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Motsinger-Reif AA, Reif DM, Akhtari FS, House JS, Campbell CR, Messier KP, Fargo DC, Bowen TA, Nadadur SS, Schmitt CP, Pettibone KG, Balshaw DM, Lawler CP, Newton SA, Collman GW, Miller AK, Merrick BA, Cui Y, Anchang B, Harmon QE, McAllister KA, Woychik R. Gene-environment interactions within a precision environmental health framework. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100591. [PMID: 38925123 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease etiology and the role of gene-environment interactions (GEIs) across human development stages is important. We review the state of GEI research, including challenges in measuring environmental factors and advantages of GEI analysis in understanding disease mechanisms. We discuss the evolution of GEI studies from candidate gene-environment studies to genome-wide interaction studies (GWISs) and the role of multi-omics in mediating GEI effects. We review advancements in GEI analysis methods and the importance of large-scale datasets. We also address the translation of GEI findings into precision environmental health (PEH), showcasing real-world applications in healthcare and disease prevention. Additionally, we highlight societal considerations in GEI research, including environmental justice, the return of results to participants, and data privacy. Overall, we underscore the significance of GEI for disease prediction and prevention and advocate for integrating the exposome into PEH omics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - David M Reif
- Predictive Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Farida S Akhtari
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John S House
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Ryan Campbell
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyle P Messier
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Predictive Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Fargo
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tiffany A Bowen
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Srikanth S Nadadur
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles P Schmitt
- Office of the Scientific Director, Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristianna G Pettibone
- Program Analysis Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M Balshaw
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cindy P Lawler
- Genes, Environment, and Health Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shelia A Newton
- Office of Scientific Coordination, Planning and Evaluation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gwen W Collman
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA; Office of Scientific Coordination, Planning and Evaluation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aubrey K Miller
- Office of Scientific Coordination, Planning and Evaluation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B Alex Merrick
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Exposure, Response, and Technology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benedict Anchang
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Quaker E Harmon
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly A McAllister
- Genes, Environment, and Health Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rick Woychik
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Francis M, Westerman KE, Manning AK, Ye K. Gene-vegetarianism interactions in calcium, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and testosterone identified in genome-wide analysis across 30 biomarkers. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011288. [PMID: 38990837 PMCID: PMC11239071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the associations of vegetarianism with metabolic biomarkers using traditional and genetic epidemiology. First, we addressed inconsistencies in self-reported vegetarianism among UK Biobank participants by utilizing data from two dietary surveys to find a cohort of strict European vegetarians (N = 2,312). Vegetarians were matched 1:4 with nonvegetarians for non-genetic association analyses, revealing significant effects of vegetarianism in 15 of 30 biomarkers. Cholesterol measures plus vitamin D were significantly lower in vegetarians, while triglycerides were higher. A genome-wide association study revealed no genome-wide significant (GWS; 5×10-8) associations with vegetarian behavior. We performed genome-wide gene-vegetarianism interaction analyses for the biomarkers, and detected a GWS interaction impacting calcium at rs72952628 (P = 4.47×10-8). rs72952628 is in MMAA, a B12 metabolic pathway gene; B12 has major deficiency potential in vegetarians. Gene-based interaction tests revealed two significant genes, RNF168 in testosterone (P = 1.45×10-6) and DOCK4 in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P = 6.76×10-7), which have previously been associated with testicular and renal traits, respectively. These nutrigenetic findings indicate genotype can modify the associations between vegetarianism and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Francis
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Westerman
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alisa K. Manning
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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3
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Yang Q, Cheng C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao J. Interaction between Risk Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Developmental Dyslexia and Parental Education on Reading Ability: Evidence for Differential Susceptibility Theory. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:507. [PMID: 38920839 PMCID: PMC11201191 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
While genetic and environmental factors have been shown as predictors of children's reading ability, the interaction effects of identified genetic risk susceptibility and the specified environment for reading ability have rarely been investigated. The current study assessed potential gene-environment (G×E) interactions on reading ability in 1477 school-aged children. The gene-environment interactions on character recognition were investigated by an exploratory analysis between the risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were discovered by previous genome-wide association studies of developmental dyslexia (DD), and parental education (PE). The re-parameterized regression analysis suggested that this G×E interaction conformed to the strong differential susceptibility model. The results showed that rs281238 exhibits a significant interaction with PE on character recognition. Children with the "T" genotype profited from high PE, whereas they performed worse in low PE environments, but "CC" genotype children were not malleable in different PE environments. This study provided initial evidence for how the significant SNPs in developmental dyslexia GWA studies affect children's reading performance by interacting with the environmental factor of parental education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang’an Road, Xi’an 710062, China; (Q.Y.); (C.C.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.)
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Deng T, Li K, Du L, Liang M, Qian L, Xue Q, Qiu S, Xu L, Zhang L, Gao X, Lan X, Li J, Gao H. Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Interaction Analysis Identifies Novel Candidate Variants for Growth Traits in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1695. [PMID: 38891742 PMCID: PMC11171348 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex traits are widely considered to be the result of a compound regulation of genes, environmental factors, and genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E). The inclusion of G × E in genome-wide association analyses is essential to understand animal environmental adaptations and improve the efficiency of breeding decisions. Here, we systematically investigated the G × E of growth traits (including weaning weight, yearling weight, 18-month body weight, and 24-month body weight) with environmental factors (farm and temperature) using genome-wide genotype-by-environment interaction association studies (GWEIS) with a dataset of 1350 cattle. We validated the robust estimator's effectiveness in GWEIS and detected 29 independent interacting SNPs with a significance threshold of 1.67 × 10-6, indicating that these SNPs, which do not show main effects in traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS), may have non-additive effects across genotypes but are obliterated by environmental means. The gene-based analysis using MAGMA identified three genes that overlapped with the GEWIS results exhibiting G × E, namely SMAD2, PALMD, and MECOM. Further, the results of functional exploration in gene-set analysis revealed the bio-mechanisms of how cattle growth responds to environmental changes, such as mitotic or cytokinesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, neurotransmitter activity, gap junction, and keratan sulfate degradation. This study not only reveals novel genetic loci and underlying mechanisms influencing growth traits but also transforms our understanding of environmental adaptation in beef cattle, thereby paving the way for more targeted and efficient breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Deng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Keanning Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lili Du
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Mang Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Li Qian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Qingqing Xue
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Shiyuan Qiu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.D.); (K.L.); (L.D.); (M.L.); (L.Q.); (Q.X.); (S.Q.); (L.X.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
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Laxmi, Golmei P, Srivastava S, Kumar S. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based biomarker in primary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176584. [PMID: 38621507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Primary hypertension is a multiplex and multifactorial disease influenced by various strong components including genetics. Extensive research such as Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies have revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to hypertension, providing insights into the genetic basis of the condition. This review summarizes the current status of SNP research in primary hypertension, including examples of hypertension-related SNPs, their location, function, and frequency in different populations. The potential clinical implications of SNP research for primary hypertension management are also discussed, including disease risk prediction, personalized medicine, mechanistic understanding, and lifestyle modifications. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and methodologies that have the potential to revolutionize the vast understanding of the basis of genetics in primary hypertension. Gene editing holds the potential to target and correct any kind of genetic mutations that contribute to the development of hypertension or modify genes involved in blood pressure regulation to prevent or treat the condition. Advances in computational biology and machine learning enable researchers to analyze large datasets and identify complex genetic interactions contributing to hypertension risk. In conclusion, SNP research in primary hypertension is rapidly evolving with emerging technologies and methodologies that have the potential to transform the knowledge about genetic basis related to the condition. These advances hold promise for personalized prevention and treatment strategies tailored to an individual's genetic profile ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Pougang Golmei
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, M B Road, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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6
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Herrera-Luis E, Benke K, Volk H, Ladd-Acosta C, Wojcik GL. Gene-environment interactions in human health. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00731-z. [PMID: 38806721 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions (G × E), the interplay of genetic variation with environmental factors, have a pivotal impact on human complex traits and diseases. Statistically, G × E can be assessed by determining the deviation from expectation of predictive models based solely on the phenotypic effects of genetics or environmental exposures. Despite the unprecedented, widespread and diverse use of G × E analytical frameworks, heterogeneity in their application and reporting hinders their applicability in public health. In this Review, we discuss study design considerations as well as G × E analytical frameworks to assess polygenic liability dependent on the environment, to identify specific genetic variants exhibiting G × E, and to characterize environmental context for these dynamics. We conclude with recommendations to address the most common challenges and pitfalls in the conceptualization, methodology and reporting of G × E studies, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Herrera-Luis
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Benke
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Volk
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhu G, Wen Y, Cao K, He S, Wang T. A review of common statistical methods for dealing with multiple pollutant mixtures and multiple exposures. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1377685. [PMID: 38784575 PMCID: PMC11113012 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional environmental epidemiology has consistently focused on studying the impact of single exposures on specific health outcomes, considering concurrent exposures as variables to be controlled. However, with the continuous changes in environment, humans are increasingly facing more complex exposures to multi-pollutant mixtures. In this context, accurately assessing the impact of multi-pollutant mixtures on health has become a central concern in current environmental research. Simultaneously, the continuous development and optimization of statistical methods offer robust support for handling large datasets, strengthening the capability to conduct in-depth research on the effects of multiple exposures on health. In order to examine complicated exposure mixtures, we introduce commonly used statistical methods and their developments, such as weighted quantile sum, bayesian kernel machine regression, toxic equivalency analysis, and others. Delineating their applications, advantages, weaknesses, and interpretability of results. It also provides guidance for researchers involved in studying multi-pollutant mixtures, aiding them in selecting appropriate statistical methods and utilizing R software for more accurate and comprehensive assessments of the impact of multi-pollutant mixtures on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Zhu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanchao Wen
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Simin He
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
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8
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Durvasula A, Price AL. Distinct explanations underlie gene-environment interactions in the UK Biobank. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.09.22.23295969. [PMID: 37790574 PMCID: PMC10543037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.23295969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of gene-environment (GxE) interaction in disease and complex trait architectures is widely hypothesized, but currently unknown. Here, we apply three statistical approaches to quantify and distinguish three different types of GxE interaction for a given trait and E variable. First, we detect locus-specific GxE interaction by testing for genetic correlation r g < 1 across E bins. Second, we detect genome-wide effects of the E variable on genetic variance by leveraging polygenic risk scores (PRS) to test for significant PRSxE in a regression of phenotypes on PRS, E, and PRSxE, together with differences in SNP-heritability across E bins. Third, we detect genome-wide proportional amplification of genetic and environmental effects as a function of the E variable by testing for significant PRSxE with no differences in SNP-heritability across E bins. Simulations show that these approaches achieve high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing these three GxE scenarios. We applied our framework to 33 UK Biobank traits (25 quantitative traits and 8 diseases; average N = 325 K ) and 10 E variables spanning lifestyle, diet, and other environmental exposures. First, we identified 19 trait-E pairs with r g significantly < 1 (FDR<5%) (average r g = 0.95 ); for example, white blood cell count had r g = 0.95 (s.e. 0.01) between smokers and non-smokers. Second, we identified 28 trait-E pairs with significant PRSxE and significant SNP-heritability differences across E bins; for example, BMI had a significant PRSxE for physical activity (P=4.6e-5) with 5% larger SNP-heritability in the largest versus smallest quintiles of physical activity (P=7e-4). Third, we identified 15 trait-E pairs with significant PRSxE with no SNP-heritability differences across E bins; for example, waist-hip ratio adjusted for BMI had a significant PRSxE effect for time spent watching television (P=5e-3) with no SNP-heritability differences. Across the three scenarios, 8 of the trait-E pairs involved disease traits, whose interpretation is complicated by scale effects. Analyses using biological sex as the E variable produced additional significant findings in each of the three scenarios. Overall, we infer a significant contribution of GxE and GxSex effects to complex trait and disease variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Durvasula
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Luo L, Mehrotra DV, Shen J, Tang ZZ. Multi-trait analysis of gene-by-environment interactions in large-scale genetic studies. Biostatistics 2024; 25:504-520. [PMID: 36897773 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is challenging because the GEI analysis generally has low power. Large-scale consortium-based studies are ultimately needed to achieve adequate power for identifying GEI. We introduce Multi-Trait Analysis of Gene-Environment Interactions (MTAGEI), a powerful, robust, and computationally efficient framework to test gene-environment interactions on multiple traits in large data sets, such as the UK Biobank (UKB). To facilitate the meta-analysis of GEI studies in a consortium, MTAGEI efficiently generates summary statistics of genetic associations for multiple traits under different environmental conditions and integrates the summary statistics for GEI analysis. MTAGEI enhances the power of GEI analysis by aggregating GEI signals across multiple traits and variants that would otherwise be difficult to detect individually. MTAGEI achieves robustness by combining complementary tests under a wide spectrum of genetic architectures. We demonstrate the advantages of MTAGEI over existing single-trait-based GEI tests through extensive simulation studies and the analysis of the whole exome sequencing data from the UKB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Devan V Mehrotra
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, PA 19454, USA
| | - Judong Shen
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Zheng-Zheng Tang
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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10
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Miao J, Wu Y, Lu Q. Statistical methods for gene-environment interaction analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS 2024; 16:e1635. [PMID: 38699459 PMCID: PMC11064894 DOI: 10.1002/wics.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Most human complex phenotypes result from multiple genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. Understanding the mechanisms by which genetic and environmental factors interact offers valuable insights into the genetic architecture of complex traits and holds great potential for advancing precision medicine. The emergence of large population biobanks has led to the development of numerous statistical methods aiming at identifying gene-environment interactions (G × E). In this review, we present state-of-the-art statistical methodologies for G × E analysis. We will survey a spectrum of approaches for single-variant G × E mapping, followed by various techniques for polygenic G × E analysis. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future directions and challenges in G × E research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Nowak B, Tomkowiak A, Sobiech A, Bocianowski J, Kowalczewski PŁ, Spychała J, Jamruszka T. Identification and Analysis of Candidate Genes Associated with Yield Structure Traits and Maize Yield Using Next-Generation Sequencing Technology. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:56. [PMID: 38254946 PMCID: PMC10815399 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The main challenge of agriculture in the 21st century is the continuous increase in food production. In addition to ensuring food security, the goal of modern agriculture is the continued development and production of plant-derived biomaterials. Conventional plant breeding methods do not allow breeders to achieve satisfactory results in obtaining new varieties in a short time. Currently, advanced molecular biology tools play a significant role worldwide, markedly contributing to biological progress. The aim of this study was to identify new markers linked to candidate genes determining grain yield. Next-generation sequencing, gene association, and physical mapping were used to identify markers. An additional goal was to also optimize diagnostic procedures to identify molecular markers on reference materials. As a result of the conducted research, 19 SNP markers significantly associated with yield structure traits in maize were identified. Five of these markers (28629, 28625, 28640, 28649, and 29294) are located within genes that can be considered candidate genes associated with yield traits. For two markers (28639 and 29294), different amplification products were obtained on the electrophorograms. For marker 28629, a specific product of 189 bp was observed for genotypes 1, 4, and 10. For marker 29294, a specific product of 189 bp was observed for genotypes 1 and 10. Both markers can be used for the preliminary selection of well-yielding genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Nowak
- Smolice Plant Breeding Ltd., IHAR Group, Smolice 146, 63-740 Kobylin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tomkowiak
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Sobiech
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Julia Spychała
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (T.J.)
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12
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Pan C, Liu L, Cheng S, Yang X, Meng P, Zhang N, He D, Chen Y, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Cheng B, Wen Y, Jia Y, Liu H, Zhang F. A multidimensional social risk atlas of depression and anxiety: An observational and genome-wide environmental interaction study. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04146. [PMID: 38063329 PMCID: PMC10704948 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental disorders are largely socially determined, yet the combined impact of multidimensional social factors on the two most common mental disorders, depression and anxiety, remains unclear. Methods We constructed a polysocial risk score (PsRS), a multidimensional social risk indicator including components from three domains: socioeconomic status, neighborhood and living environment and psychosocial factors. Supported by the UK Biobank cohort, we randomly divided 110 332 participants into the discovery cohort (60%; n = 66 200) and the replication cohort (40%; n = 44 134). We tested the associations between 13 single social factors with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) score, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD) score and self-reported depression and anxiety. The significant social factors were used to calculate PsRS for each mental disorder by considering weights from the multivariable linear model. Generalized linear models were applied to explore the association between PsRS and depression and anxiety. Genome-wide environmental interaction study (GWEIS) was further performed to test the effect of interactions between PsRS and SNPs on the risk of mental phenotypes. Results In the discovery cohort, PsRS was positively associated with PHQ score (β = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.35-0.38), GAD score (β = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.25-0.28), risk of self-reported depression (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.28-1.31) and anxiety (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.19-1.23). Similar results were observed in the replication cohort. Emotional stress, lack of social support and low household income were significantly associated with the development of depression and anxiety. GWEIS identified multiple candidate loci for PHQ score, such as rs149137169 (ST18) (Pdiscovery = 1.08 × 10-8, Preplication = 3.25 × 10-6) and rs3759812 (MYO9A) (Pdiscovery = 3.87 × 10-9, Preplication = 6.21 × 10-5). Additionally, seven loci were detected for GAD score, such as rs114006170 (TMPRSS11D) (Pdiscovery = 1.14 × 10-9, Preplication = 7.36 × 10-5) and rs77927903 (PIP4K2A) (Pdiscovery = 2.40 × 10-9, Preplication = 0.002). Conclusions Our findings reveal the positive effects of multidimensional social factors on the risk of depression and anxiety. It is important to address key social disadvantage in mental health promotion and treatment.
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He X, Lin C, Zhang F, Zhang S, Kang M, Wei S, Li H, Wang N, Li SM. Outdoor time influences VIPR2 polymorphism rs2071623 to regulate axial length in Han Chinese children. Mol Vis 2023; 29:266-273. [PMID: 38222453 PMCID: PMC10784227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical relevance Identification of individuals with a higher risk of developing refractive error under specific gene and environmental backgrounds, especially myopia, could enable more personalized myopic control advice for patients. Background Refractive error is a common disease that affects visual quality and ocular health worldwide. Its mechanisms have not been elaborated, although both genes and the environment are known to contribute to the process. Interactions between genes and the environment have been shown to exert effects on the onset of refractive error, especially myopia. Axial length elongation is the main characteristic of myopia development and could indicate the severity of myopia. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate the interaction between environmental factors and genetic markers of VIPR2 and their impact on spherical equivalence and axial length in a population of Han Chinese children. Methods A total of 1825 children aged 13~15 years in the Anyang Childhood Eye Study (ACES) were measured for cycloplegic autorefraction, axial length, and height. Saliva DNA was extracted for genotyping three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the candidate gene (VIPR2). The median outdoor time (2 h/day) was used to categorize children into high and low exposure groups, respectively. Genetic quality control and linear and logistic regressions were performed. Generalized multifactor dimensional reduction (GMDR) was used to investigate gene-environment interactions. Results There were 1391 children who passed genetic quality control. Rs2071623 of VIPR2 was associated with axial length (T allele, β=-0.11 se=0.04 p=0.006), while SNP nominally interacted with outdoor time (T allele, β=-0.17 se=0.08 p=0.029). Rs2071623 in children with high outdoor exposure had a significant interaction effect on axial length (p=0.0007, β=-0.19 se=0.056) compared to children with low outdoor exposure. GMDR further suggested the existence of an interaction effect between outdoor time and rs2071623. Conclusions Rs2071623 within VIPR2 could interact with outdoor time in Han Chinese children. More outdoor exposure could enhance the protective effect of the T allele on axial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Lin
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchuan Zhang
- School of Mathematics Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Sanguo Zhang
- School of Mathematics Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Mengtian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifei Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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He X, Li SM. Gene-environment interaction in myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1438-1448. [PMID: 37486033 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is a health issue that has attracted global attention due to its high prevalence and vision-threatening complications. It is well known that the onset and progression of myopia are related to both genetic and environmental factors: more than 450 common genetic loci have been found to be associated with myopia, while near work and outdoor time are the main environmental risk factors. As for many complex traits, gene-environment interactions are implicated in myopia development. To date, several genetic loci have been found to interact with near work or educational level. Gene-environment interaction research on myopia could yield models that provide more accurate risk predictions, thus improving targeted treatments and preventive strategies. Additionally, such investigations might have the potential to reveal novel genetic information. In this review, we summarised the findings in this field and proposed some topics for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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Djabali Y, Rincent R, Martin ML, Blein-Nicolas M. Plasticity QTLs specifically contribute to the genotype × water availability interaction in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:228. [PMID: 37855950 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Multi-trial genome wide association study of plasticity indices allow to detect QTLs specifically involved in the genotype x water availability interaction. Concerns regarding high maize yield losses due to increasing occurrences of drought events are growing, and breeders are still looking for molecular markers for drought tolerance. However, the genetic determinism of traits in response to drought is highly complex and identification of causal regions is a tremendous task. Here, we exploit the phenotypic data obtained from four trials carried out on a phenotyping platform, where a diversity panel of 254 maize hybrids was grown under well-watered and water deficit conditions, to investigate the genetic bases of the drought response in maize. To dissociate drought effect from other environmental factors, we performed multi-trial genome-wide association study on well-watered and water deficit phenotypic means, and on phenotypic plasticity indices computed from measurements made for six ecophysiological traits. We identify 102 QTLs and 40 plasticity QTLs. Most of them were new compared to those obtained from a previous study on the same dataset. Our results show that plasticity QTLs cover genetic regions not identified by QTLs. Furthermore, for all ecophysiological traits, except one, plasticity QTLs are specifically involved in the genotype by water availability interaction, for which they explain between 60 and 100% of the variance. Altogether, QTLs and plasticity QTLs captured more than 75% of the genotype by water availability interaction variance, and allowed to find new genetic regions. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of considering phenotypic plasticity to decipher the genetic architecture of trait response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Djabali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renaud Rincent
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR MIA Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Mélisande Blein-Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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Chiu MH, Chang CH, Tantoh DM, Hsu TW, Hsiao CH, Zhong JH, Liaw YP. Susceptibility to hypertension based on MTHFR rs1801133 single nucleotide polymorphism and MTHFR promoter methylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1159764. [PMID: 37849939 PMCID: PMC10577234 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1159764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aetio-pathologenesis of hypertension is multifactorial, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The combined effect of genetic and epigenetic changes on hypertension is not known. We evaluated the independent and interactive association of MTHFR rs1801133 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and MTHFR promoter methylation with hypertension among Taiwanese adults. Methods We retrieved data including, MTHFR promoter methylation, MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes (CC, CT, and TT), basic demography, personal lifestyle habits, and disease history of 1,238 individuals from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB). Results The distributions of hypertension and MTHFR promoter methylation quartiles (β < 0.1338, 0.1338 ≤ β < 0.1385, 0.1385 ≤ β < 0.1423, and β ≥ 0.1423 corresponding to Conclusion Independently, rs1801133 TT was associated with a higher risk of hypertension, but methylation was not. Based on genotypes, lower methylation was dose-dependently associated with a higher risk of hypertension in individuals with the CC genotype. Our findings suggest that MTHFR rs1801133 and MTHFR promoter methylation could jointly influence hypertension susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huang Chiu
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Care, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiu Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Disline Manli Tantoh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Wen Hsu
- Superintendent Office, Institute of Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Hsiao
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Han Zhong
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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17
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Shraim R, Farran MZ, He G, Marunica Karsaj J, Zgaga L, McManus R. Systematic review on gene-sun exposure interactions in skin cancer. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2259. [PMID: 37537768 PMCID: PMC10568388 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of skin cancer is determined by environmental factors like ultraviolet radiation (UVR), personal habits like time spent outdoors and genetic factors. This review aimed to survey existing studies in gene-environment (GxE) interaction on skin cancer risk, and report on GxE effect estimates. METHODS We searched Embase, Medline (Ovid) and Web of Science (Core Collection) and included only primary research that reported on GxE on the risk of the three most common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma. Quality assessment followed the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was not possible because no two studies examined the same interaction. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021238064). RESULTS In total 260 records were identified after exclusion of duplicates. Fifteen studies were included in the final synthesis-12 used candidate gene approach. We found some evidence of GxE interactions with sun exposure, notably, with MC1R, CAT and NOS1 genes in melanoma, HAL and IL23A in BCC and HAL and XRCC1 in SCC. CONCLUSION Sun exposure seems to interact with genes involved in pigmentation, oxidative stress and immunosuppression, indicating that excessive UV exposure might exhaust oxidative defence and repair systems differentially, dependent on genetic make-up. Further research is warranted to better understand skin cancer epidemiology and develop sun exposure recommendations. A genome-wide approach is recommended as it might uncover unknown disease pathways dependent on UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Shraim
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population HealthTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- The SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Mohamed Ziad Farran
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population HealthTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - George He
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population HealthTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Jelena Marunica Karsaj
- Department of Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and RehabilitationSestre milosrdnice University Hospital CenterZagrebCroatia
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population HealthTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ross McManus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
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18
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Lea AJ, Clark AG, Dahl AW, Devinsky O, Garcia AR, Golden CD, Kamau J, Kraft TS, Lim YAL, Martins DJ, Mogoi D, Pajukanta P, Perry GH, Pontzer H, Trumble BC, Urlacher SS, Venkataraman VV, Wallace IJ, Gurven M, Lieberman DE, Ayroles JF. Applying an evolutionary mismatch framework to understand disease susceptibility. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002311. [PMID: 37695771 PMCID: PMC10513379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise worldwide. Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes are among a long list of "lifestyle" diseases that were rare throughout human history but are now common. The evolutionary mismatch hypothesis posits that humans evolved in environments that radically differ from those we currently experience; consequently, traits that were once advantageous may now be "mismatched" and disease causing. At the genetic level, this hypothesis predicts that loci with a history of selection will exhibit "genotype by environment" (GxE) interactions, with different health effects in "ancestral" versus "modern" environments. To identify such loci, we advocate for combining genomic tools in partnership with subsistence-level groups experiencing rapid lifestyle change. In these populations, comparisons of individuals falling on opposite extremes of the "matched" to "mismatched" spectrum are uniquely possible. More broadly, the work we propose will inform our understanding of environmental and genetic risk factors for NCDs across diverse ancestries and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Lea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Dahl
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela R. Garcia
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Kamau
- One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas S. Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dino J. Martins
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Donald Mogoi
- Department of Medical Services and Public Health, Ministry of Health Laikipia County, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George H. Perry
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vivek V. Venkataraman
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian J. Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julien F. Ayroles
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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19
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Lone IM, Zohud O, Midlej K, Proff P, Watted N, Iraqi FA. Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: From Clinical Treatment Strategies to the Roadmap in Identifying the Genetic Bases of Development in Humans with the Support of the Collaborative Cross Mouse Population. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5148. [PMID: 37568550 PMCID: PMC10420085 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Depending on how severe it is, malocclusion, which may involve misaligned teeth, jaws, or a combination of the two, can hurt a person's overall facial aesthetics. The maxillary molar develops before the mandibular molar in class II malocclusion, which affects 15% of the population in the United States. With a retrusive mandible, patients typically have a convex profile. The goal of this study is to classify the skeletal and dental variability present in class II malocclusion, to reduce heterogeneity, present the current clinical treatment strategies, to summarize the previously published findings of genetic analysis, discuss these findings and their constraints, and finally, propose a comprehensive roadmap to facilitate investigations aimed at determining the genetic bases of malocclusion development using a variety of genomic approaches. To further comprehend the hereditary components involved in the onset and progression of class II malocclusion, a novel animal model for class II malocclusion should be developed while considering the variety of the human population. To overcome the constraints of the previous studies, here, we propose to conduct novel research on humans with the support of mouse models to produce contentious findings. We believe that carrying out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a large human cohort to search for significant genes and their modifiers; an epigenetics-wide association study (EWAS); RNA-seq analysis; integrating GWAS and the expression of quantitative trait loci (eQTL); and the testing of microRNAs, small RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs in tissues related to the skeletal class II malocclusion (SCIIMO) phenotype, such as mandibular bone, gum, and jaw in humans and the collaborative cross (CC) mouse model, will identify novel genes and genetic factors affecting this phenotype. We anticipate discovering novel genetic elements to advance our knowledge of how this malocclusion phenotype develops and open the venue for the early identification of patients carrying the susceptible genetic factors so that we can offer early prevention treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal M. Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (I.M.L.); (O.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Osayd Zohud
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (I.M.L.); (O.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Kareem Midlej
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (I.M.L.); (O.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Nezar Watted
- Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics, Jatt 4491800, Israel;
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab America University, Jenin 34567, Palestine
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (I.M.L.); (O.Z.); (K.M.)
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
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20
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Baker ES. Assessing How Chemical Exposures Affect Human Health. LC GC EUROPE 2023; 36:7-10. [PMID: 37900911 PMCID: PMC10611144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Measuring chemical exposure is extremely challenging due to the range and number of anthropogenic molecules encountered in our daily lives, as well as their complex transformations throughout the body. To broadly characterize how chemical exposures influence human health, a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, endogenous metabolomic, and xenobiotic measurements must be performed. However, while genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses have rapidly progressed over the last two decades, advancements in instrumentation and computations for nontargeted xenobiotic and endogenous small molecule measurements are still greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Baker
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Zhao J, Yang Q, Cheng C, Wang Z. Cumulative genetic score of KIAA0319 affects reading ability in Chinese children: moderation by parental education and mediation by rapid automatized naming. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:10. [PMID: 37259151 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KIAA0319, a well-studied candidate gene, has been shown to be associated with reading ability and developmental dyslexia. In the present study, we investigated whether KIAA0319 affects reading ability by interacting with the parental education level and whether rapid automatized naming (RAN), phonological awareness and morphological awareness mediate the relationship between KIAA0319 and reading ability. A total of 2284 Chinese children from primary school grades 3 and 6 participated in this study. Chinese character reading accuracy and word reading fluency were used as measures of reading abilities. The cumulative genetic risk score (CGS) of 13 SNPs in KIAA0319 was calculated. Results revealed interaction effect between CGS of KIAA0319 and parental education level on reading fluency. The interaction effect suggested that individuals with a low CGS of KIAA0319 were better at reading fluency in a positive environment (higher parental educational level) than individuals with a high CGS. Moreover, the interaction effect coincided with the differential susceptibility model. The results of the multiple mediator model revealed that RAN mediates the impact of the genetic cumulative effect of KIAA0319 on reading abilities. These findings provide evidence that KIAA0319 is a risk vulnerability gene that interacts with environmental factor to impact reading abilities and demonstrate the reliability of RAN as an endophenotype between genes and reading associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Yanta District, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Yanta District, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Yanta District, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Yanta District, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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22
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Shen L, Amei A, Liu B, Liu Y, Xu G, Oh EC, Wang Z. Detection of interactions between genetic marker sets and environment in a genome-wide study of hypertension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.28.542666. [PMID: 37398075 PMCID: PMC10312472 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.542666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
As human complex diseases are influenced by the interplay of genes and environment, detecting gene-environment interactions ( G × E ) can shed light on biological mechanisms of diseases and play an important role in disease risk prediction. Development of powerful quantitative tools to incorporate G × E in complex diseases has potential to facilitate the accurate curation and analysis of large genetic epidemiological studies. However, most of existing methods that interrogate G × E focus on the interaction effects of an environmental factor and genetic variants, exclusively for common or rare variants. In this study, we proposed two tests, MAGEIT_RAN and MAGEIT_FIX, to detect interaction effects of an environmental factor and a set of genetic markers containing both rare and common variants, based on the MinQue for Summary statistics. The genetic main effects in MAGEIT_RAN and MAGEIT_FIX are modeled as random or fixed, respectively. Through simulation studies, we illustrated that both tests had type I error under control and MAGEIT_RAN was overall the most powerful test. We applied MAGEIT to a genome-wide analysis of gene-alcohol interactions on hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We detected two genes, CCNDBP1 and EPB42, that interact with alcohol usage to influence blood pressure. Pathway analysis identified sixteen significant pathways related to signal transduction and development that were associated with hypertension, and several of them were reported to have an interactive effect with alcohol intake. Our results demonstrated that MAGEIT can detect biologically relevant genes that interact with environmental factors to influence complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchuan Shen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - Amei Amei
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - Yunqing Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health
| | - Edwin C. Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
| | - Zuoheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health
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23
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Huang M, Coral D, Ardalani H, Spegel P, Saadat A, Claussnitzer M, Mulder H, Franks PW, Kalamajski S. Identification of a weight loss-associated causal eQTL in MTIF3 and the effects of MTIF3 deficiency on human adipocyte function. eLife 2023; 12:84168. [PMID: 36876906 PMCID: PMC10023155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation at the MTIF3 (Mitochondrial Translational Initiation Factor 3) locus has been robustly associated with obesity in humans, but the functional basis behind this association is not known. Here, we applied luciferase reporter assay to map potential functional variants in the haplotype block tagged by rs1885988 and used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit the potential functional variants to confirm the regulatory effects on MTIF3 expression. We further conducted functional studies on MTIF3-deficient differentiated human white adipocyte cell line (hWAs-iCas9), generated through inducible expression of CRISPR-Cas9 combined with delivery of synthetic MTIF3-targeting guide RNA. We demonstrate that rs67785913-centered DNA fragment (in LD with rs1885988, r2 > 0.8) enhances transcription in a luciferase reporter assay, and CRISPR-Cas9-edited rs67785913 CTCT cells show significantly higher MTIF3 expression than rs67785913 CT cells. Perturbed MTIF3 expression led to reduced mitochondrial respiration and endogenous fatty acid oxidation, as well as altered expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes and proteins, and disturbed mitochondrial OXPHOS complex assembly. Furthermore, after glucose restriction, the MTIF3 knockout cells retained more triglycerides than control cells. This study demonstrates an adipocyte function-specific role of MTIF3, which originates in the maintenance of mitochondrial function, providing potential explanations for why MTIF3 genetic variation at rs67785913 is associated with body corpulence and response to weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Huang
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Daniel Coral
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Hamidreza Ardalani
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Peter Spegel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Alham Saadat
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Metabolism Program, Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund UniversityMalmöSweden
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Lea AJ, Clark AG, Dahl AW, Devinsky O, Garcia AR, Golden CD, Kamau J, Kraft TS, Lim YAL, Martins D, Mogoi D, Pajukanta P, Perry G, Pontzer H, Trumble BC, Urlacher SS, Venkataraman VV, Wallace IJ, Gurven M, Lieberman D, Ayroles JF. Evolutionary mismatch and the role of GxE interactions in human disease. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2301.05255v2. [PMID: 36713247 PMCID: PMC9882586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Globally, we are witnessing the rise of complex, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) related to changes in our daily environments. Obesity, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes are part of a long list of "lifestyle" diseases that were rare throughout human history but are now common. A key idea from anthropology and evolutionary biology-the evolutionary mismatch hypothesis-seeks to explain this phenomenon. It posits that humans evolved in environments that radically differ from the ones experienced by most people today, and thus traits that were advantageous in past environments may now be "mismatched" and disease-causing. This hypothesis is, at its core, a genetic one: it predicts that loci with a history of selection will exhibit "genotype by environment" (GxE) interactions and have differential health effects in ancestral versus modern environments. Here, we discuss how this concept could be leveraged to uncover the genetic architecture of NCDs in a principled way. Specifically, we advocate for partnering with small-scale, subsistence-level groups that are currently transitioning from environments that are arguably more "matched" with their recent evolutionary history to those that are more "mismatched". These populations provide diverse genetic backgrounds as well as the needed levels and types of environmental variation necessary for mapping GxE interactions in an explicit mismatch framework. Such work would make important contributions to our understanding of environmental and genetic risk factors for NCDs across diverse ancestries and sociocultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Lea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W. Dahl
- Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela R. Garcia
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | | | - Joseph Kamau
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas S. Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dino Martins
- Turkana Basin Research Institute, Turkana, Kenya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Donald Mogoi
- Director at County Government of Laikipia, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Paivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Trumble
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, US
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Samuel S. Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ian J. Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California: Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julien F. Ayroles
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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25
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Lee IH, Kong SW. ADGR: Admixture-Informed Differential Gene Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:147. [PMID: 36672888 PMCID: PMC9859415 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory elements in proximal and distal regions of genes are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Risk alleles in intronic and intergenic regions may alter gene expression by modifying the binding affinity and stability of diverse DNA-binding proteins implicated in gene expression regulation. By focusing on the local ancestral structure of coding and regulatory regions using the paired whole-genome sequence and tissue-wide transcriptome datasets from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project, we investigated the impact of genetic variants, in aggregate, on tissue-specific gene expression regulation. Local ancestral origins of the coding region, immediate and distant upstream regions, and distal regulatory region were determined using RFMix with the reference panel from the 1000 Genomes Project. For each tissue, inter-individual variation of gene expression levels explained by concordant or discordant local ancestry between coding and regulatory regions was estimated. Compared to European, African descent showed more frequent change in local ancestral structure, with shorter haplotype blocks. The expression level of the Adenosine Deaminase Like (ADAL) gene was significantly associated with admixed ancestral structure in the regulatory region across multiple tissue types. Further validations are required to understand the impact of the local ancestral structure of regulatory regions on gene expression regulation in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Ratnasekera P, Graham J, McNeney B. Inference of gene-environment interaction from heterogeneous case-parent trios. Front Genet 2023; 13:1065568. [PMID: 36685810 PMCID: PMC9845406 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1065568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In genetic epidemiology, log-linear models of population risk may be used to study the effect of genotypes and exposures on the relative risk of a disease. Such models may also include gene-environment interaction terms that allow the genotypes to modify the effect of the exposure, or equivalently, the exposure to modify the effect of genotypes on the relative risk. When a measured test locus is in linkage disequilibrium with an unmeasured causal locus, exposure-related genetic structure in the population can lead to spurious gene-environment interaction; that is, to apparent gene-environment interaction at the test locus in the absence of true gene-environment interaction at the causal locus. Exposure-related genetic structure occurs when the distributions of exposures and of haplotypes at the test and causal locus both differ across population strata. A case-parent trio design can protect inference of genetic main effects from confounding bias due to genetic structure in the population. Unfortunately, when the genetic structure is exposure-related, the protection against confounding bias for the genetic main effect does not extend to the gene-environment interaction term. Methods: We show that current methods to reduce the bias in estimated gene-environment interactions from case-parent trio data can only account for simple population structure involving two strata. To fill this gap, we propose to directly accommodate multiple population strata by adjusting for genetic principal components (PCs). Results and Discussion: Through simulations, we show that our PC adjustment maintains the nominal type-1 error rate and has nearly identical power to detect gene-environment interaction as an oracle approach based directly on population strata. We also apply the PC-adjustment approach to data from a study of genetic modifiers of cleft palate comprised primarily of case-parent trios of European and East Asian ancestry. Consistent with earlier analyses, our results suggest that the gene-environment interaction signal in these data is due to the self-reported European trios.
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27
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Guo J, Peng C, He Q, Li Y. Type 2 diabetes and the risk of synovitis-tenosynovitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1142416. [PMID: 37213626 PMCID: PMC10192564 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1142416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been shown that people with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of synovitis and tenosynovitis, but previous studies were mainly observational, which may be biased and does not allow for a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationship. Method We obtained data on "type 2 diabetes" and "synovitis, tenosynovitis" from published large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The data were obtained from the FinnGen consortium and UK Biobank, both from European population samples. We used three methods to perform a two-sample MR analysis and also performed sensitivity analysis. Results The results of all three MR methods we used for the analysis illustrated that T2DM increases the risk factor for the development of synovitis and tenosynovitis. Specifically, for the IVW method as the primary analysis outcome, OR = 1.0015 (95% CI, 1.0005 to 1.0026), P = 0.0047; for the MR Egger method as the supplementary analysis outcome, OR = 1.0032 (95% CI, 1.0007 to 1.0056), P = 0.0161; for the weighted median method, OR = 1.0022 (95% CI, 1.0008 to 1.0037), p = 0.0018. In addition, the results of our sensitivity analysis suggest the absence of heterogeneity and pleiotropy in our MR analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of our MR analysis suggest that T2DM is an independent risk factor for increased synovitis and tenosynovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caiju Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qionghan He
- Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yehai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yehai Li
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28
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Environmental neuroscience linking exposome to brain structure and function underlying cognition and behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:17-27. [PMID: 35790874 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in human brain structure, function, and behavior can be attributed to genetic variations, environmental exposures, and their interactions. Although genome-wide association studies have identified many genetic variants associated with brain imaging phenotypes, environmental exposures associated with these phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, we propose that environmental neuroscience should pay more attention on exploring the associations between lifetime environmental exposures (exposome) and brain imaging phenotypes and identifying both cumulative environmental effects and their vulnerable age windows during the life course. Exposome-neuroimaging association studies face several challenges including the accurate measurement of the totality of environmental exposures varied in space and time, the highly correlated structure of the exposome, and the lack of standardized approaches for exposome-wide association studies. By agnostically scanning the effects of environmental exposures on brain imaging phenotypes and their interactions with genomic variations, exposome-neuroimaging association analyses will improve our understanding of causal factors associated with individual differences in brain structure and function as well as their relations with cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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29
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Xu Y, Wu M, Ma S. Multidimensional molecular measurements-environment interaction analysis for disease outcomes. Biometrics 2022; 78:1542-1554. [PMID: 34213006 PMCID: PMC9366385 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of molecular (genetic, genomic, epigenetic, etc.) measurements, environmental risk factors, and their interactions have been found to contribute to the outcomes and phenotypes of complex diseases. In each of the previous studies, only the interactions between one type of molecular measurement and environmental risk factors have been analyzed. In recent biomedical studies, multidimensional profiling, in which data from multiple types of molecular measurements are collected from the same subjects, is becoming popular. A myriad of recent studies have shown that collectively analyzing multiple types of molecular measurements is not only biologically sensible but also leads to improved estimation and prediction. In this study, we conduct an M-E interaction analysis, with M standing for multidimensional molecular measurements and E standing for environmental risk factors. This can accommodate multiple types of molecular measurements and sufficiently account for their overlapping as well as independent information. Extensive simulation shows that it outperforms several closely related alternatives. In the analysis of TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data on lung adenocarcinoma and cutaneous melanoma, we make some stable biological findings and achieve stable prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mengyun Wu
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Ding E, Wang Y, Liu J, Tang S, Shi X. A review on the application of the exposome paradigm to unveil the environmental determinants of age-related diseases. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:54. [DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAge-related diseases account for almost half of all diseases among adults worldwide, and their incidence is substantially affected by the exposome, which is the sum of all exogenous and endogenous environmental exposures and the human body’s response to these exposures throughout the entire lifespan. Herein, we perform a comprehensive review of the epidemiological literature to determine the key elements of the exposome that affect the development of age-related diseases and the roles of aging hallmarks in this process. We find that most exposure assessments in previous aging studies have used a reductionist approach, whereby the effect of only a single environmental factor or a specific class of environmental factors on the development of age-related diseases has been examined. As such, there is a lack of a holistic and unbiased understanding of the effect of multiple environmental factors on the development of age-related diseases. To address this, we propose several research strategies based on an exposomic framework that could advance our understanding—in particular, from a mechanistic perspective—of how environmental factors affect the development of age-related diseases. We discuss the statistical methods and other methods that have been used in exposome-wide association studies, with a particular focus on multiomics technologies. We also address future challenges and opportunities in the realm of multidisciplinary approaches and genome–exposome epidemiology. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on precise public health services for vulnerable populations, public communications, the integration of risk exposure information, and the bench-to-bedside translation of research on age-related diseases.
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31
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Muralidharan S, Ali S, Yang L, Badshah J, Zahir SF, Ali RA, Chandra J, Frazer IH, Thomas R, Mehdi AM. Environmental pathways affecting gene expression (E.PAGE) as an R package to predict gene-environment associations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18710. [PMID: 36333579 PMCID: PMC9636158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to manually and semi-automatically curate a database and develop an R package that will act as a comprehensive resource to understand how biological processes are dysregulated due to interactions with environmental factors. The initial database search run on the Gene Expression Omnibus and the Molecular Signature Database retrieved a total of 90,018 articles. After title and abstract screening against pre-set criteria, a total of 237 datasets were selected and 522 gene modules were manually annotated. We then curated a database containing four environmental factors, cigarette smoking, diet, infections and toxic chemicals, along with a total of 25,789 genes that had an association with one or more of gene modules. The database and statistical analysis package was then tested with the differentially expressed genes obtained from the published literature related to type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, small cell lung cancer, COVID-19, cobalt exposure and smoking. On testing, we uncovered statistically enriched biological processes, which revealed pathways associated with environmental factors and the genes. The curated database and enrichment tool are available as R packages at https://github.com/AhmedMehdiLab/E.PATH and https://github.com/AhmedMehdiLab/E.PAGE respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Muralidharan
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Sarah Ali
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lilin Yang
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Joshua Badshah
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Syeda Farah Zahir
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Rubbiya A. Ali
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Janin Chandra
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Ahmed M. Mehdi
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd, Brisbane, QLD Australia
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Hirao-Suzuki M. Mechanisms of Cancer Malignancy Elicited by Environmental Chemicals: Analysis Focusing on Cadmium and Bisphenol A. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1161-1168. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Hecker J, Prokopenko D, Moll M, Lee S, Kim W, Qiao D, Voorhies K, Kim W, Vansteelandt S, Hobbs BD, Cho MH, Silverman EK, Lutz SM, DeMeo DL, Weiss ST, Lange C. A robust and adaptive framework for interaction testing in quantitative traits between multiple genetic loci and exposure variables. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010464. [PMID: 36383614 PMCID: PMC9668174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and understanding of gene-environment interactions can provide insights into the pathways and mechanisms underlying complex diseases. However, testing for gene-environment interaction remains a challenge since a.) statistical power is often limited and b.) modeling of environmental effects is nontrivial and such model misspecifications can lead to false positive interaction findings. To address the lack of statistical power, recent methods aim to identify interactions on an aggregated level using, for example, polygenic risk scores. While this strategy can increase the power to detect interactions, identifying contributing genes and pathways is difficult based on these relatively global results. Here, we propose RITSS (Robust Interaction Testing using Sample Splitting), a gene-environment interaction testing framework for quantitative traits that is based on sample splitting and robust test statistics. RITSS can incorporate sets of genetic variants and/or multiple environmental factors. Based on the user's choice of statistical/machine learning approaches, a screening step selects and combines potential interactions into scores with improved interpretability. In the testing step, the application of robust statistics minimizes the susceptibility to main effect misspecifications. Using extensive simulation studies, we demonstrate that RITSS controls the type 1 error rate in a wide range of scenarios, and we show how the screening strategy influences statistical power. In an application to lung function phenotypes and human height in the UK Biobank, RITSS identified highly significant interactions based on subcomponents of genetic risk scores. While the contributing single variant interaction signals are weak, our results indicate interaction patterns that result in strong aggregated effects, providing potential insights into underlying gene-environment interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hecker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Moll
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Department of Medical Consilience, Division of Medicine, Graduate School, Dankook University, Yongin, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wonji Kim
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dandi Qiao
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Voorhies
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Population Medicine, PRecisiOn Medicine Translational Research (PROMoTeR) Center, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woori Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stijn Vansteelandt
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Lutz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Population Medicine, PRecisiOn Medicine Translational Research (PROMoTeR) Center, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph Lange
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Aagaard A, Liu S, Tregenza T, Braad Lund M, Schramm A, Verhoeven KJF, Bechsgaard J, Bilde T. Adapting to climate with limited genetic diversity: Nucleotide, DNA methylation and microbiome variation among populations of the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5765-5783. [PMID: 36112081 PMCID: PMC9827990 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of genetic and nongenetic variants in modulating phenotypes is central to our knowledge of adaptive responses to local conditions and environmental change, particularly in species with such low population genetic diversity that it is likely to limit their evolutionary potential. A first step towards uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying population-specific responses to the environment is to carry out environmental association studies. We associated climatic variation with genetic, epigenetic and microbiome variation in populations of a social spider with extremely low standing genetic diversity. We identified genetic variants that are associated strongly with environmental variation, particularly with average temperature, a pattern consistent with local adaptation. Variation in DNA methylation in many genes was strongly correlated with a wide set of climate parameters, thereby revealing a different pattern of associations than that of genetic variants, which show strong correlations to a more restricted range of climate parameters. DNA methylation levels were largely independent of cis-genetic variation and of overall genetic population structure, suggesting that DNA methylation can work as an independent mechanism. Microbiome composition also correlated with environmental variation, but most strong associations were with precipitation-related climatic factors. Our results suggest a role for both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms in shaping phenotypic responses to local environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aagaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Section for Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusUK
| | - Marie Braad Lund
- Section for Microbiology, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Andreas Schramm
- Section for Microbiology, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Koen J. F. Verhoeven
- Terrestrial Ecology DepartmentNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jesper Bechsgaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Trine Bilde
- Section for Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
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35
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Next-Generation Examination, Diagnosis, and Personalized Medicine in Periodontal Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101743. [PMID: 36294882 PMCID: PMC9605396 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease, a major cause of tooth loss, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria with the additional aspect of being a noncommunicable disease closely related to lifestyle. Tissue destruction based on chronic inflammation is influenced by host and environmental factors. The treatment of periodontal disease varies according to the condition of each individual patient. Although guidelines provide standardized treatment, optimization is difficult because of the wide range of treatment options and variations in the ideas and skills of the treating practitioner. The new medical concepts of “precision medicine” and “personalized medicine” can provide more predictive treatment than conventional methods by stratifying patients in detail and prescribing treatment methods accordingly. This requires a new diagnostic system that integrates information on individual patient backgrounds (biomarkers, genetics, environment, and lifestyle) with conventional medical examination information. Currently, various biomarkers and other new examination indices are being investigated, and studies on periodontal disease-related genes and the complexity of oral bacteria are underway. This review discusses the possibilities and future challenges of precision periodontics and describes the new generation of laboratory methods and advanced periodontal disease treatment approaches as the basis for this new field.
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36
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Canet M, Harbron R, Thierry-Chef I, Cardis E. Cancer Effects of Low to Moderate Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Young People with Cancer-Predisposing Conditions: A Systematic Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1871-1889. [PMID: 35861626 PMCID: PMC9530642 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) are known to increase the risk of cancer, particularly following childhood exposure. Concerns remain regarding risks from lower doses and the role of cancer-predisposing factors (CPF; genetic disorders, immunodeficiency, mutations/variants in DNA damage detection or repair genes) on radiation-induced cancer (RIC) risk. We conducted a systematic review of evidence that CPFs modify RIC risk in young people. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE for epidemiologic studies of cancer risk in humans (<25 years) with a CPF, exposed to low-moderate IR. Risk of bias was considered. Fifteen articles focusing on leukemia, lymphoma, breast, brain, and thyroid cancers were included. We found inadequate evidence that CPFs modify the risk of radiation-induced leukemia, lymphoma, brain/central nervous system, and thyroid cancers and limited evidence that BRCA mutations modify radiation-induced breast cancer risk. Heterogeneity was observed across studies regarding exposure measures, and the numbers of subjects with CPFs other than BRCA mutations were very small. Further studies with more appropriate study designs are needed to elucidate the impact of CPFs on RIC. They should focus either on populations of carriers of specific gene mutations or on common susceptible variants using polygenic risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelle Canet
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Harbron
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Thierry-Chef
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,Corresponding Author: Elisabeth Cardis, Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona - Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Phone: 349-3214-7312; E-mail:
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37
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Feng T, Wu P, Gao H, Kosma DK, Jenks MA, Lü S. Natural variation in root suberization is associated with local environment in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:385-398. [PMID: 35751382 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic signature of climate adaptation has been widely recognized across the genome of many organisms; however, the eco-physiological basis for linking genomic polymorphisms with local adaptations remains largely unexplored. Using a panel of 218 world-wide Arabidopsis accessions, we characterized the natural variation in root suberization by quantifying 16 suberin monomers. We explored the associations between suberization traits and 126 climate variables. We conducted genome-wide association analysis and integrated previous genotype-environment association (GEA) to identify the genetic bases underlying suberization variation and their involvements in climate adaptation. Root suberin content displays extensive variation across Arabidopsis populations and significantly correlates with local moisture gradients and soil characteristics. Specifically, enhanced suberization is associated with drier environments, higher soil cation-exchange capacity, and lower soil pH; higher proportional levels of very-long-chain suberin is negatively correlated with moisture availability, lower soil gravel content, and higher soil silt fraction. We identified 94 putative causal loci and experimentally proved that GPAT6 is involved in C16 suberin biosynthesis. Highly significant associations between the putative genes and environmental variables were observed. Roots appear highly responsive to environmental heterogeneity via regulation of suberization, especially the suberin composition. The patterns of suberization-environment correlation and the suberin-related GEA fit the expectations of local adaptation for the polygenic suberization trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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38
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Lea AJ, Peng J, Ayroles JF. Diverse environmental perturbations reveal the evolution and context-dependency of genetic effects on gene expression levels. Genome Res 2022; 32:1826-1839. [PMID: 36229124 PMCID: PMC9712631 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276430.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation that, in addition to being shaped by an individual's genotype and environment, most complex traits are also determined by poorly understood interactions between these two factors. So-called "genotype × environment" (G×E) interactions remain difficult to map at the organismal level but can be uncovered using molecular phenotypes. To do so at large scale, we used TM3'seq to profile transcriptomes across 12 cellular environments in 544 immortalized B cell lines from the 1000 Genomes Project. We mapped the genetic basis of gene expression levels across environments and revealed a context-dependent genetic architecture: The average heritability of gene expression levels increased in treatment relative to control conditions, and on average, each treatment revealed new expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) at 11% of genes. Across our experiments, 22% of all identified eQTLs were context-dependent, and this group was enriched for trait- and disease-associated loci. Further, evolutionary analyses suggested that positive selection has shaped G×E loci involved in responding to immune challenges and hormones but not to man-made chemicals. We hypothesize that this reflects a reduced opportunity for selection to act on responses to molecules recently introduced into human environments. Together, our work highlights the importance of considering an exposure's evolutionary history when studying and interpreting G×E interactions, and provides new insight into the evolutionary mechanisms that maintain G×E loci in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Lea
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;,Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julie Peng
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;,Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julien F. Ayroles
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;,Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Genome-wide association study identifies a gene responsible for temperature-dependent rice germination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5665. [PMID: 36175401 PMCID: PMC9523024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment is an important determinant of agricultural productivity; therefore, crops have been bred with traits adapted to their environment. It is assumed that the physiology of seed germination is optimised for various climatic conditions. Here, to understand the genetic basis underlying seed germination, we conduct a genome-wide association study considering genotype-by-environment interactions on the germination rate of Japanese rice cultivars under different temperature conditions. We find that a 4 bp InDel in one of the 14-3-3 family genes, GF14h, preferentially changes the germination rate of rice under optimum temperature conditions. The GF14h protein constitutes a transcriptional regulatory module with a bZIP-type transcription factor, OREB1, and a florigen-like protein, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL 2, to control the germination rate by regulating abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. The GF14h loss-of-function allele enhances ABA signalling and reduces the germination rate. This allele is found in rice varieties grown in the northern area and in modern cultivars of Japan and China, suggesting that it contributes to the geographical adaptation of rice. This study demonstrates the complicated molecular system involved in the regulation of seed germination in response to temperature, which has allowed rice to be grown in various geographical locations.
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40
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O'Sullivan A. Gene-environment interactions in human health. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:623-624. [PMID: 35918823 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Benaouda S, Dadshani S, Koua P, Léon J, Ballvora A. Identification of QTLs for wheat heading time across multiple-environments. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2833-2848. [PMID: 35776141 PMCID: PMC9325850 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genetic response to changing climatic factors selects consistent across the tested environments and location-specific thermo-sensitive and photoperiod susceptible alleles in lower and higher altitudes, respectively, for starting flowering in winter wheat. Wheat breeders select heading date to match the most favorable conditions for their target environments and this is favored by the extensive genetic variation for this trait that has the potential to be further explored. In this study, we used a germplasm with broad geographic distribution and tested it in multi-location field trials across Germany over three years. The genotypic response to the variation in the climatic parameters depending on location and year uncovered the effect of photoperiod and spring temperatures in accelerating heading date in higher and lower latitudes, respectively. Spring temperature dominates other factors in inducing heading, whereas the higher amount of solar radiation delays it. A genome-wide scan of marker-trait associations with heading date detected two QTL: an adapted allele at locus TaHd102 on chromosome 5A that has a consistent effect on HD in German cultivars in multiple environments and a non-adapted allele at locus TaHd044 on chromosome 3A that accelerates flowering by 5.6 days. TaHd102 and TaHd044 explain 13.8% and 33% of the genetic variance, respectively. The interplay of the climatic variables led to the detection of environment specific association responding to temperature in lower latitudes and photoperiod in higher ones. Another locus TaHd098 on chromosome 5A showed epistatic interactions with 15 known regulators of flowering time when non-adapted cultivars from outside Germany were included in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Benaouda
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant Breeding, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Said Dadshani
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant Breeding, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrice Koua
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant Breeding, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Léon
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant Breeding, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agim Ballvora
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Chair of Plant Breeding, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Gowans LJJ, Comnick CL, Mossey PA, Eshete MA, Adeyemo WL, Naicker T, Awotoye WA, Petrin A, Adeleke C, Donkor P, Busch TD, James O, Ogunlewe MO, Li M, Olotu J, Hassan M, Adeniyan OA, Obiri-Yeboah S, Arthur FKN, Agbenorku P, Oti AA, Olatosi O, Adamson OO, Fashina AA, Zeng E, Marazita ML, Adeyemo AA, Murray JC, Butali A. Genome-Wide Scan for Parent-of-Origin Effects in a sub-Saharan African Cohort With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate (CL/P). Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022; 59:841-851. [PMID: 34382870 PMCID: PMC9884465 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211036316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate (NSCL/P) have multifactorial etiology where genetic factors, gene-environment interactions, stochastic factors, gene-gene interactions, and parent-of-origin effects (POEs) play cardinal roles. POEs arise when the parental origin of alleles differentially impacts the phenotype of the offspring. The aim of this study was to identify POEs that can increase risk for NSCL/P in humans using a genome-wide dataset. METHODS The samples (174 case-parent trios from Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria) included in this study were from the African only genome wide association studies (GWAS) that was published in 2019. Genotyping of individual DNA using over 2 million multiethnic and African ancestry-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms from the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array v2 15070954 A2 (genome build GRCh37/hg19) was done at the Center for Inherited Diseases Research. After quality control checks, PLINK was employed to carry out POE analysis employing the pooled subphenotypes of NSCL/P. RESULTS We observed possible hints of POEs at a cluster of genes at a 1 mega base pair window at the major histocompatibility complex class 1 locus on chromosome 6, as well as at other loci encompassing candidate genes such as ASB18, ANKEF1, AGAP1, GABRD, HHAT, CCT7, DNMT3A, EPHA7, FOXO3, lncRNAs, microRNA, antisense RNAs, ZNRD1, ZFAT, and ZBTB16. CONCLUSION Findings from our study suggest that some loci may increase the risk for NSCL/P through POEs. Additional studies are required to confirm these suggestive loci in NSCL/P etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJJ Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - CL Comnick
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - PA Mossey
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - MA Eshete
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - WL Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Naicker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, South Africa
| | - WA Awotoye
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - A Petrin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - C Adeleke
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - P Donkor
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - TD Busch
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - O James
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - MO Ogunlewe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - J Olotu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - M Hassan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - OA Adeniyan
- NHS Foundation Trust (Queens Hospital, Belvedere Road, Burton-On-Trent), Staffordshire, UK
| | - S Obiri-Yeboah
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - FKN Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - P Agbenorku
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - AA Oti
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - O Olatosi
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - OO Adamson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - AA Fashina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - ML Marazita
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - AA Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JC Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - A Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
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Shraim R, MacDonnchadha C, Vrbanic L, McManus R, Zgaga L. Gene-Environment Interactions in Vitamin D Status and Sun Exposure: A Systematic Review with Recommendations for Future Research. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132735. [PMID: 35807923 PMCID: PMC9268458 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for good health. Dermal vitamin D production is dependent on environmental factors such as season and latitude, and personal factors such as time spent outdoors and genetics. Varying heritability of vitamin D status by season has been reported, suggesting that gene-environment interactions (GxE) may play a key role. Thus, understanding GxE might significantly improve our understanding of determinants of vitamin D status. The objective of this review was to survey the existing methods in GxE on vitamin D studies and report on GxE effect estimates. We searched the Embase, Medline (Ovid), and Web of Science (Core Collection) databases. We included only primary research that reported on GxE effects on vitamin D status using 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a biomarker. Sun exposure was the only environmental exposure identified in these studies. The quality assessment followed the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Seven studies were included in the final narrative synthesis. We evaluate the limitations and findings of the available GxE in vitamin D research and provide recommendations for future GxE research. The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021238081).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Shraim
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland; (R.S.); (C.M.); (L.V.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
- The SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Conor MacDonnchadha
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland; (R.S.); (C.M.); (L.V.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Lauren Vrbanic
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland; (R.S.); (C.M.); (L.V.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ross McManus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland; (R.S.); (C.M.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiang Z, Chen H, Li M, Wang W, Fan C, Long F. Association of Dietary Carrot/Carotene Intakes With Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888898. [PMID: 35782935 PMCID: PMC9247642 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The evidence of dietary carrot/carotene intake's effect on the association with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is conflicted. We sought to examine the association of carrot/carotene intake with CRC incidence and mortality in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) Screening cohort. Methods In all, 101,680 participants were enrolled between November 1993 and July 2001 from the PLCO cohort. We employed the multivariable Cox regression analyses to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to examine the potential effect modifiers. We further applied the generalized additive model to explore the non-linear trend of the exposure to cancer-related outcomes. Results A total of 1,100 CRC cases and 443 cancer-related deaths were documented. We noted that the 4th quintile of dietary carrot intakes was associated with a 21% lower risk of CRC incidence, compared with the lowest quintile group (full-adjusted HRquintile4vs.quintile1 = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.65–0.97, p for trend = 0.05), while the adjusted-HR was 0.95 (95%CI = 0.89–1.02) with per SD increment of carrot intakes, and no statistically significant associations were detected between dietary α-, and β-carotene intake and CRC incidence. There were no statistically significant associations observed between carrot/carotene intakes and CRC mortality. Furthermore, there were no non-linear dose-response relationships between dietary carrot, α-, and β-carotene intake and CRC incidence and mortality (all pnonlinearity > 0.05). Of note, smoking status as a modifier on the association of dietary carrot intakes with CRC incidence but not mortality was observed. Conclusions In summary, this large U.S. prospective cohort study indicated that a moderate consumption of carrots was associated with a lower CRC incidence, which suggested that a certain dose-range of carrots consumed might contribute to a potential cancer-prevention effect, not the more the better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nutrition, Food Hygiene and Toxicology, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiwu Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Feiwu Long
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Wang JH, Wang KH, Chen YH. Overlapping group screening for detection of gene-environment interactions with application to TCGA high-dimensional survival genomic data. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:202. [PMID: 35637439 PMCID: PMC9150322 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of biomedical and epidemiological research, gene-environment (G-E) interaction is of great significance to the etiology and progression of many complex diseases. In high-dimensional genetic data, two general models, marginal and joint models, are proposed to identify important interaction factors. Most existing approaches for identifying G-E interactions are limited owing to the lack of robustness to outliers/contamination in response and predictor data. In particular, right-censored survival outcomes make the associated feature screening even challenging. In this article, we utilize the overlapping group screening (OGS) approach to select important G-E interactions related to clinical survival outcomes by incorporating the gene pathway information under a joint modeling framework. RESULTS Simulation studies under various scenarios are carried out to compare the performances of our proposed method with some commonly used methods. In the real data applications, we use our proposed method to identify G-E interactions related to the clinical survival outcomes of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and esophageal carcinoma in The Cancer Genome Atlas clinical survival genetic data, and further establish corresponding survival prediction models. Both simulation and real data studies show that our method performs well and outperforms existing methods in the G-E interaction selection, effect estimation, and survival prediction accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The OGS approach is useful for selecting important environmental factors, genes and G-E interactions in the ultra-high dimensional feature space. The prediction ability of OGS with the Lasso penalty is better than existing methods. The same idea of the OGS approach can apply to other outcome models, such as the proportional odds survival time model, the logistic regression model for binary outcomes, and the multinomial logistic regression model for multi-class outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Huei Wang
- Department of Statistics, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan.
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Feng Chia University, Seatwen, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hau Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Tian M, Xia P, Yan L, Gou X, Giesy JP, Dai J, Yu H, Zhang X. Toxicological Mechanism of Individual Susceptibility to Formaldehyde-Induced Respiratory Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6511-6524. [PMID: 35438505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of individual susceptibility to exposure to environmental pollutants has been a challenge in health risk assessment. Here, an integrated approach combining a CRISPR screen in human cells and epidemiological analysis was developed to identify the individual susceptibility to the adverse health effects of air pollutants by taking formaldehyde (FA) and the associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a case study. Among the primary hits of CRISPR screening of FA in human A549 cells, HTR4 was the only gene genetically associated with COPD susceptibility in global populations. However, the association between HTR4 and FA-induced respiratory toxicity is unknown in the literature. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network analysis of CRISPR screen hits provided a potential mechanistic link between activation of HTR4 (molecular initiating event) and FA-induced lung injury (adverse outcome). Systematic toxicology tests (in vitro and animal experiments) were conducted to reveal the HTR4-involved biological mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to adverse health effects of FA. Functionality and enhanced expression of HTR4 were required for susceptibility to FA-induced lung injury, and FA-induced epigenetic changes could result in enhanced expression of HTR4. Specific epigenetic and genetic characteristics of HTR4 were associated with the progression and prevalence of COPD, respectively, and these genetic risk factors for COPD could be potential biomarkers of individual susceptibility to adverse respiratory effects of FA. These biomarkers could be of great significance for defining subpopulations susceptible to exposure to FA and reducing uncertainty in the next-generation health risk assessment of air pollutants. Our study delineated a novel toxicological pathway mediated by HTR4 in FA-induced lung injury, which could provide a mechanistic understanding of the potential biomarkers of individual susceptibility to adverse respiratory effects of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Avery CL, Howard AG, Ballou AF, Buchanan VL, Collins JM, Downie CG, Engel SM, Graff M, Highland HM, Lee MP, Lilly AG, Lu K, Rager JE, Staley BS, North KE, Gordon-Larsen P. Strengthening Causal Inference in Exposomics Research: Application of Genetic Data and Methods. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:55001. [PMID: 35533073 PMCID: PMC9084332 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technologies to measure a broad set of exposures have led to a range of exposome research efforts. Yet, these efforts have insufficiently integrated methods that incorporate genetic data to strengthen causal inference, despite evidence that many exposome-associated phenotypes are heritable. Objective: We demonstrate how integration of methods and study designs that incorporate genetic data can strengthen causal inference in exposomics research by helping address six challenges: reverse causation and unmeasured confounding, comprehensive examination of phenotypic effects, low efficiency, replication, multilevel data integration, and characterization of tissue-specific effects. Examples are drawn from studies of biomarkers and health behaviors, exposure domains where the causal inference methods we describe are most often applied. Discussion: Technological, computational, and statistical advances in genotyping, imputation, and analysis, combined with broad data sharing and cross-study collaborations, offer multiple opportunities to strengthen causal inference in exposomics research. Full application of these opportunities will require an expanded understanding of genetic variants that predict exposome phenotypes as well as an appreciation that the utility of genetic variants for causal inference will vary by exposure and may depend on large sample sizes. However, several of these challenges can be addressed through international scientific collaborations that prioritize data sharing. Ultimately, we anticipate that efforts to better integrate methods that incorporate genetic data will extend the reach of exposomics research by helping address the challenges of comprehensively measuring the exposome and its health effects across studies, the life course, and in varied contexts and diverse populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9098.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna F Ballou
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria L Buchanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason M Collins
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolina G Downie
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Moa P Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam G Lilly
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Sociology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brooke S Staley
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Differential Relations of Parental Behavior to Children's Early Executive Function as a Function of Child Genotype: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:435-470. [PMID: 35195834 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Child genotype is an important biologically based indicator of sensitivity to the effects of parental behavior on children's executive function (EF) in early childhood, birth to age 5. While evidence for gene × parental behavior interactions on children's early EF is growing, researchers have called the quality of evidence provided by gene × environment interaction studies into question. For this reason, this review comprehensively examined the literature and evaluated the evidence for gene × parental behavior interactions on children's early EF abilities. Psychology and psychiatry databases were searched for published peer-reviewed studies. A total of 18 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine of 89 (33%) examined interactions were significant. However, a p-curve analysis did not find the significant interactions to be of evidential value. A high rate of false positives, due to the continued use of candidate gene and haplotype measures of child genotype and small sample sizes, likely contributed to the high rate of significant interactions and low evidential value. The use of contemporary molecular genetic measures and larger sample sizes are necessary to advance our understanding of child genotype as a moderator of parental effects on children's EF during early childhood and the biopsychosocial mechanisms underlying children's EF development during this critical period. Without these changes, future research is likely to be stymied by the same limitations as current research.
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VEGF-A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and outcomes from the AGITG MAX trial of capecitabine, bevacizumab and mitomycin C in metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1238. [PMID: 35075138 PMCID: PMC8786898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phase III MAX clinical trial randomised patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) to receive first-line capecitabine chemotherapy alone or in combination with the anti-VEGF-A antibody bevacizumab (± mitomycin C). We utilised this cohort to examine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VEGF-A, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 are predictive of efficacy outcomes with bevacizumab or the development of hypertension. Genomic DNA extracted from archival FFPE tissue for 325 patients (69% of the MAX trial population) was used to genotype 16 candidate SNPs in VEGF-A, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2, which were analysed for associations with efficacy outcomes and hypertension. The VEGF-A rs25648 ‘CC’ genotype was prognostic for improved PFS (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.85; P = 0.002) and OS (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.94; P = 0.019). The VEGF-A rs699947 ‘AA’ genotype was prognostic for shorter PFS (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.002 to 1.74; P = 0.048). None of the analysed SNPs were predictive of bevacizumab efficacy outcomes. VEGFR2 rs11133360 ‘TT’ was associated with a lower risk of grade ≥ 3 hypertension (P = 0.028). SNPs in VEGF-A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 did not predict bevacizumab benefit. However, VEGF-A rs25648 and rs699947 were identified as novel prognostic biomarkers and VEGFR2 rs11133360 was associated with less grade ≥ 3 hypertension.
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Melbourne CA, Mesut Erzurumluoglu A, Shrine N, Chen J, Tobin MD, Hansell AL, Wain LV. Genome-wide gene-air pollution interaction analysis of lung function in 300,000 individuals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107041. [PMID: 34923368 PMCID: PMC8739564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired lung function is predictive of mortality and is a key component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung function has a strong genetic component but is also affected by environmental factors such as increased exposure to air pollution, but the effect of their interactions is not well understood. OBJECTIVES To identify interactions between genetic variants and air pollution measures which affect COPD risk and lung function. Additionally, to determine whether previously identified lung function genetic association signals showed evidence of interaction with air pollution, considering both individual effects and combined effects using a genetic risk score (GRS). METHODS We conducted a genome-wide gene-air pollution interaction analysis of spirometry measures with three measures of air pollution at home address: particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in approximately 300,000 unrelated European individuals from UK Biobank. We explored air pollution interactions with previously identified lung function signals and determined their combined interaction effect using a GRS. RESULTS We identified seven new genome-wide interaction signals (P<5×10-8), and a further ten suggestive interaction signals (P<5×10-7). Additionally, we found statistical evidence of interaction for FEV1/FVC between PM2.5 and previously identified lung function signal, rs10841302, near AEBP2, suggesting increased susceptibility as copies of the G allele increased (but size of the impact was small - interaction beta: -0.363 percentage points, 95% CI: -0.523, -0.203 per 5 µg/m3). There was no observed interaction between air pollutants and the weighted GRS. DISCUSSION We carried out the largest genome-wide gene-air pollution interaction study of lung function and identified potential effects of clinically relevant size and significance. We observed up to 440 ml lower lung function for certain genotypes when exposed to mean levels of outdoor air pollution, which is approximately equivalent to nine years of average normal loss of lung function in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Anna L Hansell
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health at the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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