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Carrier M, Hui CW, Watters V, Šimončičová E, Picard K, González Ibáñez F, Vernoux N, Droit A, Desjardins M, Tremblay MÈ. Behavioral as well as hippocampal transcriptomic and microglial responses differ across sexes in adult mouse offspring exposed to a dual genetic and environmental challenge. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:126-139. [PMID: 38016491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A wide range of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms compose the clinical presentation of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder in which genetic and environmental risk factors interact for a full emergence of the disorder. Infectious challenges during pregnancy are a well-known environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Also, genetic variants affecting the function of fractalkine signaling between neurons and microglia were linked to schizophrenia. Translational animal models recapitulating these complex gene-environment associations have a great potential to untangle schizophrenia neurobiology and propose new therapeutic strategies. METHODS Given that genetic variants affecting the function of fractalkine signaling between neurons and microglia were linked to schizophrenia, we compared the outcomes of a well-characterized model of maternal immune activation induced using the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) in wild-type versus fractalkine receptor knockout mice. Possible behavioral and immune alterations were assessed in male and female offspring during adulthood. Considering the role of the hippocampus in schizophrenia, microglial analyses and bulk RNA sequencing were performed within this region to assess the neuroimmune dynamics at play. Males and females were examined separately. RESULTS Offspring exposed to the dual challenge paradigm exhibited symptoms relevant to schizophrenia and unpredictably to mood disorders. Males displayed social and cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia, while females mainly presented anxiety-like behaviors related to mood disorders. Hippocampal microglia in females exposed to the dual challenge were hypertrophic, indicative of an increased surveillance, whereas those in males showed on the other end of the spectrum blunted morphologies with a reduced phagocytosis. Hippocampal bulk-RNA sequencing further revealed a downregulation in females of genes related to GABAergic transmission, which represents one of the main proposed causes of mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS Building on previous results, we identified in the current study distinctive behavioral phenotypes in female mice exposed to a dual genetic and environmental challenge, thus proposing a new model of neurodevelopmentally-associated mood and affective symptoms. This paves the way to future sex-specific investigations into the susceptibility to developmental challenges using animal models based on genetic and immune vulnerability as presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chin W Hui
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Watters
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Oncology Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Shinohara H, Meguro-Horike M, Inoue T, Shimazu M, Hattori M, Hibino H, Fukasawa K, Sasaki E, Horike SI. Early parental deprivation during primate infancy has a lifelong impact on gene expression in the male marmoset brain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:330. [PMID: 38172165 PMCID: PMC10764730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Adverse early life experiences are well-established risk factors for neurological disorders later in life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of adverse experiences on neurophysiological systems throughout life remain incompletely understood. Previous studies suggest that social attachment to parents in early development are indispensable for infants to grow into healthy adults. In situations where multiple offspring are born in a single birth in common marmosets, human hand-rearing is employed to ensure the survival of the offspring in captivity. However, hand-reared marmosets often exhibit behavioral abnormalities, including abnormal vocalizations, excessive attachment to the caretaker, and aggressive behavior. In this study, comprehensive transcriptome analyses were conducted on hippocampus tissues, a neuroanatomical region sensitive to social attachment, obtained from human hand-reared (N = 6) and parent-reared male marmosets (N = 5) at distinct developmental stages. Our analyses revealed consistent alterations in a subset of genes, including those related to neurodevelopmental diseases, across different developmental stages, indicating their continuous susceptibility to the effects of early parental deprivation. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of gene expression in response to early life experiences and suggest that the impact of early parental deprivation on gene expression may vary across different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Shinohara
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shimazu
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Machiko Hattori
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc, Yaotsu-cho, Kamo-gun, Gifu, 505-0307, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hibino
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc, Yaotsu-cho, Kamo-gun, Gifu, 505-0307, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukasawa
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc, Yaotsu-cho, Kamo-gun, Gifu, 505-0307, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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Bartlett EA, Zanderigo F, Stanley B, Choo TH, Galfalvy HC, Pantazatos SP, Sublette ME, Miller JM, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. In vivo serotonin transporter and 1A receptor binding potential and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of stress in major depression and suicidal behavior. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 70:1-13. [PMID: 36780841 PMCID: PMC10121874 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined relationships between the serotonin system and stress in major depression and suicidal behavior. Twenty-five medication-free depressed participants (13 suicide attempters) underwent same-day [11C]DASB and [11C]CUMI-101 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Binding potential (BPND) to the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor, respectively, was quantified using the NRU 5-HT atlas, reflecting distinct spatial distributions of multiple serotonin targets. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measured current stress over one week proximal to imaging. EMA stress did not differ between attempters and non-attempters. In all depressed participants, 5-HTT and 5-HT1A BPND were unrelated to EMA stress. There were region-specific effects of 5-HTT (p=0.002) and 5-HT1A BPND (p=0.03) in attempters vs. nonattempters. In attempters, region-specific associations between 5-HTT (p=0.03) and 5-HT1A (p=0.005) BPND and EMA stress emerged. While no post-hoc 5-HTT BPND correlations were significant, 5-HT1A BPND correlated positively with EMA stress in attempters in 9/10 regions (p-values<0.007), including the entire cortex except the largely occipital region 5. Brodmann-based regional analyses found diminished effects for 5-HTT and subcortically localized positive corrrelations between 5-HT1A and EMA stress, in attempters only. Given comparable depression severity and childhood and current stress between attempters and nonattempters, lower 5-HTT binding in attempters vs. nonattempters may suggest a biological risk marker. Localized lower 5-HTT and widespread higher 5-HT1A binding with stress among attempters specifically may suggest that a serotonergic phenotype might be a key determinant of risk or resiliency for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bartlett
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA.
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Tse-Hwei Choo
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Hanga C Galfalvy
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Spiro P Pantazatos
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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Bartlett EA, Yttredahl AA, Boldrini M, Tyrer AE, Hill KR, Ananth MR, Milak MS, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, DeLorenzo C, Parsey RV. In vivo serotonin 1A receptor hippocampal binding potential in depression and reported childhood adversity. Eur Psychiatry 2023; 66:e17. [PMID: 36691786 PMCID: PMC9970152 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported childhood adversity (CA) is associated with development of depression in adulthood and predicts a more severe course of illness. Although elevated serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) binding potential, especially in the raphe nuclei, has been shown to be a trait associated with major depression, we did not replicate this finding in an independent sample using the partial agonist positron emission tomography tracer [11C]CUMI-101. Evidence suggests that CA can induce long-lasting changes in expression of 5-HT1AR, and thus, a history of CA may explain the disparate findings. METHODS Following up on our initial report, 28 unmedicated participants in a current depressive episode (bipolar n = 16, unipolar n = 12) and 19 non-depressed healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent [11C]CUMI-101 imaging to quantify 5-HT1AR binding potential. Participants in a depressive episode were stratified into mild/moderate and severe CA groups via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. We hypothesized higher hippocampal and raphe nuclei 5-HT1AR with severe CA compared with mild/moderate CA and HVs. RESULTS There was a group-by-region effect (p = 0.011) when considering HV, depressive episode mild/moderate CA, and depressive episode severe CA groups, driven by significantly higher hippocampal 5-HT1AR binding potential in participants in a depressive episode with severe CA relative to HVs (p = 0.019). Contrary to our hypothesis, no significant binding potential differences were detected in the raphe nuclei (p-values > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS With replication in larger samples, elevated hippocampal 5-HT1AR binding potential may serve as a promising biomarker through which to investigate the neurobiological link between CA and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bartlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York10032, USA.,Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York10032, USA
| | - Ashley A Yttredahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York10032, USA.,Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York10032, USA
| | - Maura Boldrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York10032, USA
| | - Andrea E Tyrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S, Canada
| | - Kathryn R Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA
| | - Mala R Ananth
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland20892, USA
| | - Matthew S Milak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York10032, USA.,Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York10032, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York10032, USA.,Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York10032, USA.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, USA
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York11794, USA
| | - Ramin V Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York11794, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York11794, USA
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Sex-specific effects of neonatal paternal deprivation on microglial cell density in adult California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) dentate gyrus. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:1-10. [PMID: 35908654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse early-life experiences are risk factors for psychiatric disease development, resulting in stress-related neuronal modeling and neurobehavioral changes. Stressful experiences modulate the immune system, contributing to neuronal damage in higher cortical regions, like the hippocampus. Moreover, early-life stressors dysregulate the function of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, in the developing hippocampus. Paternal deprivation, an early-life stressor in many biparental species, facilitates sex-dependent inhibitions in hippocampal plasticity, but parental contributors to these sex-specific outcomes are unknown. Also, neurobiological mechanisms contributing to impairments in hippocampal neuroplasticity are less known. Thus, our goals were to 1) determine whether parental behavior is altered in maternal females following removal of the paternal male, 2) assess the effects of paternal deprivation on dentate gyrus (DG) volume and microglia proliferation, and 3) determine if early-life experimental handling mitigates sex-specific reductions in DG cell survival. California mice were born to multiparous breeders and reared by both parents (biparental care) or by their mother alone (i.e., father removed on postnatal day 1; paternal deprivation). One cohort of offspring underwent offspring retrieval tests for eight days beginning on postnatal day 2. On PND 68, these offspring (and a second cohort of mice without behavioral testing) were euthanized and brains visualized for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TuJ-1) or ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). While mate absence did not impair maternal retrieval, paternal deprivation reduced DG volume, but Iba1+ cell density was only higher in paternally-deprived females. Neither sex or paternal deprivation significantly altered the number of BrdU+ or Tuj1+ cells in the DG - an absence of a reduction in cell survival may be related to daily handing during early offspring retrieval tests. Together, these data suggest that paternal deprivation impairs hippocampal plasticity; however, sex and early environment may influence the magnitude of these outcomes.
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López-Gutiérrez MF, Mejía-Chávez S, Alcauter S, Portillo W. The neural circuits of monogamous behavior. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:978344. [PMID: 36247729 PMCID: PMC9559370 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.978344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in studying the neural circuits related to mating behavior and mate choice in monogamous species lies in the parallels found between human social structure and sexual behavior and that of other mammals that exhibit social monogamy, potentially expanding our understanding of human neurobiology and its underlying mechanisms. Extensive research has suggested that social monogamy, as opposed to non-monogamy in mammals, is a consequence of the neural encoding of sociosensory information from the sexual partner with an increased reward value. Thus, the reinforced value of the mate outweighs the reward value of mating with any other potential sexual partners. This mechanism reinforces the social relationship of a breeding pair, commonly defined as a pair bond. In addition to accentuated prosocial behaviors toward the partner, other characteristic behaviors may appear, such as territorial and partner guarding, selective aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics, and biparental care. Concomitantly, social buffering and distress upon partner separation are also observed. The following work intends to overview and compare known neural and functional circuits that are related to mating and sexual behavior in monogamous mammals. We will particularly discuss reports on Cricetid rodents of the Microtus and Peromyscus genus, and New World primates (NWP), such as the Callicebinae subfamily of the titi monkey and the marmoset (Callithrix spp.). In addition, we will mention the main factors that modulate the neural circuits related to social monogamy and how that modulation may reflect phenotypic differences, ultimately creating the widely observed diversity in social behavior.
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Osman M, Olkun A, Maldonado AM, Lopez-Tremoleda J, Sanchez-Perea N, Paredes UM. Parentally deprived juvenile Owl monkeys suffer from long-term high infection rates but not from altered hair cortisol concentrations nor from stereotypic behaviours. J Med Primatol 2021; 50:306-312. [PMID: 34622472 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In captive colonies, owl monkeys' mothers sometimes reject their newborns. To prevent, mortality infants are manually raised by veterinarians. Both parental separation and rejection are stressful experiences, associated with elevated stress, physical, and behavioural disorders. The effect of parental deprivation in IVITA's owl monkeys stress profiles and health is unknown. METHODS We compared stress biomarkers such as hair cortisol (using cortisol ELISA), stereotypic behaviours (with infrared cameras), and infection histories in juveniles separated from parents soon after birth (n = 14, ~17 months) and controls (n = 11, ~17 months). RESULTS Parentally deprived owl monkeys show higher infection rates than controls (p = .001). However, they display no higher incidence of biomarkers of stress: Neither stereotypic behaviour nor cortisol in hair was different between cohorts. Irrespective of deprivation status, rates of infection, and concentration of cortisol in hair were positively associated (R2 = .29, p = .005). CONCLUSION Early parental deprivation and natural high levels of cortisol secretion are associated with elevated infection levels in the IVITA owl monkey juveniles detectable up to 17 months post separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyah Osman
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aylin Olkun
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jordi Lopez-Tremoleda
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nofre Sanchez-Perea
- Veterinary School, Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura (IVITA-Iquitos), Center for Conservation and Reproduction of Primates, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima, Peru
| | - Ursula M Paredes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Li S, Tang J, Gao Y, Thiel CM, Wolf OT. The serotonin transporter gene variants modulate acute stress-induced hippocampus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity during memory retrieval. Psych J 2019; 8:363-377. [PMID: 31264389 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The short (s) allele of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is related to reduced serotonin transporter efficiency and an increased vulnerability to stress and mental disorders. In the present study, we investigated how 5-HTTLPR impacts on memory retrieval under stress and related neural activity by reanalyzing a small genetic neuroimaging data set. Twenty-seven healthy male volunteers participated in both the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and a respective control procedure and then their brain activity was measured with functional MRI (fMRI) while they performed an emotional-face-recognition task. Sixteen participants were carriers of the short allele (ss/sl carriers) and 11 were homozygous for the long allele (ll carriers). Genotype groups were compared with respect to stress-related physiological changes, memory performance, and brain activity. No significant genotype-dependent effects on memory performance or cortisol levels were found. The ss/sl carriers showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than the ll carriers, independent of stress. The ss/sl carriers reported stronger stress-induced nervous mood than the ll carriers. Our fMRI data revealed that the ss/sl carriers showed significantly weaker left hippocampus activation and stronger dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) deactivation when retrieving memories under stress as compared with the ll carriers. Subsequent analyses revealed that the distinct hippocampal activation pattern in both genotypes was associated with stress-induced cortisol elevation, while the distinct dmPFC activation pattern in both genotypes was associated with stress-induced changes in reaction times. Our results thus add new evidence that serotonin signaling modulates neural activity in the hippocampus and dmPFC during memory retrieval under acute psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Li
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center Neurosensory Science and Systems, Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Glutamate Within the Marmoset Anterior Hippocampus Interacts with Area 25 to Regulate the Behavioral and Cardiovascular Correlates of High-Trait Anxiety. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3094-3107. [PMID: 30718320 PMCID: PMC6468106 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2451-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-trait anxiety is a risk factor for the development of affective disorders and has been associated with decreased cardiovascular and behavioral responsivity to acute stressors in humans that may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Although human neuroimaging studies of high-trait anxiety reveals dysregulation in primate cingulate areas 25 and 32 and the anterior hippocampus (aHipp) and rodent studies reveal the importance of aHipp glutamatergic hypofunction, the causal involvement of aHipp glutamate and its interaction with these areas in the primate brain is unknown. Accordingly, we correlated marmoset trait anxiety scores to their postmortem aHipp glutamate levels and showed that low glutamate in the right aHipp is associated with high-trait anxiety in marmosets. Moreover, pharmacologically increasing aHipp glutamate reduced anxiety levels in highly anxious marmosets in two uncertainty-based tests of anxiety: exposure to a human intruder with uncertain intent and unpredictable loud noise. In the human intruder test, increasing aHipp glutamate decreased anxiety by increasing approach to the intruder. In the unpredictable threat test, animals showed blunted behavioral and cardiovascular responsivity after control infusions, which was normalized by increasing aHipp glutamate. However, this aHipp-mediated anxiolytic effect was blocked by simultaneous pharmacological inactivation of area 25, but not area 32, areas which when inactivated independently reduced and had no effect on anxiety, respectively. These findings provide causal evidence in male and female primates that aHipp glutamatergic hypofunction and its regulation by area 25 contribute to the behavioral and cardiovascular symptoms of endogenous high-trait anxiety.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT High-trait anxiety predisposes sufferers to the development of anxiety and depression. Although neuroimaging of these disorders and rodent modeling implicate dysregulation in hippocampal glutamate and the subgenual/perigenual cingulate cortices (areas 25/32), the causal involvement of these structures in endogenous high-trait anxiety and their interaction are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that increased trait anxiety in marmoset monkeys correlates with reduced hippocampal glutamate and that increasing hippocampal glutamate release in high-trait-anxious monkeys normalizes the aberrant behavioral and cardiovascular responsivity to potential threats. This normalization was blocked by simultaneous inactivation of area 25, but not area 32. These findings provide casual evidence in primates that hippocampal glutamatergic hypofunction regulates endogenous high-trait anxiety and the hippocampal-area 25 circuit is a potential therapeutic target.
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He Z, Guo Q, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhang S, Yuan W, Li L, Zhang J, Hou W, Yang J, Jia R, Tai F. Pre-weaning paternal deprivation impairs social recognition and alters hippocampal neurogenesis and spine density in adult mandarin voles. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:452-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Császár-Nagy N, Bókkon I. Mother-newborn separation at birth in hospitals: A possible risk for neurodevelopmental disorders? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:337-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Uematsu A, Hata J, Komaki Y, Seki F, Yamada C, Okahara N, Kurotaki Y, Sasaki E, Okano H. Mapping orbitofrontal-limbic maturation in non-human primates: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2017; 163:55-67. [PMID: 28923274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development involves spatiotemporally complex microstructural changes. A number of neuropsychiatric disorders are linked to the neural processes of development and aging. Thus, it is important to understanding the typical developmental patterns of various brain structures, which will help to define critical periods of vulnerability for neural maturation, as well as anatomical mechanisms of brain structure-related neuropathology. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to assess development of the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in a non-human primate species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We collected a total of 114 T2-weighted and 91 diffusion-weighted scans from 23 animals from infancy to early adulthood. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of age-related brain growth patterns showed non-linear structural developmental changes in all measured brain regions, consistent with reported human data. Overall, robust volumetric growth was observed from 1 to 3 months of age (from infancy to the early juvenile period). This rapid brain growth was associated with the largest decrease in mean, axial, and radial diffusivities of diffusion tensor imaging in all brain regions, suggesting an increase in the number and size of cells, dendrites, and spines during this period. After this developmental period, the volume of various brain regions steadily increased until adolescence (7-13 months of age, depending on the region). Further, structural connectivity derived from tractography data in various brain regions continuously changed from infancy to adolescence, suggesting that the increase in brain volume was related to continued axonal myelination during adolescence. Thereafter, the volume of the cortical regions decreased considerably, while there was no change in subcortical regions. Familial factors, rather than sex, contributed the development of the front-limbic brain regions. Overall, this study provides further data on the factors and timing important for normal brain development, and suggest that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for human neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uematsu
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Seki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Chihoko Yamada
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Norio Okahara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yoko Kurotaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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13
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Razoux F, Russig H, Mueggler T, Baltes C, Dikaiou K, Rudin M, Mansuy IM. Transgenerational disruption of functional 5-HT 1AR-induced connectivity in the adult mouse brain by traumatic stress in early life. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:519-526. [PMID: 27671475 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic stress in early life is a strong risk factor for psychiatric disorders that can affect individuals across several generations. Although the underlying mechanisms have been proposed to implicate serotonergic transmission in the brain, the neural circuits involved remain poorly delineated. Using pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging in mice, we demonstrate that traumatic stress in postnatal life alters 5-HT1A receptor-evoked local and global functions in both, the exposed animals and their progeny when adult. Disrupted functional connectivity is consistent across generations and match limbic circuits implicated in mood disorders, but also networks not previously linked to traumatic stress. These findings underscore the neurobiology and functional mapping of transgenerational effects of early life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Razoux
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University and ETH Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Center for Neuroscience Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Russig
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University and ETH Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Center for Neuroscience Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Mueggler
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Baltes
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Dikaiou
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Center for Neuroscience Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I M Mansuy
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University and ETH Zurich, Brain Research Institute, Center for Neuroscience Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Gee DG. Sensitive Periods of Emotion Regulation: Influences of Parental Care on Frontoamygdala Circuitry and Plasticity. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2017; 2016:87-110. [PMID: 27589500 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early caregiving experiences play a central role in shaping emotional development, stress physiology, and refinement of limbic circuitry. Converging evidence across species delineates a sensitive period of heightened neuroplasticity when frontoamygdala circuitry is especially amenable to caregiver inputs early in life. During this period, parental buffering regulates emotional behaviors and stress physiology as emotion regulation circuitry continues to mature. By contrast, disorganized or poor quality caregiving has profound and lasting consequences on the maturation of frontoamygdala circuitry essential for emotion regulation, even following termination of this early life stressor (e.g., adoption from orphanage). This article highlights how interactions between caregiving experiences and the biological state of the developing brain have broad implications for long-term health.
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15
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Zhang B. Consequences of early adverse rearing experience(EARE) on development: insights from non-human primate studies. Zool Res 2017; 38:7-35. [PMID: 28271667 PMCID: PMC5368383 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early rearing experiences are important in one's whole life, whereas early adverse rearing experience(EARE) is usually related to various physical and mental disorders in later life. Although there were many studies on human and animals, regarding the effect of EARE on brain development, neuroendocrine systems, as well as the consequential mental disorders and behavioral abnormalities, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the close genetic relationship and similarity in social organizations with humans, non-human primate(NHP) studies were performed for over 60 years. Various EARE models were developed to disrupt the early normal interactions between infants and mothers or peers. Those studies provided important insights of EARE induced effects on the physiological and behavioral systems of NHPs across life span, such as social behaviors(including disturbance behavior, social deficiency, sexual behavior, etc), learning and memory ability, brain structural and functional developments(including influences on neurons and glia cells, neuroendocrine systems, e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis, etc). In this review, the effects of EARE and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms were comprehensively summarized and the possibility of rehabilitation was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Shimamoto Y, Niimi K, Kitamura H, Tsubakishita S, Takahashi E. In situ hybridization study of CYP2D mRNA in the common marmoset brain. Exp Anim 2016; 65:465-471. [PMID: 27356856 PMCID: PMC5111850 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset is a non-human primate that has increasingly employed in the
biomedical research including the fields of neuroscience and behavioral studies.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D has been speculated to be involved in psycho-neurologic actions
in the human brain. In the present study, to clarify the role of CYP2D in the marmoset
brain, we investigated the expression patterns of CYP2D mRNA in the brain
using in situ hybridization (ISH). In addition, to identify the gene
location of CYP2D19, a well-studied CYP2D isoform in the common marmoset,
a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was performed.
Consistent with findings for the human brain, CYP2D mRNA was localized in
the neuronal cells of different brain regions; e.g., the cerebral cortex, hippocampus,
substantia nigra, and cerebellum. FISH analysis showed that the CYP2D19
gene was located on chromosome 1q, which is homologous to human chromosome 22 on which the
CYP2D6 gene exists. These results suggest that CYP2D in the marmoset
brain may play the same role as human CYP2D6 in terms of brain actions, and that the
CYP2D19 gene is conserved in a syntenic manner. Taken together, these
findings suggest that the common marmoset is a useful model for studying psychiatric
disorders related to CYP2D dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Therapeutics, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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17
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Kivity S, Shoenfeld Y, Arango MT, Cahill DJ, O'Kane SL, Zusev M, Slutsky I, Harel-Meir M, Chapman J, Matthias T, Blank M. Anti-ribosomal-phosphoprotein autoantibodies penetrate to neuronal cells via neuronal growth associated protein, affecting neuronal cells in vitro. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 60:kew027. [PMID: 27155204 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-ribosomal-phosphoprotein antibodies (anti-Ribos.P Abs) are detected in 10-45% of NPSLE patients. Intracerebroventricular administration of anti-ribosomal-P Abs induces depression-like behaviour in mice. We aimed to discern the mechanism by which anti-Ribos.P Abs induce behavioural changes in mice. METHODS Anti-Ribos.P Abs were exposed to human and rat neuronal cell cultures, as well as to human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures for a control. The cellular localization of anti-Ribo.P Abs was found by an immunofluorescent technique using a confocal microscope. Identification of the target molecules was undertaken using a cDNA library. Immunohistochemistry and an inhibition assay were carried out to confirm the identity of the target molecules. Neuronal cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine, and Akt and Erk expression by immunoblot. RESULTS Human anti-Ribos.P Abs penetrated into human neuronal cells and rat hippocampal cell cultures in vitro, but not to endothelial cells as examined. Screening a high-content human cDNA-library with anti-Ribos.P Abs identified neuronal growth-associated protein (GAP43) as a target for anti-Ribos.P Abs. Ex vivo anti-Ribos.P Abs bind to mouse brain sections of hippocampus, dentate and amygdala. Anti-Ribos.P Abs brain-binding was prevented by GAP43 protein. Interestingly, GAP43 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the anti-Ribos.P Abs binding to recombinant-ribosomal-P0, indicating mimicry between the ribosomal-P0 protein and GAP43. Furthermore, anti-Ribos.P Abs reduced neuronal cell proliferation activity in vitro (P < 0.001), whereas GAP43 decreased this inhibitory activity by a factor of 7.6. The last was related to Akt and Erk dephosphorylation. CONCLUSION Anti-Ribos.P Abs penetrate neuronal cells in vitro by targeting GAP43. Anti -Ribos.P Abs inhibit neuronal-cell proliferation via inhibition of Akt and Erk. Our data contribute to deciphering the mechanism for anti-Ribos.P Abs' pathogenic activity in NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaye Kivity
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Maria-Teresa Arango
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Dolores J Cahill
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sara Louise O'Kane
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Margalit Zusev
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Michal Harel-Meir
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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18
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Drury SS, Sánchez MM, Gonzalez A. When mothering goes awry: Challenges and opportunities for utilizing evidence across rodent, nonhuman primate and human studies to better define the biological consequences of negative early caregiving. Horm Behav 2016; 77:182-92. [PMID: 26506032 PMCID: PMC4802164 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care".Across mammalian species, mothers shape socio-emotional development and serve as essential external regulators of infant physiology, brain development, behavior patterns, and emotional regulation. Caregiving quality, consistency and predictability shape the infant's underlying neurobiological processes. Although the requirements for "optimal" caregiving differ across species, the negative long-term consequences of the absence of needed caregiving (e.g. neglect) or the presence of harmful/aversive caregiving (e.g. physical abuse), are translatable across species. Recognizing the significant potential of cross species comparisons in terms of defining underlying mechanisms, effective translation requires consideration of the evolutionary, ecological, and fundamental biological and developmental differences between and among species. This review provides both an overview of several success stories of cross-species translations in relation to negative caregiving and a template for future studies seeking to most effectively define the underlying biological processes and advance research dedicated to mitigating the lasting negative health consequences of child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Drury
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8055, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Mar M Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 20322, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 20329, United States
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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19
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Sanchez MM, McCormack KM, Howell BR. Social buffering of stress responses in nonhuman primates: Maternal regulation of the development of emotional regulatory brain circuits. Soc Neurosci 2015; 10:512-26. [PMID: 26324227 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1087426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Social buffering, the phenomenon by which the presence of a familiar individual reduces or even eliminates stress- and fear-induced responses, exists in different animal species and has been examined in the context of the mother-infant relationship, in addition to adults. Although it is a well-known effect, the biological mechanisms that underlie it as well as its developmental impact are not well understood. Here, we provide a review of evidence of social and maternal buffering of stress reactivity in nonhuman primates, and some data from our group suggesting that when the mother-infant relationship is disrupted, maternal buffering is impaired. This evidence underscores the critical role that maternal care plays for proper regulation and development of emotional and stress responses of primate infants. Disruptions of the parent-infant bond constitute early adverse experiences associated with increased risk for psychopathology. We will focus on infant maltreatment, a devastating experience not only for humans, but for nonhuman primates as well. Taking advantage of this naturalistic animal model of adverse maternal caregiving, we have shown that competent maternal care is critical for the development of healthy attachment, social behavior, and emotional and stress regulation, as well as of the neural circuits underlying these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar M Sanchez
- a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Emory University School of Medicine, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Center for Translational Social Neuroscience , Atlanta , GA , USA.,b The Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Social Cognition , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kai M McCormack
- c Department of Psychology , Spelman College , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Brittany R Howell
- d Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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20
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Bergman NJ. Neuroprotective Core Measures 1–7: Neuroprotection of Skin-to-Skin Contact (SSC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Developmental exposure to SSRIs, in addition to maternal stress, has long-term sex-dependent effects on hippocampal plasticity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1231-44. [PMID: 25304865 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE During pregnancy and postpartum period, 20 % of women are affected by depression, which is a growing health concern. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications are popular treatments for maternal depression; however, the effect of maternal depression and perinatal SSRI exposure on offspring's neural development needs further investigation. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the role of developmental fluoxetine exposure on hippocampal plasticity in the adult offspring. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat offspring were exposed to fluoxetine beginning on postnatal day 1. Offspring were also exposed to prenatal maternal stress. Four groups of male and female offspring were used: (1) prenatal stress + fluoxetine, (2) prenatal stress + vehicle, (3) fluoxetine alone, and (4) vehicle alone. Hippocampi were analyzed for levels of cell proliferation, immature neurons, and new cell survival (3 weeks after 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine injection) in the granule cell layer, as well as synaptophysin density in the CA3 region and granule cell layer. TPH staining was assessed in the dorsal raphe nucleus. RESULTS Developmental fluoxetine exposure to prenatally stressed offspring reversed the effect of prenatal stress or fluoxetine exposure alone on the number of immature neurons. Prenatal stress alone, regardless of developmental exposure to fluoxetine, markedly decreased hippocampal cell proliferation and tended to decrease new cell survival. Furthermore, in adult female offspring, developmental fluoxetine exposure greatly increased new cell survival and significantly decreased synaptophysin density in the granule cell layer. CONCLUSIONS There are long-term effects of developmental SSRI exposure on hippocampal plasticity that is differentially affected by expose to maternal adversity and offspring sex.
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Hodel AS, Hunt RH, Cowell RA, Van Den Heuvel SE, Gunnar MR, Thomas KM. Duration of early adversity and structural brain development in post-institutionalized adolescents. Neuroimage 2014; 105:112-9. [PMID: 25451478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For children reared in institutions for orphaned or abandoned children, multiple aspects of the early environment deviate from species-typical experiences, which may lead to alterations in neurobehavioral development. Although the effects of early deprivation and early life stress have been studied extensively in animal models, less is known about implications for human brain development. This structural neuroimaging study examined the long-term neural correlates of early adverse rearing environments in a large sample of 12-14 year old children (N = 110) who were internationally adopted from institutional care as young children (median age at adoption = 12 months) relative to a same age, comparison group reared with their biological families in the United States. History of institutional rearing was associated with broad changes in cortical volume even after controlling for variability in head size. Results suggested that prefrontal cortex was especially susceptible to early adversity, with significant reductions in volume (driven primarily by differences in surface area rather than cortical thickness) in post-institutionalized youth. Hippocampal volumes showed an association with duration of institutional care, with later-adopted children showing the smallest volumes relative to non-adopted controls. Larger amygdala volumes were not detected in this sample of post-institutionalized children. These data suggest that this temporally discrete period of early deprivation is associated with persisting alterations in brain morphology even years after exposure. Furthermore, these alterations are not completely ameliorated by subsequent environmental enrichment by early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Hodel
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ruskin H Hunt
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Raquel A Cowell
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sara E Van Den Heuvel
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathleen M Thomas
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ramezani M, Johnsrude I, Rasoulian A, Bosma R, Tong R, Hollenstein T, Harkness K, Abolmaesumi P. Temporal-lobe morphology differs between healthy adolescents and those with early-onset of depression. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 6:145-55. [PMID: 25379426 PMCID: PMC4215529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has previously been linked to structural changes in several brain regions, particularly in the medial temporal lobes (Bellani, Baiano, Brambilla, 2010; Bellani, Baiano, Brambilla, 2011). This has been determined using voxel-based morphometry, segmentation algorithms, and analysis of shape deformations (Bell-McGinty et al., 2002; Bergouignan et al., 2009; Posener et al., 2003; Vasic et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2008): these are methods in which information related to the shape and the pose (the size, and anatomical position and orientation) of structures is lost. Here, we incorporate information about shape and pose to measure structural deformation in adolescents and young adults with and without depression (as measured using the Beck Depression Inventory and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria). As a hypothesis-generating study, a significance level of p < 0.05, uncorrected for multiple comparisons, was used, so that subtle morphological differences in brain structures between adolescent depressed individuals and control participants could be identified. We focus on changes in cortical and subcortical temporal structures, and use a multi-object statistical pose and shape model to analyze imaging data from 16 females (aged 16-21) and 3 males (aged 18) with early-onset MDD, and 25 female and 1 male normal control participants, drawn from the same age range. The hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, putamen, and superior, inferior and middle temporal gyri in both hemispheres of the brain were automatically segmented using the LONI Probabilistic Brain Atlas (Shattuck et al., 2008) in MNI space. Points on the surface of each structure in the atlas were extracted and warped to each participant's structural MRI. These surface points were analyzed to extract the pose and shape features. Pose differences were detected between the two groups, particularly in the left and right putamina, right hippocampus, and left and right inferior temporal gyri. Shape differences were detected between the two groups, particularly in the left hippocampus and in the left and right parahippocampal gyri. Furthermore, pose measures were significantly correlated with BDI score across the whole (clinical and control) sample. Since the clinical participants were experiencing their very first episodes of MDD, morphological alteration in the medial temporal lobe appears to be an early sign of MDD, and is unlikely to result from treatment with antidepressants. Pose and shape measures of morphology, which are not usually analyzed in neuromorphometric studies, appear to be sensitive to depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ramezani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ingrid Johnsrude
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linnaeus Centre for Hearing and Deafness, Linköping University, Linköping SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Abtin Rasoulian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachael Bosma
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ryan Tong
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tom Hollenstein
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kate Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Purang Abolmaesumi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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O'Reilly KC, Flatberg A, Islam S, Olsen LC, Kruge IU, Witter MP. Identification of dorsal-ventral hippocampal differentiation in neonatal rats. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2873-93. [PMID: 25012113 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adult hippocampal formation (HF) is functionally, connectionally, and transcriptionally differentiated along the dorsal-ventral axis. At birth, the hippocampus appears shortened along its dorsal-ventral axis. We therefore questioned at what postnatal age the differentiated dorsal-ventral hippocampus is present. We first established that the ventral tissue in the short postnatal hippocampus remains ventral in the adult-like hippocampus. Second, using anatomical tracing techniques we report that, within the first postnatal week, the main input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to HF is topographically organized. The terminal distribution of this input along the dorsal-ventral axis of HF was related to a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial axis of origin in EC, thus reflecting adult topography. Finally, we examined gene expression along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing hippocampus. We found that several genes that were differentially enriched in the adult dorsal and ventral hippocampus were similarly enriched in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal poles at birth. The differentially expressed genes relate to different molecular pathways and biomarkers of disease. Taken together, these data lead us to conclude that the entire dorsal-ventral axis of HF is present at birth showing adult-like functional differentiation. Moreover, our findings indicate that the neonatal ventral hippocampus is enriched with biomarkers associated with mental illnesses. These include schizophrenia, affective and anxiety disorders, disorders previously deemed as ventral hippocampal associated disorders, as well as alcoholism. Our results thus suggest an early developmental susceptibility of the ventral HF to mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kally C O'Reilly
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postboks 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway,
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Abstract
Depression causes significant morbidity in the human population. The Diathesis-Stress/Two-Hit model of depression hypothesizes that stress interacts with underlying (probably genetic) predispositions to produce a central nervous system that is primed to express psychopathology when confronted with stressful experiences later in life. Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies have been extensively utilized to test this model. NHPs are especially useful for studying effects of early experience, because many aspects of NHP infancy are similar to humans, whereas development occurs at an accelerated rate and therefore allows for more rapid assessment of experimental variables. In addition, the ability to manipulate putative risk factors, including introducing experimental stress during development, allows inference of causality not possible with human studies. This manuscript reviews experimental paradigms that have been utilized to model early adverse experience in NHPs, including peer-rearing, maternal separation, and variable foraging. It also provides examples of how this model has been used to investigate the effects of early experience on later neurobiology, physiology, and behavior associated with depression. We conclude that the NHP offers an excellent model to research mechanisms contributing to the Diathesis-Stress/Two-Hit model of depression.
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Wang H, Gondré-Lewis MC. Prenatal nicotine and maternal deprivation stress de-regulate the development of CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus neurons in hippocampus of infant rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65517. [PMID: 23785432 PMCID: PMC3681797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse experiences by the developing fetus and in early childhood are associated with profound effects on learning, emotional behavior, and cognition as a whole. In this study we investigated the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure (NIC), postnatal maternal deprivation (MD) or the combination of the two (NIC+MD) to determine if hippocampal neuron development is modulated by exposure to drugs of abuse and/or stress. Growth of rat offspring exposed to MD alone or NIC+MD was repressed until after weaning. In CA1 but not CA3 of postnatal day 14 (P14) pups, MD increased pyramidal neurons, however, in dentate gyrus (DG), decreased granule neurons. NIC had no effect on neuron number in CA1, CA3 or DG. Unexpectedly, NIC plus MD combined caused a synergistic increase in the number of CA1 or CA3 neurons. Neuron density in CA regions was unaffected by treatment, but in the DG, granule neurons had a looser packing density after NIC, MD or NIC+MD exposure. When septotemporal axes were analyzed, the synergism of stress and drug exposure in CA1 and CA3 was associated with rostral, whereas MD effects were predominantly associated with caudal neurons. TUNEL labeling suggests no active apoptosis at P14, and doublecortin positive neurons and mossy fibers were diminished in NIC+MD relative to controls. The laterality of the effect of nicotine and/or maternal deprivation in right versus left hippocampus was also analyzed and found to be insiginificant. We report for the first time that early life stressors such as postnatal MD and prenatal NIC exposure, when combined, may exhibit synergistic consequences for CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neuron development, and a potential antagonistic influence on developing DG neurons. These results suggest that early stressors may modulate neurogenesis, apoptosis, or maturation of glutamatergic neurons in the hippocampus in a region-specific manner during critical periods of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Savitz JB, Drevets WC. Neuroreceptor imaging in depression. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 52:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Kundakovic M, Lim S, Gudsnuk K, Champagne FA. Sex-specific and strain-dependent effects of early life adversity on behavioral and epigenetic outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:78. [PMID: 23914177 PMCID: PMC3730082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity can have a significant long-term impact with implications for the emergence of psychopathology. Disruption to mother-infant interactions is a form of early life adversity that may, in particular, have profound programing effects on the developing brain. However, despite converging evidence from human and animal studies, the precise mechanistic pathways underlying adversity-associated neurobehavioral changes have yet to be elucidated. One approach to the study of mechanism is exploration of epigenetic changes associated with early life experience. In the current study, we examined the effects of postnatal maternal separation (MS) in mice and assessed the behavioral, brain gene expression, and epigenetic effects of this manipulation in offspring. Importantly, we included two different mouse strains (C57BL/6J and Balb/cJ) and both male and female offspring to determine strain- and/or sex-associated differential response to MS. We found both strain-specific and sex-dependent effects of MS in early adolescent offspring on measures of open-field exploration, sucrose preference, and social behavior. Analyses of cortical and hippocampal mRNA levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) genes revealed decreased hippocampal Bdnf expression in maternally separated C57BL/6J females and increased cortical Bdnf expression in maternally separated male and female Balb/cJ offspring. Analyses of Nr3c1and Bdnf (IV and IX) CpG methylation indicated increased hippocampal Nr3c1 methylation in maternally separated C57BL/6J males and increased hippocampal Bdnf IX methylation in male and female maternally separated Balb/c mice. Overall, though effect sizes were modest, these findings suggest a complex interaction between early life adversity, genetic background, and sex in the determination of neurobehavioral and epigenetic outcomes that may account for differential vulnerability to later-life disorder.
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Embree M, Michopoulos V, Votaw JR, Voll RJ, Mun J, Stehouwer JS, Goodman MM, Wilson ME, Sánchez MM. The relation of developmental changes in brain serotonin transporter (5HTT) and 5HT1A receptor binding to emotional behavior in female rhesus monkeys: effects of social status and 5HTT genotype. Neuroscience 2012; 228:83-100. [PMID: 23079633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine how social subordination stress and 5HTT polymorphisms affect the development of brain serotonin (5HT) systems during the pubertal transition in female rhesus monkeys. We also examined associations with developmental changes in emotional reactivity in response to a standardized behavioral test, the Human Intruder (HI). Our findings provide the first longitudinal evidence of developmental increases in 5HT1A receptor and 5HTT binding in the brain of female primates from pre- to peripuberty. The increase in 5HT1A BP(ND) in these socially housed female rhesus monkeys is a robust finding, occurring across all groups, regardless of social status or 5HTT genotype, and occurring in the left and right hemispheres of all prefrontal regions studied, as well as the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and raphe nuclei. 5HTT BP(ND) also showed an increase with age in raphe, anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These changes in brain 5HT systems take place as females establish more adult-like patterns of social behavior, as well as during the HI paradigm. Indeed, the main developmental changes in behavior during the HI (increase in freezing and decrease in submission/appeasement) were related to neurodevelopmental increases in 5HT1A receptors and 5HTT, because the associations between these behaviors and 5HT endpoints emerge at peripuberty. We detected an effect of social status on 5HT1A BP(ND) in the hypothalamus and on 5HTT BP(ND) in the orbitofrontal cortex, with subordinates showing higher BP(ND) than dominants in both cases during the pubertal transition. No main effects of 5HTT genotype were observed for 5HT1A or 5HTT BP(ND). Our findings indicate that adolescence in female rhesus monkeys is a period of central 5HT reorganization, partly influenced by exposure to the social stress of subordination, that likely functions to integrate adrenal and gonadal systems and shape the behavioral response to emotionally challenging social situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Embree
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Early life stress differentially modulates distinct forms of brain plasticity in young and adult mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46004. [PMID: 23071534 PMCID: PMC3465301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early life trauma is an important risk factor for many psychiatric and somatic disorders in adulthood. As a growing body of evidence suggests that brain plasticity is disturbed in affective disorders, we examined the short-term and remote effects of early life stress on different forms of brain plasticity. Methodology/Principal Findings Mice were subjected to early deprivation by individually separating pups from their dam in the first two weeks after birth. Distinct forms of brain plasticity were assessed in the hippocampus by longitudinal MR volumetry, immunohistochemistry of neurogenesis, and whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of synaptic plasticity. Depression-related behavior was assessed by the forced swimming test in adult animals. Neuropeptides and their receptors were determined by real-time PCR and immunoassay. Early maternal deprivation caused a loss of hippocampal volume, which returned to normal in adulthood. Adult neurogenesis was unaffected by early life stress. Long-term synaptic potentiation, however, was normal immediately after the end of the stress protocol but was impaired in adult animals. In the forced swimming test, adult animals that had been subjected to early life stress showed increased immobility time. Levels of substance P were increased both in young and adult animals after early deprivation. Conclusion Hippocampal volume was affected by early life stress but recovered in adulthood which corresponded to normal adult neurogenesis. Synaptic plasticity, however, exhibited a delayed impairment. The modulation of synaptic plasticity by early life stress might contribute to affective dysfunction in adulthood.
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Long-lasting hippocampal synaptic protein loss in a mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42603. [PMID: 22900032 PMCID: PMC3416820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research efforts, the molecular pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and especially of the hippocampal volume loss found in the majority of patients suffering from this anxiety disease still remains elusive. We demonstrated before that trauma-induced hippocampal shrinkage can also be observed in mice exhibiting a PTSD-like syndrome. Aiming to decipher the molecular correlates of these trans-species posttraumatic hippocampal alterations, we compared the expression levels of a set of neurostructural marker proteins between traumatized and control mice at different time points after their subjection to either an electric footshock or mock treatment which was followed by stressful re-exposure in several experimental groups. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic in vivo study analyzing the long-term neuromolecular sequelae of acute traumatic stress combined with re-exposure. We show here that a PTSD-like syndrome in mice is accompanied by a long-lasting reduction of hippocampal synaptic proteins which interestingly correlates with the strength of the generalized and conditioned fear response but not with the intensity of hyperarousal symptoms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that treatment with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine is able to counteract both the PTSD-like syndrome and the posttraumatic synaptic protein loss. Taken together, this study demonstrates for the first time that a loss of hippocampal synaptic proteins is associated with a PTSD-like syndrome in mice. Further studies will have to reveal whether these findings are transferable to PTSD patients.
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French JA, Smith AS, Gleason AM, Birnie AK, Mustoe A, Korgan A. Stress reactivity in young marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi): ontogeny, stability, and lack of concordance among co-twins. Horm Behav 2012; 61:196-203. [PMID: 22210196 PMCID: PMC3278562 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Variation in response styles in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are known to be predictors of short- and long-term health outcomes. The nature of HPA responses to stressors changes with developmental stage, and some components of the stress response exhibit long-term individual consistency (i.e., are trait-like) while others are transient or variable (i.e., state-like). Here we evaluated the response of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi) to a standardized social stressor (social separation and exposure to a novel environment) at three different stages of development: juvenile, subadult, and young adult. We monitored levels of urinary cortisol (CORT), and derived multiple measures of HPA activity: Baseline CORT, CORT reactivity, CORT Area Under the Curve (AUC), and CORT regulation. Juvenile marmosets exhibited the most dramatic stress response, had higher AUCs, and tended to show poorer regulation. While baseline CORT and CORT regulation were not consistent within an individual across age, CORT reactivity and measures of AUC were highly correlated across time; i.e., individuals with high stress reactivity and AUC as juveniles also had high measures as subadults and adults, and vice-versa. Marmoset co-twins did not exhibit similar patterns of stress reactivity. These data suggest that regardless of the source of variation in stress response styles in marmosets, individually-distinctive patterns are established by six months of age, and persist for at least a year throughout different phases of marmoset life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A French
- Callitrichid Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal-neonate separation (MNS) in mammals is a model for studying the effects of stress on the development and function of physiological systems. In contrast, for humans, MNS is a Western norm and standard medical practice. However, the physiological impact of this is unknown. The physiological stress-response is orchestrated by the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability (HRV) is a means of quantifying autonomic nervous system activity. Heart rate variability is influenced by level of arousal, which can be accurately quantified during sleep. Sleep is also essential for optimal early brain development. METHODS To investigate the impact of MNS in humans, we measured HRV in 16 2-day-old full-term neonates sleeping in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and sleeping alone, for 1 hour in each place, before discharge from hospital. Infant behavior was observed continuously and manually recorded according to a validated scale. Cardiac interbeat intervals and continuous electrocardiogram were recorded using two independent devices. Heart rate variability (taken only from sleep states to control for level of arousal) was analyzed in the frequency domain using a wavelet method. RESULTS Results show a 176% increase in autonomic activity and an 86% decrease in quiet sleep duration during MNS compared with skin-to-skin contact. CONCLUSIONS Maternal-neonate separation is associated with a dramatic increase in HRV power, possibly indicative of central anxious autonomic arousal. Maternal-neonate separation also had a profoundly negative impact on quiet sleep duration. Maternal separation may be a stressor the human neonate is not well-evolved to cope with and may not be benign.
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Murphy ML, Frodl T. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies shows altered fractional anisotropy occurring in distinct brain areas in association with depression. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2011; 1:3. [PMID: 22738088 PMCID: PMC3377129 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fractional anisotropy anomalies occurring in the white matter tracts in the brains of depressed patients may reflect microstructural changes underlying the pathophysiology of this disorder. We conducted a meta-analysis of fractional anisotropy abnormalities occurring in major depressive disorder using voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging studies. Using the Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, 89 relevant data sets were identified, of which 7 (including 188 patients with major depressive disorder and 221 healthy controls) met our inclusion criteria. Authors were contacted to retrieve any additional data required. Coordinates were extracted from clusters of significant white matter fractional anisotropy differences between patients and controls. Relevant demographic, clinical and methodological variables were extracted from each study or obtained directly from authors. The meta-analysis was carried out using Signed Differential Mapping. Patients with depression showed decreased white matter fractional anisotropy values in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and increased fractional anisotropy values in the fronto-occipital fasciculus compared to controls. Using quartile and jackknife sensitivity analysis, we found that reduced fractional anisotropy in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus was very stable, with increases in the right fronto-occipital fasciculus driven by just one study. In conclusion, our meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in fractional anisotropy values in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, which may ultimately play an important role in the pathology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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O'Sullivan E, Barrett E, Grenham S, Fitzgerald P, Stanton C, Ross RP, Quigley EMM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. BDNF expression in the hippocampus of maternally separated rats: does Bifidobacterium breve 6330 alter BDNF levels? Benef Microbes 2011; 2:199-207. [PMID: 21986359 DOI: 10.3920/bm2011.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is of interest because of its putative role in stress and psychiatric disorders. Maternal separation is used as an animal model of early-life stress and of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Animals exposed to the paradigm show altered gut function together with heightened levels of arousal and corticosterone. Some probiotic organisms have been shown to be of benefit in IBS and influence the brain-gut axis. Our objective was to investigate the effects of maternal separation on BDNF under basal conditions and in response to the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve 6330. The study implemented the maternal separation model which we have previously described. Polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation were performed to measure the effect of maternal separation on both BDNF total variants and BDNF splice variant (exon) IV in the hippocampus. Maternally separated and non-separated rats were treated with B. breve 6330, to investigate the effect of this probiotic on BDNF total variant and BDNF exon IV expression. Maternal separation increased BDNF total variants (P<0.01), whilst having no effect on BDNF exon IV. B. breve 6330 increased BDNF total variants (P<0.01), and decreased BDNF splice variant IV, in non-separated rats (P<0.01). B. breve 6330 did not alter BDNF levels in the maternally separated rats. Maternal separation caused a marked increase in BDNF in the hippocampus. While B. breve 6330 influenced BDNF in normal animals, it had no significant effect on BDNF in those which were maternally separated. We have demonstrated that an orally administered probiotic can influence hippocampal BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O'Sullivan
- University College Cork, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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Wobber V, Hare B. Psychological health of orphan bonobos and chimpanzees in African sanctuaries. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17147. [PMID: 21666743 PMCID: PMC3110182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facilities across Africa care for apes orphaned by the trade for "bushmeat." These facilities, called sanctuaries, provide housing for apes such as bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) who have been illegally taken from the wild and sold as pets. Although these circumstances are undoubtedly stressful for the apes, most individuals arrive at the sanctuaries as infants and are subsequently provided with rich physical and social environments that can facilitate the expression of species-typical behaviors. METHODS AND FINDINGS We tested whether bonobo and chimpanzee orphans living in sanctuaries show any behavioral, physiological, or cognitive abnormalities relative to other individuals in captivity as a result of the early-life stress they experience. Orphans showed lower levels of aberrant behaviors, similar levels of average cortisol, and highly similar performances on a broad battery of cognitive tests in comparisons with individuals of the same species who were either living at a zoo or were reared by their mothers at the sanctuaries. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results support the rehabilitation strategy used by sanctuaries in the Pan-African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA) and suggest that the orphans we examined did not show long-term signs of stress as a result of their capture. Our findings also show that sanctuary apes are as psychologically healthy as apes in other captive settings and thus represent a valuable resource for non-invasive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wobber
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Parker KJ, Maestripieri D. Identifying key features of early stressful experiences that produce stress vulnerability and resilience in primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1466-83. [PMID: 20851145 PMCID: PMC3023826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the complex role of early stressful experiences in producing both vulnerability and resilience to later stress-related psychopathology in a variety of primate models of human development. Two types of models are reviewed: Parental Separation Models (e.g., isolate-rearing, peer-rearing, parental separations, and stress inoculation) and Maternal Behavior Models (e.g., foraging demands, variation in maternal style, and maternal abuse). Based on empirical evidence, it is argued that early life stress exposure does not increase adult vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology as a linear function, as is generally believed, but instead reflects a quadratic function. Features of early stress exposure including the type, duration, frequency, ecological validity, sensory modality, and developmental timing, within and between species, are identified to better understand how early stressful experiences alter neurobiological systems to produce such diverse developmental outcomes. This article concludes by identifying gaps in our current knowledge, providing directions for future research, and discussing the translational implications of these primate models for human development and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road MSLS P-104, Stanford, CA 94305-5485, USA.
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Dynamic molecular and anatomical changes in the glucocorticoid receptor in human cortical development. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:504-15. [PMID: 20308989 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has a critical role in determining the brain's capacity to respond to stress, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness. We hypothesized that key changes in cortical GR occur during adolescence and young adulthood, at a time when individuals are at increased risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. We investigated the mRNA and protein expression of GR in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across seven developmental time points from infancy to adulthood. GR mRNA expression, determined by microarray and quantitative real-time PCR, was lowest in neonates and peaked around young adulthood. Western blotting revealed two dynamic patterns of GRα protein expression across the lifespan, with N-terminal variants displaying differing unique patterns of abundance. GRα-A and a 67-kDa GRα isoform mirrored mRNA trends and peaked in toddlers and late in adolescence, whereas a 40-kDa isoform, very likely a GRα-D variant, peaked in neonates and decreased across the lifespan. GRα protein was localized to pyramidal neurons throughout life and most strikingly in young adulthood, but to white matter astrocytes only in neonates and infants (<130 days). These results suggest that the neonatal and late adolescent periods represent critical windows of stress pathway development, and highlight the importance of white matter astrocytes and pyramidal neurons, respectively, at these stages of cortical development. Evidence of dynamic patterns of GR isoform expression and cellular localization across development strengthens the hypothesis that windows of vulnerability to stress exist across human cortical development.
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Pryce CR, Aubert Y, Maier C, Pearce PC, Fuchs E. The developmental impact of prenatal stress, prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal social stress on physiology, behaviour and neuroanatomy of primate offspring: studies in rhesus macaque and common marmoset. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:33-53. [PMID: 20809212 PMCID: PMC3045510 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure of the immature mammalian brain to stress factors, including stress levels of glucocorticoids, either prenatally or postnatally, is regarded as a major regulatory factor in short- and long-term brain function and, in human, as a major aetiological factor in neuropsychiatric disorders. Experimental human studies are not feasible and animal studies are required to demonstrate causality and elucidate mechanisms. A number of studies have been conducted and reviewed in rodents but there are relatively few studies in primates. OBJECTIVES Here we present an overview of our published studies and some original data on the effects of: (1) prenatal stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) re/activity and hippocampus neuroanatomy in juvenile-adolescent rhesus macaques; (2) prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) on HPA activity, behaviour and prefrontal cortex neuroanatomy in infant-adolescent common marmosets; (3) postnatal daily parental separation stress on HPA re/activity, behaviour, sleep and hippocampus and prefrontal cortex neuroanatomy in infant-adolescent common marmoset. RESULTS Prenatal stress increased basal cortisol levels and reduced neurogenesis in macaque. Prenatal DEX was without effect on HPA activity and reduced social play and skilled motor behaviour in marmoset. Postnatal social stress increased basal cortisol levels, reduced social play, increased awakening and reduced hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in marmoset. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal stress-related environmental events exert short- and long-term effects on HPA function, behaviour and brain status in rhesus macaque and common marmoset. The mechanisms mediating the enduring effects remain to be elucidated, with candidates including increased basal HPA function and epigenetic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Pryce
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Clinic for Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Aubert
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Maier
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Peter C. Pearce
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, , Wiltshire, UK
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the ethical issues raised by the use of non-human primates (NHPs) in research involving scientific procedures which may cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm. It is not an exhaustive review of the literature and views on this subject, and it does not present any conclusions about the moral acceptability or otherwise of NHP research. Rather the aim has been to identify the ethical issues involved and to provide guidance on how these might be addressed, in particular by carefully examining the scientific rationale for NHP use, implementing fully the 3Rs principle of Russell and Burch (1959) and applying a robust "harm-benefit assessment" to research proposals involving NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Prescott
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), 20 Park Crescent, London, W1B 1AL, UK
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Coplan JD, Mathew SJ, Abdallah CG, Mao X, Kral JG, Smith ELP, Rosenblum LA, Perera TD, Dwork AJ, Hof PR, Gorman JM, Shungu DC. Early-life stress and neurometabolites of the hippocampus. Brain Res 2010; 1358:191-9. [PMID: 20713023 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that early life stress would persistently compromise neuronal viability of the hippocampus of the grown nonhuman primate. Neuronal viability was assessed through ascertainment of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)-an amino acid considered reflective of neuronal density/functional integrity-using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). The subjects reported herein represent a re-analysis of a sample of nineteen adult male bonnet macaques that had been reared in infancy under induced stress by maternal variable foraging demand (VFD) (N=10) or control rearing conditions (N=9). The MRSI spectral readings were recorded using a GE 1.5 Tesla machine under anesthesia. Relative NAA values were derived using NAA as numerator and both choline (Cho) or creatine (Cr) as denominators. Left medial temporal lobe (MTL) NAA/Cho but not NAA/Cr was decreased in VFD subjects versus controls. An MTL NAA/Cho ratio deficit remained significant when controlling for multiple confounding variables. Regression analyses suggested that the NAA/Choline finding was due to independently low left NAA and high left choline. Right MTL showed no rearing effects for NAA, but right NAA was positively related to body mass, irrespective of denominator. The current data indicate that decreased left MTL NAA/Cho may reflect low neuronal viability of the hippocampus following early life stress in VFD-reared versus normally-reared subjects. Given the importance of the hippocampus in stress-mediated toxicity, validation of these data using absolute quantification is suggested and correlative neurohistological studies of hippocampus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Nonhuman Primate Facility, Department of Psychiatry, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Marco EM, Macrì S, Laviola G. Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:286-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Spinelli S, Chefer S, Carson RE, Jagoda E, Lang L, Heilig M, Barr CS, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Stein EA. Effects of early-life stress on serotonin(1A) receptors in juvenile Rhesus monkeys measured by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1146-53. [PMID: 20172506 PMCID: PMC2882499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic experiences in early childhood are associated with increased risk for developing mood and anxiety disorders later in life. Low serotonin(1A) receptor (5-HT(1A)R) density during development has been proposed as a trait-like characteristic leading to increased vulnerability of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS To assess the relationship between early-life stress and alterations in the serotonin system during development, we used positron emission tomography to measure in vivo 5-HT(1A)R density and apparent dissociation constant (K(D)(app)) in the brain of juvenile Rhesus monkeys exposed to the early-life stress of peer-rearing. RESULTS In general, 5-HT(1A)R density and K(D)(app) were decreased in peer-reared compared with control mother-reared animals. However, increase in receptor density was found in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of peer-reared females. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exposure to an adverse early-life environment during infancy is associated with long-term alterations in the serotonin system and support previous studies suggesting that reduced 5-HT(1A)R density during development might be a factor increasing vulnerability to stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, alterations in the serotonin system seemed to be gender- and region-specific, providing a biological basis for the higher prevalence of affective disorders in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Spinelli
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Poolesville, MD, USA.
| | - Svetlana Chefer
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Elaine Jagoda
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lixin Lang
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD
| | - Markus Heilig
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christina S. Barr
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Poolesville, MD
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Poolesville, MD
| | - J. Dee Higley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
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Primate early life stress leads to long-term mild hippocampal decreases in corticosteroid receptor expression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1106-9. [PMID: 20132928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) genes are moderately reduced in several brain regions in depression. These reductions could be partly due to early life stress (ELS), which predicts emotional disorders. Controlled primate studies are important to test whether ELS sufficient to induce long-term emotional changes also induces long-term altered MR and/or GR brain expression. METHODS In the common marmoset, ELS of daily 30-120-min social isolation across month-1 resulted in some long-term changes in homeostasis and emotional behavior. In some of these same subjects, the aim of this study was to use marmoset-specific riboprobes to determine whether ELS produced long-term effects on brain MR and GR gene expression. RESULTS At adolescence, relative to control subjects, ELS marmosets exhibited mildly reduced messenger RNA signal for both MR (-15%, p = .05) and GR (-13%, p = .02) in hippocampus-primarily CA1-2-but not in prefrontal cortex, other cortical regions, or hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS In adolescent marmoset monkey brains, reduced hippocampal expression of MR and GR are consistent chronic-indicators of ELS. It is unlikely that these chronic, mild, specific reductions were acute-mediators of the observed long-term emotional effects of ELS. However, they do suggest involvement of hippocampal MR/GR in the neurodevelopmental effects of ELS.
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Abstract
The underlying neurobiology of major depression (MD) is likely to represent an interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as stress. We investigated, in a multimodal high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) genetic study, whether reduced hippocampal volumes and other brain alterations are associated with the tri-allelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter and childhood stress in patients with MD and healthy subjects. Patients with MD and healthy participants were investigated using high-resolution MRI and genotyping for serotonin transporter polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4, 5-HTTLPR). Region of interest analysis of the hippocampus, whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM), and assessment of childhood stress were carried out. Patients carrying the risk S-allele developed smaller hippocampal volumes when they had a history of emotional neglect compared with patients who only had one risk factor (environmental or genetic). In patients, childhood stress also predicted further hippocampal white matter alterations independently from the genotype. Moreover, the left prefrontal cortex was smaller in patients, whereby childhood stress resulted in larger prefrontal volumes in those subjects carrying the non-risk L-allele, suggesting preventive effects. The findings indicate that subjects with both environmental and genetic risk factors are susceptible to stress-related hippocampal changes. Structural brain changes due to stress represent part of the mechanism by which the illness risk and outcome might be genetically mediated.
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Staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatry: agents, phases and ages at expression. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:287-305. [PMID: 20237881 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental risk factors have assumed a critical role in prevailing notions concerning the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Staging, diagnostic elements at which phase of disease is determined, provides a means of conceptualizing the degree and extent of factors affecting brain development trajectories, but is concurrently specified through the particular interactions of genes and environment unique to each individual case. For present purposes, staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of the disease processes are considered from conditions giving rise to neurodevelopmental staging in affective states, adolescence, dopamine disease states, and autism spectrum disorders. Three major aspects influencing the eventual course of individual developmental trajectories appear to possess an essential determinant influence upon outcome: (i) the type of agent that interferes with brain development, whether chemical, immune system activating or absent (anoxia/hypoxia), (ii) the phase of brain development at which the agent exerts disruption, whether prenatal, postnatal, or adolescent, and (iii) the age of expression of structural and functional abnormalities. Clinical staging may be assumed at any or each developmental phase. The present perspective offers both a challenge to bring further order to diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis and a statement regarding the extreme complexities and interwoven intricacies of epigenetic factors, biomarkers, and neurobehavioral entities that aggravate currents notions of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Afadlal S, Polaboon N, Surakul P, Govitrapong P, Jutapakdeegul N. Prenatal stress alters presynaptic marker proteins in the hippocampus of rat pups. Neurosci Lett 2010; 470:24-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The incidence of depressive illness is high in the United States and worldwide, and the inadequacy of currently available drug treatments contributes to the significant health burden associated with depression. A basic understanding of the underlying disease processes in depression is lacking, and therefore, recreating the disease in animal models is not possible. Currently used models of depression attempt to produce quantifiable correlates of human symptoms in experimental animals. The models differ in the degree to which they produce features that resemble a depressive-like state, and models that include stress exposure are widely used. Paradigms that employ acute or subchronic stress exposure include learned helplessness, forced swim test, and tail suspension test, which employ relatively short-term exposure to inescapable or uncontrollable stress and can reliably detect antidepressant drug response. Longer-term models include chronic mild stress models, early-life stress models, and social conflict models, which may more accurately simulate processes that lead to depression. These models each have varying degrees of face, construct, and predictive validity for depression and contribute differently to our understanding of antidepressant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine H Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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49
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Savitz JB, Drevets WC. Imaging phenotypes of major depressive disorder: genetic correlates. Neuroscience 2009; 164:300-30. [PMID: 19358877 PMCID: PMC2760612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques are a potentially powerful method of identifying phenotypes that are associated with, or are indicative of, a vulnerability to developing major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we identify seven promising MDD-associated traits identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET). We evaluate whether these traits are state-independent, heritable endophenotypes, or state-dependent phenotypes that may be useful markers of treatment efficacy. In MDD, increased activity of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli appears to be a mood-congruent phenomenon, and is likely moderated by the 5-HT transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). Hippocampal volume loss is characteristic of elderly or chronically-ill samples and may be impacted by the val66met brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variant and the 5-HTTLPR SLC6A4 polymorphism. White matter pathology is salient in elderly MDD cohorts but is associated with cerebrovascular disease, and is unlikely to be a useful marker of a latent MDD diathesis. Increased blood flow or metabolism of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), together with gray matter volume loss in this region, is a well-replicated finding in MDD. An attenuation of the usual pattern of fronto-limbic connectivity, particularly a decreased temporal correlation in amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity, is another MDD-associated trait. Concerning neuroreceptor PET imaging, decreased 5-HT(1A) binding potential in the raphe, medial temporal lobe, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been strongly associated with MDD, and may be impacted by a functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the 5-HT(1A) gene (HTR1A: -1019 C/G; rs6295). Potentially indicative of inter-study variation in MDD etiology or mood state, both increased and decreased binding potential of the 5-HT transporter has been reported. Challenges facing the field include the problem of phenotypic and etiological heterogeneity, technological limitations, the confounding effects of medication, and non-disease related inter-individual variation in brain morphology and function. Further advances are likely as epigenetic, copy-number variant, gene-gene interaction, and genome-wide association (GWA) approaches are brought to bear on imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Savitz
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Jutapakdeegul N, Afadlal S, Polaboon N, Phansuwan‐Pujito P, Govitrapong P. Repeated restraint stress and corticosterone injections during late pregnancy alter GAP‐43 expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuanchan Jutapakdeegul
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
| | - Szeifoul Afadlal
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Polaboon
- Faculty of Allied Health SciencesChristian UniversityNakornpathom73000Thailand
| | | | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Neuro‐Behavioral Biology CenterInstitute of Molecular BiosciencesMahidol UniversityNakornpathom73170Thailand
- Center for NeuroscienceFaculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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