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O’Donohue AK, Li XC, Lee LR, Vasiljevski ER, Little DG, Munns CF, Schindeler A. Dietary intervention rescues a bone porosity phenotype in a murine model of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304778. [PMID: 38913608 PMCID: PMC11195983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex genetic disorder that affects a range of tissues including muscle and bone. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that Nf1 deficiency in muscle causes metabolic changes resulting in intramyocellular lipid accumulation and muscle weakness. These can be subsequently rescued by dietary interventions aimed at modulating lipid availability and metabolism. It was speculated that the modified diet may rescue defects in cortical bone as NF1 deficiency has been reported to affect genes involved with lipid metabolism. Bone specimens were analyzed from wild type control mice as well as Nf1Prx1-/- (limb-targeted Nf1 knockout mice) fed standard chow versus a range of modified chows hypothesized to influence lipid metabolism. Mice were fed from 4 weeks to 12 weeks of age. MicroCT analysis was performed on the cortical bone to examine standard parameters (bone volume, tissue mineral density, cortical thickness) and specific porosity measures (closed pores corresponding to osteocyte lacunae, and larger open pores). Nf1Prx1-/- bones were found to have inferior bone properties to wild type bones, with a 4-fold increase in the porosity attributed to open pores. These measures were rescued by dietary interventions including a L-carnitine + medium-chain fatty acid supplemented chow previously shown to improve muscle histology function. Histological staining visualized these changes in bone porosity. These data support the concept that lipid metabolism may have a mechanistic impact on bone porosity and quality in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K. O’Donohue
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoying C. Li
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucinda R. Lee
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily R. Vasiljevski
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G. Little
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig F. Munns
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Bioengineering and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen Y, Yu J, Ge S, Jia R, Song X, Wang Y, Fan X. An Overview of Optic Pathway Glioma With Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Strategies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38837168 PMCID: PMC11160950 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are most predominant pilocytic astrocytomas, which are typically diagnosed within the first decade of life. The majority of affected children with OPGs also present with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most common tumor predisposition syndrome. OPGs in individuals with NF1 primarily affect the optic pathway and lead to visual disturbance. However, it is challenging to assess risk in asymptomatic patients without valid biomarkers. On the other hand, for symptomatic patients, there is still no effective treatment to prevent or recover vision loss. Therefore, this review summarizes current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of NF1-associated OPGs (NF1-OPGs) from preclinical studies to seek potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. First, the loss of the NF1 gene activates 3 distinct Ras effector pathways, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the MEK/ERK pathway, and the cAMP pathway, which mediate glioma tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, non-neoplastic cells from the tumor microenvironment (microglia, T cells, neurons, etc.) also contribute to gliomagenesis via various soluble factors. Subsequently, we investigated potential genetic risk factors, molecularly targeted therapies, and neuroprotective strategies for tumor prevention and vision recovery. Last, potential directions and promising preclinical models of NF1-OPGs are presented for further research. On the whole, NF1-OPGs develop as a result of the interaction between glioma cells and the tumor microenvironment. Developing effective treatments require a better understanding of tumor molecular characteristics, as well as multistage interventions targeting both neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Liu C, Yan B, Wang Y, Di W, Lou W. Aggressive Gliomatosis Peritonei Arising from Ovarian Mature Teratoma with NF1 Mutation: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2979-2986. [PMID: 36247331 PMCID: PMC9554576 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s374987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GP arising from ovarian mature teratoma is a rare disease, and no confirmed pathogenesis signature genes are reported. The progress of GP is seen as relatively slow. Rare aggressive GP cases with poor prognosis were reported and no guidelines to follow for treatment. Case Presentation Herein, we report a 17-year-old girl with a 3-year-history of GP arising from ovarian mature teratoma. Surgeries and drug therapy were used to treat the aggressively growing tumour. Genetic profiling revealed the pathogenic mutation with potential therapeutic approaches. We firstly reported the NF1 mutations in GP secondary to teratomas and may cause bad prognosis. Conclusion GP arising from ovarian mature teratoma is rare; we found NF1 mutation could be the trigger of GP. The study may provide new insights into a better understanding of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wen Di; Weihua Lou, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Weihua Lou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Preclinical In Vivo Modeling of Pediatric Sarcoma-Promises and Limitations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081578. [PMID: 33918045 PMCID: PMC8069549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are an extremely heterogeneous group of genetically distinct diseases. Despite the increasing knowledge on their molecular makeup in recent years, true therapeutic advancements are largely lacking and prognosis often remains dim, particularly for relapsed and metastasized patients. Since this is largely due to the lack of suitable model systems as a prerequisite to develop and assess novel therapeutics, we here review the available approaches to model sarcoma in vivo. We focused on genetically engineered and patient-derived mouse models, compared strengths and weaknesses, and finally explored possibilities and limitations to utilize these models to advance both biological understanding as well as clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Zhang Y, Cai H, Lv G, Li Y. A giant posterior mediastinal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and benign neurofibroma in body surface: a case report. BMC Surg 2021; 21:128. [PMID: 33691671 PMCID: PMC7945373 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-021-01122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis comprises neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2). Major tumor type of NF1 are neurofibroma recognized as benign peripheral nerve tumor, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), and glioma. Case presentation We report a woman with a special condition, whose tumors in body surfaces were benign neurofibroma and tumors in posterior mediastinum are MPNST. The chest-enhanced CT suggested a round soft tissue density in posteriormediastium. The diagnosis was established by pathology and immunohistochemistry. A single-stage thoracoscopic mediastinal mass resection was performed. The whole operation went smoothly and the CT scan of lungs did not show relapse of tumor three months later. Conclusions The appearance of neurofibroma should draw particular attention to the possibility of developing MPNST. More careful imaging examinations should be carried out, and pathological examination could diagnose it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hongfei Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Guangchao Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Quinones A, Le A. The Multifaceted Glioblastoma: From Genomic Alterations to Metabolic Adaptations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:59-76. [PMID: 34014534 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) develops on glial cells and is the most common as well as the deadliest form of brain cancer. As in other cancers, distinct combinations of genetic alterations in GBM subtypes induce a diversity of metabolic phenotypes, which explains the variability of GBM sensitivity to current therapies targeting its reprogrammed metabolism. Therefore, it is becoming imperative for cancer researchers to account for the temporal and spatial heterogeneity within this cancer type before making generalized conclusions about a particular treatment's efficacy. Standard therapies for GBM have shown little success as the disease is almost always lethal; however, researchers are making progress and learning how to combine therapeutic strategies most effectively. GBMs can be classified initially into two subsets consisting of primary and secondary GBMs, and this categorization stems from cancer development. GBM is the highest grade of gliomas, which includes glioma I (low proliferative potential), glioma II (low proliferative potential with some capacity for infiltration and recurrence), glioma III (evidence of malignancy), and glioma IV (GBM) (malignant with features of necrosis and microvascular proliferation). Secondary GBM develops from a low-grade glioma to an advanced-stage cancer, while primary GBM provides no signs of progression and is identified as an advanced-stage glioma from the onset. The differences in prognosis and histology correlated with each classification are generally negligible, but the demographics of individuals affected and the accompanying genetic/metabolic properties show distinct differentiation [3].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tabori U, Das A, Hawkins C. Germline predisposition to glial neoplasms in children and young adults: A narrative review. GLIOMA 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Isolated Neurofibroma of the Sigmoid Colon: a Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Gastrointest Cancer 2019; 49:195-199. [PMID: 27577727 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-016-9864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Phenotypic expression of a spectrum of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) mutations identified through NGS and MLPA. J Neurol Sci 2018; 395:95-105. [PMID: 30308447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic causes underlying the disease, attempt possible phenotype/genotype correlations and add to the NF1 mutation spectrum. A screening protocol based on genomic DNA was established in 168 patients, encompassing sequencing of all coding exons and adjoining introns using a custom targeted next generation sequencing protocol and subsequent confirmation of findings with Sanger sequencing. MLPA was used to detect deletions/duplications and positive findings were confirmed by RNA analysis. All novel findings were evaluated according to ACMG Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants with the aid of in-silico bioinformatic tools and family segregation analysis. A germline variant was identified in 145 patients (86%). In total 49 known and 70 novel variants in coding and non-coding regions were identified. Seven patients carried whole or partial gene deletions. NF1 patients, present with high phenotypic variability even in cases where the same germline disease causing variant has been identified. Our findings will contribute to a better knowledge of the genetic causes and the phenotypic expression related to the disease.
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Azizi AA, Slavc I, Theisen BE, Rausch I, Weber M, Happak W, Aszmann O, Hojreh A, Peyrl A, Amann G, Benkoe TM, Wadsak W, Kasprian G, Staudenherz A, Hacker M, Traub-Weidinger T. Monitoring of plexiform neurofibroma in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1 by [ 18 F]FDG-PET imaging. Is it of value in asymptomatic patients? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65. [PMID: 28771999 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE About 10% of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) mostly arising in plexiform neurofibroma (PN); 15% of MPNST arise in children and adolescents. 2-[18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18 F]FDG)-PET (where PET is positron emission tomography) is a sensitive method in differentiating PN and MPNST in symptomatic patients with NF-1. This study assesses the value of [18 F]FDG-PET imaging in detecting malignant transformation in symptomatic and asymptomatic children with PN. METHODS Forty-one patients with NF-1 and extensive PN underwent prospective [18 F]FDG imaging from 2003 to 2014. Thirty-two of the patients were asymptomatic. PET data, together with histological results and clinical course were re-evaluated retrospectively. Maximum standardised uptake values (SUVmax) and lesion-to-liver ratio were assessed. RESULTS A total of 104 examinations were performed. Mean age at first PET was 13.5 years (2.6-22.6). Eight patients had at least one malignant lesion; four of these patients were asymptomatic. Two of four symptomatic patients died, while all patients with asymptomatic malignant lesions are alive. All malignant tumours could be identified by PET imaging in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. All lesions judged as benign by [18 F]FDG imaging and clinical judgment were either histologically benign if removed or remained clinically silent during follow-up. SUVmax of malignant and benign lesions overlapped, but no malignant lesion showed FDG uptake ≤3.15. Asymptomatic malignant lesions were detected with a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100% and a specificity of 45.1%. CONCLUSION Malignant transformation of PN also occurs in asymptomatic children and adolescents. Detection of MPNST at early stages could increase the possibility of oncologically curative resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo A Azizi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Emile Theisen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Weber
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Happak
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Aszmann
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Azadeh Hojreh
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Amann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Benkoe
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Staudenherz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Traub-Weidinger
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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The Multifaceted Metabolism of Glioblastoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1063:59-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77736-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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BCRP expression in schwannoma, plexiform neurofibroma and MPNST. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88751-88759. [PMID: 29179472 PMCID: PMC5687642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background peripheral nerve sheath tumors comprise a broad spectrum of neoplasms. Vestibular schwannomas and plexiform neurofibromas are symptomatic albeit benign, but a subset of the latter pre-malignant lesions will transform to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). Surgery and radiotherapy are the primary strategies to treat these tumors. Intrinsic resistance to drug therapy characterizes all three tumor subtypes. The breast cancer resistance protein BCRP is a transmembrane efflux transporter considered to play a key role in various biological barriers such as the blood brain barrier. At the same time it is associated with drug resistance in various tumors. Its potential role in drug resistant tumors of the peripheral nervous system is largely unknown. Objective to assess if BCRP is expressed in vestibular schwannomas, plexiform neurofibromas and MPNST. Material and methods immunohistochemical staining for BCRP was performed on a tissue microarray composed out of 22 vestibular schwannomas, 10 plexiform neurofibromas and 18 MPNSTs. Results sixteen out of twenty-two vestibular schwannomas (73%), nine out of ten plexiform neurofibromas (90%) and six out of eighteen MPNST (33%) expressed BCRP in the vasculature. Tumor cells were negative. Conclusion BCRP is present in the vasculature of vestibular schwannomas, plexiform neurofibromas and MPSNT. Therefore, it may reduce the drug exposure of underlying tumor tissues and potentially cause failure of drug therapy.
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Abstract
The RASopathy neurofibromatosis 1 is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome that represents a major risk for the development of malignancies, particularly malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). MPNSTs are unique sarcomas that originate from the peripheral nerve and represent the only primary cancer of the peripheral nervous system. To date, surgery is the only treatment modality proven to have survival benefit for MPNSTs and even when maximal surgery is feasible, these tumors are rarely curable, despite the use of chemotherapy and radiation. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art treatments for MPNSTs, latest therapeutic developments, and critical aspects of the underlying molecular and pathophysiology that appear promising for therapeutic developments in the future. In particular, we discuss the specific elements of cancer in the peripheral nerve and how that may impel development of unique therapies for this form of sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaishri O'Neill Blakeley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Overexpression of PDGFRA cooperates with loss of NF1 and p53 to accelerate the molecular pathogenesis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncogene 2016; 36:1058-1068. [PMID: 27477693 PMCID: PMC5332555 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive, frequently metastatic sarcomas that are associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a prominent inherited genetic disease in humans. Although loss of the NF1 gene predisposes to MPNST induction, relatively long tumor latency in NF1 patients suggests that additional genetic or epigenetic abnormalities are needed for the development of these nerve sheath malignancies. To study the molecular pathways contributing to the formation of MPNSTs in NF1 patients, we used a zebrafish tumor model defined by nf1 loss in a p53-deficient background together with the overexpression of either wild-type or constitutively activated PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α) under control of the sox10 neural crest-specific promoter. Here we demonstrate the accelerated onset and increased penetrance of MPNST formation in fish overexpressing both the wild-type and the mutant PDGFRA transgenes in cells of neural crest origin. Interestingly, overexpression of the wild-type PDGFRA was even more potent in promoting transformation than the mutant PDGFRA, which is important because ~78% of human MPNSTs have expression of wild-type PDGFRA, whereas only 5% harbor activating mutations of the gene encoding this receptor. Further analysis revealed the induction of cellular senescence in zebrafish embryos overexpressing mutant, but not wild-type, PDGFRA, suggesting a mechanism through which the oncogenic activity of the mutant receptor is tempered by the activation of premature cellular senescence in an NF1-deficient background. Taken together, our study suggests a model in which overexpression of wild-type PDGFRA associated with NF1 deficiency leads to aberrant activation of downstream RAS signaling and thus contributes importantly to MPNST development-a prediction supported by the ability of the kinase inhibitor sunitinib alone and in combination with the MEK inhibitor trametinib to retard MPNST progression in transgenic fish overexpressing the wild-type receptor.
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Rubin JB. Intersections at the crossroads: Neurofibromatosis type 1, cAMP, sex, and glioma risk. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1069917. [PMID: 27314079 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1069917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer predisposition syndromes, particularly neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), provide unique vantage points from which to examine the co-contributions of molecular, cellular, and tissue processes to tumor biology. Polymorphisms in adenylate cyclase 8 affect brain tumor risk in NF1 in a sex-specific fashion, illuminating novel interdependencies in brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO
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Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:495-530. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bizzarri C, Bottaro G. Endocrine implications of neurofibromatosis 1 in childhood. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 83:232-41. [PMID: 25659607 DOI: 10.1159/000369802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1882, von Recklinghausen described a group of patients with multiple tumors arising from the 'endoneurium' of peripheral nerves, and called them 'neurofibromas'. The term von Recklinghausen disease was used up to the end of the 20th century, when the gene of neurofibromatosis (NF1) was cloned on chromosome 17q11.2. The gene product is a cytoplasmic protein termed neurofibromin, regulating proliferation and maturation of both glial and neuronal progenitors during embryogenesis. Loss of neurofibromin function determines the hyperactivation of the proto-oncogene RAS, leading to an increased risk of tumor formation, predominantly affecting the skin, bone and the nervous system. NF1 is clinically and genetically distinct from neurofibromatosis type 2, characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas and other nervous system tumors. An increased incidence of central precocious puberty, diencephalic syndrome, GH deficiency and GH hypersecretion has been described in NF1 children. These conditions are commonly complications of optic pathway gliomas (OPG) involving the hypothalamic and sellar region. Nevertheless, these endocrine disorders have been observed also in children without evidence of OPG at magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and laboratory follow-up is crucial in all children with NF1, particularly in those with an OPG, aiming at the early identification of signs suggestive of secondary endocrine alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bizzarri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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18
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Anderson DMG, Van de Plas R, Rose KL, Hill S, Schey KL, Solga AC, Gutmann DH, Caprioli RM. 3-D imaging mass spectrometry of protein distributions in mouse Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)-associated optic glioma. J Proteomics 2016; 149:77-84. [PMID: 26883872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common neurogenetic disorder, in which affected individuals develop tumors of the nervous system. Children with NF1 are particularly prone to brain tumors (gliomas) involving the optic pathway that can result in impaired vision. Since tumor formation and expansion requires a cooperative tumor microenvironment, it is important to identify the cellular and acellular components associated with glioma development and growth. In this study, we used 3-D matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) to measure the distributions of multiple molecular species throughout optic nerve tissue in mice with and without glioma, and to explore their spatial relationships within the 3-D volume of the optic nerve and chiasm. 3-D IMS studies often involve extensive workflows due to the high volume of sections required to generate high quality 3-D images. Herein, we present a workflow for 3-D data acquisition and volume reconstruction using mouse optic nerve tissue. The resulting 3-D IMS data yield both molecular similarities and differences between glioma-bearing and wild-type (WT) tissues, including protein distributions localizing to different anatomical subregions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The current work addresses a number of challenges in 3-D MALDI IMS, driven by the small size of the mouse optic nerve and the need to maintain consistency across multiple 2-D IMS experiments. The 3-D IMS data yield both molecular similarities and differences between glioma-bearing and wild-type (WT) tissues, including protein distributions localizing to different anatomical subregions, which could then be targeted for identification and related back to the biology observed in gliomas of the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M G Anderson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raf Van de Plas
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Salisha Hill
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anne C Solga
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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19
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Warrington NM, Sun T, Rubin JB. Targeting brain tumor cAMP: the case for sex-specific therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:153. [PMID: 26283963 PMCID: PMC4516881 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) levels and brain tumor biology has been evident for nearly as long as cAMP and its synthetase, adenylate cyclase (ADCY) have been known. The importance of the pathway in brain tumorigenesis has been demonstrated in vitro and in multiple animal models. Recently, we provided human validation for a cooperating oncogenic role for cAMP in brain tumorigenesis when we found that SNPs in ADCY8 were correlated with glioma (brain tumor) risk in individuals with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Together, these studies provide a strong rationale for targeting cAMP in brain tumor therapy. However, the cAMP pathway is well-known to be sexually dimorphic, and SNPs in ADCY8 affected glioma risk in a sex-specific fashion, elevating the risk for females while protecting males. The cAMP pathway can be targeted at multiple levels in the regulation of its synthesis and degradation. Sex differences in response to drugs that target cAMP regulators indicate that successful targeting of the cAMP pathway for brain tumor patients is likely to require matching specific mechanisms of drug action with patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA ; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine St Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Janku F, Kaseb AO, Tsimberidou AM, Wolff RA, Kurzrock R. Identification of novel therapeutic targets in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma using targeted next generation sequencing. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3012-22. [PMID: 24931142 PMCID: PMC4102787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genetic aberrations in cancer leads to discovery of new targets for cancer therapies. The genomic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully described. Therefore, patients with refractory advanced/metastatic HCC referred for experimental therapies, who had adequate tumor tissue available, had targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) of their tumor samples using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform (Foundation One, Foundation Medicine, MA) and their treatment outcomes were analyzed. In total, NGS was obtained for 14 patients (median number of prior therapies, 1) with advanced/metastatic HCC. Of these 14 patients, 10 (71%) were men, 4 (29%) women, 6 (43%) had hepatitis B or C-related HCC. NGS revealed at least 1 molecular abnormality in 12 patients (range 0-8, median 2). Detected molecular aberrations led to putative activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (n=3 [mTOR, PIK3CA, NF1]), Wnt pathway (n=6 [CTNNA1, CTNNB1]), MAPK pathway (n=2 [MAP2K1, NRAS]), and aberrant DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle control and apoptosis (n=18 [ATM, ATR, BAP1, CCND1, CDKN2A, CDK4, FGF3, FGF4, FGF19, MCL1, MDM2, RB1, TP53]). Of the 3 patients with molecular aberrations putatively activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, 2 received therapies including a mTOR inhibitor and all demonstrated therapeutic benefit ranging from a partial response to minor shrinkage per RECIST (-30%, -15%; respectively). In conclusion, genomic alterations are common in advanced HCC. Refractory patients with alterations putatively activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway demonstrated early signals of clinical activity when treated with therapies targeting mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Janku
- Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics. Phase I Clinical Trials Program
| | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Moores Cancer Center, The University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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21
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Warrington NM, Sun T, Luo J, McKinstry RC, Parkin PC, Ganzhorn S, Spoljaric D, Albers AC, Merkelson A, Stewart DR, Stevenson DA, Viskochil D, Druley TE, Forys JT, Reilly KM, Fisher MJ, Tabori U, Allen JC, Schiffman JD, Gutmann DH, Rubin JB. The cyclic AMP pathway is a sex-specific modifier of glioma risk in type I neurofibromatosis patients. Cancer Res 2015; 75:16-21. [PMID: 25381154 PMCID: PMC4286430 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying modifiers of glioma risk in patients with type I neurofibromatosis (NF1) could help support personalized tumor surveillance, advance understanding of gliomagenesis, and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets. Here, we report genetic polymorphisms in the human adenylate cyclase gene adenylate cyclase 8 (ADCY8) that correlate with glioma risk in NF1 in a sex-specific manner, elevating risk in females while reducing risk in males. This finding extends earlier evidence of a role for cAMP in gliomagenesis based on results in a genetically engineered mouse model (Nf1 GEM). Thus, sexually dimorphic cAMP signaling might render males and females differentially sensitive to variation in cAMP levels. Using male and female Nf1 GEM, we found significant sex differences exist in cAMP regulation and in the growth-promoting effects of cAMP suppression. Overall, our results establish a sex-specific role for cAMP regulation in human gliomagenesis, specifically identifying ADCY8 as a modifier of glioma risk in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tao Sun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Ganzhorn
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Debra Spoljaric
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Anne C Albers
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Merkelson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David A Stevenson
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David Viskochil
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Todd E Druley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason T Forys
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Karlyne M Reilly
- Rare Tumors Initiative, Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Fisher
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Uri Tabori
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
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22
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Chen Z, Liu C, Patel AJ, Liao CP, Wang Y, Le LQ. Cells of origin in the embryonic nerve roots for NF1-associated plexiform neurofibroma. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:695-706. [PMID: 25446898 PMCID: PMC4254535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a tumor-predisposing genetic disorder. Plexiform neurofibromas are common NF1 tumors carrying a risk of malignant transformation, which is typically fatal. Little is known about mechanisms mediating initiation and identity of specific cell type that gives rise to neurofibromas. Using cell-lineage tracing, we identify a population of GAP43(+) PLP(+) precursors in embryonic nerve roots as the cells of origin for these tumors and report a non-germline neurofibroma model for preclinical drug screening to identify effective therapies. The identity of the tumor cell of origin and facility for isolation and expansion provides fertile ground for continued analysis to define factors critical for neurofibromagenesis. It also provides unique approaches to develop therapies to prevent neurofibroma formation in NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chiachi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA; UTSW Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA.
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23
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Mohan P, Castellsague J, Jiang J, Allen K, Chen H, Nemirovsky O, Spyra M, Hu K, Kluwe L, Pujana MA, Villanueva A, Mautner VF, Keats JJ, Dunn SE, Lazaro C, Maxwell CA. Genomic imbalance of HMMR/RHAMM regulates the sensitivity and response of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour cells to aurora kinase inhibition. Oncotarget 2013; 4:80-93. [PMID: 23328114 PMCID: PMC3702209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) are rare, hereditary cancers associated with neurofibromatosis type I. MPNSTs lack effective treatment options as they often resist chemotherapies and have high rates of disease recurrence. Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is an emerging target in cancer and an aurora kinase inhibitor (AKI), termed MLN8237, shows promise against MPNST cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Here, we test MLN8237 against two primary human MPNST grown in vivo as xenotransplants and find that treatment results in tumour cells exiting the cell cycle and undergoing endoreduplication, which cumulates in stabilized disease. Targeted therapies can often fail in the clinic due to insufficient knowledge about factors that determine tumour susceptibilities, so we turned to three MPNST cell-lines to further study and modulate the cellular responses to AKI. We find that the sensitivity of cell-lines with amplification of AURKA depends upon the activity of the kinase, which correlates with the expression of the regulatory gene products TPX2 and HMMR/RHAMM. Silencing of HMMR/RHAMM, but not TPX2, augments AURKA activity and sensitizes MPNST cells to AKI. Furthermore, we find that AURKA activity is critical to the propagation and self-renewal of sphere-enriched MPNST cancer stem-like cells. AKI treatment significantly reduces the formation of spheroids, attenuates the self-renewal of spheroid forming cells, and promotes their differentiation. Moreover, silencing of HMMR/RHAMM is sufficient to endow MPNST cells with an ability to form and maintain sphere culture. Collectively, our data indicate that AURKA is a rationale therapeutic target for MPNST and tumour cell responses to AKI, which include differentiation, are modulated by the abundance of HMMR/RHAMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Mo W, Chen J, Patel A, Zhang L, Chau V, Li Y, Cho W, Lim K, Xu J, Lazar AJ, Creighton CJ, Bolshakov S, McKay RM, Lev D, Le LQ, Parada LF. CXCR4/CXCL12 mediate autocrine cell- cycle progression in NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Cell 2013; 152:1077-90. [PMID: 23434321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft tissue sarcomas that arise in connective tissue surrounding peripheral nerves. They occur sporadically in a subset of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). MPNSTs are highly aggressive, therapeutically resistant, and typically fatal. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified CXCR4, a G-protein-coupled receptor, as highly expressed in mouse models of NF1-deficient MPNSTs, but not in nontransformed precursor cells. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, CXCL12, promote MPNST growth by stimulating cyclin D1 expression and cell-cycle progression through PI3-kinase (PI3K) and β-catenin signaling. Suppression of CXCR4 activity either by shRNA or pharmacological inhibition decreases MPNST cell growth in culture and inhibits tumorigenesis in allografts and in spontaneous genetic mouse models of MPNST. We further demonstrate conservation of these activated molecular pathways in human MPNSTs. Our findings indicate a role for CXCR4 in NF1-associated MPNST development and identify a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
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25
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an inherited neurocutaneous disease that has a major impact on the nervous system, eye, skin, and bone. Individuals with NF1 have a predisposition to benign and malignant tumor formation and the hallmark lesion is the neurofibroma, a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The gene for NF1 was cloned on chromosome 17q11.2 and neurofibromin, the NF1 protein, controls cell growth and proliferation by regulating the proto-oncogene Ras and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Advances in molecular biology and mouse models of disease have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of NF1 complications and facilitated targeted therapy. Progress has been made in developing robust clinical and radiological outcome measures and clinical trials are underway for children with learning difficulties and for individuals with symptomatic plexiform neurofibromas.
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26
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Giussani C, Isimbaldi G, Massimino M, Trezza A, Cianci P, Canonico F, Sganzerla EP. Ganglioglioma of the spinal cord in neurofibromatosis type 1. Pediatr Neurosurg 2013; 49:50-4. [PMID: 24192615 DOI: 10.1159/000355249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oncologic involvement of the spinal cord in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is not a typical feature of the disease. Here, we present a case of ganglioglioma of the spinal cord in a child with NF1 and try to define if this tumor can be considered coincidental or not. A 4-year-old boy affected by NF1 was diagnosed with a spinal cord-enhancing tumor extending from C4 to D3, with a disappearance in the T2 MRI sequences of the cerebrospinal fluid signal. The patient underwent a subtotal resection. The pathological exam revealed a ganglioglioma. To the best of our knowledge, only 1 other case of spinal cord ganglioglioma has been described in an NF1 patient. We suggest considering ganglioglioma in the differential diagnosis of an NF1 patient with a spinal cord tumor due to its favorable survival rate, especially in relation to the anatomical and surgical issues of this tumor that do not always entail a gross total resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- Clinica Neurochirurgica, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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27
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Buchstaller J, McKeever PE, Morrison SJ. Tumorigenic cells are common in mouse MPNSTs but their frequency depends upon tumor genotype and assay conditions. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:240-52. [PMID: 22340596 PMCID: PMC3285409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells have been suggested to be rare in many cancers. We tested this in mouse malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) and found that 18% of primary and 49% of passaged MPNST cells from Nf1(+/-); Ink4a/Arf(-/-) mice formed tumors upon transplantation, whereas only 1.8% to 2.6% of MPNST cells from Nf1(+/-); p53(+/-) mice did. MPNST cells of both genotypes require laminin binding to β1-integrin for clonogenic growth. Most MPNST cells from Nf1(+/-); Ink4a/Arf(-/-) mice expressed laminin, whereas most MPNST cells from Nf1(+/-); p53(+/-) mice did not. Exogenous laminin increased the percentage of MPNST cells from Nf1(+/-); p53(+/-) but not Nf1(+/-); Ink4a/Arf(-/-) mice that formed tumorigenic colonies. Tumor-forming potential is common among MPNST cells, but the assay conditions required to detect it vary with tumor genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buchstaller
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
| | - Paul E. McKeever
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2216
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
- Correspondence: Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas, 75390-8502, phone 214-633-1791 fax 214-648-5517,
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28
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Hindy P, Parvin R, Hanna K, Andrawes S, Gress F, Goodman A. An isolated neurofibromal polyp of the colon. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012; 6:58-62. [PMID: 22423240 PMCID: PMC3304081 DOI: 10.1159/000336214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Solitary neurofibromal colonic polyps are a rare entity, particularly outside the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1. The clinical significance of such lesions has not yet been established. Though typically benign tumors, neurofibromas have been reported to undergo malignant transformation, with an increased risk of malignancy when associated with neurofibromatosis. In this case report, we present the rare case of a man found to have an isolated colonic neurofibroma without any personal/family history or clinical features of neurofibromatosis. A 59-year-old man with a history of dyslipidemia and degenerative joint disease presented for a routine screening colonoscopy. The colonoscopy revealed no abnormalities except a 3 mm transverse colon polyp and another 4 mm polyp in the descending colon. Biopsy results showed the descending colonic polyp to be a tubular adenoma; however, multiple levels of the 3 mm transverse colon polyp revealed interlacing bundles of spindle cells extending into the lamina propria with comma-shaped nuclei consistent with findings seen in neurofibroma. Isolated colonic neurofibromas are rare and understudied. While they are usually benign, they may undergo malignant transformation, especially when associated with neurofibromatosis. Thus, patients presenting with isolated neurofibromas should be followed for development of neurofibromatosis and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hindy
- Department of Gastroenterology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, N.Y., USA
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29
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Ishibashi M, Tamura H, Ogata K. Disease progression mechanism in myelodysplastic syndromes: insight into the role of the microenvironment. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1449-52. [PMID: 21757231 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The somatic mutation theory proposing that a sequential accumulation of genetic abnormalities plays a major role in cancer pathogenesis has not yet been confirmed for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Meanwhile, recent data in some cancers has underscored the role of the microenvironment in tumor growth. MDS CD34+CD38- cells usually fail to repopulate after transplantation in mice, suggesting the importance of the microenvironment for MDS cells. Our recent data have provided a disease-progression model in which overproduction of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in the microenvironment is the primary event. This causes B7-H1 molecule expression on MDS blasts, which generates a bifunctional signal inducing T-cell apoptosis and enhancing blast proliferation. The latter may provide more opportunity for developing secondary genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ishibashi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Sengupta R, Sun T, Warrington NM, Rubin JB. Treating brain tumors with PDE4 inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:337-44. [PMID: 21450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Speculation regarding dysregulation of cAMP metabolism in oncogenesis has existed since the discovery of cAMP more than 50 years ago. Recent data confirm the relevance of disordered cAMP metabolism to the genesis of multiple cancers and suggest that the mechanism might involve altered expression and activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These discoveries coincide with the rapid development and clinical evaluation of PDE inhibitors for non-cancer indications. Thus, the time is ripe to evaluate PDE inhibitors as cancer chemotherapeutics. Here we highlight recent evidence that abnormal regulation of cAMP levels might be a determinant of brain tumorigenesis and that altered PDE expression is one the mechanisms of its dysregulation. Recent preclinical and clinical experience with inhibitors of PDE4 indicates that this might be a promising approach to brain tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sengupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Ave, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Arima Y, Hayashi H, Kamata K, Goto TM, Sasaki M, Kuramochi A, Saya H. Decreased expression of neurofibromin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in neurofibromatosis type 1. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e136-41. [PMID: 20002172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plexiform and/or dermal neurofibromas are nerve sheath tumors of the peripheral nervous system that are usually present in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Neurofibromas arise from Schwann cells with biallelic inactivation of NF1, the gene that encodes neurofibromin. This protein is responsible for regulation of the Ras-mediated pathway, which has been shown to play a crucial role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a biological process that occurs during embryogenesis and wound healing and is involved in pathological processes such as organ fibrosis and cancer metastasis. However, the relationship between neurofibromin and EMT has not been elucidated. We investigated whether the EMT-related signaling pathway was upregulated in NF1-associated neurofibromas and Schwann cells by assessing the expression levels of the EMT-related transcription factors Snail, Slug, Twist, ZEB1 and ZEB2. Immunohistochemical studies and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed an increase in the expression levels of EMT-related transcription factors in neurofibroma specimens and NF1-derived Schwann cells (sNF96.2). In addition, the silencing of NF1 by siRNA induced the expression of EMT-related transcription factors in normal human Schwann cells and in epithelial-like breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that the loss of neurofibromin activated the EMT-related signaling pathway and that the excessive mesenchymal reaction may play a key role in the development of NF1-associated neurofibromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Robinson A, Kloog Y, Stein R, Assaf Y. Motor deficits and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated MRI impairments in a mouse model of NF1. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:1173-1180. [PMID: 20586111 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized inter alia by cognitive and motor dysfunction and appearance of high-signal foci on T2-weighted images in the brain. Nf1(+/-) mice are useful models for studying aspects of NF1, including cognitive deficits. Here we assessed their motor performance and used quantitative transverse T2 relaxation MRI to identify structural abnormalities in their brains. Nf1(+/-) mice exhibited both enhanced and reduced T2 signals in distinct brain regions compared to wild-type mice, and their motor performance was impaired. As in NF1 patients, enhanced T2 signals in Nf1(+/-) mice were observed in the thalamus and basal ganglia. Reduced T2 signals were seen in motor-associated regions along the motor pathway, predominantly in the white matter of the cerebral peduncle and the optic tract. Correlation analysis between T2 signals and motor performance suggested that the motor deficits are associated with impairments in the cerebral peduncle and the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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Sun T, Gianino SM, Jackson E, Piwnica-Worms D, Gutmann DH, Rubin JB. CXCL12 alone is insufficient for gliomagenesis in Nf1 mutant mice. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 224:108-13. [PMID: 20554030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires interactions between tumor progenitors and their microenvironment. We found that low cAMP levels were sufficient for tumorigenesis in a mouse model of Neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1)-associated optic pathway glioma (OPG). We hypothesized that the distinct pattern of glioma in NF1 reflected spatiotemporal differences in CXCL12 effects on cAMP levels. Thus, we sought to alter the pattern of gliomagenesis through manipulation of CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway activation in Nf1 OPG mice. Forced CXCL12 expression induced glioma at a low frequency. Further, treatment of Nf1 OPG mice with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, did not attenuate glioma growth. Thus, it appears, CXCL12 alone cannot promote gliomagenesis in NF1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lee JS, Padmanabhan A, Shin J, Zhu S, Guo F, Kanki JP, Epstein JA, Look AT. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers and migration are regulated by the zebrafish orthologs of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4643-53. [PMID: 20858602 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most commonly inherited human cancer predisposition syndrome. Neurofibromin (NF1) gene mutations lead to increased risk of neurofibromas, schwannomas, low grade, pilocytic optic pathway gliomas, as well as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and glioblastomas. Despite the evidence for NF1 tumor suppressor function in glial cell tumors, the mechanisms underlying transformation remain poorly understood. In this report, we used morpholinos to knockdown the two nf1 orthologs in zebrafish and show that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) numbers are increased in the developing spinal cord, whereas neurons are unaffected. The increased OPC numbers in nf1 morphants resulted from increased proliferation, as detected by increased BrdU labeling, whereas TUNEL staining for apoptotic cells was unaffected. This phenotype could be rescued by the forced expression of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-related domain of human NF1. In addition, the in vivo analysis of OPC migration following nf1 loss using time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that olig2-EGFP(+) OPCs exhibit enhanced cell migration within the developing spinal cord. OPCs pause intermittently as they migrate, and in nf1 knockdown animals, they covered greater distances due to a decrease in average pause duration, rather than an increase in velocity while in motion. Interestingly, nf1 knockdown also leads to an increase in ERK signaling, principally in the neurons of the spinal cord. Together, these results show that negative regulation of the Ras pathway through the GAP activity of NF1 limits OPC proliferation and motility during development, providing insight into the oncogenic mechanisms through which NF1 loss contributes to human glial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tatevossian RG, Lawson ARJ, Forshew T, Hindley GFL, Ellison DW, Sheer D. MAPK pathway activation and the origins of pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:509-14. [PMID: 19937730 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs) are the most common type of brain tumor in children. Until recently, very little was known about the underlying biology and molecular genetics of these tumors. However, within the past year a number of studies have shown that the MAPK pathway is constitutively activated in a high proportion of LGAs. Several genetic aberrations which generate this deregulation of the MAPK pathway have been identified, most notably gene fusions between KIAA1549 and BRAF. In this review we summarize these findings, discuss how these gene fusions may arise and consider possible implications for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth G Tatevossian
- Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST): the clinical implications of cellular signalling pathways. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e30. [DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) is a rare malignancy accounting for 3–10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Most MPNSTs arise in association with peripheral nerves or deep neurofibromas and may originate from neural crest cells, although the specific cell of origin is uncertain. Approximately half of MPNSTs occur in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant disorder with an incidence of approximately one in 3500 persons; the remainder of MPNSTs develop sporadically. In addition to a variety of clinical manifestations, approximately 8–13% of NF1 patients develop MPNSTs, which are the leading cause of NF1-related mortality. Surgical resection is the mainstay of MPNST clinical management. However, because of invasive growth, propensity to metastasise, and limited sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, MPNST has a guarded to poor prognosis. Five-year survival rates of only 20–50% indicate an urgent need for improved therapeutic approaches. Recent work in this field has identified several altered intracellular signal transduction cascades and deregulated tyrosine kinase receptors, posing the possibility of personalised, targeted therapeutics. However, expanded knowledge of MPNST molecular pathobiology will be needed to meaningfully apply such approaches for the benefit of afflicted patients.
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Yeh TH, Lee DY, Gianino SM, Gutmann DH. Microarray analyses reveal regional astrocyte heterogeneity with implications for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-regulated glial proliferation. Glia 2009; 57:1239-49. [PMID: 19191334 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) exhibit molecular and functional heterogeneity. In this regard, astroglia from different CNS locations express distinct immune system, and neurotransmitter proteins, have varying levels of gap junction coupling and respond differently to injury. However, the relevance of these differences to human disease is unclear. As brain tumors in children arise in specific CNS locations, we hypothesized that regional astroglial cell heterogeneity might partly underlie the propensity for gliomas to arise in these areas. In this study, we performed high-density RNA microarray profiling on astrocytes from postnatal day 1 optic nerve, cerebellum, brainstem, and neocortex. We showed that astroglia from each region are molecularly distinct, and we were able to develop gene expression patterns that distinguish astroglia, but not neural stem cells, from these different brain regions. We next used these microarray data to determine whether brain tumor suppressor genes were differentially expressed in these distinct populations of astroglia. Interestingly, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene expression was decreased at both the RNA and protein levels in neocortical astroglia relative to astroglia from the other brain regions. To determine the functional significance of this finding, we found increased astroglial cell proliferation in optic nerve, brainstem, and cerebellum, but not neocortex, following Nf1 inactivation in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide molecular evidence for CNS astroglial cell heterogeneity, and suggest that differences in tumor suppressor gene expression might contribute to the regional localization of human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that stem/progenitor cells may be the cells of origin for many tumor types. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Le et al. (2009) demonstrate that skin-derived precursors (SKPs) can initiate dermal neurofibromas and highlight the importance of the microenvironment in the formation of this complex tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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39
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Parrinello S, Lloyd AC. Neurofibroma development in NF1 – insights into tumour initiation. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Slomiany MG, Dai L, Bomar PA, Knackstedt TJ, Kranc DA, Tolliver L, Maria BL, Toole BP. Abrogating drug resistance in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors by disrupting hyaluronan-CD44 interactions with small hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4992-8. [PMID: 19470767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) develop in approximately 10% of neurofibromatosis type-1 patients and are a major contributing factor to neurofibromatosis-1 patient mortality and morbidity. MPNSTs are multidrug resistant, and thus long-term patient survival rates are poor after standard doxorubicin or multiagent chemotherapies. We show that the hyaluronan receptor CD44 forms complexes with multidrug transporters, BCRP (ABCG2) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), in the plasma membrane of human MPNST cells. Small hyaluronan oligosaccharides antagonize hyaluronan-CD44-mediated processes and inhibit hyaluronan production. Treatment of MPNST cells with the hyaluronan oligomers causes disassembly of CD44-transporter complexes and induces internalization of CD44, BCRP, and P-glycoprotein. Consequently, the oligomers suppress drug transporter activity and increase sensitivity to doxorubicin treatment in culture. In vivo, systemic administration of hyaluronan oligomers inhibits growth of MPNST xenografts. Moreover, the oligomers and doxorubicin act synergistically in vivo, in that combined suboptimal doses induce tumor regression to a greater extent than the additive effects of each agent alone. These findings indicate that constitutive hyaluronan-CD44 interactions contribute to drug transporter localization and function at the plasma membrane, and that attenuating hyaluronan-CD44 interactions sensitizes MPNSTs to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. These results also show the potential efficacy of hyaluronan oligomers, which are nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, as an adjuvant for chemotherapy in MPNST patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Slomiany
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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41
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Rubin JB. Chemokine signaling in cancer: one hump or two? Semin Cancer Biol 2009; 19:116-22. [PMID: 18992347 PMCID: PMC2694237 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play essential roles in the development and function of multiple tissues. Chemokine expression, particularly CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4, has prognostic significance in several cancers apparently due to chemokine mediated growth and metastatic spread. These observations provide the rationale for pursuing CXCR4 inhibition for cancer chemotherapy. However, the multiple homeostatic functions of CXCR4 may preclude global inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Here I review CXCR4 signaling and how it might differ in normal and transformed cells with special emphasis on the role that altered CXCR4 counter-regulation might play in tumor biology. I propose that CXCR4 mediates unique signals in cancer cells as a consequence of abnormal counter-regulation and that this results in novel biological responses. The importance of testing this hypothesis lies in the possibility that targeting abnormal CXCR4 signaling might provide an anti-tumor effect without disturbing normal CXCR4 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. rubin
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Parrinello S, Noon LA, Harrisingh MC, Wingfield Digby P, Rosenberg LH, Cremona CA, Echave P, Flanagan AM, Parada LF, Lloyd AC. NF1 loss disrupts Schwann cell-axonal interactions: a novel role for semaphorin 4F. Genes Dev 2009; 22:3335-48. [PMID: 19056885 DOI: 10.1101/gad.490608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients develop neurofibromas, tumors of Schwann cell origin, as a result of loss of the Ras-GAP neurofibromin. In normal nerves, Schwann cells are found tightly associated with axons, while loss of axonal contact is a frequent and important early event in neurofibroma development. However, the molecular basis of this physical interaction or how it is disrupted in cancer remains unclear. Here we show that loss of neurofibromin in Schwann cells is sufficient to disrupt Schwann cell/axonal interactions via up-regulation of the Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway. Importantly, we identify down-regulation of semaphorin 4F (Sema4F) as the molecular mechanism responsible for the Ras-mediated loss of interactions. In heterotypic cocultures, Sema4F knockdown induced Schwann cell proliferation by relieving axonal contact-inhibitory signals, providing a mechanism through which loss of axonal contact contributes to tumorigenesis. Importantly, Sema4F levels were strongly reduced in a panel of human neurofibromas, confirming the relevance of these findings to the human disease. This work identifies a novel role for the guidance-molecules semaphorins in the mediation of Schwann cell/axonal interactions, and provides a molecular mechanism by which heterotypic cell-cell contacts control cell proliferation and suppress tumorigenesis. Finally, it provides a new approach for the development of therapies for NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Parrinello
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Microenvironmental or stromal influences on tumor formation and growth have become an active area of research. The use of mouse models of human cancers to study the role of the microenvironment will yield unique insights into this aspect of tumor biology and should identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers. In the following, the author review the natural history of two pediatric brain tumors, optic pathway glioma in neurofibromatosis type 1 and medulloblastoma in Gorlin's Syndrome, whose patterns of growth suggest that microenvironmental factors are essential for tumor formation. Each of these brain tumors is faithfully modeled in genetically engineered mice and the use of these mouse models to investigate the role of the microenvironment should yield exciting new insights into this important field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Leondaritis G, Petrikkos L, Mangoura D. Regulation of the Ras-GTPase activating protein neurofibromin by C-tail phosphorylation: implications for protein kinase C/Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway signaling and neuronal differentiation. J Neurochem 2009; 109:573-83. [PMID: 19220708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PKC, Ras, and ERK1/2 signaling is pivotal to differentiation along the neuronal cell lineage. One crucial protein that may play a central role in this signaling pathway is the Ras GTPase-activating protein, neurofibromin, a PKC substrate that may exert a positive role in neuronal differentiation. In this report, we studied the dynamics of PKC/Ras/ERK pathway signaling, during differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells upon treatment with the PKC agonist, phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Surprisingly, we observed that, among other PKC-dependent signaling events, TPA induced a rapid and sustained decrease of neurofibromin immunoreactivity which was not due to proteolysis. Instead, we identified a specific phosphorylation event at the C-tail of neurofibromin. This phosphorylation was acute and correlated perfectly with the signaling dynamics of the Ras/ERK pathway. Moreover, it persisted throughout prolonged treatment and TPA-induced differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, concurrently with sustained activation of ERK1/2. Most importantly, C-tail phosphorylation of neurofibromin correlated with a shift of neurofibromin localization from the nucleus to the cytosol. We propose that PKC-dependent, sustained C-tail phosphorylation is a requirement for prolonged recruitment of neurofibromin from the nucleus to the cytosol in order for a fine regulation of Ras/ERK pathway activity to be achieved during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Leondaritis
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
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45
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Karreth FA, Tuveson DA. Modelling oncogenic Ras/Raf signalling in the mouse. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:4-11. [PMID: 19201597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (or MAPK) signalling pathway relays extracellular stimuli to the nucleus, thereby regulating diverse cellular responses such as proliferation, growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Perturbation of these processes by aberrant MAPK signalling often leads to malignant transformation as indicated by the frequent occurrence in human cancers of genetic alterations affecting this pathway. In recent years, genetically modified mouse models have proven instrumental in unravelling how deregulated MAPK signalling leads to disease. Indeed, conditional activation of oncogenic K-Ras or B-Raf in mice resulted in neoplasms that closely resemble the human disease. Such tractable mouse models will enable the pursuit of basic biological mechanisms and translational applications regarding the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Karreth
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Joseph NM, Mosher JT, Buchstaller J, Snider P, McKeever PE, Lim M, Conway SJ, Parada LF, Zhu Y, Morrison SJ. The loss of Nf1 transiently promotes self-renewal but not tumorigenesis by neural crest stem cells. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:129-40. [PMID: 18242513 PMCID: PMC2566828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis is caused by the loss of neurofibromin (Nf1), leading to peripheral nervous system (PNS) tumors, including neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). A long-standing question has been whether these tumors arise from neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) or differentiated glia. Germline or conditional Nf1 deficiency caused a transient increase in NCSC frequency and self-renewal in most regions of the fetal PNS. However, Nf1-deficient NCSCs did not persist postnatally in regions of the PNS that developed tumors and could not form tumors upon transplantation into adult nerves. Adult P0a-Cre+Nf1(fl/-) mice developed neurofibromas, and Nf1(+/-)Ink4a/Arf(-/-) and Nf1/p53(+/-) mice developed MPNSTs, but NCSCs did not persist postnatally in affected locations in these mice. Tumors appeared to arise from differentiated glia, not NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Joseph
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Jack T. Mosher
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Johanna Buchstaller
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Paul E. McKeever
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Megan Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Luis F. Parada
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235−9133
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216
- Correspondence: 5435 Life Sciences Institute, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109−2216; phone 734−647−6261; fax 734−615−8133; email
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50
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Namazi H. ACE inhibitors: a novel treatment for neurofibroma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:1538-9. [PMID: 18157575 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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