summarize the association between leukocyte telomere length and stroke, and discuss that telomere length might serve as a potential biomarker to predict the risk and prognosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fengjuan Jiao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingsheng Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Calcineurin Silencing in Dictyostelium discoideum Leads to Cellular Alterations Affecting Mitochondria, Gene Expression, and Oxidative Stress Response. Protist 2018; 169:584-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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High-Amplitude Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila Driven by Calcineurin-Mediated Post-translational Control of sarah. Genetics 2018; 209:815-828. [PMID: 29724861 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational control is a crucial mechanism for circadian timekeeping. Evolutionarily conserved kinases and phosphatases have been implicated in circadian phosphorylation and the degradation of clock-relevant proteins, which sustain high-amplitude rhythms with 24-hr periodicity in animal behaviors and physiology. Here, we report a novel clock function of the heterodimeric Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and its regulator sarah (sra) in Drosophila Genomic deletion of the sra locus dampened circadian locomotor activity rhythms in free-running constant dark after entrainment in light-dark cycles. Poor rhythms in sra mutant behaviors were accompanied by lower expression of two oscillating clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM), at the post-transcriptional level. RNA interference-mediated sra depletion in circadian pacemaker neurons was sufficient to phenocopy loss-of-function mutation in sra On the other hand, a constitutively active form of the catalytic calcineurin subunit, Pp2B-14DACT, shortened circadian periodicity in locomotor behaviors and phase-advanced PER and TIM rhythms when overexpressed in clock neurons. Heterozygous sra deletion induced behavioral arrhythmicity in Pp2B-14DACT flies, whereas sra overexpression rescued short periods in these animals. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin in either wild-type flies or clock-less S2 cells decreased the levels of PER and TIM, likely by facilitating their proteasomal degradation. Taken together, these data suggest that sra negatively regulates calcineurin by cell-autonomously titrating calcineurin-dependent stabilization of PER and TIM proteins, thereby sustaining high-amplitude behavioral rhythms in Drosophila.
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Izzo A, Mollo N, Nitti M, Paladino S, Calì G, Genesio R, Bonfiglio F, Cicatiello R, Barbato M, Sarnataro V, Conti A, Nitsch L. Mitochondrial dysfunction in down syndrome: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Mol Med 2018; 24:2. [PMID: 30134785 PMCID: PMC6016872 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy of chromosome 21 (TS21) is the most common autosomal aneuploidy compatible with postnatal survival with a prevalence of 1 in 700 newborns. Its phenotype is highly complex with constant features, such as mental retardation, dysmorphic traits and hypotonia, and variable features including heart defects, susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), type 2 diabetes, obesity and immune disorders. Overexpression of genes on chromosome-21 (Hsa21) is responsible for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) phenotypic features either in a direct or in an indirect manner since many Hsa21 genes can affect the expression of other genes mapping to different chromosomes. Many of these genes are involved in mitochondrial function and energy conversion, and play a central role in the mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic oxidative stress, consistently observed in DS subjects. Recent studies highlight the deep interconnections between mitochondrial dysfunction and DS phenotype. In this short review we first provide a basic overview of mitochondrial phenotype in DS cells and tissues. We then discuss how specific Hsa21 genes may be involved in determining the disruption of mitochondrial DS phenotype and biogenesis. Finally we briefly focus on drugs that affect mitochondrial function and mitochondrial network suggesting possible therapeutic approaches to improve and/or prevent some aspects of the DS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Cicatiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Barbato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Parra V, Altamirano F, Hernández-Fuentes CP, Tong D, Kyrychenko V, Rotter D, Pedrozo Z, Hill JA, Eisner V, Lavandero S, Schneider JW, Rothermel BA. Down Syndrome Critical Region 1 Gene, Rcan1, Helps Maintain a More Fused Mitochondrial Network. Circ Res 2018; 122:e20-e33. [PMID: 29362227 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) inhibits CN (calcineurin), a Ca2+-activated protein phosphatase important in cardiac remodeling. In humans, RCAN1 is located on chromosome 21 in proximity to the Down syndrome critical region. The hearts and brains of Rcan1 KO mice are more susceptible to damage from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R); however, the underlying cause is not known. OBJECTIVE Mitochondria are key mediators of I/R damage. The goal of these studies was to determine the impact of RCAN1 on mitochondrial dynamics and function. METHODS AND RESULTS Using both neonatal and isolated adult cardiomyocytes, we show that, when RCAN1 is depleted, the mitochondrial network is more fragmented because of increased CN-dependent activation of the fission protein, DRP1 (dynamin-1-like). Mitochondria in RCAN1-depleted cardiomyocytes have reduced membrane potential, O2 consumption, and generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as a reduced capacity for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. RCAN1-depleted cardiomyocytes were more sensitive to I/R; however, pharmacological inhibition of CN, DRP1, or CAPN (calpains; Ca2+-activated proteases) restored protection, suggesting that in the absence of RCAN1, CAPN-mediated damage after I/R is greater because of a decrease in the capacity of mitochondria to buffer cytoplasmic Ca2+. Increasing RCAN1 levels by adenoviral infection was sufficient to enhance fusion and confer protection from I/R. To examine the impact of more modest, and biologically relevant, increases in RCAN1, we compared the mitochondrial network in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from individuals with Down syndrome to that of isogenic, disomic controls. Mitochondria were more fused, and O2 consumption was greater in the trisomic induced pluripotent stem cells; however, coupling efficiency and metabolic flexibility were compromised compared with disomic induced pluripotent stem cells. Depletion of RCAN1 from trisomic induced pluripotent stem cells was sufficient to normalize mitochondrial dynamics and function. CONCLUSIONS RCAN1 helps maintain a more interconnected mitochondrial network, and maintaining appropriate RCAN1 levels is important to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parra
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.).
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Carolina P Hernández-Fuentes
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Dan Tong
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Victoriia Kyrychenko
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - David Rotter
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Joseph A Hill
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Verónica Eisner
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Jay W Schneider
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.)
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- From the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine (V.P., C.P.H.-F., Z.P., S.L.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (Z.P.), University of Chile, Santiago; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology (V.P., F.A., D.T., V.K., D.R., Z.P., J.A.H., S.L., J.W.S., B.A.R.) and Department of Molecular Biology (V.K., J.A.H., B.A.R.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago (V.E.).
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21
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Peiris H, Keating DJ. The neuronal and endocrine roles of RCAN1 in health and disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:377-383. [PMID: 29094385 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) was first discovered as a gene located on human chromosome 21, expressed in neurons and overexpressed in the brains of Down syndrome individuals. Increased expression of RCAN1 has been linked with not only Down syndrome-associated pathology but also an associated neurological disorder, Alzheimer's Disease, in which neuronal RCAN1 expression is also increased. RCAN1 has additionally been demonstrated to affect other cell types including endocrine cells, with links to the pathogenesis of β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. The primary functions of RCAN1 relate to the inhibition of the phosphatase calcineurin, and to the regulation of mitochondrial function. Various forms of cellular stress such as reactive oxygen species and hyperglycaemia cause transient increases in RCAN1 expression. The short term (hours to days) induction of RCAN1 expression is generally thought to have a protective effect by regulating the expression of pro-survival genes in multiple cell types, many of which are mediated via the calcineurin/NFAT transcriptional pathway. However, strong evidence also supports the notion that chronic (weeks-years) overexpression of RCAN1 has a detrimental effect on cells and that this may drive pathophysiological changes in neurons and endocrine cells linked to Down syndrome, Alzheimer's Disease and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the evidence related to these roles of RCAN1 in neurons and endocrine cells and their relationship to these human health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Peiris
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Li C, Brazill JM, Liu S, Bello C, Zhu Y, Morimoto M, Cascio L, Pauly R, Diaz-Perez Z, Malicdan MCV, Wang H, Boccuto L, Schwartz CE, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF, Zhai RG. Spermine synthase deficiency causes lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in models of Snyder-Robinson syndrome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1257. [PMID: 29097652 PMCID: PMC5668419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are tightly regulated polycations that are essential for life. Loss-of-function mutations in spermine synthase (SMS), a polyamine biosynthesis enzyme, cause Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS), an X-linked intellectual disability syndrome; however, little is known about the neuropathogenesis of the disease. Here we show that loss of dSms in Drosophila recapitulates the pathological polyamine imbalance of SRS and causes survival defects and synaptic degeneration. SMS deficiency leads to excessive spermidine catabolism, which generates toxic metabolites that cause lysosomal defects and oxidative stress. Consequently, autophagy-lysosome flux and mitochondrial function are compromised in the Drosophila nervous system and SRS patient cells. Importantly, oxidative stress caused by loss of SMS is suppressed by genetically or pharmacologically enhanced antioxidant activity. Our findings uncover some of the mechanisms underlying the pathological consequences of abnormal polyamine metabolism in the nervous system and may provide potential therapeutic targets for treating SRS and other polyamine-associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brazill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Christofer Bello
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marie Morimoto
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lauren Cascio
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Rini Pauly
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Zoraida Diaz-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- JC Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - R Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
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23
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On the Origin of Superoxide Dismutase: An Evolutionary Perspective of Superoxide-Mediated Redox Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040082. [PMID: 29084153 PMCID: PMC5745492 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of free radical biology originated with the discovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in 1969. Over the last 5 decades, a plethora of research has been performed in species ranging from bacteria to mammals that has elucidated the molecular reaction, subcellular location, and specific isoforms of SOD. However, while humans have only begun to study this class of enzymes over the past 50 years, it has been estimated that these enzymes have existed for billions of years, and may be some of the original enzymes found in primitive life. As life evolved over this expanse of time, these enzymes have taken on new and different functional roles potentially in contrast to how they were originally derived. Herein, examination of the evolutionary history of these enzymes provides both an explanation and further inquiries into the modern-day role of SOD in physiology and disease.
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24
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Lim S, Hwang S, Yu JH, Lim JW, Kim H. Lycopene inhibits regulator of calcineurin 1-mediated apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress and down-regulating Nucling in neuronal cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiyoung Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project; College of Human Ecology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sinwoo Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project; College of Human Ecology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Yu
- New Drug Development Center; Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation; Daegu Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project; College of Human Ecology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project; College of Human Ecology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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25
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Jiang H, Zhang C, Tang Y, Zhao J, Wang T, Liu H, Sun X. The regulator of calcineurin 1 increases adenine nucleotide translocator 1 and leads to mitochondrial dysfunctions. J Neurochem 2016; 140:307-319. [PMID: 27861892 PMCID: PMC5248620 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The over‐expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 isoform 1 (RCAN1.1) has been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunctions of Alzheimer's disease; however, the mechanism linking RCAN1.1 over‐expression and the mitochondrial dysfunctions remains unknown. In this study, we use human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells stably expressing RCAN1.1S and rat primary neurons infected with RCAN1.1S expression lentivirus to study the association of RCAN1 with mitochondrial functions. Our study here showed that the over‐expression of RCAN1.1S remarkably up‐regulates the expression of adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) by stabilizing ANT1 mRNA. The increased ANT1 level leads to accelerated ATP–ADP exchange rate, more Ca2+‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, increased cytochrome c release, and eventually cell apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of ANT1 expression brings these mitochondria perturbations caused by RCAN1.1S back to normal. The effect of RCAN1.1S on ANT1 was independent of its inhibition on calcineurin. This study elucidated a novel function of RCAN1 in mitochondria and provides a molecular basis for the RCAN1.1S over‐expression‐induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and neuronal apoptosis. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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26
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Wang W, Rai A, Hur EM, Smilansky Z, Chang KT, Min KT. DSCR1 is required for both axonal growth cone extension and steering. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:451-62. [PMID: 27185837 PMCID: PMC4878092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201510107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. identify that DSCR1, a gene on chromosome 21 that is associated with Down syndrome, controls both the rate and direction of axon growth in response to extrinsic cues by regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and local protein synthesis in the growth cone. Local information processing in the growth cone is essential for correct wiring of the nervous system. As an axon navigates through the developing nervous system, the growth cone responds to extrinsic guidance cues by coordinating axon outgrowth with growth cone steering. It has become increasingly clear that axon extension requires proper actin polymerization dynamics, whereas growth cone steering involves local protein synthesis. However, molecular components integrating these two processes have not been identified. Here, we show that Down syndrome critical region 1 protein (DSCR1) controls axon outgrowth by modulating growth cone actin dynamics through regulation of cofilin activity (phospho/dephospho-cofilin). Additionally, DSCR1 mediates brain-derived neurotrophic factor–induced local protein synthesis and growth cone turning. Our study identifies DSCR1 as a key protein that couples axon growth and pathfinding by dually regulating actin dynamics and local protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Asit Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Brain Science Institute-Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea Department of Neuroscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | | | - Karen T Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kyung-Tai Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
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27
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Peiris H, Duffield MD, Fadista J, Jessup CF, Kashmir V, Genders AJ, McGee SL, Martin AM, Saiedi M, Morton N, Carter R, Cousin MA, Kokotos AC, Oskolkov N, Volkov P, Hough TA, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Busciglio J, Coskun PE, Becker A, Belichenko PV, Mobley WC, Ryan MT, Chan JY, Laybutt DR, Coates PT, Yang S, Ling C, Groop L, Pritchard MA, Keating DJ. A Syntenic Cross Species Aneuploidy Genetic Screen Links RCAN1 Expression to β-Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006033. [PMID: 27195491 PMCID: PMC4873152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease associated with obesity, insulin resistance and hypoinsulinemia due to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Reduced mitochondrial function is thought to be central to β-cell dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion are also observed in β-cells of humans with the most common human genetic disorder, Down syndrome (DS, Trisomy 21). To identify regions of chromosome 21 that may be associated with perturbed glucose homeostasis we profiled the glycaemic status of different DS mouse models. The Ts65Dn and Dp16 DS mouse lines were hyperglycemic, while Tc1 and Ts1Rhr mice were not, providing us with a region of chromosome 21 containing genes that cause hyperglycemia. We then examined whether any of these genes were upregulated in a set of ~5,000 gene expression changes we had identified in a large gene expression analysis of human T2D β-cells. This approach produced a single gene, RCAN1, as a candidate gene linking hyperglycemia and functional changes in T2D β-cells. Further investigations demonstrated that RCAN1 methylation is reduced in human T2D islets at multiple sites, correlating with increased expression. RCAN1 protein expression was also increased in db/db mouse islets and in human and mouse islets exposed to high glucose. Mice overexpressing RCAN1 had reduced in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and their β-cells displayed mitochondrial dysfunction including hyperpolarised membrane potential, reduced oxidative phosphorylation and low ATP production. This lack of β-cell ATP had functional consequences by negatively affecting both glucose-stimulated membrane depolarisation and ATP-dependent insulin granule exocytosis. Thus, from amongst the myriad of gene expression changes occurring in T2D β-cells where we had little knowledge of which changes cause β-cell dysfunction, we applied a trisomy 21 screening approach which linked RCAN1 to β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Peiris
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael D. Duffield
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Claire F. Jessup
- Islet Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vinder Kashmir
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Genders
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- Metabolic Remodelling Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Metabolism and Inflammation Program, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alyce M. Martin
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Madiha Saiedi
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Morton
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick Carter
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Cousin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros C. Kokotos
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petr Volkov
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre Pathology, MRC Harwell, Harwell Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor L. J. Tybulewicz
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Busciglio
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pinar E. Coskun
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pavel V. Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeng Yie Chan
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D. Ross Laybutt
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P. Toby Coates
- Clinical and Experimental Transplantation Group, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sijun Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Melanie A. Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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28
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Effects of sarah/nebula knockdown on Aβ42-induced phenotypes during Drosophila development. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee S, Bang SM, Hong YK, Lee JH, Jeong H, Park SH, Liu QF, Lee IS, Cho KS. The calcineurin inhibitor Sarah (Nebula) exacerbates Aβ42 phenotypes in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:295-306. [PMID: 26659252 PMCID: PMC4826976 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) protein, an inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, is elevated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although increased levels of DSCR1 were often observed to be deleterious to neuronal health, its beneficial effects against AD neuropathology have also been reported, and the roles of DSCR1 on the pathogenesis of AD remain controversial. Here, we investigated the role of sarah (sra; also known as nebula), a Drosophila DSCR1 ortholog, in amyloid-β42 (Aβ42)-induced neurological phenotypes in Drosophila. We detected sra expression in the mushroom bodies of the fly brain, which are a center for learning and memory in flies. Moreover, similar to humans with AD, Aβ42-expressing flies showed increased Sra levels in the brain, demonstrating that the expression pattern of DSCR1 with regard to AD pathogenesis is conserved in Drosophila. Interestingly, overexpression of sra using the UAS-GAL4 system exacerbated the rough-eye phenotype, decreased survival rates and increased neuronal cell death in Aβ42-expressing flies, without modulating Aβ42 expression. Moreover, neuronal overexpression of sra in combination with Aβ42 dramatically reduced both locomotor activity and the adult lifespan of flies, whereas flies with overexpression of sra alone showed normal climbing ability, albeit with a slightly reduced lifespan. Similarly, treatment with chemical inhibitors of calcineurin, such as FK506 and cyclosporin A, or knockdown of calcineurin expression by RNA interference (RNAi), exacerbated the Aβ42-induced rough-eye phenotype. Furthermore, sra-overexpressing flies displayed significantly decreased mitochondrial DNA and ATP levels, as well as increased susceptibility to oxidative stress compared to that of control flies. Taken together, our results demonstrating that sra overexpression augments Aβ42 cytotoxicity in Drosophila suggest that DSCR1 upregulation or calcineurin downregulation in the brain might exacerbate Aβ42-associated neuropathogenesis in AD or DS. Drosophila Collection: Chronically increased levels of Sarah (Nebula), a calcineurin inhibitor, cause mitochondria dysfunction and subsequently increased Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Min Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Haemin Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Quan Feng Liu
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeogju 38066, Republic of Korea Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Wong H, Levenga J, Cain P, Rothermel B, Klann E, Hoeffer C. RCAN1 overexpression promotes age-dependent mitochondrial dysregulation related to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:829-43. [PMID: 26497675 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with Down syndrome (DS) develop symptoms consistent with early-onset AD, suggesting that overexpression of chromosome 21 genes such as Regulator of Calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) plays a role in AD pathogenesis. RCAN1 levels are increased in the brain of DS and AD patients but also in the human brain with normal aging. RCAN1 has been implicated in several neuronal functions, but whether its increased expression is correlative or causal in the aging-related progression of AD remains elusive. We show that brain-specific overexpression of the human RCAN1.1S isoform in mice promotes early age-dependent memory and synaptic plasticity deficits, tau pathology, and dysregulation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) activity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, reproducing key AD features. Based on these findings, we propose that chronic RCAN1 overexpression during aging alters DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and thus acts to promote AD-related progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wong
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josien Levenga
- Department of Integrated of Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Cain
- Department of Integrated of Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Beverly Rothermel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Hoeffer
- Department of Integrated of Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute, Denver, CO, USA.
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Bidirectional Regulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein-Induced Memory Defects by Nebula/DSCR1: A Protein Upregulated in Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11374-83. [PMID: 26269644 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1163-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aging individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired memory. Memory problems in both DS and AD individuals usually develop slowly and progressively get worse with age, but the cause of this age-dependent memory impairment is not well understood. This study examines the functional interactions between Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) and amyloid-precursor protein (APP), proteins upregulated in both DS and AD, in regulating memory. Using Drosophila as a model, we find that overexpression of nebula (fly homolog of DSCR1) initially protects against APP-induced memory defects by correcting calcineurin and cAMP signaling pathways but accelerates the rate of memory loss and exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction in older animals. We report that transient upregulation of Nebula/DSCR1 or acute pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin in aged flies protected against APP-induced memory loss. Our data suggest that calcineurin dyshomeostasis underlies age-dependent memory impairments and further imply that chronic Nebula/DSCR1 upregulation may contribute to age-dependent memory impairments in AD in DS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most Down syndrome (DS) individuals eventually develop Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like dementia, but mechanisms underlying this age-dependent memory impairment remain poorly understood. This study examines Nebula/Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) and amyloid-precursor protein (APP), proteins upregulated in both DS and AD, in regulating memory. We uncover a previously unidentified role for Nebula/DSCR1 in modulating APP-induced memory defects during aging. We show that upregulation of Nebula/DSCR1, an inhibitor of calcineurin, rescues APP-induced memory defects in young flies but enhances memory loss of older flies. Excitingly, transient Nebula/DSCR1 overexpression or calcineurin inhibition in aged flies ameliorates APP-mediated memory problems. These results suggest that chronic Nebula/DSCR1 upregulation may contribute to age-dependent memory loss in DS and AD and points to correcting calcineurin signaling as a means to improve memory during aging.
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Mitochondrial degradation and energy metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2812-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Saenz GJ, Hovanessian R, Gisis AD, Medh RD. Glucocorticoid-mediated co-regulation of RCAN1-1, E4BP4 and BIM in human leukemia cells susceptible to apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1291-6. [PMID: 26102033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to induce apoptosis of leukemia cells via gene regulatory changes affecting key pro-and anti-apoptotic genes. Three genes previously implicated in GC-evoked apoptosis in the CEM human T-cell leukemia model, RCAN1, E4BP4 and BIM, were studied in a panel of human lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cell lines. Of the two RCAN1 transcripts, the synthetic GC Dexamethasone (Dex) selectively upregulates RCAN1-1, but not RCAN1-4, in GC-susceptible Sup-B15, RS4;11, Kasumi-1 cells but not in GC-resistant Sup T1 and Loucy cells. E4BP4 and BIM regulation correlated with that of RCAN1-1. A putative GRE and four EBPREs were identified within 1500bp upstream from the transcription start site of RCAN1-1. GC-refractory CEM C1-15 cells sensitized to GC-evoked apoptosis by ectopic E4BP4 expression, CEM C1-15mE#3, showed restored RCAN1-1 upregulation, suggesting that RCAN1-1 is a downstream target of E4BP4. A model for coordinated regulation of RCAN1-1, E4BP4 and BIM, and their role in GC-evoked apoptosis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jonatan Saenz
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
| | - Rebeka Hovanessian
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
| | - Andrew D Gisis
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
| | - Rheem D Medh
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA.
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Androschuk A, Al-Jabri B, Bolduc FV. From Learning to Memory: What Flies Can Tell Us about Intellectual Disability Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:85. [PMID: 26089803 PMCID: PMC4453272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), previously known as mental retardation, affects 3% of the population and remains without pharmacological treatment. ID is characterized by impaired general mental abilities associated with defects in adaptive function in which onset occurs before 18 years of age. Genetic factors are increasing and being recognized as the causes of severe ID due to increased use of genome-wide screening tools. Unfortunately drug discovery for treatment of ID has not followed the same pace as gene discovery, leaving clinicians, patients, and families without the ability to ameliorate symptoms. Despite this, several model organisms have proven valuable in developing and screening candidate drugs. One such model organism is the fruit fly Drosophila. First, we review the current understanding of memory in human and its model in Drosophila. Second, we describe key signaling pathways involved in ID and memory such as the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway, the regulation of protein synthesis, the role of receptors and anchoring proteins, the role of neuronal proliferation, and finally the role of neurotransmitters. Third, we characterize the types of memory defects found in patients with ID. Finally, we discuss how important insights gained from Drosophila learning and memory could be translated in clinical research to lead to better treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaura Androschuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Basma Al-Jabri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Francois V. Bolduc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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Sun L, Hao Y, An R, Li H, Xi C, Shen G. Overexpression of Rcan1-1L inhibits hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis through induction of mitophagy. Mol Cells 2014; 37:785-94. [PMID: 25377251 PMCID: PMC4255098 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, a cellular process that selectively targets dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation, is currently a hot topic in research into the pathogenesis and treatment of many human diseases. Considering that hypoxia causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which results in cell death, we speculated that selective activation of mitophagy might promote cell survival under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we introduced the Regulator of calcineurin 1-1L (Rcan1-1L) to initiate the mitophagy pathway and aimed to evaluate the effect of Rcan1-1L-induced mitophagy on cell survival under hypoxic conditions. Recombinant adenovirus vectors carrying Rcan1-1L were transfected into human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human adult cardiac myocytes. Using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay and Trypan blue exclusion assay, Rcan1-1L overexpression was found to markedly reverse cell growth inhibition induced by hypoxia. Additionally, Rcan1-1L overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, as detected by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis assay. Meanwhile, the mitochondria-mediated cell apoptotic pathway was inhibited by Rcan1-1L. In contrast, knockdown of Rcan1-1L accelerated hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, Rcan1-1L overexpression significantly reduced mitochondrial mass, decreased depolarized mitochondria, and downregulated ATP and reactive oxygen species production. We further delineated that the loss of mitochondrial mass was due to the activation of mitophagy induced by Rcan1-1L. Rcan1-1L overexpression activated autophagy flux and promoted translocation of the specific mitophagy receptor Parkin into mitochondria from the cytosol, whereas inhibition of autophagy flux resulted in the accumulation of Parkin-loaded mitochondria. Finally, we demonstrated that mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening was significantly increased by Rcan1-1L overexpression, which suggested that Rcan1-1L might evoke mitophagy through regulating mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Taken together, we provide evidence that Rcan1-1L overexpression induces mitophagy, which in turn contributes to cell survival under hypoxic conditions, revealing for the first time that Rcan1-1L-induced mitophagy may be used for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
| | - Yuewen Hao
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
| | - Haixun Li
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
| | - Cong Xi
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
| | - Guohong Shen
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
P.R. China
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Regulator of Calcineurin 1-1L Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia-induced Apoptosis via Mitophagy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:310-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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RCAN1 regulates mitochondrial function and increases susceptibility to oxidative stress in mammalian cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:520316. [PMID: 25009690 PMCID: PMC4070399 DOI: 10.1155/2014/520316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary site of cellular energy generation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Elevated ROS levels are detrimental to normal cell function and have been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Down's syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). RCAN1 is abundantly expressed in the brain and overexpressed in brain of DS and AD patients. Data from nonmammalian species indicates that increased RCAN1 expression results in altered mitochondrial function and that RCAN1 may itself regulate neuronal ROS production. In this study, we have utilized mice overexpressing RCAN1 (RCAN1ox) and demonstrate an increased susceptibility of neurons from these mice to oxidative stress. Mitochondria from these mice are more numerous and smaller, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitochondrial membrane potential is altered under conditions of oxidative stress. We also generated a PC12 cell line overexpressing RCAN1 (PC12RCAN1). Similar to RCAN1ox neurons, PC12RCAN1 cells have an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and produce more mitochondrial ROS. This study demonstrates that increasing RCAN1 expression alters mitochondrial function and increases the susceptibility of neurons to oxidative stress in mammalian cells. These findings further contribute to our understanding of RCAN1 and its potential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and DS.
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Muchová J, Žitňanová I, Ďuračková Z. Oxidative stress and Down syndrome. Do antioxidants play a role in therapy? Physiol Res 2014; 63:535-42. [PMID: 24908086 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon associated with imbalance between production of free radicals and reactive metabolites (e.g. superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) and the antioxidant defences. Oxidative stress in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has been associated with trisomy of the 21st chromosome resulting in DS phenotype as well as with various morphological abnormalities, immune disorders, intellectual disability, premature aging and other biochemical abnormalities. Trisomy 21 in patients with DS results in increased activity of an important antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) which gene is located on the 21st chromosome along with other proteins such as transcription factor Ets-2, stress inducing factors (DSCR1) and precursor of beta-amyloid protein responsible for the formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease. Mentioned proteins are involved in the management of mitochondrial function, thereby promoting mitochondrial theory of aging also in people with DS. In defence against toxic effects of free radicals and their metabolites organism has built antioxidant defence systems. Their lack and reduced function increases oxidative stress resulting in disruption of the structure of important biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This leads to their dysfunctions affecting pathophysiology of organs and the whole organism. This paper examines the impact of antioxidant interventions as well as positive effect of physical exercise on cognitive and learning disabilities of individuals with DS. Potential therapeutic targets on the molecular level (oxidative stress markers, gene for DYRK1A, neutrophic factor BDNF) after intervention of natural polyphenols are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muchová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Shaw JL, Chang KT. Nebula/DSCR1 upregulation delays neurodegeneration and protects against APP-induced axonal transport defects by restoring calcineurin and GSK-3β signaling. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003792. [PMID: 24086147 PMCID: PMC3784514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem brains from Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show an upregulation of the Down syndrome critical region 1 protein (DSCR1), but its contribution to AD is not known. To gain insights into the role of DSCR1 in AD, we explored the functional interaction between DSCR1 and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is known to cause AD when duplicated or upregulated in DS. We find that the Drosophila homolog of DSCR1, Nebula, delays neurodegeneration and ameliorates axonal transport defects caused by APP overexpression. Live-imaging reveals that Nebula facilitates the transport of synaptic proteins and mitochondria affected by APP upregulation. Furthermore, we show that Nebula upregulation protects against axonal transport defects by restoring calcineurin and GSK-3β signaling altered by APP overexpression, thereby preserving cargo-motor interactions. As impaired transport of essential organelles caused by APP perturbation is thought to be an underlying cause of synaptic failure and neurodegeneration in AD, our findings imply that correcting calcineurin and GSK-3β signaling can prevent APP-induced pathologies. Our data further suggest that upregulation of Nebula/DSCR1 is neuroprotective in the presence of APP upregulation and provides evidence for calcineurin inhibition as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in preventing axonal transport impairments associated with AD. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by gradual neuronal cell loss and memory decline. Importantly, Down syndrome (DS) individuals over 40 years of age almost always develop neuropathological features of AD, although most do not develop dementia until at least two decades later. These findings suggest that DS and AD may share common genetic causes and that a neuroprotective mechanism may delay neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. It has been shown that the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is associated with AD when duplicated and upregulated in DS, is a key gene contributing to AD pathologies and axonal transport abnormalities. Here, using fruit fly as a simple model organism, we examined the role of Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1), another gene located on chromosome 21 and upregulated in both DS and AD, in modulating APP phenotypes. We find that upregulation of DSCR1 (Nebula in flies) is neuroprotective in the presence of APP upregulation. We report that nebula overexpression delays the onset of neurodegeneration and transport blockage in neuronal cells. Our results further suggest that signaling pathways downstream of DSCR1 may be potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L. Shaw
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karen T. Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ermak G, Davies KJA. Chronic high levels of the RCAN1-1 protein may promote neurodegeneration and Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:47-51. [PMID: 23369757 PMCID: PMC4720382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RCAN1 gene encodes three different protein isoforms: RCAN1-4, RCAN1-1L, and RCAN1-1S. RCAN1-1L is the RCAN1 isoform predominantly expressed in human brains. RCAN1 proteins have been shown to regulate various other proteins and cellular functions, including calcineurin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT), stress adaptation, ADP/ATP exchange in mitochondria, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP). The effects of increased RCAN1 gene expression seem to depend both on the specific RCAN1 protein isoform(s) synthesized and on the length of time the level of each isoform is elevated. Transiently elevated RCAN1-4 and RCAN1-1L protein levels, lasting just a few hours, can be neuroprotective under acute stress conditions, including acute oxidative stress. We propose that, by transiently inhibiting the phosphatase calcineurin, RCAN1-4 and RCAN1-1L may reinforce and extend protective stress-adaptive cell responses. In contrast, prolonged elevation of RCAN1-1L levels is associated with the types of neurodegeneration observed in several diseases, including Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. RCAN1-1L levels can also be increased by multiple chronic stresses and by glucocorticoids, both of which can cause neurodegeneration. Although increasing levels of RCAN1-1L for just a few months has no overtly obvious neurodegenerative effect, it does suppress neurogenesis. Longer term elevation of RCAN1-1L levels (for at least 16 months), however, can lead to the first signs of neurodegeneration. Such neurodegeneration may be precipitated by (RCAN1-1L-mediated) prolonged calcineurin inhibition and GSK-3β induction/activation, both of which promote tau hyperphosphorylation, and/or by (RCAN1-1L-mediated) effects on the mitochondrial ANT, diminished ATP/ADP ratio, opening of the mtPTP, and mitochondrial autophagy. We propose that RCAN1-1L operates through various molecular mechanisms, primarily dependent upon the length of time protein levels are elevated. We also suggest that models analyzing long-term RCAN1 gene overexpression may help us to understand the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Down syndrome, and possibly others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Ermak
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Davis School of Gerontology, and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Davis School of Gerontology, and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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DuBoff B, Götz J, Feany MB. Tau promotes neurodegeneration via DRP1 mislocalization in vivo. Neuron 2012; 75:618-32. [PMID: 22920254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have been documented in Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, but the causal relationship between mitochondrial changes and neurodegeneration, and the specific mechanisms promoting mitochondrial dysfunction, are unclear. Here, we find that expression of human tau results in elongation of mitochondria in both Drosophila and mouse neurons. Elongation is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and cell cycle-mediated cell death, which can be rescued in vivo by genetically restoring the proper balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion. We have previously demonstrated that stabilization of actin by tau is critical for neurotoxicity of the protein. Here, we demonstrate a conserved role for actin and myosin in regulating mitochondrial fission and show that excess actin stabilization inhibits association of the fission protein DRP1 with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial elongation and subsequent neurotoxicity. Our results thus identify actin-mediated disruption of mitochondrial dynamics as a direct mechanism of tau toxicity in neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian DuBoff
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Peiris H, Raghupathi R, Jessup CF, Zanin MP, Mohanasundaram D, Mackenzie KD, Chataway T, Clarke JN, Brealey J, Coates PT, Pritchard MA, Keating DJ. Increased expression of the glucose-responsive gene, RCAN1, causes hypoinsulinemia, β-cell dysfunction, and diabetes. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5212-21. [PMID: 23011918 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RCAN1 is a chromosome 21 gene that controls secretion in endocrine cells, regulates mitochondrial function, and is sensitive to oxidative stress. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is also an endogenous inhibitor of the protein phosphatase calcineurin, the inhibition of which leads to hypoinsulinemia and diabetes in humans and mice. However, the presence or the role of RCAN1 in insulin-secreting β-cells and its potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetes is unknown. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the presence of RCAN1 in β-cells and identify its role in β-cell function. RCAN1 is expressed in mouse islets and in the cytosol of pancreatic β-cells. We find RCAN1 is a glucose-responsive gene with a 1.5-fold increase in expression observed in pancreatic islets in response to chronic hyperglycemia. The overexpression of the human RCAN1.1 isoform in mice under the regulation of its endogenous promoter causes diabetes, age-associated hyperglycemia, reduced glucose tolerance, hypoinsulinemia, loss of β-cells, reduced β-cell insulin secretion, aberrant mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and the down-regulation of key β-cell genes. Our data therefore identifies a novel molecular link between the overexpression of RCAN1 and β-cell dysfunction. The glucose-responsive nature of RCAN1 provides a potential mechanism of action associated with the β-cell dysfunction observed in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Peiris
- Flinders Medical Science and Technology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Herault Y, Duchon A, Velot E, Maréchal D, Brault V. The in vivo Down syndrome genomic library in mouse. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 197:169-97. [PMID: 22541293 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are key elements to better understand the genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down syndrome (DS). Even though the mouse will never recapitulate the whole spectrum of intellectual disabilities observed in the DS, mouse models have been developed over the recent decades and have been used extensively to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS cognitive features. In this chapter, we review the principal mouse DS models which have been selected and engineered over the years either for large genomic regions or for a few or a single gene of interest. Their analyses highlight the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS cognitive phenotypes and also strengthen the hypothesis on the multigenic nature of DS. This review also addresses future research challenges relative to the making of new models and their combination to go further in the characterization of candidates and modifier of the DS features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational medicine and Neurogenetics program, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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Martin KR, Corlett A, Dubach D, Mustafa T, Coleman HA, Parkington HC, Merson TD, Bourne JA, Porta S, Arbonés ML, Finkelstein DI, Pritchard MA. Over-expression of RCAN1 causes Down syndrome-like hippocampal deficits that alter learning and memory. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3025-41. [PMID: 22511596 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit abnormal brain structure. Alterations affecting neurotransmission and signalling pathways that govern brain function are also evident. A large number of genes are simultaneously expressed at abnormal levels in DS; therefore, it is a challenge to determine which gene(s) contribute to specific abnormalities, and then identify the key molecular pathways involved. We generated RCAN1-TG mice to study the consequences of RCAN1 over-expression and investigate the contribution of RCAN1 to the brain phenotype of DS. RCAN1-TG mice exhibit structural brain abnormalities in those areas affected in DS. The volume and number of neurons within the hippocampus is reduced and this correlates with a defect in adult neurogenesis. The density of dendritic spines on RCAN1-TG hippocampal pyramidal neurons is also reduced. Deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and short- and long-term memory are accompanied by a failure to maintain long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices. In response to LTP induction, we observed diminished calcium transients and decreased phosphorylation of CaMKII and ERK1/2-proteins that are essential for the maintenance of LTP and formation of memory. Our data strongly suggest that RCAN1 plays an important role in normal brain development and function and its up-regulation likely contributes to the neural deficits associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia
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Ermak G, Sojitra S, Yin F, Cadenas E, Cuervo AM, Davies KJA. Chronic expression of RCAN1-1L protein induces mitochondrial autophagy and metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14088-98. [PMID: 22389495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.305342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the RCAN1 gene can be induced by multiple stresses. RCAN1 proteins (RCAN1s) have both protective and harmful effects and are implicated in common human pathologies. The mechanisms by which RCAN1s function, however, remain poorly understood. We identify RCAN1s as regulators of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and demonstrate that induction of RCAN1-1L can cause dramatic degradation of mitochondria. The mechanisms of such degradation involve the adenine nucleotide translocator and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. We also demonstrate that RCAN1-1L induction can shift cellular bioenergetics from aerobic respiration to glycolysis, yet RCAN1-1L has very little effect on cell division, whereas it has a cumulative negative effect on cell survival. These results shed the light on mechanisms by which RCAN1s can protect or harm cells and by which they may operate in human pathologies. They also suggest that RCAN1s are important players in autophagy and such elusive phenomena as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Ermak
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center of the Davis School of Gerontology and the Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA
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Lott IT. Antioxidants in Down syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:657-63. [PMID: 22206998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have high levels of oxidative stress throughout the lifespan. Mouse models of DS share some structural and functional abnormalities that parallel findings seen in the human phenotype. Several of the mouse models show evidence of cellular oxidative stress and have provided a platform for antioxidant intervention. Genes that are overexpressed on chromosome 21 are associated with oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. The lack of balance in the metabolism of free radicals generated during processes related to oxidative stress may have a direct role in producing the neuropathology of DS including the tendency to Alzheimer disease (AD). Mitochondria are often a target for oxidative stress and are considered to be a trigger for the onset of the AD process in DS. Biomarkers for oxidative stress have been described in DS and in AD in the general population. However, intervention trials using standard antioxidant supplements or diets have failed to produce uniform therapeutic effect. This chapter will examine the biological role of oxidative stress in DS and its relationship to abnormalities in both development and aging within the disorder. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Route toward Alzheimer-Like Dementia. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2011; 2012:724904. [PMID: 22203843 PMCID: PMC3235450 DOI: 10.1155/2012/724904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most frequent genetic abnormalities characterized by multiple pathological phenotypes. Indeed, currently life expectancy and quality of life for DS patients have improved, although with increasing age pathological dysfunctions are exacerbated and intellectual disability may lead to the development of Alzheimer's type dementia (AD). The neuropathology of DS is complex and includes the development of AD by middle age, altered free radical metabolism, and impaired mitochondrial function, both of which contribute to neuronal degeneration. Understanding the molecular basis that drives the development of AD is an intense field of research. Our laboratories are interested in understanding the role of oxidative stress as link between DS and AD. This review examines the current literature that showed oxidative damage in DS by identifying putative molecular pathways that play a central role in the neurodegenerative processes. In addition, considering the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative phenomena, results demonstrating the involvement of impaired mitochondria in DS pathology could contribute a direct link between normal aging and development of AD-like dementia in DS patients.
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Ermak G, Pritchard MA, Dronjak S, Niu B, Davies KJA. Do RCAN1 proteins link chronic stress with neurodegeneration? FASEB J 2011; 25:3306-11. [PMID: 21680892 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-185728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has long been suspected that chronic stress can exacerbate, or even cause, disease. We now propose that the RCAN1 gene, which can generate several RCAN1 protein isoforms, may be at least partially responsible for this phenomenon. We review data showing that RCAN1 proteins can be induced by multiple stresses, and present new data also implicating psychosocial/emotional stress in RCAN1 induction. We further show that transgenic mice overexpressing the RCAN1-1L protein exhibit accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (AT8 antibody), an early precursor to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration of the kind seen in Alzheimer disease. We propose that, although transient induction of the RCAN1 gene might protect cells against acute stress, persistent stress may cause chronic RCAN1 overexpression, resulting in serious side effects. Chronically elevated levels of RCAN1 proteins may promote or exacerbate various diseases, including tauopathies such as Alzheimer disease. We propose that the mechanism by which stress can lead to these diseases involves the inhibition of calcineurin and the induction of GSK-3β by RCAN1 proteins. Both inhibition of calcineurin and induction of GSK-3β contribute to accumulation of phosphorylated tau, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and eventual neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Ermak
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
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Sun X, Wu Y, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhou W, Tong Y, Yuan J, Xia K, Gronemeyer H, Flavell RA, Song W. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) facilitates neuronal apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9049-62. [PMID: 21216952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.177519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) will inevitably develop Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology sometime after middle age, which may be attributable to genes triplicated in individuals with DS. The characteristics of AD neuropathology include neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss in various brain regions. The mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in AD and DS remains elusive. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DS. Our data show that RCAN1 expression is elevated in the cortex of DS and AD patients. RCAN1 expression can be activated by the stress hormone dexamethasone. A functional glucocorticoid response element was identified in the RCAN1 isoform 1 (RCAN1-1) promoter region, which is able to mediate the up-regulation of RCAN1 expression. Here we show that overexpression of RCAN1-1 in primary neurons activates caspase-9 and caspase-3 and subsequently induces neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the neurotoxicity of RCAN1-1 is inhibited by knock-out of caspase-3 in caspase-3(-/-) neurons. Our study provides a novel mechanism by which RCAN1 functions as a mediator of stress- and Aβ-induced neuronal death, and overexpression of RCAN1 due to an extra copy of the RCAN1 gene on chromosome 21 contributes to AD pathogenesis in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Sun
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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