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Tsujii A, Takahashi K, Harada H, Kawashima S, Oikawa H, Fukushima H, Hayakawa Y, Koizumi J, Inoue N, Koshizuka T. Evaluation of the protective effect of the intranasal vaccines adjuvanted with bacterium-like particles against intestinal infection. Vaccine 2024; 42:125975. [PMID: 38763852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination presents a promising complement to parenteral vaccination. Bacterium-like particles (BLPs), peptidoglycan structures prepared from lactic acid bacteria, are explored as potential nasal vaccine adjuvants for respiratory infections. To date, studies on BLP-adjuvanted nasal vaccines against intestinal infections have remained limited. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of intranasal BLP-adjuvanted vaccination in controlling intestinal infections using the Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) model in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal vaccination of Intimin, an adhesin critical for intimate bacterial adhesion to colonic epithelial cells, combined with BLP (BLP+I) elicited robust Intimin-specific intestinal secretory IgA production, reduced bacterial load in feces and almost completely inhibited colonic hyperplasia, a characteristic symptom of C. rodentium infection in mice. Conversely, parenteral vaccination with Alhydrogel-adjuvanted Intimin failed to induce intestinal Intimin-specific IgA production, resulting in poor protection against C. rodentium infection. This underscores the pivotal role of mucosal IgA responses elicited by intranasal immunization in its protective efficacy. As this study did not delineate the precise protective mechanism conferred by BLP+I intranasal immunization against C. rodentium infection, further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying intranasal BLP+I immunization is required.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Administration, Intranasal
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice
- Citrobacter rodentium/immunology
- Citrobacter rodentium/pathogenicity
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/prevention & control
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Female
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adhesins, Bacterial/immunology
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Intestinal Diseases/prevention & control
- Intestinal Diseases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Tsujii
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Haruki Harada
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sarana Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hina Oikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukushima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuta Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Juri Koizumi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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2
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Zhu Y, Meerschaert KA, Galvan-Pena S, Bin NR, Yang D, Basu H, Kawamoto R, Shalaby A, Liberles SD, Mathis D, Benoist C, Chiu IM. A chemogenetic screen reveals that Trpv1-expressing neurons control regulatory T cells in the gut. Science 2024; 385:eadk1679. [PMID: 39088603 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimmune cross-talk participates in intestinal tissue homeostasis and host defense. However, the matrix of interactions between arrays of molecularly defined neuron subsets and of immunocyte lineages remains unclear. We used a chemogenetic approach to activate eight distinct neuronal subsets, assessing effects by deep immunophenotyping, microbiome profiling, and immunocyte transcriptomics in intestinal organs. Distinct immune perturbations followed neuronal activation: Nitrergic neurons regulated T helper 17 (TH17)-like cells, and cholinergic neurons regulated neutrophils. Nociceptor neurons, expressing Trpv1, elicited the broadest immunomodulation, inducing changes in innate lymphocytes, macrophages, and RORγ+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Neuroanatomical, genetic, and pharmacological follow-up showed that Trpv1+ neurons in dorsal root ganglia decreased Treg cell numbers via the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Given the role of these neurons in nociception, these data potentially link pain signaling with gut Treg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly A Meerschaert
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silvia Galvan-Pena
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Na-Ryum Bin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryo Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amre Shalaby
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Baghshomali YN, Kaushal P, Kozik Z, Perry RW, Williams HRT, Choudhary J, Frankel G. Impaired neutrophil migration underpins host susceptibility to infectious colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00062-X. [PMID: 38936619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium models infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and ulcerative colitis (UC). While C57BL/6 (C57) mice recover, C3H/HeN (C3H) mice succumb to infection, partially due to increased colonic neutrophil elastase activity, also seen in UC patients; however, the underlying cause was unknown. Here, we found that bone marrow, blood, and colonic C57 neutrophils expressed (CD)11bHi and reached the infected colonic lumen, where they underwent productive NETosis. In contrast, while the number of C3H neutrophils increased in the bone marrow, blood, and colon, they remained CD11bLo and got trapped in the submucosa, away from C. rodentium, where they underwent harmful NETosis. CD11bLo neutrophils in C3H mice infected with CRi9, which triggers expression of neutrophil chemoattractants, reached the colonization site, resulting in host survival. UC patient neutrophils also displayed decreased levels of the activation/differentiation markers CD16/CXCR4. These results, suggesting that neutrophil malfunction contributes to exacerbated colitis, provide insight for future therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prashant Kaushal
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zuza Kozik
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Perry
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Cottam C, White RT, Beck LC, Stewart CJ, Beatson SA, Lowe EC, Grinter R, Connolly JPR. Metabolism of L-arabinose converges with virulence regulation to promote enteric pathogen fitness. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4462. [PMID: 38796512 PMCID: PMC11127945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Virulence and metabolism are often interlinked to control the expression of essential colonisation factors in response to host-associated signals. Here, we identified an uncharacterised transporter of the dietary monosaccharide ʟ-arabinose that is widely encoded by the zoonotic pathogen enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), required for full competitive fitness in the mouse gut and highly expressed during human infection. Discovery of this transporter suggested that EHEC strains have an enhanced ability to scavenge ʟ-arabinose and therefore prompted us to investigate the impact of this nutrient on pathogenesis. Accordingly, we discovered that ʟ-arabinose enhances expression of the EHEC type 3 secretion system, increasing its ability to colonise host cells, and that the underlying mechanism is dependent on products of its catabolism rather than the sensing of ʟ-arabinose as a signal. Furthermore, using the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we show that ʟ-arabinose metabolism provides a fitness benefit during infection via virulence factor regulation, as opposed to supporting pathogen growth. Finally, we show that this mechanism is not restricted to ʟ-arabinose and extends to other pentose sugars with a similar metabolic fate. This work highlights the importance integrating central metabolism with virulence regulation in order to maximise competitive fitness of enteric pathogens within the host-niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Cottam
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Rhys T White
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren C Beck
- Newcastle University Translation and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Newcastle University Translation and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Scott A Beatson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elisabeth C Lowe
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James P R Connolly
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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5
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Mühlen S, Heroven AK, Elxnat B, Kahl S, Pieper DH, Dersch P. Infection and antibiotic-associated changes in the fecal microbiota of C. rodentium ϕ stx2dact-infected C57BL/6 mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0005724. [PMID: 38526080 PMCID: PMC11064522 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00057-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli causes watery to bloody diarrhea, which may progress to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. While early studies suggested that antibiotic treatment may worsen the pathology of an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection, recent work has shown that certain non-Shiga toxin-inducing antibiotics avert disease progression. Unfortunately, both intestinal bacterial infections and antibiotic treatment are associated with dysbiosis. This can alleviate colonization resistance, facilitate secondary infections, and potentially lead to more severe illness. To address the consequences in the context of an EHEC infection, we used the established mouse infection model organism Citrobacter rodentium ϕstx2dact and monitored changes in fecal microbiota composition during infection and antibiotic treatment. C. rodentium ϕstx2dact infection resulted in minor changes compared to antibiotic treatment. The infection caused clear alterations in the microbial community, leading mainly to a reduction of Muribaculaceae and a transient increase in Enterobacteriaceae distinct from Citrobacter. Antibiotic treatments of the infection resulted in marked and distinct variations in microbiota composition, diversity, and dispersion. Enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, which did not prevent Shiga toxin-mediated organ damage, had the least disruptive effects on the intestinal microbiota, while kanamycin and tetracycline, which rapidly cleared the infection without causing organ damage, caused a severe reduction in diversity. Kanamycin treatment resulted in the depletion of all but Bacteroidetes genera, whereas tetracycline effects on Clostridia were less severe. Together, these data highlight the need to address the impact of individual antibiotics in the clinical care of life-threatening infections and consider microbiota-regenerating therapies.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the impact of antibiotic treatment on EHEC infections is crucial for appropriate clinical care. While discouraged by early studies, recent findings suggest certain antibiotics can impede disease progression. Here, we investigated the impact of individual antibiotics on the fecal microbiota in the context of an established EHEC mouse model using C. rodentium ϕstx2dact. The infection caused significant variations in the microbiota, leading to a transient increase in Enterobacteriaceae distinct from Citrobacter. However, these effects were minor compared to those observed for antibiotic treatments. Indeed, antibiotics that most efficiently cleared the infection also had the most detrimental effect on the fecal microbiota, causing a substantial reduction in microbial diversity. Conversely, antibiotics showing adverse effects or incomplete bacterial clearance had a reduced impact on microbiota composition and diversity. Taken together, our findings emphasize the delicate balance required to weigh the harmful effects of infection and antibiosis in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mühlen
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site HZI, Braunschweig, and associated site University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Microbial Interactions and Processes, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Elxnat
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silke Kahl
- Microbial Interactions and Processes, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dietmar H. Pieper
- Microbial Interactions and Processes, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site HZI, Braunschweig, and associated site University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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6
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Miner MV, Rauch I. Why put yourself on a pedestal? The pathogenic role of the A/E pedestal. Infect Immun 2024:e0048923. [PMID: 38591884 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00489-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Certain Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion pathogens that primarily infect intestinal epithelial cells. They cause actin restructuring and polymerization within the host cell to create an actin-rich protrusion below the site of adherence, termed the pedestal. Although there is clarity on the pathways initiating pedestal formation, the underlying purpose(s) of the pedestal remains ambiguous. The conservation of pedestal-forming activity across multiple pathogens and redundancy in formation pathways indicate a pathogenic advantage. However, few decisive conclusions have been drawn, given that the results vary between model systems. Some research argues that the pedestal increases the colonization capability of the bacterium. These studies utilize A/E pathogens specifically deficient in pedestal formation to evaluate adhesion and intestinal colonization following infection. There have been many proposed mechanisms for the colonization benefit conferred by the pedestal. One suggested benefit is that the pedestal allows for direct cytosolic anchoring through incorporation of the established host cortical actin, causing a stable link between the pathogen and cell structure. The pedestal may confer enhanced motility, as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are better able to migrate on the surface of host cells and infect neighboring cells in the presence of the pedestal. Additionally, some research suggests that the pedestal improves effector delivery. This review will investigate the purpose of pedestal formation using evidence from recent literature and will critically evaluate the methodology and model systems. Most importantly, we will contextualize the proposed functions to reconcile potential synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Miner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - I Rauch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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7
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Peña-Díaz J, Woodward SE, Creus-Cuadros A, Serapio-Palacios A, Ortiz-Jiménez S, Deng W, Finlay BB. Quorum sensing modulates bacterial virulence and colonization dynamics of the gastrointestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2267189. [PMID: 37842938 PMCID: PMC10580866 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2267189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum Sensing (QS) is a form of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacteria to modify behavior according to their population density. While QS has been proposed as a potential intervention against pathogen infection, QS-mediated communication within the mammalian digestive tract remains understudied. Using an LC-MS/MS approach, we discovered that Citrobacter rodentium, a natural murine pathogen used to model human infection by pathogenic Escherichia coli, utilizes the CroIR system to produce three QS-molecules. We then profiled their accumulation both in vitro and across different gastrointestinal sites over the course of infection. Importantly, we found that in the absence of QS capabilities the virulence of C. rodentium is enhanced. This highlights the role of QS as an effective mechanism to regulate virulence according to the pathogen's spatio-temporal context to optimize colonization and transmission success. These results also demonstrate that inhibiting QS may not always be an effective strategy for the control of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Peña-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Woodward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Creus-Cuadros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antonio Serapio-Palacios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ortiz-Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Wanyin Deng
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Lin CH, Wu CJ, Cho S, Patkar R, Huth WJ, Lin LL, Chen MC, Israelsson E, Betts J, Niedzielska M, Patel SA, Duong HG, Gerner RR, Hsu CY, Catley M, Maciewicz RA, Chu H, Raffatellu M, Chang JT, Lu LF. Selective IL-27 production by intestinal regulatory T cells permits gut-specific regulation of T H17 cell immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2108-2120. [PMID: 37932457 PMCID: PMC11058069 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are instrumental in establishing immunological tolerance. However, the precise effector mechanisms by which Treg cells control a specific type of immune response in a given tissue remains unresolved. By simultaneously studying Treg cells from different tissue origins under systemic autoimmunity, in the present study we show that interleukin (IL)-27 is specifically produced by intestinal Treg cells to regulate helper T17 cell (TH17 cell) immunity. Selectively increased intestinal TH17 cell responses in mice with Treg cell-specific IL-27 ablation led to exacerbated intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated cancer, but also helped protect against enteric bacterial infection. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomic analysis has identified a CD83+CD62Llo Treg cell subset that is distinct from previously characterized intestinal Treg cell populations as the main IL-27 producers. Collectively, our study uncovers a new Treg cell suppression mechanism crucial for controlling a specific type of immune response in a particular tissue and provides further mechanistic insights into tissue-specific Treg cell-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Jang Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sunglim Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rasika Patkar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William J Huth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling-Li Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mei-Chi Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanne Betts
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Niedzielska
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shefali A Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han G Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Catley
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines, Chiba University, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines, Chiba University, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Li J, Sun Y, Yang N, Zhang H, Hu Y, Wang H, Zhang R, Ge M. Protective effects of maternal administration of total saponins of Codonopsis pilosula in the mice offspring following diarrhea: role of immune function, antioxidant function, and intestinal inflammatory injury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113903-113916. [PMID: 37858017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Total saponins of Codonopsis (TSC) are a kind of critical bioactive substances in Codonopsis, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory effects, and protective effects on ulcerative enteritis. In this study, TSC (3.75 mL/kg, gavage) was administered once a day to 13-day gestation Kunming mice for 5 days. On day 13 of birth, the offspring were given Escherichia coli solution (0.15 mL/mouse, intraperitoneal injection) and senna leaf decoction (0.15 mL/mouse, gavage) once a day for 6 days. The results showed that gestation maternal administration of TSC effectively reduced the diarrhea index, increased the content of sIgA, IgG, SOD, and GSH, inhibited the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in the intestine, reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, and alleviated intestinal injury in the littermates. The results provided a critical reference for the clinical application of TSC to control diarrhea in animal offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Naixi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yihan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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10
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Singh AK, Kumar R, Yin J, Brooks Ii JF, Kathania M, Mukherjee S, Kumar J, Conlon KP, Basrur V, Chen Z, Han X, Hooper LV, Burstein E, Venuprasad K. RORγt-Raftlin1 complex regulates the pathogenicity of Th17 cells and colonic inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4972. [PMID: 37591835 PMCID: PMC10435467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells that produce Interleukin IL-17 are pathogenic in many human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, but are, paradoxically, essential for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier in a non-inflammatory state. However, the intracellular mechanisms that regulate distinct transcriptional profiles and functional diversity of Th17 cells remain unclear. Here we show Raftlin1, a lipid raft protein, specifically upregulates and forms a complex with RORγt in pathogenic Th17 cells. Disruption of the RORγt-Raftlin1 complex results in the reduction of pathogenic Th17 cells in response to Citrobacter rodentium; however, there is no effect on nonpathogenic Th17 cells in response to commensal segmented filamentous bacteria. Mechanistically, we show that Raftlin1 recruits distinct phospholipids to RORγt and promotes the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. Thus, we have identified a mechanism that drives the pathogenic function of Th17 cells, which could provide a platform for advanced therapeutic strategies to dampen Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kumar Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - John F Brooks Ii
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mahesh Kathania
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kevin P Conlon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - K Venuprasad
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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11
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Tawk C, Lim B, Bencivenga-Barry NA, Lees HJ, Ramos RJF, Cross J, Goodman AL. Infection leaves a genetic and functional mark on the gut population of a commensal bacterium. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:811-826.e6. [PMID: 37119822 PMCID: PMC10197903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infection changes microbiome composition and gene expression. In this study, we demonstrate that enteric infection also promotes rapid genetic adaptation in a gut commensal. Measurements of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron population dynamics within gnotobiotic mice reveal that these populations are relatively stable in the absence of infection, and the introduction of the enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium reproducibly promotes rapid selection for a single-nucleotide variant with increased fitness. This mutation promotes resistance to oxidative stress by altering the sequence of a protein, IctA, that is essential for fitness during infection. We identified commensals from multiple phyla that attenuate the selection of this variant during infection. These species increase the levels of vitamin B6 in the gut lumen. Direct administration of this vitamin is sufficient to significantly reduce variant expansion in infected mice. Our work demonstrates that a self-limited enteric infection can leave a stable mark on resident commensal populations that increase fitness during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tawk
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Bentley Lim
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Natasha A Bencivenga-Barry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hannah J Lees
- The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruben J F Ramos
- The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Cross
- The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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12
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Feng Y, Li D, Ma C, Hu X, Chen F. Barley Leaf Ameliorates Citrobacter-rodentium-Induced Colitis through Arginine Enrichment. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081890. [PMID: 37111109 PMCID: PMC10145403 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global public health challenge. Our previous study showed that barley leaf (BL) significantly reduces Citrobacter-rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, but its mechanism remains elusive. Thus, in this study, we used non-targeted metabolomics techniques to search for potentially effective metabolites. Our results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with BL significantly enriched arginine and that arginine intervention significantly ameliorated CR-induced colitis symptoms such as reduced body weight, shortened colon, wrinkled cecum, and swollen colon wall in mice; in addition, arginine intervention dramatically ameliorated CR-induced histopathological damage to the colon. The gut microbial diversity analysis showed that arginine intervention significantly decreased the relative abundance of CR and significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Blautia, Enterorhabdus, and Lachnospiraceae, which modified the CR-induced intestinal flora disorder. Notably, arginine showed a dose-dependent effect on the improvement of colitis caused by CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Engineering Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daotong Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Engineering Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chen Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Engineering Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Engineering Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetables Processing Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Engineering Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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13
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Lin CH, Wu CJ, Cho S, Patkar R, Lin LL, Chen MC, Israelsson E, Betts J, Niedzielska M, Patel SA, Duong HG, Gerner RR, Hsu CY, Catley M, Maciewicz RA, Chu H, Raffatellu M, Chang JT, Lu LF. Selective IL-27 production by intestinal regulatory T cells permits gut-specific regulation of Th17 immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529261. [PMID: 36865314 PMCID: PMC9980002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are instrumental in establishing immunological tolerance. However, the precise effector mechanisms by which Treg cells control a specific type of immune response in a given tissue remains unresolved. By simultaneously studying Treg cells from different tissue origins under systemic autoimmunity, here we show that IL-27 is specifically produced by intestinal Treg cells to regulate Th17 immunity. Selectively increased intestinal Th17 responses in mice with Treg cell-specific IL-27 ablation led to exacerbated intestinal inflammation and colitis-associated cancer, but also helped protect against enteric bacterial infection. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomic analysis has identified a CD83+TCF1+ Treg cell subset that is distinct from previously characterized intestinal Treg cell populations as the main IL-27 producers. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel Treg cell suppression mechanism crucial for controlling a specific type of immune response in a particular tissue, and provides further mechanistic insights into tissue-specific Treg cell-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Jang Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Sunglim Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Rasika Patkar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Ling-Li Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Mei-Chi Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Bioscience, Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanne Betts
- Bioscience, Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Niedzielska
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shefali A Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Han G Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Hsu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Catley
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rose A Maciewicz
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Forgie AJ, Pepin DM, Ju T, Tollenaar S, Sergi CM, Gruenheid S, Willing BP. Over supplementation with vitamin B12 alters microbe-host interactions in the gut leading to accelerated Citrobacter rodentium colonization and pathogenesis in mice. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 36737826 PMCID: PMC9896722 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B12 supplements typically contain doses that far exceed the recommended daily amount, and high exposures are generally considered safe. Competitive and syntrophic interactions for B12 exist between microbes in the gut. Yet, to what extent excessive levels contribute to the activities of the gut microbiota remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of B12 on microbial ecology using a B12 supplemented mouse model with Citrobacter rodentium, a mouse-specific pathogen. Mice were fed a standard chow diet and received either water or water supplemented with B12 (cyanocobalamin: ~120 μg/day), which equates to approximately 25 mg in humans. Infection severity was determined by body weight, pathogen load, and histopathologic scoring. Host biomarkers of inflammation were assessed in the colon before and after the pathogen challenge. RESULTS Cyanocobalamin supplementation enhanced pathogen colonization at day 1 (P < 0.05) and day 3 (P < 0.01) postinfection. The impact of B12 on gut microbial communities, although minor, was distinct and attributed to the changes in the Lachnospiraceae populations and reduced alpha diversity. Cyanocobalamin treatment disrupted the activity of the low-abundance community members of the gut microbiota. It enhanced the amount of interleukin-12 p40 subunit protein (IL12/23p40; P < 0.001) and interleukin-17a (IL-17A; P < 0.05) in the colon of naïve mice. This immune phenotype was microbe dependent, and the response varied based on the baseline microbiota. The cecal metatranscriptome revealed that excessive cyanocobalamin decreased the expression of glucose utilizing genes by C. rodentium, a metabolic attribute previously associated with pathogen virulence. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin B12 supplementation promoted C. rodentium colonization in mice by altering the activities of the Lachnospiraceae populations in the gut. A lower abundance of select Lachnospiraceae species correlated to higher p40 subunit levels, while the detection of Parasutterella exacerbated inflammatory markers in the colon of naïve mice. The B12-induced change in gut ecology enhanced the ability of C. rodentium colonization by impacting key microbe-host interactions that help with pathogen exclusion. This research provides insight into how B12 impacts the gut microbiota and highlights potential consequences of disrupting microbial B12 competition/sharing through over-supplementation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Deanna M Pepin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tollenaar
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Consolato M Sergi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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15
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Popov G, Fiebig-Comyn A, Syriste L, Little DJ, Skarina T, Stogios PJ, Birstonas S, Coombes BK, Savchenko A. Distinct Molecular Features of NleG Type 3 Secreted Effectors Allow for Different Roles during Citrobacter rodentium Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0050522. [PMID: 36511702 PMCID: PMC9872709 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00505-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NleGs are the largest family of type 3 secreted effectors in attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli, and Citrobacter rodentium. NleG effectors contain a conserved C-terminal U-box domain acting as a ubiquitin protein ligase and target host proteins via a variable N-terminal portion. The specific roles of these effectors during infection remain uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that the three NleG effectors-NleG1Cr, NleG7Cr, and NleG8Cr-encoded by C. rodentium DBS100 play distinct roles during infection in mice. Using individual nleGCr knockout strains, we show that NleG7Cr contributes to bacterial survival during enteric infection while NleG1Cr promotes the expression of diarrheal symptoms and NleG8Cr contributes to accelerated lethality in susceptible mice. Furthermore, the NleG8Cr effector contains a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif that enables interaction with the host protein GOPC. Both the PDZ domain binding motif and the ability to engage with host ubiquitination machinery via the intact U-box domain proved to be necessary for NleG8Cr function, contributing to the observed phenotype during infection. We also establish that the PTZ binding motif in the EHEC NleG8 (NleG8Ec) effector, which shares 60% identity with NleG8Cr, is engaged in interactions with human GOPC. The crystal structure of the NleG8Ec C-terminal peptide in complex with the GOPC PDZ domain, determined to 1.85 Å, revealed a conserved interaction mode similar to that observed between GOPC and eukaryotic PDZ domain binding motifs. Despite these common features, nleG8Ec does not complement the ΔnleG8Cr phenotype during infection, revealing functional diversification between these NleG effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Popov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aline Fiebig-Comyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lukas Syriste
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin J. Little
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatiana Skarina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J. Stogios
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Birstonas
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Toronto University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Ewasechko NF, Chaudhuri S, Schryvers AB. Insights from targeting transferrin receptors to develop vaccines for pathogens of humans and food production animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1083090. [PMID: 36683691 PMCID: PMC9853020 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1083090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While developing vaccines targeting surface transferrin receptor proteins in Gram-negative pathogens of humans and food production animals, the common features derived from their evolutionary origins has provided us with insights on how improvements could be implemented in the various stages of research and vaccine development. These pathogens are adapted to live exclusively on the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory or genitourinary tract of their host and rely on their receptors to acquire iron from transferrin for survival, indicating that there likely are common mechanisms for delivering transferrin to the mucosal surfaces that should be explored. The modern-day receptors are derived from those present in bacteria that lived over 320 million years ago. The pathogens represent the most host adapted members of their bacterial lineages and may possess factors that enable them to have strong association with the mucosal epithelial cells, thus likely reside in a different niche than the commensal members of the bacterial lineage. The bacterial pathogens normally lead a commensal lifestyle which presents challenges for development of relevant infection models as most infection models either exclude the early stages of colonization or subsequent disease development, and the immune mechanisms at the mucosal surface that would prevent disease are not evident. Development of infection models emulating natural horizontal disease transmission are also lacking. Our aim is to share our insights from the study of pathogens of humans and food production animals with individuals involved in vaccine development, maintaining health or regulation of products in the human and animal health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas F Ewasechko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Somshukla Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony B Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Woodward SE, Vogt SL, Peña-Díaz J, Melnyk RA, Cirstea M, Serapio-Palacios A, Neufeld LMP, Huus KE, Wang MA, Haney CH, Finlay BB. Gastric acid and escape to systemic circulation represent major bottlenecks to host infection by Citrobacter rodentium. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:36-46. [PMID: 36153406 PMCID: PMC9751147 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) environment plays a critical role in shaping enteric infections. Host environmental factors create bottlenecks, restrictive events that reduce the genetic diversity of invading bacterial populations. However, the identity and impact of bottleneck events on bacterial infection are largely unknown. We used Citrobacter rodentium infection of mice, a model of human pathogenic Escherichia coli infections, to examine bacterial population dynamics and quantify bottlenecks to host colonization. Using Sequence Tag-based Analysis of Microbial Populations (STAMP) we characterized the founding population size (Nb') and relatedness of C. rodentium populations at relevant tissue sites during early- and peak-infection. We demonstrate that the GI environment severely restricts the colonizing population, with an average Nb' of only 12-43 lineages (of 2,000+ inoculated) identified regardless of time or biogeographic location. Passage through gastric acid and escape to the systemic circulation were identified as major bottlenecks during C. rodentium colonization. Manipulating such events by increasing gastric pH dramatically increased intestinal Nb'. Importantly, removal of the stomach acid barrier had downstream consequences on host systemic colonization, morbidity, and mortality. These findings highlight the capability of the host GI environment to limit early pathogen colonization, controlling the population of initial founders with consequences for downstream infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Woodward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefanie L Vogt
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jorge Peña-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan A Melnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mihai Cirstea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Laurel M P Neufeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelsey E Huus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madeline A Wang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cara H Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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18
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Ji L, Xu S, Luo H, Zeng F. Insights from DOCK2 in cell function and pathophysiology. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:997659. [PMID: 36250020 PMCID: PMC9559381 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.997659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) can activate the downstream small G protein Rac and regulate cytoskeletal reorganization. DOCK2 is essential for critical physiological processes such as migration, activation, proliferation, and effects of immune cells, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. For example, DOCK2 is involved in the development and activation of T and B lymphocytes by affecting synapse formation and inhibiting the development of the Th2 lineage by downregulating IL-4Rα surface expression. Not only that, DOCK2 may be a molecular target for controlling cardiac transplant rejection and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Patients with defects in the DOCK2 gene also exhibit a variety of impaired cellular functions, such as chemotactic responses of lymphocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by neutrophils. To date, DOCK2 has been shown to be involved in the development of various diseases, including AD, pneumonia, myocarditis, colitis, tumors, etc. DOCK2 plays different roles in these diseases and the degree of inflammatory response has a different impact on the progression of disease. In this paper, we present a review of recent advances in the function of DOCK2 in various immune cells and its role in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fanwei Zeng, ; Haiqing Luo, ; Lulin Ji,
| | - Shuquan Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiqing Luo
- Organoid Research Center, Xiamen Broad Creation Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Research and Development Center, Xiamen Mogengel Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Fanwei Zeng, ; Haiqing Luo, ; Lulin Ji,
| | - Fanwei Zeng
- Organoid Research Center, Xiamen Broad Creation Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Research and Development Center, Xiamen Mogengel Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Fanwei Zeng, ; Haiqing Luo, ; Lulin Ji,
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19
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Feng Y, Li D, Ma C, Tian M, Hu X, Chen F. Barley Leaf Ameliorates Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis through Preventive Effects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183833. [PMID: 36145206 PMCID: PMC9502111 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing globally and progressively in recent decades. Barley leaf (BL) is a nutritional supplement that is shown to have health-promoting effects on intestinal homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that BL could significantly attenuate Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, but whether it exerts a prophylactic or therapeutic effect remains elusive. In this study, we supplemented BL before or during CR infestation to investigate which way BL acts. The results showed that BL supplementation prior to infection significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) score, weight loss, colon shortening, colonic wall swelling, and transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. It significantly reduced the amount of CR in the feces and also markedly inhibited the extraintestinal transmission of CR. Meanwhile, it significantly reduced the levels and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-1β (IL1β). In addition, pretreatment with BL improved CR-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by reducing the content of Proteobacteria, while increasing the content of Lactobacillus. In contrast, the effect of BL supplementation during infestation on the improvement of CR-induced colitis was not as good as that of pretreatment with BL. In conclusion, BL protects against CR-caused colitis in a preventive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62737645 (ext. 18)
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20
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Sanidad KZ, Amir M, Ananthanarayanan A, Singaraju A, Shiland NB, Hong HS, Kamada N, Inohara N, Núñez G, Zeng MY. Maternal gut microbiome-induced IgG regulates neonatal gut microbiome and immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabh3816. [PMID: 35687695 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome elicits antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) at steady state that cross-reacts to pathogens to confer protection against systemic infection. The role of gut microbiome-specific IgG antibodies in the development of the gut microbiome and immunity against enteric pathogens in early life, however, remains largely undefined. In this study, we show that gut microbiome-induced maternal IgG is transferred to the neonatal intestine through maternal milk via the neonatal Fc receptor and directly inhibits Citrobacter rodentium colonization and attachment to the mucosa. Enhanced neonatal immunity against oral C. rodentium infection was observed after maternal immunization with a gut microbiome-derived IgG antigen, outer membrane protein A, or induction of IgG-inducing gut bacteria. Furthermore, by generating a gene-targeted mouse model with complete IgG deficiency, we demonstrate that IgG knockout neonates are more susceptible to C. rodentium infection and exhibit alterations of the gut microbiome that promote differentiation of interleukin-17A-producing γδ T cells in the intestine, which persist into adulthood and contribute to increased disease severity in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse model of colitis. Together, our studies have defined a critical role for maternal gut microbiome-specific IgG antibodies in promoting immunity against enteric pathogens and shaping the development of the gut microbiome and immune cells in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aparna Ananthanarayanan
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anvita Singaraju
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas B Shiland
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna S Hong
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family includes cytokines controlling cell behavior, differentiation and homeostasis of various tissues including components of the immune system. Despite well recognized importance of TGF-β in controlling T cell functions, the immunomodulatory roles of many other members of the TGF-β cytokine family, especially bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), start to emerge. Bone Morphogenic Protein Receptor 1α (BMPR1α) is upregulated by activated effector and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg cells) and modulates functions of both of these cell types. BMPR1α inhibits generation of proinflammatory Th17 cells and sustains peripheral Treg cells. This finding underscores the importance of the BMPs in controlling Treg cell plasticity and transition between Treg and Th cells. BMPR1α deficiency in in vitro induced and peripheral Treg cells led to upregulation of Kdm6b (Jmjd3) demethylase, an antagonist of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a (p21Cip1) promoting cell senescence. This indicates that BMPs and BMPR1α may represent regulatory modules shaping epigenetic landscape and controlling proinflammatory reprogramming of Th and Treg cells. Revealing functions of other BMP receptors and their crosstalk with receptors for TGF-β will contribute to our understanding of peripheral immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
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22
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Citrobacter rodentium DSM 16636. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0123721. [PMID: 35380454 PMCID: PMC9119075 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01237-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type strain Citrobacter rodentium DSM 16636 was characterized in 1995. This species is widely used in rodents to study the virulence of locus-of-enterocyte-effacement-type pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. The type strain had not been sequenced yet. Here, we report the closed genome (5.3 Gbp) and its plasmid (39.3 kbp).
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23
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Kubo S, Fritz JM, Raquer-McKay HM, Kataria R, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Al-Shaibi A, Yao Y, Zheng L, Zou J, Waldman AD, Jing X, Farley TK, Park AY, Oler AJ, Charles AK, Makhlouf M, AbouMoussa EH, Hasnah R, Saraiva LR, Ganesan S, Al-Subaiey AA, Matthews H, Flano E, Lee HH, Freeman AF, Sefer AP, Sayar E, Çakır E, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Baris S, Belkaid Y, Ozen A, Lo B, Lenardo MJ. Congenital iRHOM2 deficiency causes ADAM17 dysfunction and environmentally directed immunodysregulatory disease. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:75-85. [PMID: 34937930 PMCID: PMC11060421 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a pleiotropic disease due to loss-of-function mutations in RHBDF2, the gene encoding iRHOM2, in two kindreds with recurrent infections in different organs. One patient had recurrent pneumonia but no colon involvement, another had recurrent infectious hemorrhagic colitis but no lung involvement and the other two experienced recurrent respiratory infections. Loss of iRHOM2, a rhomboid superfamily member that regulates the ADAM17 metalloproteinase, caused defective ADAM17-dependent cleavage and release of cytokines, including tumor-necrosis factor and amphiregulin. To understand the diverse clinical phenotypes, we challenged Rhbdf2-/- mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa by nasal gavage and observed more severe pneumonia, whereas infection with Citrobacter rodentium caused worse inflammatory colitis than in wild-type mice. The fecal microbiota in the colitis patient had characteristic oral species that can predispose to colitis. Thus, a human immunodeficiency arising from iRHOM2 deficiency causes divergent disease phenotypes that can involve the local microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill M Fritz
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cooley, LLP in Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hayley M Raquer-McKay
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rhea Kataria
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yikun Yao
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Zou
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex D Waldman
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinyi Jing
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor K Farley
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Y Park
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Reem Hasnah
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Helen Matthews
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilio Flano
- Discovery Oncology and Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Hee Lee
- Discovery Oncology and Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asena Pınar Sefer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ersin Sayar
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Altinbas University Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Çakır
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey.
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bernice Lo
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in susceptibility to enteric pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium, a model extracellular mouse pathogen that colonizes the colonic mucosa. C. rodentium infection outcomes vary between mouse strains, with C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice clearing and succumbing to the infection, respectively. Kanamycin (Kan) treatment at the peak of C57BL/6 mouse infection with Kan-resistant C. rodentium resulted in relocalization of the pathogen from the colonic mucosa and cecum to solely the cecal luminal contents; cessation of the Kan treatment resulted in rapid clearance of the pathogen. We now show that in C3H/HeN mice, following Kan-induced displacement of C. rodentium to the cecum, the pathogen stably colonizes the cecal lumens of 65% of the mice in the absence of continued antibiotic treatment, a phenomenon that we term antibiotic-induced bacterial commensalization (AIBC). AIBC C. rodentium was well tolerated by the host, which showed few signs of inflammation; passaged AIBC C. rodentium robustly infected naive C3H/HeN mice, suggesting that the AIBC state is transient and did not select for genetically avirulent C. rodentium mutants. Following withdrawal of antibiotic treatment, 35% of C3H/HeN mice were able to prevent C. rodentium commensalization in the gut lumen. These mice presented a bloom of a commensal species, Citrobacter amalonaticus, which inhibited the growth of C. rodentiumin vitro in a contact-dependent manner and the luminal growth of AIBC C. rodentiumin vivo. Overall, our data suggest that commensal species can confer colonization resistance to closely related pathogenic species.
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25
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Neil K, Allard N, Roy P, Grenier F, Menendez A, Burrus V, Rodrigue S. High-efficiency delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 by engineered probiotics enables precise microbiome editing. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10335. [PMID: 34665940 PMCID: PMC8527022 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat infectious diseases, spurring interest in alternative antimicrobial technologies. The use of bacterial conjugation to deliver CRISPR-cas systems programmed to precisely eliminate antibiotic-resistant bacteria represents a promising approach but requires high in situ DNA transfer rates. We have optimized the transfer efficiency of conjugative plasmid TP114 using accelerated laboratory evolution. We hence generated a potent conjugative delivery vehicle for CRISPR-cas9 that can eliminate > 99.9% of targeted antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the mouse gut microbiota using a single dose. We then applied this system to a Citrobacter rodentium infection model, achieving full clearance within four consecutive days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neil
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Nancy Allard
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Patricia Roy
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Frédéric Grenier
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Département de Microbiologie et d'InfectiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Vincent Burrus
- Département de biologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
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26
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Browning LM, Miller C, Kuczma M, Pietrzak M, Jing Y, Rempala G, Muranski P, Ignatowicz L, Kraj P. Bone Morphogenic Proteins Are Immunoregulatory Cytokines Controlling FOXP3 + T reg Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108219. [PMID: 33027660 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) cytokine family promoting differentiation, homeostasis, and self-renewal of multiple tissues. We show that signaling through the bone morphogenic protein receptor 1α (BMPR1α) sustains expression of FOXP3 in Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. BMPR1α signaling promotes molecular circuits supporting acquisition and preservation of Treg cell phenotype and inhibiting differentiation of pro-inflammatory effector Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell. Mechanistically, increased expression of KDM6B (JMJD3) histone demethylase, an antagonist of the polycomb repressive complex 2, underlies lineage-specific changes of T cell phenotypes associated with abrogation of BMPR1α signaling. These results reveal that BMPs are immunoregulatory cytokines mediating maturation and stability of peripheral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and controlling generation of iTreg cells. Thus, we establish that BMPs, a large cytokine family, are an essential link between stromal tissues and the adaptive immune system involved in sustaining tissue homeostasis by promoting immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Browning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Caroline Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yu Jing
- Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Grzegorz Rempala
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leszek Ignatowicz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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27
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Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179494. [PMID: 34502403 PMCID: PMC8431371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious intestinal colitis, manifesting as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and epithelial barrier disruption, affects millions of humans worldwide and, without effective treatment, can result in death. In addition to this, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses an urgent need for alternative anti-infection therapies for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapies that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to their (1) unique mode of action, (2) broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and (3) protective role in GI tract maintenance. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an AMP of pig origin that was previously shown to reduce the pathological effects of chemically induced digestive tract inflammation (colitis) and to modulate immune responses and tissue repair. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the protective effects of PG-1 on pathogen-induced colitis in an infection study over a 10-day experimental period. The oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium intestinal infection in mice as evidenced by reduced histopathologic change in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and more effective clearance of bacterial infection relative to challenged phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Additionally, PG-1 treatment altered the expression of various inflammatory mediators during infection, which may act to resolve inflammation and re-establish intestinal homeostasis. PG-1 administered in its mature form was more effective relative to the pro-form (ProPG-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of PG-1 on infectious colitis.
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28
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Porras AM, Shi Q, Zhou H, Callahan R, Montenegro-Bethancourt G, Solomons N, Brito IL. Geographic differences in gut microbiota composition impact susceptibility to enteric infection. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109457. [PMID: 34320343 PMCID: PMC8333197 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale studies of human gut microbiomes have revealed broad differences in composition across geographically distinct populations. Yet, studies examining impacts of microbiome composition on various health outcomes typically focus on single populations, posing the question of whether compositional differences between populations translate into differences in susceptibility. Using germ-free mice humanized with microbiome samples from 30 donors representing three countries, we observe robust differences in susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium, a model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections, according to geographic origin. We do not see similar responses to Listeria monocytogenes infections. We further find that cohousing the most susceptible and most resistant mice confers protection from C. rodentium infection. This work underscores the importance of increasing global participation in microbiome studies related to health outcomes. Diverse cohorts are needed to identify both population-specific responses to specific microbiome interventions and to achieve broader-reaching biological conclusions that generalize across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Porras
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qiaojuan Shi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rowan Callahan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Noel Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ilana Lauren Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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29
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Citrobacter rodentium infection at the gut-brain axis interface. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:59-65. [PMID: 34217915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis plays a critical role in the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract homeostasis. Several enteric pathogens have developed strategies to sense neurochemical molecules to regulate their virulence in the gut. Additionally, there is growing evidence that gut dysbiosis can strongly affect host brain responses. Here we review different mechanisms that have been proposed to mediate gut-brain axis communication using Citrobacter rodentium, a natural murine enteric pathogen and one of the most widely used small animal models for studying host-microbe interactions. We highlight studies that have identified-specific pathways used by C. rodentium to sense host neurochemicals during colonization as well as behavioral responses and brain pathologies affected by pathogen colonization of the gut.
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Citrobacter rodentium Infection Induces Persistent Molecular Changes and Interferon Gamma-Dependent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression in the Colonic Epithelium. mBio 2021; 13:e0323321. [PMID: 35100877 PMCID: PMC8805023 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of infections at mucosal surfaces have focused on the acute phase of the disease. Consequently, little is known about the molecular processes that underpin tissue recovery and the long-term consequences postinfection. Here, we conducted temporal deep quantitative proteomic analysis of colonic intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs) from mice infected with the natural mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium over time points corresponding to the late steady-state phase (10 days postinfection [DPI]), the clearance phase (13 to 20 DPI), and 4 weeks after the pathogen has been cleared (48 DPI). C. rodentium, which relies on a type III secretion system to infect, is used to model infections with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We observe a strong upregulation of inflammatory signaling and nutritional immunity responses during the clearance phase of the infection. Despite morphological tissue recovery, chromogranin B (ChgB)-positive endocrine cells remained significantly below baseline levels at 48 DPI. In contrast, we observed an increased abundance of proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation 4 weeks after pathogen clearance. In particular, long-term changes were characterized by a persistent interferon gamma (IFN-γ) response and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules in 60% of the EpCAM+ cIECs, which were not seen in Ifnγ-/- mice. Nonetheless, both wild-type and Ifnγ-/- mice mounted similar systemic and colonic IgG responses to C. rodentium and were equally protected from rechallenge, suggesting that cIEC MHCII is not necessary for protective immunity against C. rodentium. IMPORTANCE Mucosal surfaces respond to infection by mounting an array of metabolic, inflammatory, and tissue repair responses. While these have been well studied during acute infection, less is known about tissue recovery after pathogen clearance. We employ the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which binds colonic intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs), to investigate the long-term effects of bacterial infection on gut physiology. Using global proteomic analysis, we study cIEC temporal responses during and after the clearance phase of infection. While the overall tissue morphology recovered, cIECs showed persistent signs of infection 4 weeks after pathogen clearance. These were characterized by a strong IFN-γ signature, including the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation proteins, suggesting that the tissue remains on "high alert" for weeks after the acute insult is resolved. However, we demonstrate that cIEC MHCII expression, which is induced by IFN-γ, is not required for protective IgG-mediated immunity against C. rodentium; instead, it may play a role in mucosal recovery.
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Hopkins EGD, Frankel G. Overview of the Effect of Citrobacter rodentium Infection on Host Metabolism and the Microbiota. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:399-418. [PMID: 33704766 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural enteric mouse pathogen that models human intestinal diseases, such as pathogenic E. coli infections, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer. Upon reaching the monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the gut, a complex web of interactions between the host, the pathogen, and the microbiota ensues. A number of studies revealed surprisingly rapid changes in IEC bioenergetics upon infection, involving a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, leading to mucosal oxygenation and subsequent changes in microbiota composition. Microbiome studies have revealed a bloom in Enterobacteriaceae during C. rodentium infection in both resistant (i.e., C57BL/6) and susceptible (i.e., C3H/HeN) strains of mice concomitant with a depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia. The emerging understanding that dysbiosis of cholesterol metabolism is induced by enteric infection further confirms the pivotal role immunometabolism plays in disease outcome. Inversely, the host and microbiota also impact upon the progression of infection, from the susceptibility of the distal colon to C. rodentium colonization to clearance of the pathogen, both via opsonization from the host adaptive immune system and out competition by the resident microbiota. Further complicating this compendium of interactions, C. rodentium exploits microbiota metabolites to fine-tune virulence gene expression and promote colonization. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the myriad of pathogen-host-microbiota interactions that occur during the progression of C. rodentium infection in mice and the broader implications of these findings on our understanding of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve G D Hopkins
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Kang L, Zhang X, Ji L, Kou T, Smith SM, Zhao B, Guo X, Pineda-Torra I, Wu L, Hu X. The colonic macrophage transcription factor RBP-J orchestrates intestinal immunity against bacterial pathogens. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133608. [PMID: 31944217 PMCID: PMC7144519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play pleiotropic roles in maintaining the balance between immune tolerance and inflammatory responses in the gut. Here, we identified transcription factor RBP-J as a crucial regulator of colonic macrophage–mediated immune responses against the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In the immune response phase, RBP-J promoted pathogen clearance by enhancing intestinal macrophage-elicited Th17 cell immune responses, which was achieved by maintenance of C/EBPβ-dependent IL-6 production by overcoming miRNA-17∼92–mediated suppressive effects. RBP-J deficiency–associated phenotypes could be genetically corrected by further deleting miRNA-17∼92 in macrophages. In the late phase, noneradicated pathogens in RBP-J KO mice recruited abundant IL-1β–expressing CD64+Ly6C+ colonic macrophages and thereby promoted persistence of ILC3-derived IL-22 to compensate for the impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to ultimate clearance of pathogens. These results demonstrated that colonic macrophage–intrinsic RBP-J dynamically orchestrates intestinal immunity against pathogen infections by interfacing with key immune cells of T and innate lymphoid cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Kang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Ji
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Kou
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sinead M Smith
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Li Wu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Xue J, Hu S, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Yi X, Pan X, Li S. Arg-GlcNAcylation on TRADD by NleB and SseK1 Is Crucial for Bacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:641. [PMID: 32766249 PMCID: PMC7379376 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Death receptor signaling is critical for cell death, inflammation, and immune homeostasis. Hijacking death receptors and their corresponding adaptors through type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors has been evolved to be a bacterial evasion strategy. NleB from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and SseK1/2/3 from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) can modify some death domain (DD) proteins through arginine-GlcNAcylation. Here, we performed a substrate screen on 12 host DD proteins with conserved arginine during EPEC and Salmonella infection. NleB from EPEC hijacked death receptor signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein (TRADD), FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD), and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), whereas SseK1 and SseK3 disturbed TNF signaling through the modification of TRADD Arg235/Arg245 and TNFR1 Arg376, respectively. Furthermore, mouse infection studies showed that SseK1 but not SseK3 rescued the bacterial colonization deficiency contributed by the deletion of NleBc (Citrobacter NleB), indicating that TRADD was the in vivo substrate. The result provides an insight into the mechanism by which attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogen manipulate TRADD-mediated signaling and evade host immune defense through T3SS effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xue
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Pan
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Taihe Hospital, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Fries-Craft K, Anast JM, Schmitz-Esser S, Bobeck EA. Host immunity and the colon microbiota of mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium are beneficially modulated by lipid-soluble extract from late-cutting alfalfa in the early stages of infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236106. [PMID: 32673362 PMCID: PMC7365448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa is a forage legume commonly associated with ruminant livestock production that may be a potential source of health-promoting phytochemicals. Anecdotal evidence from producers suggests that later cuttings of alfalfa may be more beneficial to non-ruminants; however, published literature varies greatly in measured outcomes, supplement form, and cutting. The objective of this study was to measure body weight, average daily feed intake, host immunity, and the colon microbiota composition in mice fed hay, aqueous, and chloroform extracts of early (1st) and late (5th) cutting alfalfa before and after challenge with Citrobacter rodentium. Prior to inoculation, alfalfa supplementation did not have a significant impact on body weight or feed intake, but 5th cutting alfalfa was shown to improve body weight at 5- and 6-days post-infection compared to 1st cutting alfalfa (P = 0.02 and 0.01). Combined with the observation that both chloroform extracts improved mouse body weight compared to control diets in later stages of C. rodentium infection led to detailed analyses of the immune system and colon microbiota in mice fed 1st and 5th cutting chloroform extracts. Immediately following inoculation, 5th cutting chloroform extracts significantly reduced the relative abundance of C. rodentium (P = 0.02) and did not display the early lymphocyte recruitment observed in 1st cutting extract. In later timepoints, both chloroform extracts maintained lower splenic B-cell and macrophage populations while increasing the relative abundance of potentially beneficially genera such as Turicibacter (P = 0.02). At 21dpi, only 5th cutting chloroform extracts increased the relative abundance of beneficial Akkermansia compared to the control diet (P = 0.02). These results suggest that lipid soluble compounds enriched in late-cutting alfalfa modulate pathogen colonization and early immune responses to Citrobacter rodentium, contributing to protective effects on body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. M. Anast
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - S. Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - E. A. Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Mizuno CM, Luong T, Cederstrom R, Krupovic M, Debarbieux L, Roach DR. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:E737. [PMID: 32650458 PMCID: PMC7412075 DOI: 10.3390/v12070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major pathogen for diarrheal diseases among children. Antibiotics, when used appropriately, are effective; however, their overuse and misuse have led to the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Thus, there are renewed efforts into the development of phage therapy as an alternative antibacterial therapy. Because EPEC in vivo models have shortcomings, a surrogate is used to study the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in animal models. In this study, two new phages CrRp3 and CrRp10, which infect C. rodentium, were isolated and characterized. CrRp3 was found to be a new species within the genus Vectrevirus, and CrRp10 is a new strain within the species Escherichia virus Ime09, in the genus Tequatrovirus. Both phages appear to have independently evolved from E. coli phages, rather than other Citrobacter spp. phages. Neither phage strain carries known genes associated with bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny. CrRp3 is more potent, having a 24-fold faster adsorption rate and shorter lytic cycle when compared to the same properties of CrRp10. However, a lysis curve analysis revealed that CrRp10 prevented growth of C. rodentium for 18 h, whereas resistance developed against CrRp3 within 9 h. We also show that hypoxic (5% oxygen) conditions decreased CrRp3 ability to control bacterial densities in culture. In contrast, low oxygen conditions did not affect CrRp10 ability to replicate on C. rodentium. Together, CrRp10 is likely to be the better candidate for future phage therapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M. Mizuno
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Tiffany Luong
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Cederstrom
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Dwayne R. Roach
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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36
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Slater SL, Frankel G. Advances and Challenges in Studying Type III Secretion Effectors of Attaching and Effacing Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:337. [PMID: 32733819 PMCID: PMC7358347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Slater
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Wu Y, He Q, Yu L, Pham Q, Cheung L, Kim YS, Wang TTY, Smith AD. Indole-3-Carbinol Inhibits Citrobacter rodentium Infection through Multiple Pathways Including Reduction of Bacterial Adhesion and Enhancement of Cytotoxic T Cell Activity. Nutrients 2020; 12:E917. [PMID: 32230738 PMCID: PMC7230886 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer and may result from dysregulated responses to commensal bacteria or exposure to bacterial pathogens. Dietary modulation of intestinal inflammation may protect against development of colon cancer. However, the precise diet-derived components and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) induces acute intestinal inflammation and has been used to study the role of inflammation in the susceptibility to colon cancer. Here we examine the effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a dietary compound with anticarcinogenic properties, on intestinal immune and inflammatory responses to Cr infection and adhesion to colonic cells in vitro. C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet with/without 1 μmol/g I3C and infected with Cr. Compared to infected mice fed with a control diet, consumption of a 1 μmol I3C/g diet significantly reduced fecal excretion of Cr, Cr colonization of the colon, and reduced colon crypt hyperplasia. Furthermore, expression of Cr-induced inflammatory markers such as IL-17A, IL-6, and IL1β were attenuated in infected mice fed with the I3C diet, compared to mice fed a control diet. The expression of cytotoxic T cell markers CD8 and FasL mRNA were increased in I3C-fed infected mice. In-vitro, I3C inhibited Cr growth and adhesion to Caco-2 cells. I3C alleviates Cr-induced murine colitis through multiple mechanisms including inhibition of Cr growth and adhesion to colonic cells in vitro and enhancement of cytotoxic T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Wu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (Q.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Qiang He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (Q.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (Q.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Young S. Kim
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Thomas T. Y. Wang
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (Q.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Allen D. Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (Q.P.); (L.C.)
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38
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Identification of Antibiotics That Diminish Disease in a Murine Model of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02159-19. [PMID: 32015030 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02159-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) cause disease ranging from mild diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and are the most common cause of renal failure in children in high-income countries. The severity of the disease derives from the release of Shiga toxins (Stx). The use of antibiotics to treat EHEC infections is generally avoided, as it can result in increased stx expression. Here, we systematically tested different classes of antibiotics and found that their influence on stx expression and release varies significantly. We assessed a selection of these antibiotics in vivo using the Citrobacter rodentium ϕstx 2dact mouse model and show that stx 2d-inducing antibiotics resulted in weight loss and kidney damage despite clearance of the infection. However, several non-Stx-inducing antibiotics cleared bacterial infection without causing Stx-mediated pathology. Our results suggest that these antibiotics might be useful in the treatment of EHEC-infected human patients and decrease the risk of HUS development.
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Warda AK, de Almeida Bettio PH, Hueston CM, Di Benedetto G, Clooney AG, Hill C. Oral Administration of Heat-Treated Lactobacilli Modifies the Murine Microbiome and Reduces Citrobacter Induced Colitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:69. [PMID: 32082288 PMCID: PMC7003559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence supports a relationship between the gut microbiome, inflammation, host response, and health, including the finding that a number of disorders are associated with disruption of the microbiome. In these disorders, a number of dietary interventions (including prebiotics, live probiotics, or heat-killed microbes) have been proposed to be curative or preventative agents. The use of heat-killed microbes has a number of benefits over living organisms, including reduced infection risk in vulnerable individuals, extended shelf life and the potential for use in combination with antimicrobial agents. We previously reported that murine chow supplemented with 5% ADR-159, a heat-treated fermentate generated by two Lactobacillus strains, altered both behavior and the microbiome of male mice. Now we show that ADR-159 fed female mice also display a similar microbiome shift as determined by 16S rDNA analysis. In particular, we observed a reduction of levels of Turicibacter and Clostridium sensu stricto. These subtle changes in the bacterial component of the microbiome were mirrored by changes in the virome. Extended consumption of the ADR-159 diet had no negative effect on general health and lipocalin 2 levels (LCN2; a proxy for inflammation), but we observed increased IL-17f and decreased IL-12α expression in the colon and decreased short chain fatty acid levels in the ADR-159 fed animals. Four weeks into the diet, half of the animals were dosed with Citrobacter to determine the effect of ADR-159 on infection and on pathogen induced colitis. Overall, our results suggest that while the ADR-159 diet does not prevent Citrobacter infection, it had an effect on Citrobacter-induced inflammation. In contrast to animals fed standard chow, ADR-159 fed animals did not show a reduction of small intestine length and increase of colon crypt depth, which occurred in control mice. These microbiological, histological, and immunological results provide evidence to support the impact of heat-treated microorganisms and their metabolites on the murine microbiome and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja K Warda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cara M Hueston
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Adam G Clooney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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40
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Faecal neutrophil elastase-antiprotease balance reflects colitis severity. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:322-333. [PMID: 31772324 PMCID: PMC7039808 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the global burden of diarrheal diseases on healthcare it is surprising how little is known about the drivers of disease severity. Colitis caused by infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by neutrophil infiltration into the intestinal mucosa and yet our understanding of neutrophil responses during colitis is incomplete. Using infectious (Citrobacter rodentium) and chemical (dextran sulphate sodium; DSS) murine colitis models, as well as human IBD samples, we find that faecal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity reflects disease severity. During C. rodentium infection intestinal epithelial cells secrete the serine protease inhibitor SerpinA3N to inhibit and mitigate tissue damage caused by extracellular NE. Mice suffering from severe infection produce insufficient SerpinA3N to control excessive NE activity. This activity contributes to colitis severity as infection of these mice with a recombinant C. rodentium strain producing and secreting SerpinA3N reduces tissue damage. Thus, uncontrolled luminal NE activity is involved in severe colitis. Taken together, our findings suggest that NE activity could be a useful faecal biomarker for assessing disease severity as well as therapeutic target for both infectious and chronic inflammatory colitis.
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41
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Luo P, Yang Z, Chen B, Zhong X. The multifaceted role of CARD9 in inflammatory bowel disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:34-39. [PMID: 31696662 PMCID: PMC6933369 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a dysregulated immune response to the gut microbiota. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that dysfunctions in caspase recruitment domain‐containing protein 9 (CARD9) may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. Interestingly, an allelic series of Card9 variants have both a common predisposing and rare protective function in IBD patients. In this review, we provide mechanistic insights into the role of the CARD9 adaptor molecule in intestinal inflammation and determine a potential CARD9‐targeting therapeutic approach against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nanchang Third Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Carson D, Barry R, Hopkins EGD, Roumeliotis TI, García-Weber D, Mullineaux-Sanders C, Elinav E, Arrieumerlou C, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Citrobacter rodentium induces rapid and unique metabolic and inflammatory responses in mice suffering from severe disease. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13126. [PMID: 31610608 PMCID: PMC7003488 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium is used to model infections with enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC). Pathogenesis is commonly modelled in mice developing mild disease (e.g., C57BL/6). However, little is known about host responses in mice exhibiting severe colitis (e.g., C3H/HeN), which arguably provide a more clinically relevant model for human paediatric enteric infection. Infection of C3H/HeN mice with C. rodentium results in rapid colonic colonisation, coinciding with induction of key inflammatory signatures and colonic crypt hyperplasia. Infection also induces dramatic changes to bioenergetics in intestinal epithelial cells, with transition from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis and higher abundance of SGLT4, LDHA, and MCT4. Concomitantly, mitochondrial proteins involved in the TCA cycle and OXPHOS were in lower abundance. Similar to observations in C57BL/6 mice, we detected simultaneous activation of cholesterol biogenesis, import, and efflux. Distinctly, however, the pattern recognition receptors NLRP3 and ALPK1 were specifically induced in C3H/HeN. Using cell‐based assays revealed that C. rodentium activates the ALPK1/TIFA axis, which is dependent on the ADP‐heptose biosynthesis pathway but independent of the Type III secretion system. This study reveals for the first time the unfolding intestinal epithelial cells' responses during severe infectious colitis, which resemble EPEC human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Carson
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Barry
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eve G D Hopkins
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Theodoros I Roumeliotis
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diego García-Weber
- Inserm U1016, Institute Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mullineaux-Sanders
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cécile Arrieumerlou
- Inserm U1016, Institute Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Koumangoye R, Omer S, Kabeer MH, Delpire E. Novel Human NKCC1 Mutations Cause Defects in Goblet Cell Mucus Secretion and Chronic Inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:239-255. [PMID: 31655271 PMCID: PMC6957845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infections resulting from intestinal yeast and bacteria affect a large number of patients with deficits in absorptive or secretory epithelial transport mechanisms. The basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1) has been implicated in intestinal epithelial fluid secretion. Two patients with deleterious heterozygous (NKCC1-DFX, DFX for Asp-Phe-stop codon) or homozygous (Kilquist) mutations in SLC12A2 (NKCC1) suffered from gastrointestinal deficits. Because of chronic infections, the colon and the small intestine of the NKCC1-DFX patient were resected surgically. METHODS To investigate how NKCC1 affects the integrity and function of the gut epithelia, we used a mouse model recapitulating the NKCC1-DFX patient mutation. Electron microscopy and immunostaining were used to analyze the integrity of the colonic mucus layers and immune cell infiltration. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on the distal colon sections to measure bacteria translocation to the mucosa and submucosa. Citrobacter rodentium was used to measure mouse ability to clear enteric infection. A multiplex cytokine assay was used to analyze mouse inflammatory response to infection. RESULTS We show that NKCC1-DFX expression causes defective goblet cell mucus granule exocytosis, leading to secretion of intact granules into the lumen of the large intestine. In addition, NKCC1-DFX colon submucosal glands secrete mucus that remained attached to the epithelium. Importantly, expression of the mutant NKCC1 or complete loss of NKCC1 function leads to aggravated inflammatory response to C rodentium infection. Compared with wild-type, NKCC1-DFX mice showed decreased expression of claudin-2, a tight junction protein involved in paracellular Na+ and water transport and enteric infection clearance. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that NKCC1-DFX impairs gut barrier function by affecting mucus secretion and immune properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainelli Koumangoye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Salma Omer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mustafa H. Kabeer
- Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Orange County, Orange, California,Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Eric Delpire, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, T-4202 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2520. fax: (615) 343-3916.
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44
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Chun E, Lavoie S, Fonseca-Pereira D, Bae S, Michaud M, Hoveyda HR, Fraser GL, Gallini Comeau CA, Glickman JN, Fuller MH, Layden BT, Garrett WS. Metabolite-Sensing Receptor Ffar2 Regulates Colonic Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Gut Immunity. Immunity 2019; 51:871-884.e6. [PMID: 31628054 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) sense environmental signals that are critical for gut homeostasis and host defense. However, the metabolite-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate colonic ILC3s remain poorly understood. We found that colonic ILC3s expressed Ffar2, a microbial metabolite-sensing receptor, and that Ffar2 agonism promoted ILC3 expansion and function. Deficiency of Ffar2 in ILC3s decreased their in situ proliferation and ILC3-derived interleukin-22 (IL-22) production. This led to impaired gut epithelial function characterized by altered mucus-associated proteins and antimicrobial peptides and increased susceptibility to colonic injury and bacterial infection. Ffar2 increased IL-22+ CCR6+ ILC3s and influenced ILC3 abundance in colonic lymphoid tissues. Ffar2 agonism differentially activated AKT or ERK signaling and increased ILC3-derived IL-22 via an AKT and STAT3 axis. Our findings suggest that Ffar2 regulates colonic ILC3 proliferation and function, and they identify an ILC3-receptor signaling pathway modulating gut homeostasis and pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Chun
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sydney Lavoie
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monia Michaud
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Carey Ann Gallini Comeau
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Miles H Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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45
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Citrobacter rodentium-host-microbiota interactions: immunity, bioenergetics and metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:701-715. [PMID: 31541196 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an extracellular enteric mouse-specific pathogen used to model infections with human pathogenic Escherichia coli and inflammatory bowel disease. C. rodentium injects type III secretion system effectors into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to target inflammatory, metabolic and cell survival pathways and establish infection. While the host responds to infection by activating innate and adaptive immune signalling, required for clearance, the IECs respond by rapidly shifting bioenergetics to aerobic glycolysis, which leads to oxygenation of the epithelium, an instant expansion of mucosal-associated commensal Enterobacteriaceae and a decline of obligate anaerobes. Moreover, infected IECs reprogramme intracellular metabolic pathways, characterized by simultaneous activation of cholesterol biogenesis, import and efflux, leading to increased serum and faecal cholesterol levels. In this Review we summarize recent advances highlighting the intimate relationship between C. rodentium pathogenesis, metabolism and the gut microbiota.
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46
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Wang F, Meng J, Zhang L, Roy S. Opioid use potentiates the virulence of hospital-acquired infection, increases systemic bacterial dissemination and exacerbates gut dysbiosis in a murine model of Citrobacter rodentium infection. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:172-190. [PMID: 31379246 PMCID: PMC7053978 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1629237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are frequently prescribed in the United States and worldwide. However, serious side effects such as addiction, immunosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms limit their use. It was recently demonstrated that morphine treatment results in a significant disruption in gut barrier function, leading to an increased translocation of gut commensal bacteria. Further studies have indicated distinct alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome following morphine treatment, contributing to the negative consequences that are associated with opioid use. However, it is unclear how opioids modulate gut homeostasis in the context of a hospital-acquired bacterial infection. Citrobacter rodentium is an ideal murine model of human infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). In the current study, a mouse model of C. rodentium infection was used to investigate the role of morphine in the modulation of gut homeostasis in the context of a hospital-acquired bacterial infection. Morphine treatment resulted in 1) the promotion of C. rodentium systemic dissemination, 2) an increase in the expression of the virulence factors of C. rodentium colonization in intestinal contents, 3) altered gut microbiome, 4) damaged integrity of gut epithelial barrier function, 5) inhibition of the C. rodentium-induced increase in goblet cells, and 6) dysregulated IL-17A immune response. This study demonstrates and further validates a positive correlation between opioid drug use/abuse and an increased risk of infections, suggesting that the overprescription of opioids may increase the susceptibility to hospital-acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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47
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Omenetti S, Bussi C, Metidji A, Iseppon A, Lee S, Tolaini M, Li Y, Kelly G, Chakravarty P, Shoaie S, Gutierrez MG, Stockinger B. The Intestine Harbors Functionally Distinct Homeostatic Tissue-Resident and Inflammatory Th17 Cells. Immunity 2019; 51:77-89.e6. [PMID: 31229354 PMCID: PMC6642154 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells are pathogenic in many inflammatory diseases, but also support the integrity of the intestinal barrier in a non-inflammatory manner. It is unclear what distinguishes inflammatory Th17 cells elicited by pathogens and tissue-resident homeostatic Th17 cells elicited by commensals. Here, we compared the characteristics of Th17 cells differentiating in response to commensal bacteria (SFB) to those differentiating in response to a pathogen (Citrobacter rodentium). Homeostatic Th17 cells exhibited little plasticity towards expression of inflammatory cytokines, were characterized by a metabolism typical of quiescent or memory T cells, and did not participate in inflammatory processes. In contrast, infection-induced Th17 cells showed extensive plasticity towards pro-inflammatory cytokines, disseminated widely into the periphery, and engaged aerobic glycolysis in addition to oxidative phosphorylation typical for inflammatory effector cells. These findings will help ensure that future therapies directed against inflammatory Th17 cells do not inadvertently damage the resident gut population. Tissue-resident, SFB-elicited Th17 cells are non-inflammatory Citrobacter-elicited Th17 cells show high plasticity towards inflammatory cytokines SFB Th17 cells are metabolically similar to resting memory cells Citrobacter Th17 cells are highly glycolytic effector cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Omenetti
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Claudio Bussi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Amina Metidji
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK; Present Address: Centre de Recherche scientifique et technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (C.R.A.P.C), Alger, Algérie
| | - Andrea Iseppon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mauro Tolaini
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ying Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Saeed Shoaie
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK
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48
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Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium strain DBS100 causes an infection of the intestines in mice. It provides an important model for human gastrointestinal pathogens, such as enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which cause life-threatening infections. To identify the genetic determinants that are common across the enteropathogenic bacteria, we sequenced the DBS100 genome.
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49
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Yang H, Yu HB, Bhinder G, Ryz NR, Lee J, Yang H, Fotovati A, Gibson DL, Turvey SE, Reid GS, Vallance BA. TLR9 limits enteric antimicrobial responses and promotes microbiota-based colonisation resistance during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13026. [PMID: 30893495 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express an array of toll-like receptors to detect and respond to microbial pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC). These clinically important attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens infect the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, causing inflammation as well as severe diarrheal disease. Because EPEC and EHEC are human-specific, the related murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium has been widely used to define how hosts defend against A/E pathogens. This study explored the role of TLR9, a receptor that recognises unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present in bacterial DNA, in promoting host defence against C. rodentium. Infected Tlr9-/- mice suffered exaggerated intestinal damage and carried significantly higher (10-100 fold) pathogen burdens in their intestinal tissues as compared with wild type (WT) mice. C. rodentium infection also induced increased antimicrobial responses, as well as hyperactivation of NF-κB signalling in the intestines of Tlr9-/- mice. These changes were associated with accelerated depletion of the intestinal microbiota in Tlr9-/- mice as compared with WT mice. Notably, antibiotic-based depletion of the gut microbiota in WT mice prior to infection increased their susceptibility to the levels seen in Tlr9-/- mice. Our results therefore indicate that TLR9 signalling suppresses intestinal antimicrobial responses, thereby promoting microbiota-mediated colonisation resistance against C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong B Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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50
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Magaziner SJ, Zeng Z, Chen B, Salmond GPC. The Prophages of Citrobacter rodentium Represent a Conserved Family of Horizontally Acquired Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Enteric Evolution towards Pathogenicity. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00638-18. [PMID: 30782635 PMCID: PMC6456863 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00638-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophage-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacteria, enabling access to new environmental niches, including pathogenicity. Citrobacter rodentium is a host-adapted intestinal mouse pathogen and important model organism for attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens, including the clinically significant enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC, respectively). Even though C. rodentium contains 10 prophage genomic regions, including an active temperate phage, ΦNP, little was known regarding the nature of C. rodentium prophages in the bacterium's evolution toward pathogenicity. In this study, our characterization of ΦNP led to the discovery of a second, fully functional temperate phage, named ΦSM. We identify the bacterial host receptor for both phages as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ΦNP and ΦSM are likely important mediators of HGT in C. rodentium Bioinformatic analysis of the 10 prophage regions reveals cargo genes encoding known virulence factors, including several type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. C. rodentium prophages are conserved across a wide range of pathogenic enteric bacteria, including EPEC and EHEC as well as pathogenic strains of Salmonella enterica, Shigella boydii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Phylogenetic analysis of core enteric backbone genes compared against prophage evolutionary models suggests that these prophages represent an important, conserved family of horizontally acquired enteric-bacterium-associated pathogenicity determinants. In addition to highlighting the transformative role of bacteriophage-mediated HGT in C. rodentium's evolution toward pathogenicity, these data suggest that the examination of conserved families of prophages in other pathogenic bacteria and disease outbreaks might provide deeper evolutionary and pathological insights otherwise obscured by more classical analysis.IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria. Some bacteriophages can confer novel bacterial phenotypes, including pathogenicity, through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The pathogenic bacterium Citrobacter rodentium infects mice using mechanisms similar to those employed by human gastrointestinal pathogens, making it an important model organism. Here, we examined the 10 prophages of C. rodentium, investigating their roles in its evolution toward virulence. We characterized ΦNP and ΦSM, two endogenous active temperate bacteriophages likely important for HGT. We showed that the 10 prophages encode predicted virulence factors and are conserved within other intestinal pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that they represent a conserved family of horizontally acquired enteric-bacterium-associated pathogenic determinants. Consequently, similar analysis of prophage elements in other pathogens might further understanding of their evolution and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Magaziner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ziyue Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bihe Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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