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Chen C, Lan Z, Tang X, Chen W, Zhou X, Su H, Su R, Chen Z, Chen H, Guo Y, Deng W. Human-Derived Induced GABAergic Progenitor Cells Improve Cognitive Function in Mice and Inhibit Astrocyte Activation with Anti-Inflammatory Exosomes. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:488-507. [PMID: 38860520 DOI: 10.1002/ana.27001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) neuron impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and if and how transplantation of healthy GABAergic neurons can improve AD, remain unknown. METHODS Human-derived medial ganglionic eminence progenitors (hiMGEs) differentiated from programmed induced neural precursor cells (hiNPCs) were injected into the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus (HIP). RESULTS We showed that grafts migrate to the whole brain and form functional synaptic connections in amyloid precursor protein gene/ presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) chimeric mice. Following transplantation of hiMGEs, behavioral deficits and AD-related pathology were alleviated and defective neurons were repaired. Notably, exosomes secreted from hiMGEs, which are rich in anti-inflammatory miRNA, inhibited astrocyte activation invitro and in vivo, and the mechanism was related to regulation of CD4+ Th1 cells mediated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway. INTERPRETATION Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that hiMGEs transplantation is an alternative treatment for neuronal loss in AD and demonstrate that exosomes with anti-inflammatory activity derived from hiMGEs are important factors for graft survival. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:488-507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Lan
- Center for Brain Health and Brain Technology, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihe Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Rixiang Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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2
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de Jaime-Soguero A, Hattemer J, Bufe A, Haas A, van den Berg J, van Batenburg V, Das B, di Marco B, Androulaki S, Böhly N, Landry JJM, Schoell B, Rosa VS, Villacorta L, Baskan Y, Trapp M, Benes V, Chabes A, Shahbazi M, Jauch A, Engel U, Patrizi A, Sotillo R, van Oudenaarden A, Bageritz J, Alfonso J, Bastians H, Acebrón SP. Developmental signals control chromosome segregation fidelity during pluripotency and neurogenesis by modulating replicative stress. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7404. [PMID: 39191776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Human development relies on the correct replication, maintenance and segregation of our genetic blueprints. How these processes are monitored across embryonic lineages, and why genomic mosaicism varies during development remain unknown. Using pluripotent stem cells, we identify that several patterning signals-including WNT, BMP, and FGF-converge into the modulation of DNA replication stress and damage during S-phase, which in turn controls chromosome segregation fidelity in mitosis. We show that the WNT and BMP signals protect from excessive origin firing, DNA damage and chromosome missegregation derived from stalled forks in pluripotency. Cell signalling control of chromosome segregation declines during lineage specification into the three germ layers, but re-emerges in neural progenitors. In particular, we find that the neurogenic factor FGF2 induces DNA replication stress-mediated chromosome missegregation during the onset of neurogenesis, which could provide a rationale for the elevated chromosomal mosaicism of the developing brain. Our results highlight roles for morphogens and cellular identity in genome maintenance that contribute to somatic mosaicism during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Hattemer
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Bufe
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Haas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Section for Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeroen van den Berg
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Batenburg
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Biswajit Das
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbara di Marco
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Androulaki
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Böhly
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Section for Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan J M Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schoell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Villacorta
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yagmur Baskan
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marleen Trapp
- Schaller Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Schaller Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine Bageritz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Bastians
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Section for Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergio P Acebrón
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schill DJ, Attili D, DeLong CJ, McInnis MG, Johnson CN, Murphy GG, O’Shea KS. Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived GABAergic Neuron Differentiation in Bipolar Disorder. Cells 2024; 13:1194. [PMID: 39056776 PMCID: PMC11275104 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a recurring psychiatric condition characterized by alternating episodes of low energy (depressions) followed by manias (high energy). Cortical network activity produced by GABAergic interneurons may be critical in maintaining the balance in excitatory/inhibitory activity in the brain during development. Initially, GABAergic signaling is excitatory; with maturation, these cells undergo a functional switch that converts GABAA channels from depolarizing (excitatory) to hyperpolarizing (inhibitory), which is controlled by the intracellular concentration of two chloride transporters. The earliest, NKCC1, promotes chloride entry into the cell and depolarization, while the second (KCC2) stimulates movement of chloride from the neuron, hyperpolarizing it. Perturbations in the timing or expression of NKCC1/KCC2 may affect essential morphogenetic events including cell proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis and plasticity, and thereby the structure and function of the cortex. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from BP patients and undiagnosed control (C) individuals, then modified a differentiation protocol to form GABAergic interneurons, harvesting cells at sequential stages of differentiation. qRT-PCR and RNA sequencing indicated that after six weeks of differentiation, controls transiently expressed high levels of NKCC1. Using multi-electrode array (MEA) analysis, we observed that BP neurons exhibit increased firing, network bursting and decreased synchrony compared to C. Understanding GABA signaling in differentiation may identify novel approaches and new targets for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Schill
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.A.); (C.J.D.); (C.N.J.); (K.S.O.)
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.A.); (C.J.D.); (C.N.J.); (K.S.O.)
| | - Cynthia J. DeLong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.A.); (C.J.D.); (C.N.J.); (K.S.O.)
| | - Melvin G. McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Craig N. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.A.); (C.J.D.); (C.N.J.); (K.S.O.)
| | - Geoffrey G. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - K. Sue O’Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.A.); (C.J.D.); (C.N.J.); (K.S.O.)
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
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Kreutz A, Oyetade OB, Chang X, Hsieh JH, Behl M, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer NC, Hogberg HT. Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) to Prioritize Aromatic Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. TOXICS 2024; 12:437. [PMID: 38922117 PMCID: PMC11209292 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on the amount of OPFRs that lack data. Over the past decade, an in vitro battery was developed to enhance DNT assessment, consisting of assays that evaluate cellular processes in neurodevelopment and function. In this study, behavioral data of small model organisms were also included. To assess if these assays provide sufficient mechanistic coverage to prioritize chemicals for further testing and/or identify hazards, an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) was developed with additional information from the Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) and the literature. Human biomonitoring and exposure data were identified and physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were applied to relate in vitro toxicity data to human exposure based on maximum plasma concentration. Eight OPFRs were evaluated, including aromatic OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP)) and halogenated FRs ((Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)). Two representative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) with known DNT potential were selected for toxicity benchmarking. Data from the DNT battery indicate that the aromatic OPFRs have activity at similar concentrations as the BFRs and should therefore be evaluated further. However, these assays provide limited information on the mechanism of the compounds. By integrating information from ICE and the literature, endocrine disruption was identified as a potential mechanism. This IATA case study indicates that human exposure to some OPFRs could lead to a plasma concentration similar to those exerting in vitro activities, indicating potential concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutz
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Oluwakemi B. Oyetade
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- NIH/NIEHS/DTT/PTB, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA;
| | - Mamta Behl
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
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Danačíková Š, Straka B, Daněk J, Kořínek V, Otáhal J. In vitro human cell culture models in a bench-to-bedside approach to epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:865-890. [PMID: 38637998 PMCID: PMC11145627 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, affecting nearly 1%-2% of the world's population. Current pharmacological treatment and regimen adjustments are aimed at controlling seizures; however, they are ineffective in one-third of the patients. Although neuronal hyperexcitability was previously thought to be mainly due to ion channel alterations, current research has revealed other contributing molecular pathways, including processes involved in cellular signaling, energy metabolism, protein synthesis, axon guidance, inflammation, and others. Some forms of drug-resistant epilepsy are caused by genetic defects that constitute potential targets for precision therapy. Although such approaches are increasingly important, they are still in the early stages of development. This review aims to provide a summary of practical aspects of the employment of in vitro human cell culture models in epilepsy diagnosis, treatment, and research. First, we briefly summarize the genetic testing that may result in the detection of candidate pathogenic variants in genes involved in epilepsy pathogenesis. Consequently, we review existing in vitro cell models, including induced pluripotent stem cells and differentiated neuronal cells, providing their specific properties, validity, and employment in research pipelines. We cover two methodological approaches. The first approach involves the utilization of somatic cells directly obtained from individual patients, while the second approach entails the utilization of characterized cell lines. The models are evaluated in terms of their research and clinical benefits, relevance to the in vivo conditions, legal and ethical aspects, time and cost demands, and available published data. Despite the methodological, temporal, and financial demands of the reviewed models they possess high potential to be used as robust systems in routine testing of pathogenicity of detected variants in the near future and provide a solid experimental background for personalized therapy of genetic epilepsies. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Epilepsy affects millions worldwide, but current treatments fail for many patients. Beyond traditional ion channel alterations, various genetic factors contribute to the disorder's complexity. This review explores how in vitro human cell models, either from patients or from cell lines, can aid in understanding epilepsy's genetic roots and developing personalized therapies. While these models require further investigation, they offer hope for improved diagnosis and treatment of genetic forms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Danačíková
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Barbora Straka
- Neurogenetics Laboratory of the Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University Hospital, Full Member of the ERN EpiCAREPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Daněk
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kořínek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental BiologyInstitute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Otáhal
- Laboratory of Developmental EpileptologyInstitute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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R AB, K SR, Chandran D, Hegde S, Upadhya R, Se PK, Shenoy S, Devi V, Upadhya D. Cell-specific extracellular vesicle-encapsulated exogenous GABA controls seizures in epilepsy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:108. [PMID: 38637847 PMCID: PMC11027552 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects ∼60 million people worldwide. Most antiseizure medications in the market act on voltage-gated sodium or calcium channels, indirectly modulating neurotransmitter GABA or glutamate levels or multiple targets. Earlier studies made significant efforts to directly deliver GABA into the brain with varied success. Herein, we have hypothesized to directly deliver exogenous GABA to the brain with epilepsy through extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human GABA-producing cells and their progenitors as EVs largely mimic their parent cell composition. METHODS Human neural stem cells (NSCs), medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells, and GABAergic interneurons (INs) were generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and characterized. EVs were isolated from NSCs, MGE cells, and INs and characterized for size and distribution, morphological features, and molecular markers. Exogenous GABA was passively loaded to the isolated EVs as a zwitterion at physiological pH, and the encapsulated dose of GABA was quantified. Epilepsy was developed through status epilepticus induction in Fisher rats by administration of repeated low doses of kainic acid. The extent of the seizures was measured for 10 h/ day for 3-6 months by video recording and its evaluation for stage III, IV and V seizures as per Racine scale. EVs from INs, MGE cells, and NSCs encapsulated with exogenous GABA were sequentially tested in the 4th, 5th, and 6th months by intranasal administration in the rats with epilepsy for detailed seizure, behavioral and synapse analysis. In separate experiments, several controls including exogenic GABA alone and EVs from INs and MGE cells were evaluated for seizure-controlling ability. RESULTS Exogenic GABA could enter the brain through EVs. Treatment with EVs from INs and MGE cells encapsulated with GABA significantly reduced total seizures, stage V seizures, and total time spent in seizure activity. EVs from NSCs encapsulated with GABA demonstrated limited seizure control. Exogenic GABA alone and EVs from INs and MGE cells individually failed to control seizures. Further, exogenic GABA with EVs from MGE cells improved depressive behavior while partially improving memory functions. Co-localization studies confirmed exogenous GABA with presynaptic vesicles in the hippocampus, indicating the interaction of exogenous GABA in the brain with epilepsy. CONCLUSION For the first time, the study demonstrated that exogenous GABA could be delivered to the brain through brain cell-derived EVs, which could regulate seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. It is identified that the cellular origin of EVs plays a vital role in seizure control with exogenous GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijna Ballal R
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivakumar Reddy K
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Chandran
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumukha Hegde
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Se
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Tata Medical College, Jamshedpur, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smita Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasudha Devi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Das D, Sonthalia S, Stein-O 'Brien G, Wahbeh MH, Feuer K, Goff L, Colantuoni C, Mahairaki V, Avramopoulos D. Insights for disease modeling from single-cell transcriptomics of iPSC-derived Ngn2-induced neurons and astrocytes across differentiation time and co-culture. BMC Biol 2024; 22:75. [PMID: 38566045 PMCID: PMC10985965 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans-differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells into neurons via Ngn2-induction (hiPSC-N) has become an efficient system to quickly generate neurons a likely significant advance for disease modeling and in vitro assay development. Recent single-cell interrogation of Ngn2-induced neurons, however, has revealed some similarities to unexpected neuronal lineages. Similarly, a straightforward method to generate hiPSC-derived astrocytes (hiPSC-A) for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders has also been described. RESULTS Here, we examine the homogeneity and similarity of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A to their in vivo counterparts, the impact of different lengths of time post Ngn2 induction on hiPSC-N (15 or 21 days), and the impact of hiPSC-N/hiPSC-A co-culture. Leveraging the wealth of existing public single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data in Ngn2-induced neurons and in vivo data from the developing brain, we provide perspectives on the lineage origins and maturation of hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A. While induction protocols in different labs produce consistent cell type profiles, both hiPSC-N and hiPSC-A show significant heterogeneity and similarity to multiple in vivo cell fates, and both more precisely approximate their in vivo counterparts when co-cultured. Gene expression data from the hiPSC-N show enrichment of genes linked to schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as has been previously shown for neural stem cells and neurons. These overrepresentations of disease genes are strongest in our system at early times (day 15) in Ngn2-induction/maturation of neurons, when we also observe the greatest similarity to early in vivo excitatory neurons. We have assembled this new scRNA-seq data along with the public data explored here as an integrated biologist-friendly web-resource for researchers seeking to understand this system more deeply: https://nemoanalytics.org/p?l=DasEtAlNGN2&g=NES . CONCLUSIONS While overall we support the use of the investigated cellular models for the study of neuropsychiatric disease, we also identify important limitations. We hope that this work will contribute to understanding and optimizing cellular modeling for complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Das
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - S Sonthalia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - G Stein-O 'Brien
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - M H Wahbeh
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - K Feuer
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - L Goff
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - C Colantuoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - V Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - D Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 E. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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8
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Szepanowski LP, Wruck W, Kapr J, Rossi A, Fritsche E, Krutmann J, Adjaye J. Cockayne Syndrome Patient iPSC-Derived Brain Organoids and Neurospheres Show Early Transcriptional Dysregulation of Biological Processes Associated with Brain Development and Metabolism. Cells 2024; 13:591. [PMID: 38607030 PMCID: PMC11011893 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder primarily caused by mutations in Cockayne syndrome protein A (CSA) or B (CSB). While many of the functions of CSB have been at least partially elucidated, little is known about the actual developmental dysregulation in this devasting disorder. Of particular interest is the regulation of cerebral development as the most debilitating symptoms are of neurological nature. We generated neurospheres and cerebral organoids utilizing Cockayne syndrome B protein (CSB)-deficient induced pluripotent stem cells derived from two patients with distinct severity levels of CS and healthy controls. The transcriptome of both developmental timepoints was explored using RNA-Seq and bioinformatic analysis to identify dysregulated biological processes common to both patients with CS in comparison to the control. CSB-deficient neurospheres displayed upregulation of the VEGFA-VEGFR2 signalling pathway, vesicle-mediated transport and head development. CSB-deficient cerebral organoids exhibited downregulation of brain development, neuron projection development and synaptic signalling. We further identified the upregulation of steroid biosynthesis as common to both timepoints, in particular the upregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis branch. Our results provide insights into the neurodevelopmental dysregulation in patients with CS and strengthen the theory that CS is not only a neurodegenerative but also a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon-Phillip Szepanowski
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (L.-P.S.)
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (L.-P.S.)
| | - Julia Kapr
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (L.-P.S.)
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children (ZCR), University College London (UCL)—EGA Institute for Women’s Health, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
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9
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Li MR, Men SH, Wang ZY, Liu C, Zhou GR, Yan ZG. The application of human-derived cell lines in neurotoxicity studies of environmental pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168839. [PMID: 38036138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
As industrial and societal advancements progress, an increasing number of environmental pollutants linked to human existence have been substantiated to elicit neurotoxicity and developmental neural toxicity. For research in this field, human-derived neural cell lines have become excellent in vitro models. This study examines the utilization of immortalized cell lines, specifically the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, and neural cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells, in the investigation of neurotoxicity and developmental neural toxicity caused by environmental pollutants. The study also explores the culturing techniques employed for these cell lines and provides an overview of the standardized assays used to assess various biological endpoints. The environmental pollutants involved include a variety of organic compounds, heavy metals, and microplastics. The utilization of cell lines derived from human sources holds significant significance in elucidating the neurotoxic effects of environmental pollutants and the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we propose the possibility of improving the in vitro model of the human nervous system and the toxicity detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shu-Hui Men
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zi-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guo-Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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10
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Yan Y, Li X, Gao Y, Mathivanan S, Kong L, Tao Y, Dong Y, Li X, Bhattacharyya A, Zhao X, Zhang SC. 3D bioprinting of human neural tissues with functional connectivity. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:260-274.e7. [PMID: 38306994 PMCID: PMC10883639 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Probing how human neural networks operate is hindered by the lack of reliable human neural tissues amenable to the dynamic functional assessment of neural circuits. We developed a 3D bioprinting platform to assemble tissues with defined human neural cell types in a desired dimension using a commercial bioprinter. The printed neuronal progenitors differentiate into neurons and form functional neural circuits within and between tissue layers with specificity within weeks, evidenced by the cortical-to-striatal projection, spontaneous synaptic currents, and synaptic response to neuronal excitation. Printed astrocyte progenitors develop into mature astrocytes with elaborated processes and form functional neuron-astrocyte networks, indicated by calcium flux and glutamate uptake in response to neuronal excitation under physiological and pathological conditions. These designed human neural tissues will likely be useful for understanding the wiring of human neural networks, modeling pathological processes, and serving as platforms for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Yan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xueyan Li
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yu Gao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sakthikumar Mathivanan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
| | - Linghai Kong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yunlong Tao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815
| | - Yi Dong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; GK Goh Centre for Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815.
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11
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Yan Y, Li X, Gao Y, Mathivanan S, Kong L, Tao Y, Dong Y, Li X, Bhattacharyya A, Zhao X, Zhang SC. 3D Bioprinting of Human Neural Tissues with Functional Connectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576289. [PMID: 38328181 PMCID: PMC10849546 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Probing how the human neural networks operate is hindered by the lack of reliable human neural tissues amenable for dynamic functional assessment of neural circuits. We developed a 3D bioprinting platform to assemble tissues with defined human neural cell types in a desired dimension using a commercial bioprinter. The printed neuronal progenitors differentiate to neurons and form functional neural circuits in and between tissue layers with specificity within weeks, evidenced by the cortical-to-striatal projection, spontaneous synaptic currents and synaptic response to neuronal excitation. Printed astrocyte progenitors develop into mature astrocytes with elaborated processes and form functional neuron-astrocyte networks, indicated by calcium flux and glutamate uptake in response to neuronal excitation under physiological and pathological conditions. These designed human neural tissues will likely be useful for understanding the wiring of human neural networks, modeling pathological processes, and serving as platforms for drug testing.
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12
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Southwell DG. Interneuron Transplantation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2024; 35:151-160. [PMID: 38000838 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Current epilepsy surgical techniques, such as brain resection, laser ablation, and neurostimulation, target seizure networks macroscopically, and they may yield an unfavorable balance between seizure reduction, procedural invasiveness, and neurologic morbidity. The transplantation of GABAergic interneurons is a regenerative technique for altering neural inhibition in cortical circuits, with potential as an alternative and minimally invasive approach to epilepsy treatment. This article (1) reviews some of the preclinical evidence supporting interneuron transplantation as an epilepsy therapy, (2) describes a first-in-human study of interneuron transplantation for epilepsy, and (3) considers knowledge gaps that stand before the effective clinical application of this novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Southwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate Program in Neurobiology, Duke University, DUMC 3807, 200 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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13
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Ni P, Fan L, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Chung S. From cells to insights: the power of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical interneurons in psychiatric disorder modeling. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1336085. [PMID: 38188058 PMCID: PMC10768008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1336085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), represent a global health challenge with their poorly understood and complex etiologies. Cortical interneurons (cINs) are the primary inhibitory neurons in the cortex and their subtypes, especially those that are generated from the medial ganglionic emission (MGE) region, have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies provide exciting opportunities to model and study these disorders using human iPSC-derived cINs. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of various methods employed to generate MGE-type cINs from human iPSCs, which are mainly categorized into induction by signaling molecules vs. direct genetic manipulation. We discuss their advantages, limitations, and potential applications in psychiatric disorder modeling to aid researchers in choosing the appropriate methods based on their research goals. We also provide examples of how these methods have been applied to study the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. In addition, we discuss ongoing challenges and future directions in the field. Overall, iPSC-derived cINs provide a powerful tool to model the developmental pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, thus aiding in uncovering disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This review article will provide valuable resources for researchers seeking to navigate the complexities of cIN generation methods and their applications in the study of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Fan
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhui Jiang
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuqing Zhou
- The Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sangmi Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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14
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Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Ureña-Peralta J, Jendelova P, Erceg S. Alzheimer's disease and synapse Loss: What can we learn from induced pluripotent stem Cells? J Adv Res 2023; 54:105-118. [PMID: 36646419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction is a major contributor to Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) pathogenesis in addition to the formation of neuritic β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. However, how these features contribute to synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss remains unclear. While years of considerable effort have been devoted to gaining an improved understanding of this devastating disease, the unavailability of patient-derived tissues, considerable genetic heterogeneity, and lack of animal models that faithfully recapitulate human AD have hampered the development of effective treatment options. Ongoing progress in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has permitted the derivation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells with unlimited self-renewal capacity. These cells can differentiate into AD-affected cell types, which support studies of disease mechanisms, drug discovery, and the development of cell replacement therapies in traditional and advanced cell culture models. AIM OF REVIEW To summarize current hiPSC-based AD models, highlighting the associated achievements and challenges with a primary focus on neuron and synapse loss. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We aim to identify how hiPSC models can contribute to understanding AD-associated synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss. hiPSC-derived neural cells, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as more sophisticated cellular organoids, may represent reliable models to investigate AD and identify early markers of AD-associated neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Ureña-Peralta
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Slaven Erceg
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Palumbo L, Carinci M, Guarino A, Asth L, Zucchini S, Missiroli S, Rimessi A, Pinton P, Giorgi C. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights from Epileptic Models. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2825. [PMID: 37893198 PMCID: PMC10604217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a dynamic process of defense and protection against the harmful action of infectious agents or other detrimental stimuli in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the uncontrolled regulation of this physiological process is strongly associated with serious dysfunctional neuronal issues linked to the progression of CNS disorders. Moreover, it has been widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation is linked to epilepsy, one of the most prevalent and serious brain disorders worldwide. Indeed, NLRP3, one of the most well-studied inflammasomes, is involved in the generation of epileptic seizures, events that characterize this pathological condition. In this context, several pieces of evidence have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a central role in the pathophysiology of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Based on an extensive review of the literature on the role of NLRP3-dependent inflammation in epilepsy, in this review we discuss our current understanding of the connection between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and progressive neurodegeneration in epilepsy. The goal of the review is to cover as many of the various known epilepsy models as possible, providing a broad overview of the current literature. Lastly, we also propose some of the present therapeutic strategies targeting NLRP3, aiming to provide potential insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palumbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Marianna Carinci
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Annunziata Guarino
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (S.Z.)
| | - Laila Asth
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (S.Z.)
| | - Silvia Zucchini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (S.Z.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (M.C.); (S.M.); (A.R.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Chen C, Tang X, Lan Z, Chen W, Su H, Li W, Li Y, Zhou X, Gao H, Feng X, Guo Y, Yao M, Deng W. GABAergic signaling abnormalities in a novel CLU mutation Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Transl Res 2023; 260:32-45. [PMID: 37211336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The CLU rs11136000C mutation (CLUC) is the third most common risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism by which CLUC leads to abnormal GABAergic signaling in AD is unclear. To address this question, this study establishes the first chimeric mouse model of CLUC AD. Examination of grafted CLUC medial ganglionic eminence progenitors (CLUC hiMGEs) revealed increased GAD65/67 and a high frequency of spontaneous releasing events. CLUC hiMGEs also impaired cognition in chimeric mice and caused AD-related pathologies. The expression of GABA A receptor, subunit alpha 2 (Gabrα2) was higher in chimeric mice. Interestingly, cognitive impairment in chimeric mice was reversed by treatment with pentylenetetrazole, which is a GABA A receptor inhibitor. Taken together, these findings shed light on the pathogenesis of CLUC AD using a novel humanized animal model and suggest sphingolipid signaling over-activation as a potential mechanism of GABAergic signaling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China; Department of pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Xihe Tang
- Department of neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China; Department of neurosurgery, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Lan
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Bio-X Institutes, Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Meicun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong P. R. China.
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17
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Attaluri S, Jaimes Gonzalez J, Kirmani M, Vogel AD, Upadhya R, Kodali M, Madhu LN, Rao S, Shuai B, Babu RS, Huard C, Shetty AK. Intranasally administered extracellular vesicles from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells quickly incorporate into neurons and microglia in 5xFAD mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1200445. [PMID: 37424631 PMCID: PMC10323752 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) have robust antiinflammatory and neurogenic properties due to therapeutic miRNAs and proteins in their cargo. Hence, hiPSC-NSC-EVs are potentially an excellent biologic for treating neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods This study investigated whether intranasally (IN) administered hiPSC-NSC-EVs would quickly target various neural cell types in the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions of 3-month-old 5xFAD mice, a model of β-amyloidosis and familial AD. We administered a single dose of 25 × 109 hiPSC-NSC-EVs labeled with PKH26, and different cohorts of naïve and 5xFAD mice receiving EVs were euthanized at 45 min or 6 h post-administration. Results At 45 min post-administration, EVs were found in virtually all subregions of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain of naïve and 5xFAD mice, with predominant targeting and internalization into neurons, interneurons, and microglia, including plaque-associated microglia in 5xFAD mice. EVs also came in contact with the plasma membranes of astrocytic processes and the soma of oligodendrocytes in white matter regions. Evaluation of CD63/CD81 expression with the neuronal marker confirmed that PKH26 + particles found within neurons were IN administered hiPSC-NSC-EVs. At 6 h post-administration, EVs persisted in all cell types in both groups, with the distribution mostly matching what was observed at 45 min post-administration. Area fraction (AF) analysis revealed that, in both naïve and 5xFAD mice, higher fractions of EVs incorporate into forebrain regions at both time points. However, at 45 min post-IN administration, AFs of EVs within cell layers in forebrain regions and within microglia in midbrain and hindbrain regions were lower in 5xFAD mice than naïve mice, implying that amyloidosis reduces EV penetrance. Discussion Collectively, the results provide novel evidence that IN administration of therapeutic hiPSC-NSC-EVs is an efficient avenue for directing such EVs into neurons and glia in all brain regions in the early stage of amyloidosis. As pathological changes in AD are observed in multiple brain areas, the ability to deliver therapeutic EVs into various neural cells in virtually every brain region in the early stage of amyloidosis is attractive for promoting neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects.
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18
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Cao SY, Tao MD, Lou SN, Yang D, Lin YH, Wu HY, Chang L, Luo CX, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu DY. Functional reconstruction of the impaired cortex and motor function by hMGEOs transplantation in stroke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:87-95. [PMID: 37300945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. But treatments are not available to promote functional recovery, and efficient therapies need to be investigated. Stem cell-based therapies hold great promise as potential technologies to restore function in brain disorders. Loss of GABAergic interneurons after stroke may result in sensorimotor defects. Here, by transplanting human brain organoids resembling the MGE domain (human MGE organoids, hMGEOs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into the infarcted cortex of stroke mice, we found that grafted hMGEOs survived well and primarily differentiated into GABAergic interneurons and significantly restored the sensorimotor deficits of stroke mice for a long time. Our study offers the feasibility of stem cell replacement therapeutics strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Meng-Dan Tao
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shu-Ning Lou
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chun-Xia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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19
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Watson LA, Meharena HS. From neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration: utilizing human stem cell models to gain insight into Down syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 14:1198129. [PMID: 37323671 PMCID: PMC10267712 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1198129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by triplication of chromosome 21, is the most frequent aneuploidy observed in the human population and represents the most common genetic form of intellectual disability and early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with DS exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, with a number of organs implicated including the neurological, immune, musculoskeletal, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems. Decades of DS research have illuminated our understanding of the disorder, however many of the features that limit quality of life and independence of individuals with DS, including intellectual disability and early-onset dementia, remain poorly understood. This lack of knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to neurological features of DS has caused significant roadblocks in developing effective therapeutic strategies to improve quality of life for individuals with DS. Recent technological advances in human stem cell culture methods, genome editing approaches, and single-cell transcriptomics have provided paradigm-shifting insights into complex neurological diseases such as DS. Here, we review novel neurological disease modeling approaches, how they have been used to study DS, and what questions might be addressed in the future using these innovative tools.
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20
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Urasawa T, Koizumi T, Kimura K, Ohta Y, Kawasaki N. Quantitative Proteomics for the Development and Manufacturing of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells Using Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37097202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) have several potential applications in regenerative medicine. A deep understanding of stem cell characteristics is critical for developing appropriate products for use in the clinic. This study aimed to develop approaches for characterizing iPSC-derived NSCs. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) was used to obtain temporal proteomic profiles of differentiating cells. Principal component analysis of the proteome profiles allowed for the discrimination of cells cultured for different periods. Cells were characterized by Gene Ontology analysis to annotate the upregulated proteins based on their functions. We found that trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG), a membrane glycoprotein that inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was elevated in NSC and that silencing TPBG promoted proliferation rather than neuronal differentiation. Treatment with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activators and inhibitors showed that modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is crucial for differentiation into NSC. These results suggest that the level of TPBG is critical for differentiation into NSC, and TPBG is a potentially critical quality attribute of differentiating cells. In summary, DIA-MS-based proteomics is a promising multi-attribute method for characterizing stem cell-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Urasawa
- Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Takumi Koizumi
- Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kimura
- Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- Biopharmaceutical and Regenerative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
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21
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Hong Y, Yang Q, Song H, Ming GL. Opportunities and limitations for studying neuropsychiatric disorders using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1430-1439. [PMID: 36782062 PMCID: PMC10213114 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders affect a large proportion of the global population and there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis and to develop novel and improved treatments of these devastating disorders. However, the diverse symptomatology combined with complex polygenic etiology, and the limited access to disorder-relevant cell types in human brains represent a major obstacle for mechanistic disease research. Conventional animal models, such as rodents, are limited by inherent species differences in brain development, architecture, and function. Advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technologies have provided platforms for new discoveries in neuropsychiatric disorders. First, hiPSC-based disease models enable unprecedented investigation of psychiatric disorders at the molecular, cellular, and structural levels. Second, hiPSCs derived from patients with known genetics, symptoms, and drug response profiles offer an opportunity to recapitulate pathogenesis in relevant cell types and provide novel approaches for understanding disease mechanisms and for developing effective treatments. Third, genome-editing technologies have extended the potential of hiPSCs for generating models to elucidate the genetic basis of rare monogenetic and complex polygenic psychiatric disorders and to establish the causality between genotype and phenotype. Here we review opportunities and limitations for studying psychiatric disorders using various hiPSC-derived model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Pascarella G, Frith M, Carninci P. A new layer of complexity in the human genome: Somatic recombination of repeat elements. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1226. [PMID: 36941762 PMCID: PMC10028047 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Frith
- Artificial Intelligence Research CenterNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier SciencesUniversity of TokyoChibaJapan
- Computational Bio Big‐Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD‐OIL)AISTTokyoJapan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS)YokohamaJapan
- Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
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23
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Transition from Animal-Based to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)-Based Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040538. [PMID: 36831205 PMCID: PMC9954744 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) arise from the disruption of highly coordinated mechanisms underlying brain development, which results in impaired sensory, motor and/or cognitive functions. Although rodent models have offered very relevant insights to the field, the translation of findings to clinics, particularly regarding therapeutic approaches for these diseases, remains challenging. Part of the explanation for this failure may be the genetic differences-some targets not being conserved between species-and, most importantly, the differences in regulation of gene expression. This prompts the use of human-derived models to study NDDS. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) added a new suitable alternative to overcome species limitations, allowing for the study of human neuronal development while maintaining the genetic background of the donor patient. Several hIPSC models of NDDs already proved their worth by mimicking several pathological phenotypes found in humans. In this review, we highlight the utility of hIPSCs to pave new paths for NDD research and development of new therapeutic tools, summarize the challenges and advances of hIPSC-culture and neuronal differentiation protocols and discuss the best way to take advantage of these models, illustrating this with examples of success for some NDDs.
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24
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Dixon TA, Muotri AR. Advancing preclinical models of psychiatric disorders with human brain organoid cultures. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:83-95. [PMID: 35948659 PMCID: PMC9812789 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are often distinguished from neurological disorders in that the former do not have characteristic lesions or findings from cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalograms (EEGs), or brain imaging, and furthermore do not have commonly recognized convergent mechanisms. Psychiatric disorders commonly involve clinical diagnosis of phenotypic behavioral disturbances of mood and psychosis, often with a poorly understood contribution of environmental factors. As such, psychiatric disease has been challenging to model preclinically for mechanistic understanding and pharmaceutical development. This review compares commonly used animal paradigms of preclinical testing with evolving techniques of induced pluripotent cell culture with a focus on emerging three-dimensional models. Advances in complexity of 3D cultures, recapitulating electrical activity in utero, and disease modeling of psychosis, mood, and environmentally induced disorders are reviewed. Insights from these rapidly expanding technologies are discussed as they pertain to the utility of human organoid and other models in finding novel research directions, validating pharmaceutical action, and recapitulating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Anthony Dixon
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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25
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Zhu W, Xu L, Li X, Hu H, Lou S, Liu Y. iPSCs-Derived Neurons and Brain Organoids from Patients. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 281:59-81. [PMID: 37306818 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into specific neurons and brain organoids by adding induction factors and small molecules in vitro, which carry human genetic information and recapitulate the development process of human brain as well as physiological, pathological, and pharmacological characteristics. Hence, iPSC-derived neurons and organoids hold great promise for studying human brain development and related nervous system diseases in vitro, and provide a platform for drug screening. In this chapter, we summarize the development of the differentiation techniques for neurons and brain organoids from iPSCs, and their applications in studying brain disease, drug screening, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuning Lou
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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26
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Alatawneh R, Salomon Y, Eshel R, Orenstein Y, Birnbaum RY. Deciphering transcription factors and their corresponding regulatory elements during inhibitory interneuron differentiation using deep neural networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1034604. [PMID: 36891511 PMCID: PMC9986276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1034604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During neurogenesis, the generation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors into inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing interneurons is dependent on the combinatorial activity of transcription factors (TFs) and their corresponding regulatory elements (REs). However, the roles of neuronal TFs and their target REs in inhibitory interneuron progenitors are not fully elucidated. Here, we developed a deep-learning-based framework to identify enriched TF motifs in gene REs (eMotif-RE), such as poised/repressed enhancers and putative silencers. Using epigenetic datasets (e.g., ATAC-seq and H3K27ac/me3 ChIP-seq) from cultured interneuron-like progenitors, we distinguished between active enhancer sequences (open chromatin with H3K27ac) and non-active enhancer sequences (open chromatin without H3K27ac). Using our eMotif-RE framework, we discovered enriched motifs of TFs such as ASCL1, SOX4, and SOX11 in the active enhancer set suggesting a cooperativity function for ASCL1 and SOX4/11 in active enhancers of neuronal progenitors. In addition, we found enriched ZEB1 and CTCF motifs in the non-active set. Using an in vivo enhancer assay, we showed that most of the tested putative REs from the non-active enhancer set have no enhancer activity. Two of the eight REs (25%) showed function as poised enhancers in the neuronal system. Moreover, mutated REs for ZEB1 and CTCF motifs increased their in vivo activity as enhancers indicating a repressive effect of ZEB1 and CTCF on these REs that likely function as repressed enhancers or silencers. Overall, our work integrates a novel framework based on deep learning together with a functional assay that elucidated novel functions of TFs and their corresponding REs. Our approach can be applied to better understand gene regulation not only in inhibitory interneuron differentiation but in other tissue and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Alatawneh
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yahel Salomon
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reut Eshel
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaron Orenstein
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ramon Y Birnbaum
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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27
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Lu K, Hong Y, Tao M, Shen L, Zheng Z, Fang K, Yuan F, Xu M, Wang C, Zhu D, Guo X, Liu Y. Depressive patient-derived GABA interneurons reveal abnormal neural activity associated with HTR2C. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16364. [PMID: 36373384 PMCID: PMC9832822 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder with suicide behavior (sMDD) is a server mood disorder, bringing tremendous burden to family and society. Although reduced gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) level has been observed in postmortem tissues of sMDD patients, the molecular mechanism by which GABA levels are altered remains elusive. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from five sMDD patients and differentiated the iPSCs to GABAergic interneurons (GINs) and ventral forebrain organoids. sMDD GINs exhibited altered neuronal morphology and increased neural firing, as well as weakened calcium signaling propagation, compared with controls. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that a decreased expression of serotoninergic receptor 2C (5-HT2C) may cause the defected neuronal activity in sMDD. Furthermore, targeting 5-HT2C receptor, using a small molecule agonist or genetic approach, restored neuronal activity deficits in sMDD GINs. Our findings provide a human cellular model for studying the molecular mechanisms and drug discoveries for sMDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Lu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuan Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mengdan Tao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Luping Shen
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhilong Zheng
- Department of NeurobiologyKey Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kaiheng Fang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang Yuan
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chun Wang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dongya Zhu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of NeurobiologyKey Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina,Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineSchool of PharmacyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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28
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Limone F, Klim JR, Mordes DA. Pluripotent stem cell strategies for rebuilding the human brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1017299. [PMID: 36408113 PMCID: PMC9667068 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1017299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have been extremely challenging to treat with traditional drug-based approaches and curative therapies are lacking. Given continued progress in stem cell technologies, cell replacement strategies have emerged as concrete and potentially viable therapeutic options. In this review, we cover advances in methods used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into several highly specialized types of neurons, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, and motor neurons, and the potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived neurons for common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ataxia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, we summarize cellular differentiation techniques for generating glial cell populations, including oligodendrocytes and microglia, and their conceivable translational roles in supporting neural function. Clinical trials of specific cell replacement therapies in the nervous system are already underway, and several attractive avenues in regenerative medicine warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joseph R. Klim
- Faze Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Joseph R. Klim,
| | - Daniel A. Mordes
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Daniel A. Mordes,
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29
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Voronkov DN, Stavrovskaya AV, Guschina AS, Olshansky AS, Lebedeva OS, Eremeev AV, Lagarkova MA. Morphological Characterization of Astrocytes in a Xenograft of Human iPSC-Derived Neural Precursor Cells. Acta Naturae 2022; 14:100-108. [DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of a mixed astrocyte and neuron culture is of interest in the development of cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. In this case, an assessment of engraftment requires a detailed morphological characterization, in particular an analysis of the neuronal and glial populations. In the experiment performed, human iPSC-derived neural progenitors transplanted into a rat striatum produced a mixed neuron and astrocyte population in vivo by the sixth month after transplantation. The morphological characteristics and neurochemical profile of the xenografted astrocytes were similar to those of mature human astroglia. Unlike neurons, astrocytes migrated to the surrounding structures and the density and pattern of their distribution in the striatum and cerebral cortex differed, which indicates that the microenvironment affects human glia integration. The graft was characterized by the zonal features of glial cell morphology, which was a reflection of cell maturation in the central area, glial shaft formation around the transplanted neurons, and migration to the surrounding structures.
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30
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Upadhya D, Attaluri S, Liu Y, Hattiangady B, Castro OW, Shuai B, Dong Y, Zhang SC, Shetty AK. Grafted hPSC-derived GABA-ergic interneurons regulate seizures and specific cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:38. [PMID: 35915118 PMCID: PMC9343458 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interneuron loss/dysfunction contributes to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and interneuron grafting into the epileptic hippocampus reduces SRS and improves cognitive function. This study investigated whether graft-derived gamma-aminobutyric acid positive (GABA-ergic) interneurons directly regulate SRS and cognitive function in a rat model of chronic TLE. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived medial ganglionic eminence-like GABA-ergic progenitors, engineered to express hM4D(Gi), a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) through CRISPR/Cas9 technology, were grafted into hippocampi of chronically epileptic rats to facilitate the subsequent silencing of graft-derived interneurons. Such grafting substantially reduced SRS and improved hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. Remarkably, silencing of graft-derived interneurons with a designer drug increased SRS and induced location memory impairment but did not affect pattern separation function. Deactivation of DREADDs restored both SRS control and object location memory function. Thus, transplanted GABA-ergic interneurons could directly regulate SRS and specific cognitive functions in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Waisman Center, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.,Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal Univ of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Waisman Center, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA. .,Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA.
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31
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Pascarella G, Hon CC, Hashimoto K, Busch A, Luginbühl J, Parr C, Hin Yip W, Abe K, Kratz A, Bonetti A, Agostini F, Severin J, Murayama S, Suzuki Y, Gustincich S, Frith M, Carninci P. Recombination of repeat elements generates somatic complexity in human genomes. Cell 2022; 185:3025-3040.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Sebastian R, Song Y, Pak C. Probing the molecular and cellular pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cell models. Schizophr Res 2022:S0920-9964(22)00263-8. [PMID: 35835709 PMCID: PMC9832179 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With recent advancements in psychiatric genomics, as a field, "stem cell-based disease modelers" were given the exciting yet daunting task of translating the extensive list of disease-associated risks into biologically and clinically relevant information in order to deliver therapeutically meaningful leads and insights. Despite their limitations, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) based models have greatly aided our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex etiology of brain disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ). In this review, we summarize the major findings from studies in the past decade which utilized iPSC models to investigate cell type-specific phenotypes relevant to idiopathic SCZ and disease penetrant alleles. Across cell type differences, several biological themes emerged, serving as potential neurodevelopmental mechanisms of SCZ, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of progenitor pools and insufficient differentiation potential of these progenitors, and structural and functional deficits of neurons and other supporting cells. Here, we discuss both the recent progress as well as challenges and improvements needed for future studies utilizing iPSCs as a model for SCZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yoonjae Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Li D, Huang LT, Zhang CP, Li Q, Wang JH. Insights Into the Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factors: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890509. [PMID: 35847662 PMCID: PMC9283766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, commonly occurs in the elderly population, causing a significant medical and economic burden to the aging society worldwide. At present, there are few effective methods that achieve satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of PD. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are important neurotrophic factors that are expressed in various cell types. Their unique structures allow for specific binding that can effectively regulate vital functions in the nervous system. In this review, we summarized the possible mechanisms by which PDGFs/PDGFRs regulate the occurrence and development of PD by affecting oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, protein folding and aggregation, Ca2+ homeostasis, and cell neuroinflammation. These modes of action mainly depend on the type and distribution of PDGFs in different nerve cells. We also summarized the possible clinical applications and prospects for PDGF in the treatment of PD, especially in genetic treatment. Recent advances have shown that PDGFs have contradictory roles within the central nervous system (CNS). Although they exert neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways, they are also associated with the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Our recommendations based on our findings include further investigation of the contradictory neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of the PDGFs acting on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-pu Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li,
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Jia-He Wang,
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Zhang SY, Zhao J, Ni JJ, Li H, Quan ZZ, Qing H. Application and prospects of high-throughput screening for in vitro neurogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:393-419. [PMID: 35949394 PMCID: PMC9244953 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i6.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, high-throughput screening (HTS) has made great contributions to new drug discovery. HTS technology is equipped with higher throughput, minimized platforms, more automated and computerized operating systems, more efficient and sensitive detection devices, and rapid data processing systems. At the same time, in vitro neurogenesis is gradually becoming important in establishing models to investigate the mechanisms of neural disease or developmental processes. However, challenges remain in generating more mature and functional neurons with specific subtypes and in establishing robust and standardized three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models with neural cells cultured in 3D matrices or organoids representing specific brain regions. Here, we review the applications of HTS technologies on in vitro neurogenesis, especially aiming at identifying the essential genes, chemical small molecules and adaptive microenvironments that hold great prospects for generating functional neurons or more reproductive and homogeneous 3D organoids. We also discuss the developmental tendency of HTS technology, e.g., so-called next-generation screening, which utilizes 3D organoid-based screening combined with microfluidic devices to narrow the gap between in vitro models and in vivo situations both physiologically and pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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35
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Giffin-Rao Y, Sheng J, Strand B, Xu K, Huang L, Medo M, Risgaard KA, Dantinne S, Mohan S, Keshan A, Daley RA, Levesque B, Amundson L, Reese R, Sousa AMM, Tao Y, Wang D, Zhang SC, Bhattacharyya A. Altered patterning of trisomy 21 interneuron progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1366-1379. [PMID: 35623352 PMCID: PMC9214050 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS; Ts21), the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, have smaller brains that reflect fewer neurons at pre- and post-natal stages, implicating impaired neurogenesis during development. Our stereological analysis of adult DS cortex indicates a reduction of calretinin-expressing interneurons. Using Ts21 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and isogenic controls, we find that Ts21 progenitors generate fewer COUP-TFII+ progenitors with reduced proliferation. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Ts21 progenitors confirms the altered specification of progenitor subpopulations and identifies reduced WNT signaling. Activation of WNT signaling partially restores the COUP-TFII+ progenitor population in Ts21, suggesting that altered WNT signaling contributes to the defective development of cortical interneurons in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Sheng
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bennett Strand
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Leslie Huang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Margaret Medo
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Samuel Dantinne
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sruti Mohan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Aratrika Keshan
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Roger A Daley
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bradley Levesque
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lindsey Amundson
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rebecca Reese
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yunlong Tao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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36
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Quality criteria for in vitro human pluripotent stem cell-derived models of tissue-based cells. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:36-50. [PMID: 35697279 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the technology to isolate or generate human pluripotent stem cells provided the potential to develop a wide range of human models that could enhance understanding of mechanisms underlying human development and disease. These systems are now beginning to mature and provide the basis for the development of in vitro assays suitable to understand the biological processes involved in the multi-organ systems of the human body, and will improve strategies for diagnosis, prevention, therapies and precision medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines are prone to phenotypic and genotypic changes and donor/clone dependent variability, which means that it is important to identify the most appropriate characterization markers and quality control measures when sourcing new cell lines and assessing differentiated cell and tissue culture preparations for experimental work. This paper considers those core quality control measures for human pluripotent stem cell lines and evaluates the state of play in the development of key functional markers for their differentiated cell derivatives to promote assurance of reproducibility of scientific data derived from pluripotent stem cell-based systems.
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Liu C, Fu Z, Wu S, Wang X, Zhang S, Chu C, Hong Y, Wu W, Chen S, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Guo X. Mitochondrial HSF1 triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15851. [PMID: 35670111 PMCID: PMC9260212 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Zixing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Shengrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Shengqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yueqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
| | - Yongbo Song
- Department of Pharmacology Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province Department of Neurobiology Interdisciplinary InnoCenter for Organoids School of Basic Medical Sciences Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Endocrinology Sir Run Run Hospital Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
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38
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Burlingham SR, Wong NF, Peterkin L, Lubow L, Dos Santos Passos C, Benner O, Ghebrial M, Cast TP, Xu-Friedman MA, Südhof TC, Chanda S. Induction of synapse formation by de novo neurotransmitter synthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3060. [PMID: 35650274 PMCID: PMC9160008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A vital question in neuroscience is how neurons align their postsynaptic structures with presynaptic release sites. Although synaptic adhesion proteins are known to contribute in this process, the role of neurotransmitters remains unclear. Here we inquire whether de novo biosynthesis and vesicular release of a noncanonical transmitter can facilitate the assembly of its corresponding postsynapses. We demonstrate that, in both stem cell-derived human neurons as well as in vivo mouse neurons of purely glutamatergic identity, ectopic expression of GABA-synthesis enzymes and vesicular transporters is sufficient to both produce GABA from ambient glutamate and transmit it from presynaptic terminals. This enables efficient accumulation and consistent activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors, and generates fully functional GABAergic synapses that operate in parallel but independently of their glutamatergic counterparts. These findings suggest that presynaptic release of a neurotransmitter itself can signal the organization of relevant postsynaptic apparatus, which could be directly modified to reprogram the synapse identity of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Burlingham
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicole F Wong
- Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay Peterkin
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lily Lubow
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Orion Benner
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael Ghebrial
- Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Thomas P Cast
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas C Südhof
- Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Soham Chanda
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrated Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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39
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Tang XY, Wu S, Wang D, Chu C, Hong Y, Tao M, Hu H, Xu M, Guo X, Liu Y. Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:168. [PMID: 35610212 PMCID: PMC9127490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniature structures cultured in vitro produced from either human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) or adult stem cells (AdSCs) derived from healthy individuals or patients that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of human organs. The advent of human 3D organoid systems is now possible to allow remarkably detailed observation of stem cell morphogens, maintenance and differentiation resemble primary tissues, enhancing the potential to study both human physiology and developmental stage. As they are similar to their original organs and carry human genetic information, organoids derived from patient hold great promise for biomedical research and preclinical drug testing and is currently used for personalized, regenerative medicine, gene repair and transplantation therapy. In recent decades, researchers have succeeded in generating various types of organoids mimicking in vivo organs. Herein, we provide an update on current in vitro differentiation technologies of brain, retinal, kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal, cardiac, vascularized and multi-lineage organoids, discuss the differences between PSC- and AdSC-derived organoids, summarize the potential applications of stem cell-derived organoids systems in the laboratory and clinic, and outline the current challenges for the application of organoids, which would deepen the understanding of mechanisms of human development and enhance further utility of organoids in basic research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Tang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdan Tao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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40
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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41
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Abnormal mitochondria in Down syndrome iPSC-derived GABAergic interneurons and organoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Xi J, Xu Y, Guo Z, Li J, Wu Y, Sun Q, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhu S, Bian S, Kang J. LncRNA SOX1-OT V1 acts as a decoy of HDAC10 to promote SOX1-dependent hESC neuronal differentiation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53015. [PMID: 34927789 PMCID: PMC8811645 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system, but their regulatory roles in neuronal differentiation are poorly understood. Using a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based 2D neural differentiation approach and a 3D cerebral organoid system, we show that SOX1-OT variant 1 (SOX1-OT V1), a SOX1 overlapping noncoding RNA, plays essential roles in both dorsal cortical neuron differentiation and ventral GABAergic neuron differentiation by facilitating SOX1 expression. SOX1-OT V1 physically interacts with HDAC10 through its 5' region, acts as a decoy to block HDAC10 binding to the SOX1 promoter, and thus maintains histone acetylation levels at the SOX1 promoter. SOX1 in turn activates ASCL1 expression and promotes neuronal differentiation. Taken together, we identify a SOX1-OT V1/HDAC10-SOX1-ASCL1 axis, which promotes neurogenesis, highlighting a role for lncRNAs in hESC neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxin Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianguo Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yukang Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiaoyi Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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43
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Park TIH, Smyth LCD, Aalderink M, Woolf ZR, Rustenhoven J, Lee K, Jansson D, Smith A, Feng S, Correia J, Heppner P, Schweder P, Mee E, Dragunow M. Routine culture and study of adult human brain cells from neurosurgical specimens. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:190-221. [PMID: 35022619 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
When modeling disease in the laboratory, it is important to use clinically relevant models. Patient-derived human brain cells grown in vitro to study and test potential treatments provide such a model. Here, we present simple, highly reproducible coordinated procedures that can be used to routinely culture most cell types found in the human brain from single neurosurgically excised brain specimens. The cell types that can be cultured include dissociated cultures of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes and brain endothelial and neural precursor cells, as well as explant cultures of the leptomeninges, cortical slice cultures and brain tumor cells. The initial setup of cultures takes ~2 h, and the cells are ready for further experiments within days to weeks. The resulting cells can be studied as purified or mixed population cultures, slice cultures and explant-derived cultures. This protocol therefore enables the investigation of human brain cells to facilitate translation of neuroscience research to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I-H Park
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon C D Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoe R Woolf
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deidre Jansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centre (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sheryl Feng
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason Correia
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward Mee
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Hugh Green Biobank & Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Neurosurgical Research Unit, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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44
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Wang Y, Liu L, Lin M. Psychiatric risk gene transcription factor 4 preferentially regulates cortical interneuron neurogenesis during early brain development. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:242-254. [PMID: 35965434 PMCID: PMC9376727 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants within or near the transcription factor 4 gene (TCF4) are robustly implicated in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, the biological pleiotropy poses considerable obstacles to dissect the potential relationship between TCF4 and those highly heterogeneous diseases. Through integrative transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrated that TCF4 is preferentially expressed in cortical interneurons during early brain development. Therefore, disruptions of interneuron development might be the underlying contribution of TCF4 perturbation to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of TCF4 on human medial ganglionic eminence-like organoids (hMGEOs) to identify genome-wide TCF4 binding sites, followed by integration of multi-omics data from human fetal brain. We observed preferential expression of the isoform TCF4-B over TCF4-A. De novo motif analysis found that the identified 5916 TCF4 binding sites are significantly enriched for the E-box sequence. The predicted TCF4 targets in general have positively correlated expression levels with TCF4 in the cortical interneurons, and are primarily involved in biological processes related to neurogenesis. Interestingly, we found that TCF4 interacts with non-bHLH proteins such as FOS/JUN, which may underlie the functional specificity of TCF4 in hMGEOs. This study highlights the regulatory role of TCF4 in interneuron development and provides compelling evidence to support the biological rationale linking TCF4 to the developing cortical interneuron and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Mingyan Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Mingyan Lin, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86869432, E-mail:
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45
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Räsänen N, Tiihonen J, Koskuvi M, Lehtonen Š, Koistinaho J. The iPSC perspective on schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2021; 45:8-26. [PMID: 34876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over a decade of schizophrenia research using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural models has provided substantial data describing neurobiological characteristics of the disorder in vitro. Simultaneously, translation of the results into general mechanistic concepts underlying schizophrenia pathophysiology has been trailing behind. Given that modeling brain function using cell cultures is challenging, the gap between the in vitro models and schizophrenia as a clinical disorder has remained wide. In this review, we highlight reproducible findings and emerging trends in recent schizophrenia-related iPSC studies. We illuminate the relevance of the results in the context of human brain development, with a focus on processes coinciding with critical developmental periods for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Räsänen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Koskuvi
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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46
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Benchoua A, Lasbareilles M, Tournois J. Contribution of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Drug Discovery for Neurological Disorders. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123290. [PMID: 34943799 PMCID: PMC8699352 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to the identification of therapeutic interventions for central nervous system disorders has been the difficulty in studying the step-by-step progression of diseases in neuronal networks that are amenable to drug screening. Recent advances in the field of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) biology offers the capability to create patient-specific human neurons with defined clinical profiles using reprogramming technology, which provides unprecedented opportunities for both the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of brain disorders and the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies via drug screening. Many examples not only of the creation of human pluripotent stem cells as models of monogenic neurological disorders, but also of more challenging cases of complex multifactorial disorders now exist. Here, we review the state-of-the art brain cell types obtainable from PSCs and amenable to compound-screening formats. We then provide examples illustrating how these models contribute to the definition of new molecular or functional targets for drug discovery and to the design of novel pharmacological approaches for rare genetic disorders, as well as frequent neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Benchoua
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France;
- High Throughput Screening Platform, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marie Lasbareilles
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France;
- UEVE UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Johana Tournois
- High Throughput Screening Platform, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France;
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47
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Human stem cell-derived GABAergic neurons functionally integrate into human neuronal networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22050. [PMID: 34764308 PMCID: PMC8585944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing interneurons modulate neuronal network activity in the brain by inhibiting other neurons. The alteration or absence of these cells disrupts the balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes, leading to neurological disorders such as epilepsy. In this regard, cell-based therapy may be an alternative therapeutic approach. We generated light-sensitive human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived GABAergic interneurons (hdIN) and tested their functionality. After 35 days in vitro (DIV), hdINs showed electrophysiological properties and spontaneous synaptic currents comparable to mature neurons. In co-culture with human cortical neurons and after transplantation (AT) into human brain tissue resected from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressing hdINs induced postsynaptic currents in human neurons, strongly suggesting functional efferent synapse formation. These results provide a proof-of-concept that hESC-derived neurons can integrate and modulate the activity of a human host neuronal network. Therefore, this study supports the possibility of precise temporal control of network excitability by transplantation of light-sensitive interneurons.
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48
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McTague A, Rossignoli G, Ferrini A, Barral S, Kurian MA. Genome Editing in iPSC-Based Neural Systems: From Disease Models to Future Therapeutic Strategies. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:630600. [PMID: 34713254 PMCID: PMC8525405 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.630600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic advances for neurological disorders are challenging due to limited accessibility of the human central nervous system and incomplete understanding of disease mechanisms. Many neurological diseases lack precision treatments, leading to significant disease burden and poor outcome for affected patients. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides human neuronal cells that facilitate disease modeling and development of therapies. The use of genome editing, in particular CRISPR-Cas9 technology, has extended the potential of iPSCs, generating new models for a number of disorders, including Alzheimers and Parkinson Disease. Editing of iPSCs, in particular with CRISPR-Cas9, allows generation of isogenic pairs, which differ only in the disease-causing mutation and share the same genetic background, for assessment of phenotypic differences and downstream effects. Moreover, genome-wide CRISPR screens allow high-throughput interrogation for genetic modifiers in neuronal phenotypes, leading to discovery of novel pathways, and identification of new therapeutic targets. CRISPR-Cas9 has now evolved beyond altering gene expression. Indeed, fusion of a defective Cas9 (dCas9) nuclease with transcriptional repressors or activation domains allows down-regulation or activation of gene expression (CRISPR interference, CRISPRi; CRISPR activation, CRISPRa). These new tools will improve disease modeling and facilitate CRISPR and cell-based therapies, as seen for epilepsy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genome engineering holds huge promise for the future understanding and treatment of neurological disorders, but there are numerous barriers to overcome. The synergy of iPSC-based model systems and gene editing will play a vital role in the route to precision medicine and the clinical translation of genome editing-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McTague
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Ferrini
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Liu CA, Su HL, Chiou TW, Harn HJ, Lin SZ, Ho TJ. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Specific Neural Lineages. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211017829. [PMID: 34665040 PMCID: PMC8529300 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211017829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are sources of several somatic cell
types for human developmental studies, in vitro disease modeling, and
cell transplantation therapy. Improving strategies of derivation of
high-purity specific neural and glial lineages from hPSCs is critical
for application to the study and therapy of the nervous system. Here,
we will focus on the principles behind establishment of neuron and
glia differentiation methods according to developmental studies. We
will also highlight the limitations and challenges associated with the
differentiation of several “difficult” neural lineages and delay in
neuronal maturation and functional integration. To overcome these
challenges, we will introduce strategies and novel technologies aimed
at improving the differentiation of various neural lineages to expand
the application potential of hPSCs to the study of the nervous
system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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50
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Nomura T. Interneuron Dysfunction and Inhibitory Deficits in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102610. [PMID: 34685590 PMCID: PMC8534049 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of excitatory–inhibitory (E–I) balance has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric diseases, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder that is the most common known cause of ASD. Understanding the molecular and physiological features of FXS is thought to enhance our knowledge of the pathophysiology of ASD. Accumulated evidence implicates deficits in the inhibitory circuits in FXS that tips E–I balance toward excitation. Deficits in interneurons, the main source of an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), have been reported in FXS, including a reduced number of cells, reduction in intrinsic cellular excitability, or weaker synaptic connectivity. Manipulating the interneuron activity ameliorated the symptoms in the FXS mouse model, which makes it reasonable to conceptualize FXS as an interneuronopathy. While it is still poorly understood how the developmental profiles of the inhibitory circuit go awry in FXS, recent works have uncovered several developmental alterations in the functional properties of interneurons. Correcting disrupted E–I balance by potentiating the inhibitory circuit by targeting interneurons may have a therapeutic potential in FXS. I will review the recent evidence about the inhibitory alterations and interneuron dysfunction in ASD and FXS and will discuss the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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