White matter changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis

Ketamine-dependent patients with persistent psychosis have higher neurofilament light chain levels than patients with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES

Ketamine can induce persisting psychosis in a subset of individuals who use it chronically and heavily. Previously, we found that the psychopathology and cognitive impairments in patients with ketamine dependence (KD) exhibiting persistent psychosis (KPP) bear resemblances with schizophrenia, albeit with less severity in those with no persistent psychosis (KNP). Furthermore, we also showed that patients with KD had higher blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL), a biomarker for neuroaxonal injury, compared to healthy controls. In this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in NFL levels between patients with KPP and KNP while comparing the levels of individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

METHODS

We enrolled 64 treatment-seeking ketamine-dependent patients (53 with KNP and 11 with KPP), 37 medication-free patients with schizophrenia, and 80 healthy controls. Blood NFL levels were measured by single molecule array immunoassay.

RESULTS

NFL levels were highest in the KPP subgroup, followed by the KNP subgroup, and then the schizophrenia and control groups (mean ± SD: 24.5 ± 24.7, 12.9 ± 10.9, 9.2 ± 12.2, and 6.2 ± 2.2 pg/mL, respectively), with no significant difference observed between the schizophrenia and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that KD is associated with higher NFL levels compared to schizophrenia, with the KPP subgroup showing the most consistent alterations. The observation of accentuated neuroaxonal pathology in individuals with KPP implies that this clinical manifestation is associated with a specific neurobiological phenotype, despite prior evidence suggesting syndromal similarity between schizophrenia and KPP.

Transcallosal white matter and cortical gray matter variations in autistic adults ages 30-73 years: A bi-tensor free water imaging approach

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been recognized as a lifelong condition, but brain aging studies in autistic adults aged >30 years are limited. Free water, a novel brain imaging marker derived from diffusion MRI (dMRI), has shown promise in differentiating typical and pathological aging and monitoring brain degeneration. We aimed to examine free water and free water corrected dMRI measures to assess white and gray matter microstructure and their associations with age in autistic adults. Methods: Forty-three autistic adults ages 30-73 years and 43 age, sex, and IQ matched neurotypical controls participated in this cross-sectional study. We quantified fractional anisotropy (FA), free water, and free water-corrected FA (fwcFA) across 32 transcallosal white matter tracts and 94 gray matter areas in autistic adults and neurotypical controls. Follow-up analyses assessed age effect on dMRI metrics of the whole brain for both groups and the relationship between dMRI metrics and clinical measures of ASD in regions that significantly differentiated autistic adults from controls. Results: We found globally elevated free water in 24 transcallosal tracts in autistic adults. We identified negligible differences in dMRI metrics in gray matter between the two groups. Age-associated FA reductions and free water increases were featured in neurotypical controls; however, this brain aging profile was largely absent in autistic adults. Additionally, greater autism quotient (AQ) total raw score was associated with increased free water in the inferior frontal gyrus pars orbitalis and lateral orbital gyrus in autistic adults. Limitations: All autistic adults were cognitively capable individuals, minimizing the generalizability of the research findings across the spectrum. This study also involved a cross-sectional design, which limited inferences about the longitudinal microstructural changes of white and gray matter in ASD. Conclusions: We identified differential microstructural configurations between white and gray matter in autistic adults and that autistic individuals present more heterogeneous brain aging profiles compared to controls. Our clinical correlation analysis offered new evidence that elevated free water in some localized white matter tracts may critically contribute to autistic traits in ASD. Our findings underscored the importance of quantifying free water in dMRI studies of ASD.

Structural white matter abnormalities in Schizophrenia and associations with neurocognitive performance and symptom severity

Schizophrenia is associated with robust white matter (WM) abnormalities but influences of potentially confounding variables and relationships with cognitive performance and symptom severity remain to be fully determined. This study was designed to evaluate WM abnormalities based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in individuals with schizophrenia, and their relationships with cognitive performance and symptom severity. Data from individuals with schizophrenia (SZ; n=138, mean age±SD=39.02±11.82; 105 males) and healthy controls (HC; n=143, mean age±SD=37.07±10.84; 102 males) were collected as part of the Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network Phase 3 study. Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) were compared between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and their relationships with neurocognitive performance and symptomatology assessed. Individuals with SZ had significantly lower FA in forceps minor and the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus compared to HC. FA in several tracts were associated with speed of processing and attention/vigilance and the severity of the negative symptom alogia. This study suggests that regional WM abnormalities are fundamentally involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may contribute to cognitive performance deficits and symptom expression observed in schizophrenia.

Brain-wide Anatomical Connectivity and Prediction of Longitudinal Outcomes in Antipsychotic-Naïve First Episode Psychosis

BACKGROUND

Disruptions of axonal connectivity are thought to be a core pathophysiological feature of psychotic illness, but whether they are present early in the illness, prior to antipsychotic exposure, and whether they can predict clinical outcome remains unknown.

METHODS

We acquired diffusion-weighted MRI to map structural connectivity between each pair of 319 parcellated brain regions in 61 antipsychotic-naive individuals with First Episode Psychosis (FEP; 15-25 years, 46% female) and a demographically matched sample of 27 control participants, along with clinical follow-up data in patients three months and 12 months after the scan. We used connectome-wide analyses to map disruptions of inter-regional pairwise connectivity and connectome-based predictive modelling to predict longitudinal change in symptoms and functioning.

RESULTS

Individuals with FEP showed disrupted connectivity in a brain-wide network linking all brain regions when compared with controls (pFWE=.03). Baseline structural connectivity significantly predicted change in functioning over 12 months (r=.44;pFWE=.041), such that lower connectivity within fronto-striato-thalamic systems predicted worse functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Brain-wide reductions of structural connectivity exist during the early stages of psychotic illness and cannot be attributed to antipsychotic medication. Moreover, baseline measures of structural connectivity can predict change in patient functional outcomes up to one year after engagement with treatment services.

Immunosenescence-related T cell phenotypes and white matter in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia

Schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) are associated with accelerated biological aging, immunological dysfunction, and premature morbidity and mortality. Older individuals are particularly vulnerable to TD development. As a characteristic of immunosenescence, alterations in the relative proportions of naïve or memory T cell subpopulations may be negatively or positively associated with brain structure abnormalities; however, whether these changes are correlated with TD remains unclear. In this study, we investigated correlations between distributions of T cell phenotypes and brain structure abnormalities (especially white matter) in schizophrenia patients with (TD) and without (NTD) TD (n = 50 and 58, respectively) relative to healthy controls (HC, n = 41). Immune markers, including naïve (CD45RA+), memory (CD45RO+), and apoptotic (CD95+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were examined by flow cytometry, as were the intracellular levels of cytokines (interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in CD8 + CD45RA + CD95+ and CD8 + CD45RO + CD95+ T cells. MRI was employed to evaluate the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter tracts and subcortical volumes, following published routines. The percentage of CD8 + CD45RO + CD95+ T cells was higher in TD compared with NTD and HC groups and correlated with the choroid plexus volume in TD group. The intracellular level of IFN-γ in CD8 + CD45RO + CD95+ T cells, the FA of the fornix/stria terminalis, and the pallidum volume were correlated with orofacial TD, whereas the FAs of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, cingulum, and superior longitudinal fasciculus were correlated with limb-truncal TD. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the association between immunosenescence-related T cell subpopulations and brain structure may underline the pathological process of TD.

Serum S100B protein and white matter changes in schizophrenia before and after medication

Schizophrenia patients have abnormalities in white matter (WM) integrity in brain regions. S100B has been shown to be a marker protein for glial cells. The atypical antipsychotics have neuroprotective effects on the brain. It is not clear whether antipsychotics can induce S100B changes and improve symptoms by protecting oligodendrocytes. To investigate WM and S100B changes and associations and determine the effect of quetiapine on WM and S100B in schizophrenia patients, we determined serum S100B levels with solid phase immunochromatography and fractional anisotropy（FA）values of 36 patients and 40 healthy controls. Patients exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of S100B and decreased FA values in left postcentral，right superior frontal，right thalamus, and left inferior occipital gyrus, while higher in right temporal cortex WM compared with healthy controls. Following treatment with quetiapine, patients had decreased S100B and higher FA values in right cerebellum，right superior frontal，right thalamus, and left parietal cortex，and decreased FA values in right temporal cortex WM compared with pre-treatment values. Furthermore, S100B were negatively correlated with PANSS positive scores and positively correlated with FA values in the left postcentral cortex. In addition，the percentage change in FA values in the right temporal cortex was positively correlated with the percentage change in the S100B, percentage reduction in PANSS scores, and percentage reduction in PANSS-positive scores. Our findings demonstrated abnormalities in S100B and WM microstructure in patients with schizophrenia. These abnormalities may be partly reversed by quetiapine treatment.

Based on neural network cascade abnormal texture information dissemination of classification of patients with schizophrenia and depression

This study used MRI brain image segmentation to identify novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers to distinguish patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MD), and healthy control (HC). Brain texture measurements, including entropy and contrast, were calculated to capture variability in adjacent MRI voxel intensity. These measures are then applied to group classification in deep learning techniques and combined with hierarchical correlations to locate results. Texture feature maps were extracted from segmented brain MRI scans of 141 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), 103 patients with major depressive disorder (MD) and 238 healthy controls (HC). Gray scale coassociation matrix (GLCM) is a monomer matrix calculated in a voxel cube. Deep learning methods were evaluated to determine the application capability of texture feature mapping in binary classification (SCZ vs. HC, MD vs. HC, SCZ vs. MD). The method is implemented by repeated nesting and cross-validation for feature selection. Regions that show the highest correlation (positive or negative). In this study, the authors successfully classified SCZ, MD and HC. This suggests that texture analysis can be used as an effective feature extraction method to distinguish different disease states. Compared with other methods, texture analysis can capture richer image information and improve classification accuracy in some cases. The classification accuracy of SCZ and HC, MD and HC, SCZ and MD reached 84.6%, 86.4% and 76.21%, respectively. Among them, SCZ and HC are the most significant features with high sensitivity and specificity.

Tract-based analyses of white matter in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, aging, and dementia using high spatial and directional resolution diffusion imaging: a pilot study

Introduction

Structural brain connectivity abnormalities have been associated with several psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic disabling disorder associated with accelerated aging and increased risk of dementia, though brain findings in the disorder have rarely been directly compared to those that occur with aging.

Methods

We used an automated approach to reconstruct key white matter tracts and assessed tract integrity in five participant groups. We acquired one-hour-long high-directional diffusion MRI data from young control (CON, n =28), bipolar disorder (BPD, n =21), and SCZ (n =22) participants aged 18-30, and healthy elderly (ELD, n =15) and dementia (DEM, n =9) participants. Volume, fractional (FA), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) of seven key white matter tracts (anterior thalamic radiation, ATR; dorsal and ventral cingulum bundle, CBD and CBV; corticospinal tract, CST; and the three superior longitudinal fasciculi: SLF-1, SLF-2 and SLF-3) were analyzed with TRACULA. Group comparisons in tract metrics were performed using multivariate and univariate analyses. Clinical relationships of tract metrics with recent and chronic symptoms were assessed in SCZ and BPD participants.

Results

A MANOVA showed group differences in FA (λ=0.5; p=0.0002) and RD (λ=0.35; p<0.0001) across the seven tracts, but no significant differences in tract AD and volume. Post-hoc analyses indicated lower tract FA and higher RD in ELD and DEM groups compared to CON, BPD and SCZ groups. Lower FA and higher RD in SCZ compared to CON did not meet statistical significance. In SCZ participants, a significant negative correlation was found between chronic psychosis severity and FA in the SLF-1 (r= -0.45; p=0.035), SLF-2 (r= -0.49; p=0.02) and SLF-3 (r= -0.44; p=0.042).

Discussion

Our results indicate impaired white matter tract integrity in elderly populations consistent with myelin damage. Impaired tract integrity in SCZ is most prominent in patients with advanced illness.

Lower fractional anisotropy without evidence for neuro-inflammation in patients with early-phase schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Various lines of research suggest immune dysregulation as a potential therapeutic target for negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Immune dysregulation would lead to higher extracellular free-water (EFW) in cerebral white matter (WM), which may partially underlie the frequently reported lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in SSD. We aim to investigate differences in EFW concentrations - a presumed proxy for neuro-inflammation - between early-phase SSD patients (n = 55) and healthy controls (HC; n = 37), and to explore immunological and cognitive correlates. To increase specificity for EFW, we study several complementary magnetic resonance imaging contrasts that are sensitive to EFW. FA, mean diffusivity (MD), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), myelin water fraction (MWF) and quantitative T1 and T2 were calculated from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) and multicomponent driven equilibrium single-pulse observation of T1/T2 (mcDESPOT). For each measure, WM skeletons were constructed with tract-based spatial statistics. Multivariate SSD-HC comparisons with WM skeletons and their average values (i.e. global WM) were not statistically significant. In voxel-wise analyses, FA was significantly lower in SSD in the genu of the corpus callosum and in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (p < 0.04). Global WM measures did not correlate with immunological markers (i.e. IL1-RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CRP) or cognition in HC and SSD after corrections for multiple comparisons. We confirmed lower FA in early-phase SSD patients. However, nonFA measures did not provide additional evidence for immune dysregulation or for higher EFW as the primary mechanism underlying the reported lower FA values in SSD.

Multivariate Associations Among White Matter, Neurocognition, and Social Cognition Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS

Neurocognitive and social cognitive abilities are important contributors to functional outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). An unanswered question of considerable interest is whether neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits arise from overlapping or distinct white matter impairment(s).

STUDY DESIGN

We sought to fill this gap, by harnessing a large sample of individuals from the multi-center Social Processes Initiative in the Neurobiology of the Schizophrenia(s) (SPINS) dataset, unique in its collection of advanced diffusion imaging and an extensive battery of cognitive assessments. We applied canonical correlation analysis to estimates of white matter microstructure, and cognitive performance, across people with and without an SSD.

STUDY RESULTS

Our results established that white matter circuitry is dimensionally and strongly related to both neurocognition and social cognition, and that microstructure of the uncinate fasciculus and the rostral body of the corpus callosum may assume a "privileged role" subserving both. Further, we found that participant-wise estimates of white matter microstructure, weighted by cognitive performance, were largely consistent with participants' categorical diagnosis, and predictive of (cross-sectional) functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The demonstrated strength of the relationship between white matter circuitry and neurocognition and social cognition underscores the potential for using relationships among these variables to identify biomarkers of functioning, with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Structural impairment in superficial and deep white matter in schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE

Although disconnectivity among brain regions has been one of the main hypotheses for schizophrenia, the superficial white matter (SWM) has received less attention in schizophrenia research than the deep white matter (DWM) owing to the challenge of consistent reconstruction across subjects.

METHODS

We obtained the diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data of 223 healthy controls and 143 patients with schizophrenia. After harmonising the raw dMRIs from three different studies, we performed whole-brain two-tensor tractography and fibre clustering on the tractography data. We compared the fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter tracts between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. Spearman's rho was adopted for the associations with clinical symptoms measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust multiple testing.

RESULTS

Among the 33 DWM and 8 SWM tracts, patients with schizophrenia had a lower FA in 14 DWM and 4 SWM tracts than healthy controls, with small effect sizes. In the patient group, the FA deviations of the corticospinal and superficial-occipital tracts were negatively correlated with the PANSS negative score; however, this correlation was not evident after adjusting for multiple testing.

CONCLUSION

We observed the structural impairments of both the DWM and SWM tracts in patients with schizophrenia. The SWM could be a potential target of interest in future research on neural biomarkers for schizophrenia.

Effects of antipsychotic medication on functional connectivity in major depressive disorder with psychotic features

The effect of antipsychotic medication on resting state functional connectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently unknown. To address this gap, we examined patients with MDD with psychotic features (MDDPsy) participating in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II. All participants were treated with sertraline plus olanzapine and were subsequently randomized to continue sertraline plus olanzapine or be switched to sertraline plus placebo. Participants completed an MRI at randomization and at study endpoint (study completion at Week 36, relapse, or early termination). The primary outcome was change in functional connectivity measured within and between specified networks and the rest of the brain. The secondary outcome was change in network topology measured by graph metrics. Eighty-eight participants completed a baseline scan; 73 completed a follow-up scan, of which 58 were usable for analyses. There was a significant treatment X time interaction for functional connectivity between the secondary visual network and rest of the brain (t = -3.684; p = 0.0004; pFDR = 0.0111). There was no significant treatment X time interaction for graph metrics. Overall, functional connectivity between the secondary visual network and the rest of the brain did not change in participants who stayed on olanzapine but decreased in those switched to placebo. There were no differences in changes in network topology measures when patients stayed on olanzapine or switched to placebo. This suggests that olanzapine may stabilize functional connectivity, particularly between the secondary visual network and the rest of the brain.

Association between enhanced carbonyl stress and decreased apparent axonal density in schizophrenia by multimodal white matter imaging

Carbonyl stress is a condition featuring increased rich reactive carbonyl compounds, which facilitate the formation of advanced glycation end products including pentosidine. We previously reported the relationship between enhanced carbonyl stress and disrupted white matter integrity in schizophrenia, although which microstructural component is disrupted remained unclear. In this study, 32 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (HC) were recruited. We obtained blood samples for carbonyl stress markers (plasma pentosidine and serum pyridoxal) and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging measures of white matter microstructures including apparent axonal density (intra-cellular volume fraction (ICVF)) and orientation (orientation dispersion index (ODI)), and inflammation (free water (FW)). In SCZ, the plasma pentosidine level was significantly increased. Group comparison revealed that mean white matter values were decreased for ICVF, and increased for FW. We found a significant negative correlation between the plasma pentosidine level and mean ICVF values in SCZ, and a significant negative correlation between the serum pyridoxal level and mean ODI value in HC, regardless of age. Our results suggest an association between enhanced carbonyl stress and axonal abnormality in SCZ.

Prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial evaluating longitudinal changes in brain function and microstructure in first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with long-acting injectable paliperidone palmitate versus oral antipsychotics

Widespread anatomical alterations and abnormal functional connectivity have shown strong association with symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients. Second-generation antipsychotic treatment might slow disease progression and possibly modify the cerebral plasticity in FES patients. However, whether a long-acting injectable antipsychotic (paliperidone palmitate [PP]), available in monthly and every-3-months formulations, is more effective than oral antipsychotics (OAP) in improving cerebral organization has been unclear. Therefore, in the current longitudinal study, we evaluated the differences in functional and microstructural changes of 68 FES patients in a randomized clinical trial of PP vs OAP. When compared to OAP treatment, PP treatment was more effective in decreasing abnormally high fronto-temporal and thalamo-temporal connectivity, as well as increasing fronto-sensorimotor and thalamo-insular connectivity. Consistent with previous studies, multiple white matter pathways showed larger changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in response to PP compared with OAP treatment. These findings suggest that PP treatment might reduce regional abnormalities and improve cerebral connectivity networks compared with OAP treatment, and identified changes that may serve as reliable imaging biomarkers associated with medication treatment efficacy.

Identification of texture MRI brain abnormalities on first-episode psychosis and clinical high-risk subjects using explainable artificial intelligence

Structural MRI studies in first-episode psychosis and the clinical high-risk state have consistently shown volumetric abnormalities. Aim of the present study was to introduce radiomics texture features in identification of psychosis. Radiomics texture features describe the interrelationship between voxel intensities across multiple spatial scales capturing the hidden information of underlying disease dynamics in addition to volumetric changes. Structural MR images were acquired from 77 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, 58 clinical high-risk subjects with no later transition to psychosis (CHR_NT), 15 clinical high-risk subjects with later transition (CHR_T), and 44 healthy controls (HC). Radiomics texture features were extracted from non-segmented images, and two-classification schemas were performed for the identification of FEP vs. HC and FEP vs. CHR_NT. The group of CHR_T was used as external validation in both schemas. The classification of a subject's clinical status was predicted by importing separately (a) the difference of entropy feature map and (b) the contrast feature map, resulting in classification balanced accuracy above 72% in both analyses. The proposed framework enhances the classification decision for FEP, CHR_NT, and HC subjects, verifies diagnosis-relevant features and may potentially contribute to identification of structural biomarkers for psychosis, beyond and above volumetric brain changes.

White matter alterations and the conversion to psychosis: A combined diffusion tensor imaging and glutamate 1H MRS study

INTRODUCTION

Widespread white matter abnormalities and alterations in glutamate levels have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that alterations in white matter integrity and glutamate levels in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis are associated with the subsequent development of psychosis.

METHODS

Participants included 33 antipsychotic naïve CHR (Female 7/Male 26, Age 19.55 (4.14) years) and 38 healthy controls (Female 10/Male 28, Age 20.92 (3.37) years). Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging for fractional anisotropy (FA) and right frontal white matter proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for glutamate levels were acquired. CHR participants were clinically followed for 2 years to determine conversion to psychosis.

RESULTS

CHR participants that transitioned to psychosis (N = 7, 21%) were characterized by significantly lower FA values in the posterior thalamic radiation compared to those who did not transition and healthy controls. In the CHR group that transitioned to psychosis only, positive exploratory correlations between glutamate levels and FA values of the posterior thalamic radiation and the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule and a negative correlation between glutamate levels and the cingulum FA values were found.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study highlight that alterations in white matter structure and glutamate are related with the conversion to psychosis.

Prognostic associations of cortical gyrification in minimally medicated schizophrenia in an early intervention setting

The aberration in cortical gyrification seen in schizophrenia likely originates in the earliest phase of life, as gyrification begins in utero and reaches its peak in infancy. However, emerging observations have indicated a later reduction in gyrification, especially in early adulthood, may also occur in schizophrenia. At present, it is unclear whether the baseline and later gyrification reduction has any prognostic importance in schizophrenia. We address this question in a longitudinal design in patients minimally medicated at inception. About 108 minimally medicated (duration of medication = <14 days of antipsychotics) patients and 106 healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, with 34 patients being selectively re-scanned when clinically stable following antipsychotic treatment. The cortical surface from each structural image was reconstructed, and the local gyrification index and cortical thickness were computed for each vertex on the surface. We found minimally medicated schizophrenia patients during the first episode had a relatively higher gyrification in bilateral supramarginal, left superior temporal, and right posterior cingulate and paracentral regions. However, poor prognostic features were more likely in patients with lower baseline gyrification. Longitudinal reductions in left superior parietal and right precentral gyrification were associated with lower improvements in both positive and negative symptoms over time. The spatial pattern of longitudinal changes in gyrification was distinct from the changes in cortical thickness. These results indicated that schizophrenia is characterized by a relative hypergyrification in parieto-temporal and medial cortical areas at a group level at first presentation, but poor outcomes relate to lower-gyrification elsewhere both at the onset and during the early course. The early post-onset reduction of gyrification is rather limited in space and magnitude, but occurs unrelated to the progressive thinning, representing a distinct, prognostically important structural trajectory.

Incidental findings on brain MRI in patients with first-episode and chronic psychosis

Brain incidental findings (IFs) are unexpected brain abnormalities detected by a structural magnetic resonance (MRI) examination. We conducted a study to assess whether brain IFs are associated with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and chronic psychosis (affective vs. non-affective) compared to healthy controls (HC). Chi-squared analyses were run to compare the frequency of several IFs across groups. Logistic regression analyses were run to explore the association between group and IFs, accounting for sex, age, MRI field strength. We observed a higher frequency of most IFs in both FEP and chronic psychosis groups compared to HC, however most of the chi-squared tests did not reach significance. Patients with FEP and chronic psychosis were 3-4 times more likely to show deep white matter hyperintensities (WMH) than HC. Patients with FEP and affective chronic psychosis were 3-4 times more likely to show ventricular asymmetries than HC. All chronic patients were more likely to show periventricular WMH, liquoral spaces enlargements and ventricular system enlargements respectively. Our results suggest that deep WMH and ventricular asymmetries are associated with both the early and the chronic stages of psychosis, thus representing potential vulnerability factors already present before the onset of the symptoms, possibly due to neurodevelopmental insults.

Segmental abnormalities of superior longitudinal fasciculus microstructure in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An automated fiber quantification tractography study

INTRODUCTION

Superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is a white matter (WM) tract that connects the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. SLF integrity has been widely assessed in neuroimaging studies of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, prior studies have revealed inconsistent findings and comparisons across disorders have not been fully examined.

METHODS

Here, we obtained data for 113 patients (38 patients with SZ, 40 with BD, 35 with ADHD) and 94 healthy controls from the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomic LA5c dataset. We assessed the integrity of 20 major WM tracts with a novel segmentation method by automating fiber tract quantification (AFQ). The AFQ divides each tract into 100 equal parts along the direction of travel, with fractional anisotropy (FA) of each part taken as a characteristic. Differences in FA among the four groups were examined.

RESULTS

Compared to healthy controls, patients with SZ showed significantly lower FA in the second half (51-100 parts) of the SLF. No differences were found between BD and healthy controls, nor between ADHD and healthy controls. Results also demonstrated that patients with SZ showed FA reduction in the second half of the SLF relative to patients with BP. Moreover, greater FA in patients in SLF was positively correlated with the manic-hostility score of the Brief Psychiatry Rating scale.

DISCUSSION

These findings indicated that differences in focal changes in SLF might be a key neurobiological abnormality contributing to characterization of these psychiatric disorders.

Grey matter connectome abnormalities and age-related effects in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia

Background

Convergent evidence is increasing to indicate progressive brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Knowing the brain network features over the illness course in schizophrenia, independent of effects of antipsychotic medications, would extend our sight on this question.

Methods

We recruited 237 antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia range from 16 to 73 years old, and 254 healthy controls. High-resolution T1 weighted images were obtained with a 3.0T MR scanner. Grey matter networks were constructed individually based on the similarities of regional grey matter measurements. Network metrics were compared between patient groups and healthy controls, and regression analyses with age were conducted to determine potential differential rate of age-related changes between them.

Findings

Nodal centrality abnormalities were observed in patients with untreated schizophrenia, particularly in the central executive, default mode and salience networks. Accelerated age-related declines and illness duration-related declines were observed in global assortativity, and in nodal metrics of left superior temporal pole in schizophrenia patients. Although no significant intergroup differences in age-related regression were observed, the pattern of network metric alternation of left thalamus indicated higher nodal properties in early course patients, which decreased in long-term ill patients.

Interpretations

Global and nodal alterations in the grey matter connectome related to age and duration of illness in antipsychotic-naive patients, indicating potentially progressive network organizations mainly involving temporal regions and thalamus in schizophrenia independent from medication effects.

Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Sichuan Science and Technology Program, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Post-Doctor Research Project, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , the Science and Technology Project of the Health Planning Committee of Sichuan, Postdoctoral Interdisciplinary Research Project of Sichuan University and 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.

Structural and Functional Default Mode Network Connectivity and Antipsychotic Treatment Response in Medication-Naïve First Episode Psychosis Patients

Introduction

Only a few studies have comprehensively characterized default mode network (DMN) pathology on a structural and functional level, and definite conclusions cannot be drawn due to antipsychotic medication exposure and illness chronicity. The objective of this study was to characterize DMN pathology in medication-naïve first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, and determine if DMN structural and functional connectivity (FC) have potential utility as a predictor for subsequent antipsychotic treatment response.

Methods

Diffusion imaging and resting state FC data from 42 controls and 52 FEP were analyzed. Patients then received 16 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Using region of interest analyses, we quantified FC of the DMN and structural integrity of the white matter tracts supporting DMN function. We then did linear regressions between DMN structural and FC indices and antipsychotic treatment response.

Results

We detected reduced DMN fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity in FEP compared to controls. No DMN FC abnormalities nor correlations between DMN structural and FC were found. Finally, DMN fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity were associated with response to treatment.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the critical role of the DMN in the pathophysiology suggesting that axonal damage may already be present in FEP patients. We also demonstrated that DMN pathology is clinically relevant, as greater structural DMN alterations were associated with a less favorable clinical response to antipsychotic medications.

Identification of voxel-based texture abnormalities as new biomarkers for schizophrenia and major depressive patients using layer-wise relevance propagation on deep learning decisions

Non-segmented MRI brain images are used for the identification of new Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) biomarkers able to differentiate between schizophrenic patients (SCZ), major depressive patients (MD) and healthy controls (HC). Brain texture measures such as entropy and contrast, capturing the neighboring variation of MRI voxel intensities, were computed and fed into deep learning technique for group classification. Layer-wise relevance was applied for the localization of the classification results. Texture feature map of non-segmented brain MRI scans were extracted from 141 SCZ, 103 MD and 238 HC. The gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was calculated on a voxel-by-voxel basis in a cube of voxels. Deep learning tested if texture feature map could predict diagnostic group membership of three classes under a binary classification (SCZ vs. HC, MD vs. HC, SCZ vs. MD). The method was applied in a repeated nested cross-validation scheme and cross-validated feature selection. The regions with the highest relevance (positive/negative) are presented. The method was applied on non-segmented images reducing the computation complexity and the error associated with segmentation process.

Disturbances in White Matter Integrity in the Ultra-High-Risk Psychosis State-A Systematic Review

Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling mental illness whose etiology still remains unclear. The available literature indicates that there exist white matter (WM) abnormalities in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Recent developments in modern neuroimaging methods have enabled the identification of the structure, morphology, and function of the underlying WM fibers in vivo. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing evidence about WM abnormalities in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR) with the use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed (Medline) and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition databases. Of 358 relevant articles identified, 25 papers published in the years 2008–2020 were ultimately included in the review. Most of them supported the presence of subtle aberrations in WM in UHR individuals, especially in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF). These alterations may therefore be considered a promising neurobiological marker for the risk of psychosis. However, due to methodological discrepancies and the relative scarcity of evidence, further investigation is called for, especially into connectome analysis in UHR patients.

Corpus callosum morphology in major mental disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging study

Mental disorders diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. However, clinical studies found similarities and overlapping phenomenology across a variety of disorders, which suggests a common neurobiological substrate. Thus, there is a need to measure disease-related neuroanatomical similarities and differences across conditions. While structural alterations of the corpus callosum have been investigated in obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, no study has addressed callosal aberrations in all diseases in a single study. Moreover, results from pairwise comparisons (patients vs. controls) show some inconsistencies, possibly related to the parcellation methods to divide the corpus callosum into subregions. The main aim of the present paper was to uncover highly localized callosal characteristics for each condition (i.e. obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) as compared either to healthy control subjects or to each other. For this purpose, we did not rely on any sub-callosal parcellation method, but applied a well-validated approach measuring callosal thickness at 100 equidistant locations along the whole midline of the corpus callosum. One hundred and twenty patients (30 in each disorder) as well as 30 controls were recruited for the study. All groups were closely matched for age and gender, and the analyses were performed controlling for the impact of antipsychotic treatment and illness duration. There was a significant main effect of group along the whole callosal surface. Pairwise post hoc comparisons revealed that, compared to controls, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had the thinnest corpora callosa with significant effects almost on the entire callosal structure. Patients with schizophrenia also showed thinner corpora callosa than controls but effects were confined to the isthmus and the anterior part of the splenium. No significant differences were found in both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients compared to controls. When comparing the disease groups to each other, the corpus callosum was thinner in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients than in any other group. The effect was evident across the entire corpus callosum, with the exception of the posterior body. Altogether, our study suggests that the corpus callosum is highly changed in obsessive-compulsive disorder, selectively changed in schizophrenia and not changed in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. These results shed light on callosal similarities and differences among mental disorders providing valuable insights regarding the involvement of the major brain commissural fibre tract in the pathophysiology of each specific mental illness.

The correlation between white matter integrity and pragmatic language processing in first episode schizophrenia

Objective: Higher-order language disturbances could be the result of white matter tract abnormalities. The study explores the relationship between white matter and pragmatic skills in first-episode schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty-four first-episode patients with schizophrenia and 32 healthy subjects participated in a pragmatic language and Diffusion Tensor Imaging study, where fractional anisotropy of the arcuate fasciculus, corpus callosum and cingulum was correlated with the Polish version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery. Results: The patients showed reduced fractional anisotropy in the right arcuate fasciculus, left anterior cingulum bundle and left forceps minor. Among the first episode patients, reduced understanding of written metaphors correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of left forceps minor, and greater explanation of written and picture metaphors correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of the left anterior cingulum. Conclusions: The white matter dysfunctions may underlie the pragmatic language impairment in schizophrenia. Our results shed further light on the functional neuroanatomical basis of pragmatic language use by patients with schizophrenia.

Cellular and extracellular white matter alterations indicate conversion to psychosis among individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis

OBJECTIVES

It is important to find biomarkers associated with transition to illness in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Here, we use free-water imaging, an advanced diffusion MRI technique, to identify white matter alterations in the brains of CHR subjects who subsequently develop psychosis (CHR-P) compared to those who do not (CHR-NP).

METHODS

Twenty-four healthy controls (HC) and 30 CHR individuals, 8 of whom converted to schizophrenia after a mean follow-up of 15.16 months, received baseline MRI scans. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA), FA of cellular tissue (FA_T), and extracellular free-water (FW) were extracted using tract-based spatial statistics after which voxel-wise non-parametric group statistics and correlations with symptom severity were performed.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between HCs and the combined CHR group. However, prior to conversion, CHR-P showed widespread lower FA compared to CHR-NP (p_FWE < 0.05). FA changes in CHR-P were associated with significantly lower FA_T and higher FW, compared to CHR-NP. Positive symptoms correlated significantly with diffusion parameters in similar regions as those discriminating CHR-P from CHR-NP.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that cellular (FA_T) and extracellular (FW) white matter alterations are associated with positive symptom severity and indicate an elevated illness risk among CHR individuals.

Investigation of Risperidone Treatment Associated With Enhanced Brain Activity in Patients Who Stutter

Stuttering is a childhood onset fluency disorder that leads to impairment in speech. A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study was conducted with 10 adult subjects to observe the effects of risperidone (a dopamine receptor 2/serotonin receptor 2 antagonist) on brain metabolism, using [¹⁸F] deoxyglucose as the marker. At baseline and after 6 weeks of taking risperidone (0.5–2.0 mg/day) or a placebo pill, participants were assigned to a solo reading aloud task for 30 min and subsequently underwent a 90-min positron emission tomography scan. Paired t-tests were performed to compare the pre-treatment vs. post-treatment in groups. After imaging and analysis, the blind was broken, which revealed an equal number of subjects of those on risperidone and those on placebo. There were no significant differences in the baseline scans taken before medication randomization. However, scans taken after active treatment demonstrated higher glucose uptake in the specific regions of the brain for those in the risperidone treatment group (p < 0.05). Risperidone treatment was associated with increased metabolism in the left striatum, which consists of the caudate and putamen, and the Broca’s area. The current study strengthens previous research that suggests the role of elevated dopamine activity and striatal hypometabolism in stuttering. We propose that the mechanism of risperidone’s action in stuttering, in part, involves increased metabolism of striatal astrocytes. We conclude that using neuroimaging techniques to visualize changes in the brain of those who stutter can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the disorder and guide the development of future interventions.

A 16-week randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on white matter microstructure in recent-onset psychosis patients concurrently treated with risperidone

We examined the impact of treatment with fish oil (FO), a rich source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), on white matter in 37 recent-onset psychosis patients receiving risperidone in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Patients were scanned at baseline and randomly assigned to receive 16-weeks of treatment with risperidone + FO or risperidone + placebo. Eighteen patients received follow-up MRIs (FO, n = 10/Placebo, n = 8). Erythrocyte levels of n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were obtained at both time points. We employed Free Water Imaging metrics representing the extracellular free water fraction (FW) and fractional anisotropy of the tissue (FA-t). Analyses were conducted using Tract-Based-Spatial-Statistics and nonparametric permutation-based tests with family-wise error correction. There were significant positive correlations of FA-t with DHA and DPA among all patients at baseline. Patients treated with risperidone + placebo demonstrated reductions in FA-t and increases in FW, whereas patients treated with risperidone + FO exhibited no significant changes in FW and FA-t reductions were largely attenuated. The correlations of DPA and DHA with baseline FA-t support the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA intake or biosynthesis are associated with white matter abnormalities in psychosis. Adjuvant FO treatment may partially mitigate against white matter alterations observed in recent-onset psychosis patients following risperidone treatment.

Influence of cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism on hippocampal white matter and treatment response in schizophrenia

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is expressed at high levels in the brain and plays a considerable role in the biotransformation and neurotransmission of dopamine. This raises the question of whether CYP2D6 variations and its impact on the brain can confer susceptibility to schizophrenia. We investigated the possible links among the CYP2D6 genotype, white matter (WM) integrity of the hippocampus, and the treatment response to antipsychotic drugs in Korean patients with schizophrenia (n = 106). Brain magnetic resonance imaging and genotyping for CYP2D6 were conducted at baseline. The severity of clinical symptoms and the treatment response were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). After genotyping, 43 participants were classified as intermediate metabolizers (IM), and the remainder (n = 63) were classified as extensive metabolizers (EM). IM participants showed significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the right hippocampus compared to EM participants. Radial diffusivity (RD) values were significantly lower in the overlapping region of the right hippocampus in the IM group than in the EM group. After 4 weeks of antipsychotic treatment, the EM group showed more improvements in positive symptoms than the IM group. FAs and RDs in the CYP2D6-associated hippocampal WM region were significantly correlated with a reduction in the positive symptom subscale of the PANSS. Greater improvements in positive symptoms were negatively associated with FAs, and positively associated with RDs in the right hippocampal region. The findings suggest that CYP26D-associated hippocampal WM alterations could be a possible endophenotype for schizophrenia that accounts for individual differences in clinical features and treatment responses.

Differences in attentional control and white matter microstructure in adolescents with attentional, affective, and behavioral disorders

Adolescence is a critical time of physiological, cognitive, and social development. It is also a time of increased risk-taking and vulnerability for psychopathology. White matter (WM) changes during adolescence have been better elucidated in the last decade, but how WM is impacted by psychopathology during this time remains unclear. Here, we examined the link between WM microstructure and psychopathology during adolescence. Twenty youth diagnosed with affective, attentional, and behavioral disorders (clinical sample), and 20 age-matched controls were recruited to examine group differences in WM microstructure, attentional control, and the link between them. The main results showed that clinical sample had relatively lower attentional control and fractional anisotropy (FA) in WM throughout the brain: two association tracts were identified, and many differences were found in areas rich in callosal and projection fibers. Moreover, increased FA was positively associated with attention performance in the clinical sample in structures supporting ventral WM pathways, whereas a similar link was identified in controls in dorsal WM association fibers. Overall, these results support a model of general impairment in WM microstructure combined with reliance on altered, perhaps less efficient, pathways for attentional control in youth with affective, attentional, and behavioral disorders.

White Matter Microstructure in Individuals With and At Risk for Bipolar Disorder: Evidence for an Endophenotype From a Voxel-Based Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Aberrant white matter (WM) microstructure has been proposed as a mechanism underlying bipolar disorder (BD). Given the strong genetic underpinnings of both WM microstructure and BD, such WM aberrations may be not only a disease marker, but also an endophenotype of BD. If so, they should be observable in individuals at risk for BD (AR) (i.e., first-degree relatives). This meta-analysis integrates evidence on perturbed WM microstructure in individuals with or at risk for BD.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of literature published through April 2020 identified diffusion tensor imaging studies that used a voxel-based approach to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity between individuals with BD and/or AR individuals and healthy volunteers. Effect size comparison and conjunction analysis allowed identification of endophenotypes and disease markers of BD. Effects of age, sex, mood state, and psychotropic medication were explored using meta-regressions.

RESULTS

We included 57 studies in individuals with BD (N = 4631) and 10 in AR individuals (N = 753). Both individuals with and at risk for BD were associated with lower FA in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum. In the BD group, decreased FA and increased radial diffusivity comprised the entire corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, fronto-orbito-polar tracts, and superior longitudinal fasciculus, and were influenced by age, sex, and mood state. Studies with higher proportions of individuals taking lithium or antipsychotics reported smaller FA reductions in BD.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that abnormalities in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum may be an endophenotype for BD, and they associate BD with WM tracts relevant for working memory performance, attention, and reward processing.

Key role for lipids in cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a psychiatric disorder with a convoluted etiology that includes cognitive symptoms, which arise from among others a dysfunctional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In our search for the molecular underpinnings of the cognitive deficits in SZ, we here performed RNA sequencing of gray matter from the dlPFC of SZ patients and controls. We found that the differentially expressed RNAs were enriched for mRNAs involved in the Liver X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor (LXR/RXR) lipid metabolism pathway. Components of the LXR/RXR pathway were upregulated in gray matter but not in white matter of SZ dlPFC. Intriguingly, an analysis for shared genetic etiology, using two SZ genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and GWAS data for 514 metabolites, revealed genetic overlap between SZ and acylcarnitines, VLDL lipids, and fatty acid metabolites, which are all linked to the LXR/RXR signaling pathway. Furthermore, analysis of structural T₁-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in combination with cognitive behavioral data showed that the lipid content of dlPFC gray matter is lower in SZ patients than in controls and correlates with a tendency towards reduced accuracy in the dlPFC-dependent task-switching test. We conclude that aberrations in LXR/RXR-regulated lipid metabolism lead to a decreased lipid content in SZ dlPFC that correlates with reduced cognitive performance.

Effects of pharmacological treatments on neuroimaging findings in first episode affective psychosis: A review of longitudinal studies

BACKGROUND

Affective psychosis is a common mental disorder characterized by structural/functional brain abnormalities, which seem to occur also at the early stages of the disease. However, the role of psychotropic medications on brain structure and function in affective first episode psychosis (A-FEP) still remains uncertain. Therefore, with this review we aim to gain more robust understanding regarding the potential effect of pharmacological treatments on the brain in A-FEP patients also experiencing a first manic episode.

METHODS

A search on PuBMed and Web of Science of longitudinal structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as well as Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies, exploring the effect of medications on the brain in A-FEP, was conducted. We selected nine studies, three randomized or pseudo-randomized controlled trials and six observational studies.

RESULTS

Overall the studies showed that a) mood stabilizers (MS) have no effect on gray matter (GM) volumes and a protective role on white matter (WM) volumes, b) antipsychotics (AP) have an unclear effect on GM volumes and a less potent effect on WM volumes compared to MS and c) both MS and AP tend to normalize brain activation and connectivity.

LIMITATIONS

The small sample size, the observational design of the majority of the studies and the different methodological approaches limit the conclusion of this review.

CONCLUSIONS

Medications seem to have a minor role on structural changes occurring in A-FEP patients during the early stages of the disease, while their effect on brain activation and connectivity seems more pronounced, but far to be conclusive.

Increased behavioral and neuronal responses to a hallucinogenic drug after adolescent toluene exposure in mice: Effects of antipsychotic treatment

Toluene has been characterized as a non-classical hallucinogen drug through activation of 5-HT_2A receptors and antagonism of NMDA receptors. It remains unclear whether psychotic symptoms after long-term and intense toluene exposure are associated with abnormalities in 5-HT_2A receptor function. The present study examined whether the responses to a hallucinogenic 5-HT_2A receptor agonist 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) were altered in a mouse model of toluene psychosis. Male NMRI mice were subchronically treated with toluene during adolescence. Reciprocal social interaction test and novel object recognition test were conducted to confirm the persistent behavioral deficits in adulthood. Subsequently, DOI-induced head twitch, c-Fos and Egr-2 expression, field potentials in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the levels of 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_1A and mGlu2 receptors in the mPFC were monitored. Toluene exposure during adolescence produced social and memory impairments and enhanced DOI-induced behavioral, molecular and electrophysiological responses, but did not change the levels of 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_1A or mGlu2 receptors in the mPFC. Moreover, the effects of haloperidol and risperidone on the behavioral deficits and hyper-responsiveness to DOI after adolescent toluene exposure were compared. When administered after adolescent toluene exposure, risperidone could reverse social withdrawal, cognitive impairment and hypersensitivity to DOI, whereas haloperidol was only beneficial for social withdrawal. These findings suggest that increased functionality of 5-HT_2A receptors may play a critical role in solvent-induced psychosis and recommend the antipsychotics with more selective 5-HT_2A receptor antagonism as the first-line treatment for solvent-induced psychosis.

Characteristics of White Matter Structural Networks in Chronic Schizophrenia Treated With Clozapine or Risperidone and Those Never Treated

BACKGROUND

Despite its benefits, a major concern regarding antipsychotic treatment is its possible impact on the brain's structure and function. This study sought to explore the characteristics of white matter structural networks in chronic never-treated schizophrenia and those treated with clozapine or risperidone, and its potential association with cognitive function.

METHODS

Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on a unique sample of 34 schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotic monotherapy for over 5 years (17 treated with clozapine and 17 treated with risperidone), 17 never-treated schizophrenia patients with illness duration over 5 years, and 27 healthy control participants. Graph theory and network-based statistic approaches were employed.

RESULTS

We observed a disrupted organization of white matter structural networks as well as decreased nodal and connectivity characteristics across the schizophrenia groups, mainly involving thalamus, prefrontal, and occipital regions. Alterations in nodal and connectivity characteristics were relatively milder in risperidone-treated patients than clozapine-treated patients and never-treated patients. Altered global network measures were significantly associated with cognitive performance levels. Structural connectivity as reflected by network-based statistic mediated the difference in cognitive performance levels between clozapine-treated and risperidone-treated patients.

LIMITATIONS

These results are constrained by the lack of random assignment to different types of antipsychotic treatment.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide insight into the white matter structural network deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia, either being treated or untreated, and suggest white matter structural networks supporting cognitive function may benefit from antipsychotic treatment, especially in those treated with risperidone.

Intersection of verbal memory and expressivity on cortical contrast and thickness in first episode psychosis

BACKGROUND

Longitudinal studies of first episode of psychosis (FEP) patients are critical to understanding the dynamic clinical factors influencing functional outcomes; negative symptoms and verbal memory (VM) deficits are two such factors that remain a therapeutic challenge. This study uses white-gray matter contrast at the inner edge of the cortex, in addition to cortical thickness, to probe changes in microstructure and their relation with negative symptoms and possible intersections with verbal memory.

METHODS

T1-weighted images and clinical data were collected longitudinally for patients (N = 88) over a two-year period. Cognitive data were also collected at baseline. Relationships between baseline VM (immediate/delayed recall) and rate of change in two negative symptom dimensions, amotivation and expressivity, were assessed at the behavioral level, as well as at the level of brain structure.

RESULTS

VM, particularly immediate recall, was significantly and positively associated with a steeper rate of expressivity symptom decline (r = 0.32, q = 0.012). Significant interaction effects between baseline delayed recall and change in expressivity were uncovered in somatomotor regions bilaterally for both white-gray matter contrast and cortical thickness. Furthermore, interaction effects between immediate recall and change in expressivity on cortical thickness rates were uncovered across higher-order regions of the language processing network.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows common neural correlates of language-related brain areas underlying expressivity and VM in FEP, suggesting deficits in these domains may be more linked to speech production rather than general cognitive capacity. Together, white-gray matter contrast and cortical thickness may optimally inform clinical investigations aiming to capture peri-cortical microstructural changes.

Psychosis risk is associated with decreased white matter integrity in limbic network corticostriatal tracts

It is thought that altered connectivity between the striatum and the cortex could contribute to psychosis. However, whether psychosis risk is associated with altered white matter connectivity between the striatum and any cortical region is still unclear. Further, no previous study has directly examined whether psychosis risk is associated with altered striatal connectivity with specific cortical networks. The current study examined the integrity of corticostriatal white matter tracts in psychosis risk (n=18) and in non-psychosis risk comparison participants (n=19). We used probabilistic tractography to identify white matter tracts connecting each of four different striatal subregions with their most functionally connected cortical network: limbic, default mode, frontoparietal, and motor networks. We then compared groups on fractional anisotropy in these four tracts. Psychosis risk was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy in white matter tracts connecting the limbic striatum with the limbic cortical network, especially in an anterior right external capsule segment and in tracts specifically connected to the right prefrontal cortex. In contrast, psychosis risk was not associated with decreased white matter integrity in other corticostriatal tracts. Hence, the current research suggests that psychosis risk is especially associated with decreased corticostriatal white matter integrity involved in processing emotional and personally relevant information.

Effects of Antipsychotic Medication on Brain Structure in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Psychotic Features: Neuroimaging Findings in the Context of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE

Prescriptions for antipsychotic medications continue to increase across many brain disorders, including off-label use in children and elderly individuals. Concerning animal and uncontrolled human data suggest antipsychotics are associated with change in brain structure, but to our knowledge, there are no controlled human studies that have yet addressed this question.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of antipsychotics on brain structure in humans.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial over a 36-week period at 5 academic centers. All participants, aged 18 to 85 years, were recruited from the multicenter Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II (STOP-PD II). All participants had major depressive disorder with psychotic features (psychotic depression) and were prescribed olanzapine and sertraline for a period of 12 to 20 weeks, which included 8 weeks of remission of psychosis and remission/near remission of depression. Participants were then were randomized to continue receiving this regimen or to be switched to placebo and sertraline for a subsequent 36-week period. Data were analyzed between October 2018 and February 2019.

INTERVENTIONS

Those who consented to the imaging study completed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at the time of randomization and a second MRI scan at the end of the 36-week period or at time of relapse.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcome measure was cortical thickness in gray matter and the secondary outcome measure was microstructural integrity of white matter.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight participants (age range, 18-85 years) completed a baseline scan; 75 completed a follow-up scan, of which 72 (32 men and 40 women) were useable for final analyses. There was a significant treatment-group by time interaction in cortical thickness (left, t = 3.3; P = .001; right, t = 3.6; P < .001) but not surface area. No significant interaction was found for fractional anisotropy, but one for mean diffusivity of the white matter skeleton was present (t = -2.6, P = .01). When the analysis was restricted to those who sustained remission, exposure to olanzapine compared with placebo was associated with significant decreases in cortical thickness in the left hemisphere (β [SE], 0.04 [0.009]; t34.4 = 4.7; P <.001), and the right hemisphere (β [SE], 0.03 [0.009]; t35.1 = 3.6; P <.001). Post hoc analyses showed that those who relapsed receiving placebo experienced decreases in cortical thickness compared with those who sustained remission.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, antipsychotic medication was shown to change brain structure. This information is important for prescribing in psychiatric conditions where alternatives are present. However, adverse effects of relapse on brain structure support antipsychotic treatment during active illness.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01427608.

Cerebral white matter changes in deficit and non-deficit subtypes of schizophrenia

The considerable clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia makes elucidation of its neurobiology challenging. Subtyping the disorder is one way to reduce this heterogeneity and deficit status is one such categorization based on the prominence of negative symptoms. We aimed to utilize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to identify unique white matter cerebral changes in deficit schizophrenia (DS) compared with non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) and healthy controls (HC) in an Asian sample. A total of 289 subjects (111 HC, 133 NDS and 45 DS) underwent DTI and completed rating scales which assessed the severity of psychopathology, psychosocial functioning and premorbid intelligence.We found that DS patients had fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in the Body of the Corpus Callosum (BCC) and right Posterior Thalamic Radiation (PTR) regions relative to HCs, and FA reductions in the right PTR relative to NDS patients. NDS patients had FA reductions of the BCC and right PTR relative to HCs. Binomial logistic regression analyses revealed that FA reductions of the right PTR FA was an independent predictor of deficit status. The identified brain white matter changes especially in the PTR relate to deficits of cognitive control and emotional awareness, which may underlie psychopathology associated with deficit status like inattention and affective blunting. These potential biomarkers of DS warrant further examination to determine their utility for monitoring illness progression and intervention response in schizophrenia.

A dopaminergic mechanism of antipsychotic drug efficacy, failure, and failure reversal: the role of the dopamine transporter

Antipsychotic drugs are effective interventions in schizophrenia. However, the efficacy of these agents often decreases over time, which leads to treatment failure and symptom recurrence. We report that antipsychotic efficacy in rat models declines in concert with extracellular striatal dopamine levels rather than insufficient dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Antipsychotic efficacy was associated with a suppression of dopamine transporter activity, which was reversed during failure. Antipsychotic failure coincided with reduced dopamine neuron firing, which was not observed during antipsychotic efficacy. Synaptic field responses in dopamine target areas declined during antipsychotic efficacy and showed potentiation during failure. Antipsychotics blocked synaptic vesicle release during efficacy but enhanced this release during failure. We found that the pharmacological inhibition of the dopamine transporter rescued antipsychotic drug treatment outcomes, supporting the hypothesis that the dopamine transporter is a main target of antipsychotic drugs and predicting that dopamine transporter blockers may be an adjunct treatment to reverse antipsychotic treatment failure.

A longitudinal neurite and free water imaging study in patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies show widespread white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia, but it is difficult to directly relate these parameters to biological processes. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is geared toward biophysical characterization of white matter microstructure, but only few studies have leveraged this technique to study white matter alterations. We recruited 42 schizophrenia patients (30 antipsychotic-naïve and 12 currently untreated) and 42 matched controls in this prospective study. We assessed the orientation dispersion index (ODI) and extracellular free water (FW) using single-shell DTI data before and after a 6-week trial of risperidone. Longitudinal data were available for 27 patients. Voxelwise analyses showed significantly increased ODI in the posterior limb of the internal capsule in unmedicated patients (242 voxels; x = -24; y = 6; z = 6; p < 0.01; α < 0.04), but no alterations in FW. Whole brain measures did not reveal alterations in ODI but a 6.3% trend-level increase in FW in unmedicated SZ (t = -1.873; p = 0.07). Baseline ODI was negatively correlated with subsequent response to antipsychotic treatment (r = -0.38; p = 0.049). Here, we demonstrated altered fiber complexity in medication-naïve and unmedicated patients with a schizophrenia spectrum illness. Lesser whole brain fiber uniformity was predictive of poor response to treatment, suggesting this measure may be a clinically relevant biomarker. Interestingly, we found no significant changes in NODDI indices after short-term treatment with risperidone. Our data show that biophysical diffusion models have promise for the in vivo evaluation of brain microstructure in this devastating neuropsychiatric syndrome.

A Dissociation in Effects of Risperidone Monotherapy on Functional and Anatomical Connectivity Within the Default Mode Network

Respective changes in functional and anatomical connectivities of default mode network (DMN) after antipsychotic treatment have been reported. However, alterations in structure-function coupling after treatment remain unknown. We performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in 42 drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients (FESP) both at baseline and after 8-weeks risperidone monotherapy, and in 38 healthy volunteers. Independent component analysis was used to assess voxel-wise DMN synchrony. A 3-step procedure was used to trace fiber paths between DMN components. Structure-function couplings were assessed by Pearson's correlations between mean fractional anisotropy and temporal correlation coefficients in major tracts of DMN. Pretreatment, FESP showed impaired functional connectivity in posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCUN) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but no abnormalities in fibers connecting DMN components. After treatment, there were significant increases in functional connectivities of PCC/PCUN. Increases in functional connectivity between PCC/PCUN and mPFC correlated with improvement in positive symptoms. The structure-function coupling in tracts connecting PCC/PCUN and bilateral medial temporal lobes decreased after treatment. No alterations in DMN fiber integrity were detected. This combination of functional and anatomical findings in FESP contributes novel evidence related to neurobehavioral treatment effects. Increased functional connectivities between PCC/PCUN and mPFC may be treatment response biomarkers for positive symptoms. Increases in functional connectivities, no alterations in fiber integrity, combined with decreases in structural-functional coupling, suggest that DMN connectivities may be dissociated by modality after 8-week treatment. Major limitations of this study, however, include lack of repeat scans in healthy volunteers and control group of patients taking placebo or comparator antipsychotics.

Alterations in white matter microstructure and cortical thickness in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis: A multimodal tractography and surface-based morphometry study

There is increasing evidence of white matter (WM) and grey matter pathology in subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR), although a limited number of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) studies have revealed anatomically inconsistent results. The present multimodal study applies tractography and SBM to analyze WM microstructure, whole-brain cortical anatomy, and potential interconnections between WM and grey matter abnormalities in UHR subjects. Thirty young male UHR patients and 30 healthy controls underwent DW-MRI and T1-weighted MRI. Fractional anisotropy; mean, radial, and axial diffusivity in 18 WM tracts; and vertex-based cortical thickness, area, and volume were analyzed. We found increased radial diffusivity in the left anterior thalamic radiation and reduced bilateral thickness across the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. No correlations between WM and grey matter abnormalities were identified. These results provide further evidence that WM microstructure abnormalities and cortical anatomical changes occur in the UHR state. Disruption of structural connectivity in the prefrontal-subcortical circuitry, likely caused by myelin pathology, and cortical thickness reduction affecting the networks presumably involved in processing and coordination of external and internal information streams may underlie the widespread deficits in neurocognitive and social functioning that are consistently reported in UHR subjects.

Alterations in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in never and minimally treated patients with psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Obesity is up to 4 times higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the general population. However, the link between obesity and schizophrenia in the absence of antipsychotic use is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to examine differences in obesity measures (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) in antipsychotic-naive and minimally treated (up to 2 weeks of lifetime antipsychotic exposure) patients with psychosis compared to healthy controls (HCs).

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted using Ovid Medline®, PsycINFO, and Embase. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) in obesity measures between groups were calculated. Separate sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity; antipsychotic exposure; and schizophrenia-related psychosis on SMDs.

RESULTS

A total of 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis (BMI = 23, WC = 9, WHR = 5). BMI was lower (SMD = -0.19, 95% CI = -0.34 to -0.05, P = 0.009) and WHR was elevated (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.55, P = 0.001) in patients. These differences remained after analyses were restricted to patients matched with HCs for age, sex, and ethnicity; to antipsychotic-naive patients; and to patients with schizophrenia-related diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in BMI and WHR were observed in never and minimally treated patients with psychosis compared to HCs. Future research is warranted to understand these alterations in the context of body fat biomarkers and neuropathology of psychiatric disorders, independent of the effects of antipsychotics.

Whole-brain microstructural white matter alterations in borderline personality disorder patients

BACKGROUND

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric condition associated with the impairment of the frontolimbic network. However, a growing body of studies suggests that brain dysfunction underling BPD could involve other brain areas. We explored the whole-brain white matter (WM) organization in BPD patients to clarify the structural pattern underlying the disease and its relationship with clinical features.

METHODS

Fourteen BPD patients and 14 healthy controls underwent a multidimensional clinical assessment and diffusion tensor imaging acquisition. Measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial and radial (RD) diffusivity were collected, and alterations in the WM were assessed using the voxelwise approach, including substance and alcohol abuse as covariates. Voxelwise regression analysis was performed to identify associations between microstructural changes and clinical feature in BPD.

RESULTS

Group comparisons showed alterations only for FA and RD: FA decreased in the right posterior hemisphere, while RD increased bilaterally and widespread in anterior and posterior areas (p < 0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected). Moreover, WM alterations of the corpus callosum were related to anxiety in BPD group.

DISCUSSION

Our data support the idea that structural alterations underling BPD also involve cortico-cortical pathways, corticothalamic and corticostriatal tracts, suggesting that the frontolimbic model should be reinterpreted. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Subtle white matter alterations in schizophrenia identified with a new measure of fiber density

Altered cerebral connectivity is one of the core pathophysiological mechanism underlying the development and progression of information-processing deficits in schizophrenia. To date, most diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies used fractional anisotropy (FA) to investigate disrupted white matter connections. However, a quantitative interpretation of FA changes is often impeded by the inherent limitations of the underlying tensor model. A more fine-grained measure of white matter alterations could be achieved by measuring fiber density (FD) - a novel non-tensor-derived diffusion marker. This study investigates, for the first time, FD alterations in schizophrenia patients. FD and FA maps were derived from diffusion data of 25 healthy controls (HC) and 21 patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), group differences in FD and FA were investigated across the entire white matter. Furthermore, we performed a region of interest (ROI) analysis of frontal fasciculi to detect potential correlations between FD and positive symptoms. As a result, whole brain TBSS analysis revealed reduced FD in SZ patients compared to HC in several white matter tracts including the left and right thalamic radiation (TR), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), corpus callosum (CC), and corticospinal tract (CST). In contrast, there were no significant FA differences between groups. Further, FD values in the TR were negatively correlated with the severity of positive symptoms and medication dose in SZ patients. In summary, a novel diffusion-weighted data analysis approach enabled us to identify widespread FD changes in SZ patients with most prominent white matter alterations in the frontal and subcortical regions. Our findings suggest that the new FD measure may be more sensitive to subtle changes in the white matter microstructure compared to FA, particularly in the given population. Therefore, investigating FD may be a promising approach to detect subtle changes in the white matter microstructure of altered connectivity in schizophrenia.

Brain connectivity alterations in early psychosis: from clinical to neuroimaging staging

Early in the course of psychosis, alterations in brain connectivity accompany the emergence of psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairments, including processing speed. The clinical-staging model is a refined form of diagnosis that places the patient along a continuum of illness conditions, which allows stage-specific interventions with the potential of improving patient care and outcome. This cross-sectional study investigates brain connectivity features that characterize the clinical stages following a first psychotic episode. Structural brain networks were derived from diffusion-weighted MRI for 71 early-psychosis patients and 76 healthy controls. Patients were classified into stage II (first-episode), IIIa (incomplete remission), IIIb (one relapse), and IIIc (two or more relapses), according to the course of the illness until the time of scanning. Brain connectivity measures and diffusion parameters (fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient) were investigated using general linear models and sparse linear discriminant analysis (sLDA), studying distinct subgroups of patients who were at specific stages of early psychosis. We found that brain connectivity impairments were more severe in clinical stages following the first-psychosis episode (stages IIIa, IIIb, IIIc) than in first-episode psychosis (stage II) patients. These alterations were spatially diffuse but converged on a set of vulnerable regions, whose inter-connectivity selectively correlated with processing speed in patients and controls. The sLDA suggested that relapsing-remitting (stages IIIb, IIIc) and non-remitting (stage IIIa) patients are characterized by distinct dysconnectivity profiles. Our results indicate that neuroimaging markers of brain dysconnectivity in early psychosis may reflect the heterogeneity of the illness and provide a connectomics signature of the clinical-staging model.

Widespread white-matter microstructure integrity reduction in first-episode schizophrenia patients after acute antipsychotic treatment

Potential effects of initiating acute antipsychotic treatment on white matter (WM) microstructure in schizophrenia patients remain poorly characterized. Thirty-five drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients were scanned before and after six weeks of treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medications. Nineteen demographically matched healthy subjects were scanned twice over the same time interval. Tract-based spatial statistics was used to test for changes in WM microstructural integrity after treatment. Widespread fractional anisotropy (FA) decrease was found in patients after antipsychotic treatment in bilateral posterior corona radiata, anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata and posterior thalamic radiation, left posterior limb of the internal capsule, and mid-body of the corpus callosum. These effects appeared to result primarily from decreased axial diffusivity. These findings suggest an effect on brain white matter from acute antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia.

Micro- and Macrostructural White Matter Integrity in Never-Treated and Currently Unmedicated Patients With Schizophrenia and Effects of Short-Term Antipsychotic Treatment

BACKGROUND

Schizophrenia is associated with progressive white matter changes, but it is unclear whether antipsychotic medications contribute to these. Our objective was to characterize effects of short-term treatment with risperidone on white matter diffusion indices.

METHODS

We recruited 42 patients with schizophrenia (30 never treated and 12 currently untreated) and 42 matched healthy control subjects in this prospective case-control neuroimaging study. Patients received a 6-week trial of risperidone. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we assessed microstructural (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) and macrostructural (radial fiber trophy) white matter integrity deficits in unmedicated patients compared with control subjects and change in white matter integrity in patients before and after antipsychotic treatment (mean risperidone dose at end point was 3.73 ± 1.72 mg).

RESULTS

At baseline, fractional anisotropy was decreased in the left medial temporal white matter (cluster extent: 123 voxels; Montreal Neurological Institute peak coordinates: x = -51, y = -44, z = -7; α < .05), and mean diffusivity was increased in the fusiform/lingual gyrus white matter extending to the hippocampal part of the cingulum (cluster extent: 185 voxels; peak coordinates: x = -27, y = -49, z = 2; α < .04) in patients compared with control subjects. Radial diffusivity and macrostructure were not abnormal. None of the diffusion indices showed a significant change after 6 weeks of treatment with both voxelwise and whole-brain white matter analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate microstructural white matter integrity abnormalities in the absence of macrostructural impairment in unmedicated patients with primarily early-stage schizophrenia. In our data, we found no significant white matter changes after short-term treatment with risperidone.