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Liang C, Zhang LW. Profiling the Gut Microbiota in Obese Children with Formula Feeding in Early Life and Selecting Strains against Obesity. Foods 2024; 13:1379. [PMID: 38731751 PMCID: PMC11083066 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Formula feeding, obesity and the gut microbiota are closely related. The present investigation explored the profiles of the intestinal microbiota in obese children over 5 years old with formula feeding in early life. We identified functional bacteria with anti-obesity potential through in vitro and in vivo experiments, elucidating their mechanisms. The results indicated that, in the group of children over 5 years old who were fed formula in early life, obese children exhibited distinct gut microbiota, which were characterized by diminished species diversity and reduced Bifidobacterium levels compared to normal-weight children. As a result, Lactobacillus acidophilus H-68 (H-68) was isolated from the feces of the N-FF group and recognized as a promising candidate. H-68 demonstrated the ability to stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in STC-1 cells and produce bile salt hydrolase. In vivo, H-68 promoted CCK secretion, suppressing food intake, and regulated bile acid enterohepatic circulation, leading to increased deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid levels in the ileum and liver. This regulation effectively inhibited the diet-induced body weight and body fat gain, along with the liver fat deposition. In conclusion, H-68 was recognized for its prospective anti-obesity impact, signifying an auspicious pathway for forthcoming interventions targeted at averting pediatric obesity in formula-fed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Lan-Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Ntimana CB, Seakamela KP, Mashaba RG, Maimela E. Determinants of central obesity in children and adolescents and associated complications in South Africa: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1324855. [PMID: 38716247 PMCID: PMC11075369 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1324855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Central obesity in children is a global health concern associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In 2019 the World Obesity Federation predicted that in 2025, 206 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 will be obese, and the number is estimated to reach 254 million by 2030. There is limited literature on the factors that are associated with the development of central obesity in children. We report a systematic review, aimed to describe the current literature on determinants of central obesity and its associated health outcomes in children and adolescents in the South African population. Methods We searched for peer-reviewed studies in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct search engines, and about seven studies were included. This systematic review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Registration number: CRD42023457012). This systematic review was conducted and reported according to an updated version of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The quality of the included studies was assessed by following guidelines from the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The method considered three main domains: selection, comparability, and outcome across different study designs. Results The prevalence of central obesity in children and adolescents by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) ranged from 2.0 to 41.0%; waist-to-hip [WHR ranged from 10 to 25%; waist circumference (WC) ranged from 9 to 35%]. Central obesity was associated with age, physical inactivity, gender socio, and demographic profiles of the household. Central obesity in children was associated with cardiovascular diseases and mental health issues. Conclusion Central obesity in children and adolescents was determined by gender, pubertal development, and age of the parents, households with high socioeconomic status, dietary practices, and overweight/obesity. Given the high prevalence of central obesity in children which can ultimately result in cardiometabolic diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, and mental health issues. This highlights the need for systems, jointly initiated by healthcare providers, policymakers, and the general society aimed at reducing the burden of central obesity such as introducing children and adolescents to health-promoting lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cairo Bruce Ntimana
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
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Calcaterra V, Cena H, Sottotetti F, Rossi V, Loperfido F, Zuccotti G. Breast and Formula Milk and Early Puberty Onset. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1686. [PMID: 37892349 PMCID: PMC10605833 DOI: 10.3390/children10101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients have an enormous impact on many hormonal systems and aspects of health, and nutrition status is a crucial regulator of growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents. In this narrative review, we explore the connection between these feeding methods and the timing of puberty to provide a clearer understanding of how infant nutrition might contribute to the early development of puberty. Puberty is a key stage in the transition from childhood to adulthood and the timing of puberty represents a significant biological milestone of growth. Breast milk seems to have a pivotal role in puberty onset, mainly due to its dynamism, which shape indirectly the gut microbiota in early life, besides direct exposure of the baby to the milk microbiota through gut-breast axis. Concerning breast and formula milk and their effects on the onset of puberty, a protective role of the former occurs. As for the potential harmful effects of soy-based formulas and the isoflavones that they contain, the studies reported demonstrate conflicting opinions, underlining the need for further research on this topic. A healthy and well-nourished diet from the earliest stages of life has significant preventive potential for overall well-being, reducing the risk of many health problems later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.)
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Sottotetti
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
| | - Federica Loperfido
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Xu Y, Xiong J, Shan S, Wang X, He F, Cheng G. Age-Dependent and Body Composition-Dependent Association of Child Gut Microbial Enterotype With Puberty Timing: A Chinese Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2363-2370. [PMID: 36840481 PMCID: PMC10438909 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Puberty timing, which is vital for adult well-being, has recently been suggested to be linked to specific gut taxa. However, the impact of comprehensive gut microbiome structure assessed by enterotype on puberty timing remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Investigate the prospective association of gut microbial enterotype with puberty timing and the potential interaction of age and body composition. METHODS This study included 1826 children from the Chinese Adolescent Cohort Study, a cohort that has collected information on sociodemographics, dietary intake, physical activity, anthropometry, and pubertal development of children aged 6-8 years since 2013 and follows them up annually until the age of 15 years. Fecal samples have been collected annually since 2019 and analyzed for 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted fecal metabolomics. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to investigate the prospective association of enterotype with puberty timing and the impact of age and body mass index (BMI) sex- and age-independent standard deviation score (SDS). RESULTS 592 (32.4%) and 1234 (67.6%) children belonged to the Prevotella-rich enterotype and the Bacteroides-rich enterotype, respectively. Children with the Bacteroides-rich enterotype experienced their menarche/voice break later than those with the Prevotella enterotype (hazard ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.28-0.98), P = .02). Moreover, this association was more pronounced among younger children with higher BMI SDS (P for interaction = .006). CONCLUSION Our findings supported a role for gut microbial communities in pubertal development, in which younger children with higher body mass seems more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shufang Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Fang He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Fava D, Pepino C, Tosto V, Gastaldi R, Pepe A, Paoloni D, Strati MF, Angelelli A, Calandrino A, Tedesco C, Camia T, Allegri AEM, Patti G, Casalini E, Bassi M, Calevo MG, Napoli F, Maghnie M. Precocious Puberty Diagnoses Spike, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Body Mass Index: Findings From a 4-year Study. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad094. [PMID: 37873499 PMCID: PMC10590639 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the number of girls with suspected precocious puberty has increased. Objective To compare the incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) during COVID-19 with that of the previous 4 years. Methods Anthropometric, biochemical, and radiological parameters were collected between January 2016 and June 2021 from 133 girls who met the Rapidly Progressive ICPP criteria (RP-ICPP). Results We found a higher incidence of RP-ICPP between March 2020 and June 2021 (group 2) compared with January 2016 through March 2020 (group 1) (53.5% vs 41.1%); 2021 showed the highest annual incidence (P < .05). Group 1 and group 2 differed in age at diagnosis (7.96 ± 0.71 vs 7.61 ± 0.94; P < .05), mean Tanner stage (2.86 ± 0.51 vs 2.64 ± 0; P < .05), and in the time between the appearance of thelarche and diagnosis (0.93 ± 0.75 vs 0.71 ± 0.62 years, P < .05). There was an increase in the number of girls aged <8 years in group 2 and a significantly higher number of girls aged >8 years was found in group 1 (42 in group 1 vs 20 in group 2, P < 0.05). Overall body mass index SD score showed higher values in group 2 (1.01 ± 1.23 vs 0.69 ± 1.15; P = .18), which spent an average of 1.94 ± 1.81 hours per day using electronic devices; 88.5% of this group stopped any physical activity. Conclusions A spike in new diagnoses of idiopathic (1.79-fold higher) and RP-CPP coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. The incidence of RP-ICPP was 1.3-fold higher during COVID-19 with a trend toward an increase in body mass index SD score. The expanding use of digital devices and the reduction of daily physical activity represent possible risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fava
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pepino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Tosto
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gastaldi
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Pepe
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dalila Paoloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Francesca Strati
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Angelelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Calandrino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Tedesco
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Camia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Elsa Maria Allegri
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilio Casalini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Bassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Scientific Direction, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoli
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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Choe Y, Cha JH, Kim YJ, Choi J, Lee K, Kim N, Na JY, Yang S. Rapid weight gain in early life is associated with central precocious puberty in girls, not in boys - a nationwide population-based study in Korea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210995. [PMID: 37522114 PMCID: PMC10381025 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of rapid weight gain (RWG) on the incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP) using nationwide population-based data. Methods A total of 253,967 children (101,841 boys and 152,126 girls) who underwent regular health consultations under the National Health Insurance Service from 2007 to 2010 were followed up until the age of 10 years for boys and 9 years for girls. We calculated differences in the weight Z-scores from 4-6 months to 9-12 months (infancy) and from 9-12 months to 18-24 months or 30-36 months (toddlerhood) using the lambda-mu-sigma method. The population was subdivided into four groups: RWGinf/tod (infancy > + 0.67 standard deviation score [SDS], toddlerhood > 0 SDS), RWGinf (infancy > + 0.67 SDS, toddlerhood < 0 SDS), RWGtod (toddlerhood > + 0.67 SDS), and control (no RWG). The diagnosis of CPP was based on the diagnostic codes of the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision and the prescription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. The cumulative risk of CPP based on age was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the association between the RWG groups and CPP was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results CPP was diagnosed in 268 boys and 9,225 girls. For the girls, the CPP-free probability was the highest in the control group, followed by the RWGtod, RWGinf, and RWGinf/tod groups (log-rank p < 0.001). However, the incidence of CPP did not vary significantly for the boys. Compared to the control group, the other groups had a higher risk of CPP in girls (RWGinf/tod: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.35, 95%, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.13-1.62; RWGinf: aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.38; and RWGtod: aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.28). Conclusions This nationwide population-based study demonstrated that any RWG from birth to 3 years of age contributed to an increased risk of CPP in girls but not in boys. Girls who experienced RWG during both infancy and toddlerhood had the highest risk of developing CPP. These findings suggest that early detection and appropriate management of excessive weight gain in early life may be important for preventing CPP in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsoo Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjoo Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongmi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Uğurlu AK, Bideci A, Demirel AM, Kaplanoğlu GT, Dayanır D, Gülbahar Ö, Bulut TSD, Döğer E, Çamurdan MO. Is blue light exposure a cause of precocious puberty in male rats? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1190445. [PMID: 37409230 PMCID: PMC10319012 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1190445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to examine the effects of blue light exposure on prepubertal male rats' puberty and testis tissue. Methods Eighteen 21-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups consisting of six rats in each group: Control Group (CG), Blue Light-6 hours (BL-6), and Blue Light-12 hours (BL-12). CG rats were maintained with 12/12-hour light-dark cycles. The rats of BL-6 and BL-12 were exposed to blue light (450-470nm/irradiance level 0.03uW/cm2) for 6 hours and 12 hours, respectively. Rats were exposed to blue light until the first signs of puberty. The ELISA method was used to analyze the serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone, DHEA-S, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. Testes were dissected for histomorphological examination. Results The medians of the pubertal entry days of the CG, BL-6, and BL-12 were 38th, 30th, and 28th days, respectively. (p:0.001) The FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations of all groups were similar. The FSH concentration increased as the LH concentration increased (r: 0.82 p: 0.001). The serum LH concentration increased as serum testosterone, and DHEAS decreased, respectively (r: -0.561, p: 0.01) (r:-0.55 p:0.01). Testicular lengths and weights of the BL groups were smaller compared to CG (p: 0.03),(p: 0.04). GPx was higher for BL-6 and BL-12 than the CG (p:0.021, p:0.024). Testis tissue was compatible with the pubertal period in all groups. As the blue light exposure time increased, spermatogenesis was suppressed, and capillary dilatation and edema in the testis tissue increased. Conclusion Our study is the first to show the effects of blue light exposure on male rats' puberty process. And we showed that exposure to blue light and the duration of exposure lead to precocious puberty in male rats. The blue light exposure suppressed spermatogenesis, marked vasodilatation in the interstitial area of the testis, and disrupted the integrity of the basement membrane. These findings intensified with increasing exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aysun Bideci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Mürşide Demirel
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animals Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gülnur Take Kaplanoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Dayanır
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Esra Döğer
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Orhun Çamurdan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Prenatal Exposure to Parental Lifestyle Factors, Diseases, and Use of Medications and Male Pubertal Development: a Review of Epidemiological Studies Published 2017–2022. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-023-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Xi X, Wu D, Wu W, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu Q. The influence of the trajectory of obesity indicators on the age of pubertal onset and pubertal tempo in girls: A longitudinal study in Chongqing, China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1025778. [PMID: 36844817 PMCID: PMC9944025 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1025778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the influence of the trajectory of obesity indicators on the onset age of different pubertal development characteristics and pubertal tempo among girls. Methods Our longitudinal cohort study recruited 734 girls at baseline in May 2014 from a district of Chongqing and followed them at 6-month intervals. Data were available from baseline to the 14th follow-up with a full record of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), breast development, pubic hair, and armpit hair development, as well as the age of menarche. The Group-Based Trajectory Model (GBTM) was fitted for the optimum trajectory of the body mass index (BMI), WC, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of girls before the pubertal onset and menarche. The ANOVA and multiple linear regression model were conducted to analyze the influence of the trajectory of obesity indicators on the onset age of different pubertal development characteristics and pubertal tempo in girls. Results Compared with the healthy (gradual BMI increase) group before pubertal onset, the overweight (persistent BMI increase) group has an earlier onset age of breast development (B: -0.331, 95%CI: -0.515, -0.147) and pubic hair development (B: -0.341, 95%CI: -0.546, -0.136). The B2-B5 development time was shorter in girls in the overweight (persistent BMI increase) group (B: -0.568, 95%CI: -0.831, -0.305) and the obese (rapid BMI increase) group (B: -0.328, 95%CI: -0.524, -0.132). The age of menarche was earlier, and the B2-B5 development time was shorter in girls in the overweight (persistent BMI increase) group than in girls in the healthy (gradual BMI increase) group before menarche (B: -0.276, 95%CI: -0.406, -0.146; B: -0.263, 95%CI: -0.403, -0.123). Girls with high WC (rapid WC increase) before menarche had an earlier age of menarche than normal WC (gradual WC increase) (B: -0.154, 95%CI: -0.301, -0.006), and the B2-B5 development time was shorter in girls in the overweight (gradual WHtR increase) group than in girls in the healthy (persistent WHtR increase) (B: -0.278, 95%CI: -0.529, -0.027) group. Conclusion Among girls, overweight and obesity (BMI scale) before pubertal onset can not only influence pubertal onset age but also accelerate B2-B5 pubertal tempo. Overweight (BMI scale) and high WC before menarche also have an impact on the age of menarche. Overweight (WHtR scale) before menarche is significantly associated with B2-B5 pubertal tempo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xi
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanke Zhou
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Qin Liu ✉
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10
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Prepubertal BMI, pubertal growth patterns, and long-term BMI: Results from a longitudinal analysis in Chinese children and adolescents from 2005 to 2016. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1432-1439. [PMID: 35523866 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of prepubertal BMI on pubertal growth patterns, and the influence of prepubertal BMI and pubertal growth patterns on long-term BMI among Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 9606 individuals aged between 7 and 18 years from longitudinal surveys in Zhongshan city of China from 2005 to 2016 were enrolled. Age at peak height velocity (APHV) and peak height velocity (PHV) were estimated using Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Associations between prepubertal BMI, APHV, PHV, and long-term overweight and obesity were assessed by linear regression and multinominal logistic regression. Scatter plots were elaborated to show the associations between prepubertal BMI and pubertal growth patterns according to prepubertal BMI categories. RESULTS Prepubertal BMI Z-Score was positively correlated with long-term BMI Z-Score, and negatively correlated with APHV in both sexes. In addition, there was a negative association between prepubertal BMI Z-Score and PHV in boys. With 1-year decrease in APHV, risk of long-term underweight decreased by 92%, while overweight increased by 33% in boys. Corresponding risk of long-term underweight and overweight for girls decreased by 42% and increased by 20%, respectively. CONCLUSION High prepubertal BMI levels were associated with earlier APHV and lower PHV, and the early onset of pubertal development could increase the risks of long-term overweight and obesity at 17-18 years of age both in boys and girls. Such evidence emphasized the importance of reducing prepubertal obesity risks combined with appropriate pubertal development timing, including later APHV and higher PHV, so as to prevent the obesity and related cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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11
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de Oliveira Neto CP, Azulay RSDS, de Almeida AGFP, Tavares MDGR, Vaz LHG, Leal IRL, Gama MEA, Ribeiro MRC, Nascimento GC, Magalhães M, dos Santos WC, Facundo AN, Faria MDS, Lago DCF. Differences in Puberty of Girls before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084733. [PMID: 35457600 PMCID: PMC9031193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in consultations for precocious puberty. We aim to analyze differences in female puberty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional analytical study was designed at the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão in São Luis, Brazil. We included 55 girls with precocious puberty, 22 who started puberty during the pandemic and 33 who started puberty before the pandemic. Clinical, anthropometric, laboratory and imaging variables were compared between groups. Statistics were performed to determine if there was a statistical difference between the groups. Girls with puberty during the pandemic had higher Z-scores for weight (1.08 ± 1.29 versus 0.69 ± 0.83; p = 0.04), lower ovarian volume (1.88 ± 0.95 versus 3.15 ± 2.31; p = 0.01), and smaller differences between thelarche noticed by the parents and the diagnosis (6.63 ± 5.21 versus 12.15 ± 9.96; p = 0.02). The association between precocious puberty during the pandemic with higher Z-scores for weight, lower ovarian volume, and a reduction in the time between the perception of pubertal findings by parents and the diagnosis suggests the influence of the pandemic on the normal time of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clariano Pires de Oliveira Neto
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65080-805, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossana Santiago de Sousa Azulay
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
| | - Ana Gregória Ferreira Pereira de Almeida
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Maria da Glória Rodrigues Tavares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Luciana Helena Gama Vaz
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (L.H.G.V.); (I.R.L.L.)
| | - Ianik Rafaela Lima Leal
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (L.H.G.V.); (I.R.L.L.)
| | - Monica Elinor Alves Gama
- Department of Medicine III, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-240, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (M.R.C.R.)
| | | | - Gilvan Cortês Nascimento
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
| | - Marcelo Magalhães
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Wellyandra Costa dos Santos
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Nogueira Facundo
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (R.S.d.S.A.); (A.G.F.P.d.A.); (M.d.G.R.T.); (G.C.N.); (A.N.F.)
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
| | - Manuel dos Santos Faria
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65080-805, Brazil
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Ferreira Lago
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (M.M.); (W.C.d.S.); (M.d.S.F.); (D.C.F.L.)
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis 65020-070, Brazil; (L.H.G.V.); (I.R.L.L.)
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12
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Tan K, Naylor MJ. The Influence of Modifiable Factors on Breast and Prostate Cancer Risk and Disease Progression. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840826. [PMID: 35330933 PMCID: PMC8940211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, and together represented almost 20% of all new cancer diagnoses in 2020. For both cancers, the primary treatment options are surgical resection and sex hormone deprivation therapy, highlighting the initial dependence of these malignancies on the activity of both endogenous and exogenous hormones. Cancer cell phenotype and patient prognosis is not only determined by the collection of specific gene mutations, but through the interaction and influence of a wide range of different local and systemic components. While genetic risk factors that contribute to the development of these cancers are well understood, increasing epidemiological evidence link modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical exercise, diet and weight management, to drivers of disease progression such as inflammation, transcriptional activity, and altered biochemical signaling pathways. As a result of this significant impact, it is estimated that up to 50% of cancer cases in developed countries could be prevented with changes to lifestyle and environmental factors. While epidemiological studies of modifiable risk factors and research of the biological mechanisms exist mostly independently, this review will discuss how advances in our understanding of the metabolic, protein and transcriptional pathways altered by modifiable lifestyle factors impact cancer cell physiology to influence breast and prostate cancer risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J Naylor
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Xu Y, Xiong J, Gao W, Wang X, Shan S, Zhao L, Cheng G. Dietary Fat and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes during Childhood Are Prospectively Associated with Puberty Timing Independent of Dietary Protein. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020275. [PMID: 35057456 PMCID: PMC8778261 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat and fat quality have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective associations of dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) with puberty timing. Using longitudinal data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth (SCCNG) Study, we analyzed dietary data, anthropometric measurements, and potential confounders. Dietary intakes were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls. Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2) and age at menarche/voice break (M/VB) were used as puberty development markers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relevance of dietary intake of total fat, SFA, PUFA, and MUFA on puberty timing. Among 3425 girls and 2495 boys, children with higher intakes of total fat and PUFA were more likely to reach their B2/G2 or M/VB at an earlier age. Associations were not attenuated on additional adjustment for childhood dietary protein intake. However, higher intakes of SFA or MUFA were not independently associated with puberty development. A higher intake of dietary fat and PUFA in prepuberty was associated with earlier puberty timing, which was independent of dietary protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (W.G.)
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Wanke Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (W.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Shufang Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.W.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-85502220
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14
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Chen Y, Chen J, Tang Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Li X, Weng Z, Huang J, Wang X, Liu S. Difference of Precocious Puberty Between Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Shanghai School-Aged Girls. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839895. [PMID: 35392135 PMCID: PMC8979840 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compared the incidence rates and clinical features of precocious girls before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among Shanghai school-aged girls, and explored the potential mechanisms. METHODS This cross-sectional study collected medical data about precocious girls between 2016 and 2020 from Shanghai Children's Medical Center. Data of inpatient precocious girls from March to August in 2016-2019 (n=246) and 2020 (n=237) were collected. Subjects with abnormal brain and pituitary gland MRI reports, other endocrine diseases or chronic diseases were excluded. Finally, 209 precocious girls were included in the 2016-2019 group and 191 precocious girls were include in the 2020 group. Monthly incidence rates and clinical features were compared between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between biomarkers to explore the potential mechanisms. RESULTS Monthly incidence rates of precocious puberty in outpatient girls from March to December 2020 (0.44-1.36%) and in inpatient girls from March to August 2020 (27.04-47.83%) were higher than those in 2016-2019 (0.30-0.52% and 10.53-18.42%, respectively). Serum concentrations of GnRH were higher in the 2020 group than in the 2016-2019 group (2.81 vs 1.99 mg/L). Serum concentrations of MKRN3 (1.02 vs 1.93 ng/ml) and ghrelin (0.38 vs 0.88 ng/ml) were lower in the 2020 group than in the 2016-2019 group. Moreover, the serum concentration of ghrelin was positively associated with the serum concentration of MKRN3 [β=0.891 (95% CI, 0.612, 1.171); p<0.001]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an increased incidence of precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic among Shanghai school-aged girls, which may be associated with decreased serum concentrations of MKRN3 and ghrelin, and indicated ghrelin as a potential regulatory mechanism of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Weng
- Department of Information Technology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumin Wang, ; Shijian Liu,
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumin Wang, ; Shijian Liu,
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15
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Calcaterra V, Verduci E, Magenes VC, Pascuzzi MC, Rossi V, Sangiorgio A, Bosetti A, Zuccotti G, Mameli C. The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1353. [PMID: 34947884 PMCID: PMC8706413 DOI: 10.3390/life11121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a critical phase of growth and development characterized by a complex process regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the appearance of physical and hormonal signs of pubertal development at an earlier age than is considered normal. The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. In fact, it is crucial in psychological and physical development and can impact future health. Nutritional status is considered as one of the most important factors modulating pubertal development. This narrative review presents an overview on the role of nutritional factors as determinants of the timing of sexual maturation, focusing on early-life and childhood nutrition. As reported, breast milk seems to have an important protective role against early puberty onset, mainly due to its positive influence on infant growth rate and childhood overweight prevention. The energy imbalance, macro/micronutrient food content, and dietary patterns may modulate the premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, inducing precocious activation of puberty. An increase in knowledge on the mechanism whereby nutrients may influence puberty will be useful in providing adequate nutritional recommendations to prevent PP and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Martina Chiara Pascuzzi
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Arianna Sangiorgio
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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16
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Svanes C, Bertelsen RJ, Accordini S, Holloway JW, Júlíusson P, Boateng E, Krauss-Etchmann S, Schlünssen V, Gómez-Real F, Skulstad SM. Exposures during the prepuberty period and future offspring's health: evidence from human cohort studies†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:667-680. [PMID: 34416759 PMCID: PMC8444705 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that exposures in prepuberty, particularly in fathers-to-be, may impact the phenotype of future offspring. Analyses of the RHINESSA cohort find that offspring of father’s exposed to tobacco smoking or overweight that started in prepuberty demonstrate poorer respiratory health in terms of more asthma and lower lung function. A role of prepuberty onset smoking for offspring fat mass is suggested in the RHINESSA and ALSPAC cohorts, and historic studies suggest that ancestral nutrition during prepuberty plays a role for grand-offspring’s health and morbidity. Support for causal relationships between ancestral exposures and (grand-)offspring’s health in humans has been enhanced by advancements in statistical analyses that optimize the gain while accounting for the many complexities and deficiencies in human multigeneration data. The biological mechanisms underlying such observations have been explored in experimental models. A role of sperm small RNA in the transmission of paternal exposures to offspring phenotypes has been established, and chemical exposures and overweight have been shown to influence epigenetic programming in germ cells. For example, exposure of adolescent male mice to smoking led to differences in offspring weight and alterations in small RNAs in the spermatozoa of the exposed fathers. It is plausible that male prepuberty may be a time window of particular susceptibility, given the extensive epigenetic reprogramming taking place in the spermatocyte precursors at this age. In conclusion, epidemiological studies in humans, mechanistic research, and biological plausibility, all support the notion that exposures in the prepuberty of males may influence the phenotype of future offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi J Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Oral Health Centre of Expertise Western Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - John W Holloway
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, UK.,Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pétur Júlíusson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Health Register Research and Development, National Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eistine Boateng
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etchmann
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health-Work, Environment and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco Gómez-Real
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein Magne Skulstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Hvidt JJ, Brix N, Ernst A, Lunddorf LLH, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Breast feeding and timing of puberty in boys and girls: A nationwide cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:578-589. [PMID: 34080724 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast feeding has been associated with improved infant health, but its impact on pubertal timing remains uncertain, particularly in boys. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association between duration of breast feeding and pubertal timing in boys and girls. METHODS This population-based cohort study included 13 511 boys and girls from the Puberty Cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort. The children gave half-yearly, self-reported information on pubertal development through questionnaires (Tanner stages, age at menarche, first ejaculation, voice break, axillary hair growth, and acne). Information on breast feeding was provided by the mothers when the children were 6 months of age. We estimated mean differences (in months) in age at attaining each pubertal marker and for overall timing of puberty (combined estimate) for every additional month of exclusive breast feeding. Furthermore, we estimated differences in pubertal age when comparing children never exclusively breastfed and exclusively breastfed <4 months using children exclusively breastfed ≥4 months as reference. In sub-analyses, we further adjusted for infant weight gain and childhood BMI at 7 years to investigate whether these variables mediated the association. RESULTS Boys tended to reach pubertal markers later for every additional month of exclusive breast feeding (combined estimate: 0.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0, 0.4 months). Never exclusively breastfed boys reached pubertal markers earlier than the boys exclusively breastfed ≥4 months (combined estimate: -4.1 (95% CI -6.7, -1.6) months). Boys exclusively breastfed <4 months also reached pubertal markers earlier than those never exclusively breastfed but with smaller differences. In girls, duration of breast feeding was not associated with pubertal development. When including infant weight gain or childhood BMI, the results remained essentially unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Shorter duration of exclusive breast feeding was associated with earlier pubertal development in boys but not in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Hvidt
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lea L H Lunddorf
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilia H Ramlau-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Duan R, Qiao T, Chen Y, Chen M, Xue H, Zhou X, Yang M, Liu Y, Zhao L, Libuda L, Cheng G. The overall diet quality in childhood is prospectively associated with the timing of puberty. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2423-2434. [PMID: 33140158 PMCID: PMC8275527 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influences of nutrition in childhood on puberty onset could have sustained consequences for health and wellbeing later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective association of diet quality prior to puberty with the timing of puberty onset. METHODS We considered data from 3983 SCCNG (Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth) study participants with dietary data, anthropometric measurement, and information on potential confounders at their baseline assessment (mean age: 7.1 years for girls and 7.3 years for boys; mean length of follow-up was 4.2 years). Cox proportional hazard regression estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine the relationship between diet quality and puberty onset. Dietary intake at baseline was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was determined using the Chinese Children Dietary Index (CCDI) which measures adherence to current dietary recommendations (theoretical range: 0-160 points). Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2), menarche or voice break (M/VB) were used as pubertal markers. RESULTS The CCDI score ranged from 56.2 to 136.3 for girls and 46.1-131.5 for boys. Pubertal markers consistently indicate that girls and boys with higher diet quality were more likely to enter their puberty later than their counterparts with lower CCDI scores (higher vs. lower CCDI tertiles: adjusted HR for age at B2: 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81-0.94), p for trend = 0.02; G2: 0.86 (95% CI,0.80-0.96), p for trend = 0.02; M: 0.86 (95% CI,0.80-0.95), p for trend = 0.02; VB: 0.86 (95% CI,0.79-0.98), p for trend = 0.03), after adjustment for paternal education level, baseline energy intake, and pre-pubertal body fat. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested a later puberty onset and later timing of progressed puberty stages in children with a high diet quality, which were independent of pre-pubertal body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Duan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Qiao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Nutrition and Health Research Centre, By-Health Co. Ltd, No. 3 Kehui 3rd Street, No. 99 Kexue Avenue Central, Science City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lars Libuda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Guo Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Ernst A, Brix N, Lauridsen LLB, Strandberg-Larsen K, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Nybo Andersen AM, Parner ET, Meder IK, Olsen J, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Cohort Profile: The Puberty Cohort in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:373-374g. [PMID: 31697338 PMCID: PMC7266555 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lea L B Lauridsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bodil H Bech
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik T Parner
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inger K Meder
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia H Ramlau-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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The NIMH Intramural Longitudinal Study of the Endocrine and Neurobiological Events Accompanying Puberty: Protocol and rationale for methods and measures. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117970. [PMID: 33771694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineating the relationship between human neurodevelopment and the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis during puberty is critical for investigating the increase in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders that is well documented during this period. Preclinical research demonstrates a clear association between gonadal production of sex steroids and neurodevelopment; however, identifying similar associations in humans has been complicated by confounding variables (such as age) and the coactivation of two additional endocrine systems (the adrenal androgenic system and the somatotropic growth axis) and requires further elucidation. In this paper, we present the design of, and preliminary observations from, the ongoing NIMH Intramural Longitudinal Study of the Endocrine and Neurobiological Events Accompanying Puberty. The aim of this study is to directly examine how the increase in sex steroid hormone production following activation of the HPG-axis (i.e., gonadarche) impacts neurodevelopment, and, additionally, to determine how gonadal development and maturation is associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure and function in boys and girls. To disentangle the effects of sex steroids from those of age and other endocrine events on brain development, our study design includes 1) selection criteria that establish a well-characterized baseline cohort of healthy 8-year-old children prior to the onset of puberty (e.g., prior to puberty-related sex steroid hormone production); 2) temporally dense longitudinal, repeated-measures sampling of typically developing children at 8-10 month intervals over a 10-year period between the ages of eight and 18; 3) contemporaneous collection of endocrine and other measures of gonadal, adrenal, and growth axis function at each timepoint; and 4) collection of multimodal neuroimaging measures at these same timepoints, including brain structure (gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness and area, white matter integrity, myelination) and function (reward processing, emotional processing, inhibition/impulsivity, working memory, resting-state network connectivity, regional cerebral blood flow). This report of our ongoing longitudinal study 1) provides a comprehensive review of the endocrine events of puberty; 2) details our overall study design; 3) presents our selection criteria for study entry (e.g., well-characterized prepubertal baseline) along with the endocrinological considerations and guiding principles that underlie these criteria; 4) describes our longitudinal outcome measures and how they specifically relate to investigating the effects of gonadal development on brain development; and 5) documents patterns of fMRI activation and resting-state networks from an early, representative subsample of our cohort of prepubertal 8-year-old children.
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21
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Wagner IV, Oliver E, Dötsch J, Söder O. Adverse effects of metabolic disorders in childhood on adult reproductive function and fertility in the male. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:13-23. [PMID: 33185575 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, there has been a steady decline in fertility rates in humans, which has occurred in parallel with an increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic disorders. The potential impact of these disorders and plausible mechanisms by which they negatively influence male reproduction are only partly understood and published data are often controversial. Obesity is one of the most important health challenges worldwide and is becoming more prevalent in children and adolescents. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome and related co-morbidities can lead to impaired male reproductive function, including adverse effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis as illustrated by reduced sperm number and quality, decreased testosterone levels and elevated inflammatory markers. The incidence of diabetes mellitus type I is also dramatically increasing and may negatively impact spermatogenesis and testicular function, resulting in decreased serum testosterone and epididymal weight. In this review, we summarize and discuss the effects of metabolic diseases that typically develop during childhood and adolescence on later reproductive function and fertility. While impact on reproductive health is likely observed in both sexes, we have chosen to focus on the male in the current review. Specifically, we illustrate adverse effects of obesity, type 1 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance on sperm function and testosterone metabolism. Identification of pathophysiological mechanisms during childhood may open up new avenues for early prevention and treatment resulting in better reproductive outcomes and improved fertility rates during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Viola Wagner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Lübeck, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olle Söder
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Lübeck, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Xie C, Hua W, Zhao Y, Rui J, Feng J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Yang X, Xu X. The ADRB3 rs4994 polymorphism increases risk of childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity for East Asia's population: an evidence-based meta-analysis. Adipocyte 2020; 9:77-86. [PMID: 32008426 PMCID: PMC6999834 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1722549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether the Adrenoceptor Beta 3 (ADRB3) gene rs4994 polymorphism could affect the individual risk of childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity remains controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of this polymorphism in overweight/obesity, and test the potential association by summarizing existing evidence. Comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and CNKI databases was performed to identify eligible data sets. Finally, 16 studies involving 5,147 overweight/obese cases and 7,350 non-obese controls were included for further synthetic analyses. Odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were statistically calculated. Totally, 69.9% of the included subjects came from East Asia. In the meta-analysis for overall population, statistically significant associations with increased risk of childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity were identified in allele model (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.38), heterozygote model (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.16–1.68), and dominant model (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.12–1.54). Further stratified analysis according to geographical regions revealed that the statistical significance could only be detected in the East Asia subgroup in allele model, homozygote model, heterozygote model, and dominant model. In summary, our meta-analysis indicated that the ADRB3 rs4994 polymorphism could significantly increase the risk of childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity, especially for the East Asia’s population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenxi Hua
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuening Zhao
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingwen Rui
- Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiarong Feng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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23
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Body phenotypes and sexual maturation in Brazilian and US adolescents: evidence for a change in BMI category. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:5387-5399. [PMID: 33183393 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to describe body phenotypes (BP) estimated by multivariate analysis and their association with body mass. DESIGN BP were defined based on demographic variables, anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds and circumferences), body composition (phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), biochemical parameters (TAG, glucose, total cholesterol ratio/LDL, Hb and sexual maturation (pubic hair and breasts or gonads). ANOVA was performed to verify the differences between skin colour and the stages of pubertal development, BP, body composition, anthropometric and biochemical variables. SETTING Cities of São Paulo-SP, Piracicaba-SP and Florianópolis-SC from Brazil and the United States. PARTICIPANTS 9269 adolescents aged between 10 and 15 years old. RESULTS The composition of BP was similar in all surveys, which are: BP1 was composed by skinfolds, body mass and circumferences variables; BP2 by pubic hair, breast in girls or gonad in boys, height and age; BP3 by cholesterol, TAG and glucose; and BP4 by phase angle, Hb and glucose (negative loading). There was a strong correlation (r = 0·9, P < 0·001) between BP1 and BMI. CONCLUSION We highlighted independence observed between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition and sexual maturation. BP may support the calculation of scores for diagnosis of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcome ambiguity in the isolated use of BMI.
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24
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Jackson SS, Adami HO, Andreotti G, Beane-Freeman LE, de González AB, Buring JE, Fraser GE, Freedman ND, Gapstur SM, Gierach G, Giles GG, Grodstein F, Hartge P, Jenab M, Kirsh V, Knutsen SF, Lan Q, Larsson SC, Lee IM, Lee MH, Liao LM, Milne RL, Monroe KR, Neuhouser ML, O'Brien KM, Petrick JL, Purdue MP, Rohan TE, Sandin S, Sandler DP, Sawada N, Shadyab AH, Simon TG, Sinha R, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Tsugane S, Weiderpass E, Wolk A, Yang HI, Zheng W, McGlynn KA, Campbell PT, Koshiol J. Associations between reproductive factors and biliary tract cancers in women from the Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project. J Hepatol 2020; 73:863-872. [PMID: 32437829 PMCID: PMC7901003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is known to have a female predominance while other biliary tract cancers (BTCs) have a male predominance. However, the role of female reproductive factors in BTC etiology remains unclear. METHODS We pooled data from 19 studies of >1.5 million women participating in the Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project to examine the associations of parity, age at menarche, reproductive years, and age at menopause with BTC. Associations for age at menarche and reproductive years with BTC were analyzed separately for Asian and non-Asian women. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by study. RESULTS During 21,681,798 person-years of follow-up, 875 cases of GBC, 379 of intrahepatic bile duct cancer (IHBDC), 450 of extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EHBDC), and 261 of ampulla of Vater cancer (AVC) occurred. High parity was associated with risk of GBC (HR ≥5 vs. 0 births 1.72; 95% CI 1.25-2.38). Age at menarche (HR per year increase 1.15; 95% CI 1.06-1.24) was associated with GBC risk in Asian women while reproductive years were associated with GBC risk (HR per 5 years 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.22) in non-Asian women. Later age at menarche was associated with IHBDC (HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.09-1.31) and EHBDC (HR 1.11; 95% CI 1.01-1.22) in Asian women only. CONCLUSION We observed an increased risk of GBC with increasing parity. Among Asian women, older age at menarche was associated with increased risk for GBC, IHBDC, and EHBDC, while increasing reproductive years was associated with GBC in non-Asian women. These results suggest that sex hormones have distinct effects on cancers across the biliary tract that vary by geography. LAY SUMMARY Our findings show that the risk of gallbladder cancer is increased among women who have given birth (especially women with 5 or more children). In women from Asian countries, later age at menarche increases the risk of gallbladder cancer, intrahepatic bile duct cancer and extrahepatic bile duct cancer. We did not see this same association in women from Western countries. Age at menopause was not associated with the risk of any biliary tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Jackson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane-Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gretchen Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Victoria Kirsh
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katie M O'Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alicja Wolk
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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25
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Secular trend and social gradients in the menarcheal age of girls from eastern Poland between 1986 and 2016. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The age at menarche is changing together with the development of society. The intensities of secular trends vary in different countries, regions or even towns and villages. Therefore, the objective of the paper was to assess the changes of the menarcheal age of girls in groups defined by different levels of parental education and the number of children in a family as well as the general index of socioeconomic status. The paper utilises the results of research conducted in the years 1985–1986, 2005–2006 and 2015–2016, covering 11 671 girls aged 10–16 from eastern provinces of Poland. Information about the date of birth, the date of the first period, place of residence, fathers’ and mothers’ education and the number of children in a family was collected. Research material was divided into groups stratified by mother’s education, father’s education, number of children in a family, size of place of residence and the general index of socioeconomic status (SES) was calculated. The results were processed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Newman-Keuls method.
In all the assessed groups of girls the acceleration of maturation has been observed. Greater socio-economic differences of the menarcheal age of the respondents were observed in the years 1986–2006, whereas in the years 2006–2016 the differences were smaller. During the assessed period of 30 years, the most intensive acceleration in menarche was observed in the lowest social strata, i.e. in the daughters of parents with primary or vocational education, in those from the largest families and in those who were included in the group with the lowest SES point values. The lowest acceleration in the described indicator of development was found in girls from families with one or two children, whose parents had higher education degrees and the highest SES values.
The assessed schoolgirls still demonstrate the existence of social gradients in the menarcheal age but the gradients are smaller than 30 years ago.
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Busch AS, Hollis B, Day FR, Sørensen K, Aksglaede L, Perry JRB, Ong KK, Juul A, Hagen CP. Voice break in boys-temporal relations with other pubertal milestones and likely causal effects of BMI. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1514-1522. [PMID: 31348498 PMCID: PMC6688887 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How is timing of voice break related to other male pubertal milestones as well as to BMI? SUMMARY ANSWER We provide a comprehensive temporal analysis of male pubertal milestones, including reproductive hormone dynamics, confirm voice break as a late milestone of male puberty and report a likely causal relationship between higher BMI and earlier age at voice break in men. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Voice break represents a late pubertal milestone and recalled age at voice break is frequently used in epidemiological studies as a measure of puberty. In contrast, clinical studies use mainly testicular enlargement and/or genital tanner stage as the marker of pubertal onset. However, neither correlation of pubertal milestones nor reproductive hormone dynamics have been assessed in detail previously. Further, although BMI and puberty timing are known to be closely linked, cause and effect between these traits are not known. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study included a population-based mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort (2006–2014, COPENHAGEN Puberty Study) of 730 healthy Danish boys. Data for 55 871 male research participants from the 23andMe study were obtained, including genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data and age at voice break. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We performed a detailed evaluation of pubertal milestones and reproductive hormone levels (study population 1). A Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was used to determine the likely causal link between BMI and timing of voice break (study population 2). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Voice break occurred at mean age 13.6 (95% CI: 13.5–13.8) years. At voice break, mean (95% CI) testosterone levels, LH levels and bi-testicular volume were 10.9 (10.0–11.7) nmol/L, 2.4 (2.2–2.5) IU/L and 24 (23–25) mL, respectively. Voice break correlated moderately strongly with timing of male pubertal milestones, including testicular enlargement, gonadarche, pubarche, sweat odor, axillary hair growth and testosterone above limit of detection (r2 range: 0.43–0.61). Timing of all milestones was negatively associated with age-specific BMI (all P ≤ 0.001). MR analyses inferred likely causal effects of higher BMI on earlier voice break in males (−0.35 years/approximate SD, P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Participation rate of the population-based cohort was 25%. Further, boys that were followed longitudinally were examined approximately every 6 months limiting the time resolution of pubertal milestones. Using adult BMI as exposure instead of prepubertal BMI in the MR analysis and the known inaccuracies of the testosterone immunoassay at low testosterone levels may be further limitations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We provide valuable normative data on the temporal relation of male pubertal milestones. Further, the likely causal relationship between BMI and puberty timing highlights the importance of preventing obesity in childhood. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (09-067 180); Danish Ministry of the Environment, CeHoS (MST-621-00 065); Capital Region of Denmark (R129-A3966); Ministry of Higher Education and Science (DFF-1331-00 113); Innovation Fund Denmark (InnovationsFonden, 14-2013-4); The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Male Reproduction and Child Health. B.H., F.R.D., J.R.B.P. and K.K.O. are supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/2). The 23andMe study is supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R44HG006981). Members of the 23andMe Research Team are employees of 23andMe, Inc. and hold stock or stock options in 23andMe. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01411527
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Busch
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - B Hollis
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box, Cambridge, UK
| | - F R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Sørensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - L Aksglaede
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - J R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Box, Cambridge, UK
| | - K K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - C P Hagen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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Arendt LH, Ernst A, Braskhøj Lauridsen LL, Brix N, Olsen J, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Timing of pubertal development in boys born with cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nationwide cohort study. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:551-556. [PMID: 30950413 PMCID: PMC6859653 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pubertal development may be altered in boys with cryptorchidism and hypospadias, but existing knowledge is inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the association between cryptorchidism and hypospadias and pubertal development in a large cohort study. Boys in the Puberty Cohort, a cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort, were included in this study. Information on cryptorchidism and hypospadias was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register. From 11 years until 18 years or full pubertal development, information on physical markers of pubertal development was provided biannually, including Tanner stages, axillary hair, acne, voice break, and first ejaculation. In multivariate regression models for interval censored data, the mean (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) differences in months in obtaining the pubertal markers between boys with and without the anomalies were estimated. Among 7698 boys, 196 (2.5%) had cryptorchidism and 60 (0.8%) had hypospadias. Boys with hypospadias experienced first ejaculation and voice break 7.7 (95% CI: 2.5-13.0) months and 4.5 (95% CI: 0.3-8.7) months later than boys without hypospadias. The age at attaining the Tanner stages for gonadal and pubic hair growth was also higher, though not statistically significant. Pubertal development seemed unaffected in boys with mild as well as severe cryptorchidism. In conclusion, hypospadias may be associated with delayed pubertal development, but pubertal development seems unaffected by cryptorchidism. The relation between hypospadias and later pubertal development may be due to the underlying shared in utero risk or genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Håkonsen Arendt
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.,Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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Common Genetic Influences on Age at Pubertal Voice Change and BMI in Male Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2020; 23:235-240. [PMID: 32772962 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2020.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore secular trends in age at voice change (AVC), estimate heritability of AVC and investigate to what extent common genes influence the association between AVC and body mass index (BMI) in South Korean males. The sample of 955 male twins consisted of 241 pairs and 118 co-twin missing monozygotic (MZ) twins, 82 pairs and 50 co-twin missing dizygotic (DZ) twins and 141 male members of opposite-sex DZ twins who participated in telephone surveys in the South Korean Twin Registry. AVC was asked of twins during the surveys. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 18.92 (2.42) years (range: 16.00-29.25 years). The birth years of the twins were divided into two groups (1988-1993, 1994-2001). Kaplan-Meyer survival analyses were conducted to compute the mean age of AVC in the total sample as well as to test mean differences between the two birth cohorts. Maximum likelihood twin correlations and univariate and bivariate model-fitting analyses were performed. The mean AVC in the total sample was 14.19 (95% CI [14.09, 14.29]) years. The mean AVC significantly declined from 14.38 to 14.02 years from 1988 to 2001, confirming downward trends in AVC in recent years. Heritability for AVC was .59 (95% CI [.50, .67]), which was within the range reported in most Western twin studies. Although the phenotypic correlation between AVC and BMI was modest (r = -.14; 95% CI [-.07, -.21]), it was entirely mediated by common genes, similar to what has been found in females in prior twin studies. In conclusion, the present twin study underscores the importance of genetic influences on pubertal timing and its association with BMI in South Korean males.
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Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Parner ET, Arah OA, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:834-844. [PMID: 32372073 PMCID: PMC7394964 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early puberty is a risk indicator for adult diseases. Identification of modifiable causes of earlier puberty is, therefore, warranted. We estimate the association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and pubertal timing in a cohort study and in a sibling-matched study to adjust for unobserved time-stable confounders shared within families. METHODS For the cohort study, 11 046 of 22 439 (49%) invited children, born 2000-203, from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) had information on childhood BMI at 7 years and self-reported, half-yearly puberty information from 11 years on Tanner stages, menarche, voice break, first ejaculation, acne, and axillary hair. For the sibling-matched study, 1700 brothers and sisters were included among 86 820 live-born singletons from the DNBC. RESULTS Childhood overweight (85th ≤ BMI < 95th percentile) and obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) were associated with earlier age attaining the pubertal milestones in a dose-dependent manner in boys and girls. When modelling all pubertal milestones simultaneously, the pubertal milestones were attained earlier in: overweight boys: -3.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): -4.5, -1.7] months, overweight girls: -5.5 (95% CI: -7.1, -3.9) months, obese boys: -3.5 (95% CI: -5.1, -2.0) months, obese girls: -5.2 (95% CI: -7.1, -3.4) months compared with normal weight (BMI < 85th percentile) children. In the sibling-matched study, higher BMI was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in girls, but only a tendency toward earlier pubertal timing was observed in boys. CONCLUSIONS Childhood overweight and obesity were associated with earlier pubertal timing even after adjustment for unobserved time-stable confounders shared within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, UCLA College of Letters and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Novak JM, Bruzek J, Zamrazilova H, Vankova M, Hill M, Sedlak P. The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8951. [PMID: 32435530 PMCID: PMC7224231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of fat tissue on a developing individual is fundamentally different from the effect on an adult. Several changes caused by obesity during sexual maturation have an irreversible and severe negative effect (lower fertility, reduced final height, type 2 diabetes mellitus) even for those who have subsequently lost weight. Our study was focused on monitoring the skeletal structure substantially influenced by sex hormones—the pelvis. The adult pelvis is strongly sexually dimorphic, which is not the case for the juvenile pelvis; skeletal differences between sexes are not so prominent and start to manifest with the onset of puberty. Evidence from animal models and case studies of treatment of gender dysphoria suggests that estrogens have a stimulatory effect on the growth plates present on the pelvis, leading to morphological change. Male obesity, especially in puberty, is connected with hypogonadism, manifesting in low levels of testosterone, and high levels of estrogens. The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of obesity during adolescence on the morphology of the adult pelvis in the context of androgen and estrogen status. Sample and Methods Our sample consists of 238 individuals (144 females, 94 males) observed after an 8 year follow-up (mean age during enrollment 15.2 years, follow-up 23.3 years). Anthropometry and body composition using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were obtained. During the follow-up, saliva samples from male participants were also collected to estimate testosterone and estradiol levels using the salivary ELISA kit (Salimetrics LLC, State College, PA, USA). Results The body fat (percentage of body fat estimated using BIA) was strongly positively associated with relative pelvic breadths in adulthood (males r = 0.64; females r = 0.56, both with p < 0.001). Adulthood pelvic breadth was a highly sensitive (0.81) and specific (0.74) retrospective marker of obesity during adolescence. The complex regression model (with reduction of dimensionality) including testosterone, estradiol to testosterone ratio and body fat (adolescent and adulthood) was able to describe 54.8% variability of pelvic breadth among males. Discussion We observed that adults with a history of obesity from adolescence tend to have a wider dimension of the bony pelvis in adulthood. Based on the parameters of the adult pelvis, the history of obesity can be determined with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity (<70%). One of the explanations for this observation can be the influence of relatively elevated estrogens levels connected with excessive adiposity leading to a wider pelvis. However, the biomechanical stress connected with elevated body mass also has to be considered, as does the influence of physical activity and gait pattern on the skeletal build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Novak
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Bruzek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sedlak
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Arah OA, Nohr EA, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and timing of puberty in sons and daughters: a population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1684-1694. [PMID: 31237934 PMCID: PMC6857762 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In many countries, an increased prevalence of obesity in pregnancy has coincided with a declining pubertal age. We aimed to explore the potential effect of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity on timing of puberty in sons and daughters. Methods Between 2012 and 2018, 15 819 of 22 439 invited children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, born 2000–03, provided half-yearly information from the age of 11 years on the pubertal milestones: Tanner stages, voice break, first ejaculation, menarche, acne and axillary hair. We estimated adjusted mean monthly differences (with 95% confidence intervals) in age at attaining the pubertal milestones for children exposed to maternal pre-pregnancy obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥30.0 kg/m2] or overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2) with normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) as reference. In mediation analysis, we explored whether childhood BMI at age 7 years mediated the associations. Results Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in sons, and pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with earlier age at attaining all pubertal milestones in daughters. When combining all pubertal milestones, pre-pregnancy obesity [sons: −1.5 (−2.5, −0.4) months; daughters: −3.2 (−4.2, −2.1) months] and overweight [daughters only: −2.6 (−3.3, −1.8) months] were associated with earlier timing of puberty. The associations in sons were completely mediated by higher childhood BMI and partly so in daughters. Conclusions Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity appears to lower timing of puberty through childhood obesity in sons and mainly through other mechanisms in daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Statistics, UCLA College of Letters and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Brink Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Brix N, Lauridsen LLB, Ernst A, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Alcohol intake during pregnancy and timing of puberty in sons and daughters: A nationwide cohort study. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:35-42. [PMID: 31711902 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We explored whether maternal alcohol intake in early pregnancy is associated with pubertal timing in sons and daughters. In total, 15,819 children, born 2000-2003 within the Danish National Birth Cohort, gave half-yearly, self-reported information on pubertal development (Tanner stages, voice break, first ejaculation, menarche, acne, and axillary hair) from 11 years during 2012-2018. Information on maternal average alcohol intake in first trimester and binge drinking episodes (intake of ≥5 drinks on the same occasion) in first trimester was self-reported by mothers during pregnancy. Average alcohol intake of 5+ weekly drinks in first trimester was not associated with pubertal timing in sons (with no alcohol intake as the reference). A tendency towards earlier pubertal timing was observed in daughters (-2.0 (95 % confidence interval: -4.2, 0.3) months) when combining the estimates for all pubertal milestones. Binge drinking was not associated with pubertal timing in neither sons nor daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lea L B Lauridsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43- 45, DK-8200, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Tine B Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 103, DK-8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Cecilia H Ramlau-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Height and timing of growth spurt during puberty in young people living with vertically acquired HIV in Europe and Thailand. AIDS 2019; 33:1897-1910. [PMID: 31274534 PMCID: PMC6738540 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe growth during puberty in young people with vertically acquired HIV.
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Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Parner ET, Arah OA, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking in pregnancy, and alcohol intake in pregnancy in relation to pubertal timing in the children. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:338. [PMID: 31526385 PMCID: PMC6745800 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier pubertal timing has been observed in many countries. We aimed to explore if prenatal exposure to maternal obesity, smoking, and alcohol intake was associated with timing of puberty by use of a novel marker of pubertal timing: ‘the height difference in standard deviations’ (HD:SDS). Methods HD:SDS is the difference between pubertal height in standard deviations and adult height in standard deviations, and it correlates well with age at peak height velocity. Pubertal height was measured by health care professionals at approximately 13 years in boys and 11 years in girls, and the children’s adult height was predicted from parental height reported by the mothers during pregnancy. Information on HD:SDS was available for 42,849 of 56,641 eligible boys and girls from the Danish National Birth Cohort born 2000–2003. In a subsample, HD:SDS was validated against age at the following self-reported pubertal milestones: Tanner stages, menarche, first ejaculation, voice break, acne, and axillary hair. Prenatal exposures were reported by mothers during pregnancy. Results HD:SDS correlated moderately with the pubertal milestones considered (correlation coefficients: − 0.20 to − 0.53). With normal weight (body mass index (BMI): 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) as the reference, maternal pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI: 30.0+ kg/m2) was associated with earlier pubertal timing: 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 0.28) higher HD:SDS in boys and 0.19 (95% CI, 0.14, 0.24) higher HD:SDS in girls. Maternal smoking was not associated with pubertal timing. Compared to alcohol abstainers, maternal intake of > 3 units of alcohol weekly was associated with later puberty in boys only: 0.14 (95% CI, 0.05, 0.24) lower HD:SDS. Conclusion As correlations between HD:SDS and the considered pubertal milestones were comparable to those reported in the literature between age a peak height velocity and the considered pubertal milestones, the validity of HD:SDS seems acceptable. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with earlier pubertal timing in both sexes, and maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy was associated with later pubertal timing in boys. Maternal smoking has been linked to earlier timing of puberty, but this was not replicated in our setting using HD:SDS as a marker of pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Lea Lykke Braskhøj Lauridsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erik Thorlund Parner
- Department of Public Health, Section for Biostatistics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.,Department of Statistics, UCLA College of Letters and Science, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1554, USA
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Brink Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Høst Ramlau-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Brix N, Arah OA, Olsen J, Parner ET, Nybo Andersen AM, Olsen LH, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Pubertal development after unintended intrauterine exposure to oral contraceptives: a nationwide cohort study. Fertil Steril 2019; 112:552-561.e2. [PMID: 31311623 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the associations between exposure to oral contraceptives before conception and early in pregnancy and pubertal timing in boys and girls. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Overall, 15,800 children (70%) born during 2000-2003 into the Danish National Birth Cohort were categorized according to maternal use of combined oral contraceptive pills or progestin-only pills reported around gestational week 17: no exposure (reference), exposure 4 months before conception, and exposure in early pregnancy. Children self-assessed pubertal status using Web-based questionnaires from 11 years and biannually throughout puberty. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Adjusted mean age differences (months) for attaining individual pubertal milestones and overall pubertal timing. Proportion mediated by prepubertal body mass index. RESULT(S) In boys, intrauterine exposure to oral contraceptives showed a tendency toward slightly earlier mean age for voice break (months, -3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] -6.5, -1.0) and first ejaculation (months, -2.9; 95% CI -5.9, 0.1) and a mean difference of -1.4 months (95% CI -3.3, 0.4) for overall pubertal timing. Girls with intrauterine exposure tended to have slightly earlier age at menarche (months, -1.9; 95% CI -4.0, 0.3) and Tanner breast stages and had a mean difference of -0.9 months (95% CI -2.7, 1.0) for overall pubertal timing. Exposure before conception was not associated with pubertal timing. Prepubertal body mass index did not play a mediating role. CONCLUSION(S) This study shows some evidence that intrauterine exposure to oral contraceptives might slightly affect pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ernst
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.
| | - Lea L B Lauridsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nis Brix
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California; Department of Statistics, UCLA College of Letters and Science, Los Angeles, California; Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik T Parner
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H Olsen
- Section for Paediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wagner IV, Yango P, Svechnikov K, Tran ND, Söder O. Adipocytokines may delay pubertal maturation of human Sertoli cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1395-1400. [PMID: 31056083 DOI: 10.1071/rd18487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an important target of obesity complications, including adverse effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Adipocytokines are key mediators in various complications of obesity. Our aim was to study the potential of adipocytokines to affect Sertoli cell function, which is crucial for spermatogenesis, and possibly link these findings to the observed attenuation of spermatogenesis in obese males. Testicular biopsies were obtained from healthy donors. Highly purified adult human Sertoli cells (HSCs) were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cells were cultured and exposed to different concentrations of adipocytokines (10-1000ngmL-1 ) for 2-7 days. Expression of selected Sertoli cell genes was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Long-term treatment (7 days) of HSCs with higher concentrations of chemerin, irisin, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), resistin and progranulin significantly suppressed FSH receptor expression (by 79%, 83%, 64%, 71% and 26% respectively; P P invitro , may negatively affect Sertoli cell maturation and retain these cells in a more prepubertal stage. This could negatively affect testis function and add to fertility problems in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Wagner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; and Corresponding author
| | - P Yango
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Svechnikov
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N D Tran
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA 94143, USA
| | - O Söder
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Szmodis M, Szmodis I, Farkas A, Mészáros Z, Mészáros J, Kemper HCG. The Relationship between Body Fat Percentage and Some Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Characteristics in Pre- and Peripubertal Boys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1170. [PMID: 30939794 PMCID: PMC6480244 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to compare anthropometric and physical fitness indicators of boys of the same chronical age but with different fat percentages. Subjects were Hungarian boys aged 9⁻13 years (N = 6919). Anthropometry was measured according the guidelines of the International Biological Program. Relative body fat was estimated by Drinkwater⁻Ross's method (1980); Conrad's growth type of physique was also estimated (1963). Physical fitness was tested with 30 m dash (s), standing long jump (cm), fistball throw (m), and 1200 m run (s). Subjects of each cohort were grouped into seven subgroups with fat percentage ranges of 4%. Differences between subgroups were tested by one-way ANOVA. In the case of a significant F-test, Tukey's post-hoc tests were used. The level of effective random error was set at 5% in all significance tests (p < 0.05). Except for the three groups with low fat percentages, values of body weight, stature, body mass index, and plastic and metric indexes were significantly higher; results of 30 m, 1200 m running, and standing long jump were worse in all groups with higher fat percentages. An interesting finding of the current study is that body fat percentage also influenced the physical fitness of non-overweight and obese children as well when using merely the 4% ranges in grouping by fatness. The lower the fat the better the physical fitness was in this sample of pre- and peripubertal boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Szmodis
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
| | - Iván Szmodis
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
| | - Anna Farkas
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Mészáros
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
| | - János Mészáros
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
| | - Han C G Kemper
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
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Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Parner ET, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Timing of Puberty in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:47-56. [PMID: 30239589 PMCID: PMC6321801 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because early puberty has been linked to diseases later in life, identification of modifiable causes of early puberty is of interest. We explored the possible associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and pubertal development in sons and daughters. Between 2012 and 2017, 15,819 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, born during 2000-2003, provided half-yearly information on puberty from the age of 11 years. We estimated adjusted age differences (in months) at attaining various pubertal milestones, including Tanner stages, per 10 daily cigarettes smoked in the first trimester of gestation. In sons, exposure to smoking in utero was associated with earlier genital development (Tanner 2, -1.3 months, 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.5, 0.0; Tanner 5, -3.7 months, 95% CI: -5.3, -2.0), pubic hair development (Tanner 2, -1.8 months, 95% CI: -2.9, -0.6; Tanner 5, -2.9 months, 95% CI: -4.2, -1.7), and voice break (-2.4 months, 95% CI: -3.6, -1.3). In daughters, maternal smoking was associated with earlier breast development (Tanner 2, -3.4 months, 95% CI: -5.3, -1.5; Tanner 5, -4.7 months, 95% CI: -6.5, -2.9), pubic hair development stages 3-5 (Tanner 5, -2.5 months, 95% CI: -4.1, -1.0), and menarche (-3.1 months, 95% CI: -4.0, -2.3). Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke might advance timing of puberty in boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lea L B Lauridsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik T Parner
- Department of Public Health, Section for Biostatistics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tine B Henriksen
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Brix N, Ernst A, Lauridsen LLB, Parner E, Støvring H, Olsen J, Henriksen TB, Ramlau‐Hansen CH. Timing of puberty in boys and girls: A population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2019; 33:70-78. [PMID: 30307620 PMCID: PMC6378593 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A secular trend towards earlier puberty has been observed in girls, while a similar trend has been more uncertain in boys. We estimated current ages at pubertal development in both boys and girls. METHODS In this population-based cohort study, 14 759 of 22 439 invited boys and girls born from 2000 to 2003 in the Danish National Birth Cohort gave half-yearly self-reported information on puberty from the age of 11.5 years and throughout puberty. This late start of follow-up limits the estimation of age at onset of puberty but not later pubertal milestones. We estimated mean age at attaining the following pubertal milestones in years with 95% confidence intervals (CI): age at menarche, voice break, first ejaculation of semen and Tanner stages for pubic hair development and breast development or genital development. Further, the difference in mean age at menarche between mothers and daughters was estimated. RESULTS In boys, voice break occurred at 13.1 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years, first ejaculation of semen occurred at 13.4 (95% CI 13.3, 13.4) years, and Tanner Genital Stage 5 occurred at 15.6 (95% CI 15.5, 15.6) years. In girls, age at menarche occurred at 13.0 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years and Tanner Breast Stage 5 occurred at 15.8 (95% CI 15.7, 15.9) years. Daughters had menarche 3.6 (95% CI 3.1, 4.2) months earlier than their mothers had. CONCLUSION These data indicate that age at menarche has declined and to some extent support a decline in age at attaining other markers of pubertal development among boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Section for EpidemiologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Department of EpidemiologyFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Section for EpidemiologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Department of EpidemiologyFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Erik Parner
- Department of Public Health, Section for BiostatisticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Department of Public Health, Section for BiostatisticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of EpidemiologyFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Department of Clinical EpidemiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Tine Brink Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research UnitDepartment of PaediatricsAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
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40
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Body height and age at menarche of girls from eastern Poland in the period of political transformation. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biological state of a group of people or particular individuals in various phases of ontogenesis should be treated as a positive health measure. The aim of the study was to assess the directions of changes in body height and age at menarche of girls from eastern Poland in the years 1986-2016. The data regarding 30784 students aged 10-16 living in towns and villages of the eastern parts of such regions as Podkarpackie, Lubelskie, Podlaskie, Warminsko-mazurskie and, to a slight extent, Mazowieckie were used in the study. Body height was measured and information concerning the place of living and age at menarche (yes-no) was gathered during interviews. Acceleration of body height and age at menarche was observed in girls from the east of Poland in the period of political transformation and after European Union (EU) accession, while the level of secular trends was connected with the pace of changes in the environment. Biological effects of the EU preservation of Polish agriculture and particular care of the eastern provinces of Poland reduced developmental differences between these provinces and other regions of Poland. Moreover, in the analysed period of three decades (1986-2016), the disappearance of differences in body height and age at menarche between the inhabitants of rural and urban areas was noted, which indicates larger positive socio-economic changes in the countryside. In turn, greater body height was noted in non-menstruating girls compared to their menstruating counterparts. However, in subsequent observations, smaller differences between these groups were observed.
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Brener A, Bello R, Lebenthal Y, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M, Shalitin S. The Impact of Adolescent Obesity on Adult Height. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:237-243. [PMID: 28715814 DOI: 10.1159/000478697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a major health concern. Excess adiposity during childhood affects growth and puberty. Our aim was to assess whether genetic adult height is compromised in adolescents with obesity. METHODS In a retrospective study of 190 obese patients followed at our Pediatric Endocrinology Institute, adult height and delta height (the difference between adult height and mid-parental height) were compared to those of 150 healthy age-matched normal-weight controls. Review of medical files yielded the relevant clinical and anthropometric data of patients, controls, and parents. RESULTS Of the 190 obese adolescents, 150 were morbidly obese. The median adult height of morbidly obese males was 174.3 cm, of obese males 174 cm, and of normal-weight males 176 cm (p = 0.025). Delta height of morbidly obese males was -0.5 cm, of obese males -0.8 cm, and of normal-weight males, 3 cm (p < 0.0001). The median adult height of morbidly obese females was 161.3 cm, of obese females 162.8 cm, and of normal-weight females 162 cm (p = 0.37). Delta height of morbidly obese females was -1.85 cm, of obese females -0.95 cm, and of normal-weight females 0.7 cm (p = 0.019). Impairment of potential genetic height was not associated with obesity-related comorbidities. CONCLUSION Adolescents with obesity showed impairment of potential genetic adult height as compared to that of normal-weight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avivit Brener
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Rachel Bello
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yael Lebenthal
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomit Shalitin
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Shalitin S, Kiess W. Putative Effects of Obesity on Linear Growth and Puberty
. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:101-110. [PMID: 28183093 DOI: 10.1159/000455968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major public health problem that has grown to epidemic proportions throughout the world. Obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The nutritional status plays an important role in growth and body weight regulation. Excess adiposity during childhood can affect the process of growth and puberty. Obese children are frequently tall for their age, with accelerated epiphyseal growth plate maturation despite low growth hormone levels. Several regulatory hormones may affect the process of linear growth in the constellation of obesity, as high levels of insulin and leptin are observed in obese children. Leptin can act as a skeletal growth factor, with a direct effect on skeletal growth centers. The finding that overweight children, especially girls, tend to mature earlier than lean children has led to the hypothesis that the degree of body fatness may trigger the neuroendocrine events that lead to the onset of puberty. Leptin receptors have been identified in the hypothalamus, as well as in gonadotrope cells, ovarian follicular cells, and Leydig cells. The increased leptin and androgen levels seen in obese children may be implicated in their earlier onset of puberty and accelerated pubertal growth. This review is focused on the interaction between childhood obesity and growth and pubertal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Shalitin
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Hospitals, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Lawn RB, Lawlor DA, Fraser A. Associations Between Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain and Daughter's Age at Menarche: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:677-686. [PMID: 29020129 PMCID: PMC5888997 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier puberty and menarche are associated with adverse health outcomes. Reported associations of maternal adiposity with daughter’s age at menarche are inconsistent. We examined associations between maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) and gestational weight gain (GWG) and daughter’s ages at menarche (n = 3,935 mother-offspring pairs), pubarche (Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair) (n = 2,942 pairs), and thelarche (Tanner stage 2 for breast development) (n = 2,942 pairs) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective United Kingdom pregnancy cohort study (baseline 1991–1992). During a follow-up period of up to 17 years (1991–2008), mean menarcheal age was 12.6 (standard deviation, 1.2) years. Both maternal prepregnancy BMI and GWG were inversely associated with daughter’s age at menarche after adjustment for maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, smoking, maternal menarcheal age, and ethnicity (mean differences were −0.34 months (95% confidence interval: −0.45, −0.22) per BMI unit and −0.17 months (95% confidence interval: −0.26, −0.07) per kg, respectively). Associations remained unchanged after adjustment for birth weight and gestational age but were attenuated to the null when results were adjusted for daughter’s prepubertal BMI. Similar results were found for ages at pubarche and thelarche. These findings indicate that greater prepregnancy BMI and GWG are associated with earlier puberty in daughters and that these associations are mediated by daughters’ prepubertal BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Lawn
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Park J, Hwang TH, Kim YD, Han HS. Longitudinal follow-up to near final height of auxological changes in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and grouped by pretreatment body mass index level. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 23:14-20. [PMID: 29609441 PMCID: PMC5894564 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2018.23.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reported changes in body mass index (BMI) in central precocious puberty (CPP) during and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) treatment are inconsistent. We, therefore, investigated auxological parameters in GnRHa-treated girls with idiopathic CPP (ICPP) until attainment of near final height (NFH). METHODS From the medical records of 59 ICPP girls who attained NFH after GnRHa therapy, auxological changes were compared between overweight (BMI≥85th percentile) and normal-weight (BMI<85th percentile) groups. BMIs were changed into standard deviation scores (BMISDSs) for subject chronologic age (BMISDS-CA) and bone age (BMISDS-BA). RESULTS The incidence of overweight including obesity was high at the start of therapy (35.6%). The predicted adult height (PAH) at start of therapy was significantly shorter than the midparental height (MPH), whereas PAH at end of therapy approached MPH, and NFH was greater than MPH. Height velocity (HV) in the overweight group was higher during GnRHa therapy than that in the normal-weight group, but those in the two groups were not different after therapy until NFH. Both BMISDS-CA and BMISDS-BA increased significantly during therapy, but both BMISDSs decreased significantly after therapy until NFH. At NFH, neither BMISDS was different from that at baseline. In the normal-weight group, both BMISDSs increased during therapy and were maintained until NFH. In the overweight group, neither BMISDS changed during therapy, but there was a decrease after therapy until NFH. CONCLUSIONS The different patterns of BMISDS change during and after GnRHa therapy until NFH between the 2 groups were related to the different HV during GnRHa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Heon-Seok Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea,Address for correspondence: Heon-Seok Han, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-2545 Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowongu, Cheongju 28644, Korea Tel: +82-43-269-6370 Fax: +82-43-264-6620 E-mail:
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Qasim A, Turcotte M, de Souza RJ, Samaan MC, Champredon D, Dushoff J, Speakman JR, Meyre D. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. Obes Rev 2018; 19:121-149. [PMID: 29144594 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Qasim
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Turcotte
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M C Samaan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Champredon
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Dushoff
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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46
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Timing of spermarche and menarche among urban students in Guangzhou, China: trends from 2005 to 2012 and association with Obesity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:263. [PMID: 29321542 PMCID: PMC5762656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Guangzhou, China, whether the trend of a decreasing pubertal age has continued in recent years remained unknown, and the association between obesity and early puberty was still controversial. Herein, we conducted a serial cross-sectional study using data from physical fitness surveillance (2005–2012), to determine the recent trends in age at spermarche and menarche among students in Guangzhou, and to investigate whether elevated BMI modified timing of spermarche and menarche. This study included 1,278,258 urban students. In boys, no significant differences were observed in median ages of spermarche (MAS) from 2005 to 2012, with overlapping 95% CIs. Similar results were observed for median ages of menarche (MAM) in girls. The Cox-Stuart trend test showed neither upward nor downward shift in MAS and MAM over time (P = 0.625; 1.000). Each year, both MAS and MAM decreased with increasing BMI. Furthermore, a higher BMI was associated with early age at spermarche and menarche, with ORs of 1.052 (95% CI = 1.045–1.059) and 1.233 (95% CI = 1.220–1.247) in 2012 for boys and girls, respectively. In conclusion, the pubertal timing has been stable in urban students from 2005 to 2012. Furthermore, obesity was associated with early timing of spermarche and menarche.
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47
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Buhler K, Clements J, Winant M, Bolckmans L, Vulsteke V, Callaerts P. Growth control through regulation of insulin-signaling by nutrition-activated steroid hormone in Drosophila. Development 2018; 145:dev.165654. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.165654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth and maturation are coordinated processes in all animals. Integration of internal cues, such as signalling pathways, with external cues such as nutritional status is paramount for an orderly progression of development in function of growth. In Drosophila, this involves insulin and steroid signalling, but the underlying mechanisms and their coordination are incompletely understood. We show that bioactive 20-hydroxyecdysone production by the enzyme Shade in the fat body is a nutrient-dependent process. We demonstrate that under fed conditions, Shade plays a role in growth control. We identify the trachea and the insulin-producing cells in the brain as direct targets through which 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates insulin-signaling. The identification of the trachea-dependent regulation of insulin-signaling exposes an important variable that may have been overlooked in other studies focusing on insulin-signaling in Drosophila. Our findings provide a potentially conserved, novel mechanism by which nutrition can modulate steroid hormone bioactivation, reveal an important caveat of a commonly used transgenic tool to study IPC function and yield further insights as to how steroid and insulin signalling are coordinated during development to regulate growth and developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buhler
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason Clements
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mattias Winant
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lenz Bolckmans
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vulsteke
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Juul F, Chang VW, Brar P, Parekh N. Birth weight, early life weight gain and age at menarche: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1272-1288. [PMID: 28872224 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adiposity in pre- and postnatal life may influence menarcheal age. Existing evidence is primarily cross-sectional, failing to address temporality, for which the role of adiposity in early life remains unclear. The current study sought to systematically review longitudinal studies evaluating the associations between birth weight and infant/childhood weight status/weight gain in relation to menarcheal age. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health (Ovid) and CINAHL were systematically searched. Selected studies were limited to English-language articles presenting multi-variable analyses. Seventeen studies reporting risk estimates for birth weight (n = 3), infant/childhood weight gain/weight status (n = 4) or both (n = 10), in relation to menarcheal age were included. RESULTS Lower vs. higher birth weight was associated with earlier menarche in nine studies and later menarche in one study, while three studies reported a null association. Greater BMI or weight gain over time and greater childhood weight were significantly associated with earlier menarche in nine of nine and six of seven studies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Studies suggested that lower birth weight and higher body weight and weight gain in infancy and childhood may increase the risk of early menarche. The pre- and postnatal period may thus be an opportune time for weight control interventions to prevent early menarche, and its subsequent consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Juul
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - V W Chang
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Brar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Parekh
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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49
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Li NC, Wei XX, Hu YL, Hou X, Xu H. Aerobic exercise blocks interleukin-6 levels and germ cell apoptosis in obese rats. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28776758 DOI: 10.1111/and.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of a high-fat diet and aerobic exercise intervention and its related mechanism on rat germ cell apoptosis. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, high-fat diet group, control exercise group and high-fat exercise group. Rats were fed with high-fat diet or were given weight-free swimming. The levels of TG, TC, HDL, LDL and IL-6 in serum of rats were measured. The body weight, body length and inguinal fat weight were measured to calculate the Lee's index and lipid/body weight ratio. The expression of IL-6 mRNA in inguinal fat and IL-6R,Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA in testis was detected by RT-PCR. The morphological structure of testis was observed, and the Johnsen's ten-point score was calculated by HE staining, and the germ cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL method. We got from the experimental results: a high-fat diet induces obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, alters testis morphological structure and increases germ cell apoptosis in rats. Aerobic exercise improves the lipid metabolism disorder and interferes with germ cell apoptosis by reducing interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-C Li
- College of Physical Education of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - X-X Wei
- College of Physical Education of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Y-L Hu
- College of Physical Education of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - X Hou
- Tongshan Middle School of Jiangning District, Nanjing, China
| | - H Xu
- Sports Science Research Institute, Zhenjiang, China
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50
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Sun Y, Mensah FK, Azzopardi P, Patton GC, Wake M. Childhood Social Disadvantage and Pubertal Timing: A National Birth Cohort From Australia. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-4099. [PMID: 28562276 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Early pubertal timing is linked with a range of adverse health outcomes later. Given recent trends of earlier pubertal maturation, there is growing interest in the factors influencing pubertal timing. Socioeconomic disadvantage has been previously linked with reproductive strategies later in life. In this study, we aim to determine the association between cumulative social disadvantages in early life and early puberty in a population-based birth cohort. METHODS Data are from the B (baby) cohort of The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Children (n = 5107) were aged 0 to 1 years when recruited in 2004 and 10 to 11 years (n = 3764) at Wave 6 in 2015. Household socioeconomic position (SEP) and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage were collected at all 6 waves. Trajectories of disadvantage were identified through latent class models. Early puberty at Wave 6 was assessed from parental reports using an adaptation of the Pubertal Development Scale. RESULTS Cumulative exposure to extremely unfavorable household SEP in boys independently predicted a fourfold increase (odds ratio = 4.22, 95% confidence interval 2.27-7.86) in the rate of early puberty. In girls, the increase was twofold (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.08-3.56). We found no effect from neighborhood disadvantage once family SEP was taken into account. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative exposure to household socioeconomic disadvantage in early life predicts earlier pubertal timing in both boys and girls. This may represent 1 mechanism underpinning associations between early life disadvantage and poor health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; .,Centre for Adolescent Health
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, and.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Peter Azzopardi
- Centre for Adolescent Health.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Melissa Wake
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,Centre for Community Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics and the Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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