1
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Chen T, Li S, Wang L. Semaphorins in tumor microenvironment: Biological mechanisms and therapeutic progress. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112035. [PMID: 38603857 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hallmark features of the tumor microenvironment include immune cells, stromal cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a conducive environment for the growth and survival of tumors. Recent advances in the understanding of cancer biology have highlighted the functional role of semaphorins (SEMAs). SEMAs are a large and diverse family of widely expressed secreted and membrane-binding proteins, which were initially implicated in axon guidance and neural development. However, it is now clear that they are widely expressed beyond the nervous system and participate in regulating immune responses and cancer progression. In fact, accumulating evidence disclosed that different SEMAs can either stimulate or restrict tumor progression, some of which act as important regulators of tumor angiogenesis. Conversely, limited information is known about the functional relevance of SEMA signals in TME. In this setting, we systematically elaborate the role SEMAs and their major receptors played in characterized components of TME. Furthermore, we provide a convergent view of current SEMAs pharmacological progress in clinical treatment and also put forward their potential application value and clinical prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Shazhou Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Lufang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.
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2
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Jiang X, Otterdal K, Chung BK, Maucourant C, Rønneberg JD, Zimmer CL, Øgaard J, Boichuk Y, Holm S, Geanon D, Schneditz G, Bergquist A, Björkström NK, Melum E. Cholangiocytes Modulate CD100 Expression in the Liver and Facilitate Pathogenic T-Helper 17 Cell Differentiation. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:667-679. [PMID: 37995866 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation surrounding bile ducts contributes to the disease pathogenesis of most cholangiopathies. Poor efficacy of immunosuppression in these conditions suggests biliary-specific pathologic principles. Here we performed biliary niche specific functional interpretation of a causal mutation (CD100 K849T) of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) to understand related pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS Biopsy specimens of explanted livers and endoscopy-guided sampling were used to assess the CD100 expression by spatial transcriptomics, immune imaging, and high-dimensional flow cytometry. To model pathogenic cholangiocyte-immune cell interaction, splenocytes from mutation-specific mice were cocultured with cholangiocytes. Pathogenic pathways were pinpointed by RNA sequencing analysis of cocultured cells and cross-validated in patient materials. RESULTS CD100 is mainly expressed by immune cells in the liver and shows a unique pattern around PSC bile ducts with RNA-level colocalization but poor detection at the protein level. This appears to be due to CD100 cleavage as soluble CD100 is increased. Immunophenotyping suggests biliary-infiltrating T cells as the major source of soluble CD100, which is further supported by reduced surface CD100 on T cells and increased metalloproteinases in cholangiocytes after coculturing. Pathogenic T cells that adhered to cholangiocytes up-regulated genes in the T-helper 17 cell differentiation pathway, and the CD100 mutation boosted this process. Consistently, T-helper 17 cells dominate biliary-resident CD4 T cells in patients. CONCLUSIONS CD100 exerts its functional impact through cholangiocyte-immune cell cross talk and underscores an active, proinflammatory role of cholangiocytes that can be relevant to novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brian K Chung
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørgen D Rønneberg
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine L Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Øgaard
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuliia Boichuk
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Geanon
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Schneditz
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Prajapati K, Yan C, Yang Q, Arbitman S, Fitzgerald DP, Sharee S, Shaik J, Bosiacki J, Myers K, Paucarmayta A, Johnson DM, O’Neill T, Kundu S, Cusumano Z, Langermann S, Langenau DM, Patel S, Flies DB. The FLRT3-UNC5B checkpoint pathway inhibits T cell-based cancer immunotherapies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4698. [PMID: 38427724 PMCID: PMC10906930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancers exploit coinhibitory receptors on T cells to escape tumor immunity, and targeting such mechanisms has shown remarkable clinical benefit, but in a limited subset of patients. We hypothesized that cancer cells mimic noncanonical mechanisms of early development such as axon guidance pathways to evade T cell immunity. Using gain-of-function genetic screens, we profiled axon guidance proteins on human T cells and their cognate ligands and identified fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 3 (FLRT3) as a ligand that inhibits T cell activity. We demonstrated that FLRT3 inhibits T cells through UNC5B, an axon guidance receptor that is up-regulated on activated human T cells. FLRT3 expressed in human cancers favored tumor growth and inhibited CAR-T and BiTE + T cell killing and infiltration in humanized cancer models. An FLRT3 monoclonal antibody that blocked FLRT3-UNC5B interactions reversed these effects in an immune-dependent manner. This study supports the concept that axon guidance proteins mimic T cell checkpoints and can be targeted for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M. Langenau
- Molecular Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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4
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Asadi G, Feizollahi P, Rajabinejad M, Falahi S, Rezaei Varmaziar F, Faryadi E, Gorgin Karaji A, Salari F, Rezaiemanesh A. Comparison of the efficacy of combined budesonide and fexofenadine versus combined fluticasone propionate and fexofenadine on the expression of class-4 semaphorins and their receptors in the peripheral blood cells of patients with allergic rhinitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22924. [PMID: 38148815 PMCID: PMC10750067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated disease. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression levels of class 4 semaphorins and their receptors in AR patients before and after treatment with budesonide and fexofenadine (B/F) compared to fluticasone propionate and fexofenadine (FP/F). Methods In this study, 29 AR patients (age 34.4 ± 1.2 years, 18 men and 11 women) were treated with B/F, and 24 AR patients (age 32.8 ± 1.9 years, 15 men and 9 women) were treated with FP/F for one month. Before and after treatment, peripheral blood samples were taken from patients. The expression levels of SEMA4A, SEMA4C, SEMA4D, Plexin-B2, and Plexin-D1 genes were measured using the qPCR method. In addition, the serum levels of IgE were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The expression levels of SEMA4A (P = 0.011), 4C (P = 0.017), Plexin-B2 (P = 0.0005), and Plexin-D1 (P = 0.008) remarkably increased in AR patients treated with B/F. Our results show a significant reduction in the gene expression levels of SEMA4A (P = 0.002), 4C (P = 0.014), 4D (P = 0.003), Plexin-B2 (P = 0.033), and Plexin-D1 (P = 0.035) after treatment with FP/F. The serum levels of IgE increased in FP/F treated group (P = 0.017) and conversely decreased in the treated group with B/F (P = 0.019). Moreover, the percentages of eosinophils were reduced in both FP/F and B/F groups (P = 0.015 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, concomitant use of fexofenadine and fluticasone propionate reduced SEMA4A, 4C, 4D, Plexin-B2, and Plexin-D1, while the SEMA4A, 4C, Plexin-B2, and Plexin-D1 gene expression levels were increased in the patient group treated with B/F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelayol Asadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parisa Feizollahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Misagh Rajabinejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sara Falahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei Varmaziar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elham Faryadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Cui Y, Jiang X, Yang M, Yuan Y, Zhou Z, Gao X, Jia G, Cao L, Li D, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhao G. SEMA4D/VEGF surface enhances endothelialization by diminished-glycolysis-mediated M2-like macrophage polarization. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100832. [PMID: 38024840 PMCID: PMC10630656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Inflammatory responses after percutaneous coronary intervention led to neoathrosclerosis and in-stent restenosis and thus increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes. In this work, a metabolism reshaped surface is engineered, which combines the decreased glycolysis promoting, M2-like macrophage polarization, and rapid endothelialization property. Anionic heparin plays as a linker and mediates cationic SEMA4D and VEGF to graft electronically onto PLL surfaces. The system composed by anticoagulant heparin, immunoregulatory SEMA4D and angiogenic VEGF endows the scaffold with significant inhibition of platelets, fibrinogen and anti-thrombogenic properties, also noteworthy immunometabolism reprogram, anti-inflammation M2-like polarization and finally leading to rapid endothelializaiton performances. Our research indicates that the immunometabolism method can accurately reflect the immune state of modified surfaces. It is envisioned immunometabolism study will open an avenue to the surface engineering of vascular implants for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Maozhu Yang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yinglin Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zili Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Guiqing Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lvzhou Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Longquanyi District of Chengdu Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Gaoping Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
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6
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Tian L, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Feng X, Xiao F, Zong M. CD72, a new immune checkpoint molecule, is a novel prognostic biomarker for kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:531. [PMID: 37980541 PMCID: PMC10656955 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of clear cell carcinoma of the kidney increases yearly. There are limited screening methods and advances in treating kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). It is important to find new biomarkers to screen, diagnose and predict the prognosis of KIRC. Some studies have shown that CD72 influences the development and progression of colorectal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and acute lymphoid leukemia. However, there is a lack of research on the role of CD72 in the pathogenesis of KIRC. This study aimed to determine whether CD72 is associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration of KIRC, providing an essential molecular basis for the early non-invasive diagnosis and immunotherapy of KIRC. METHODS Using TCGA, GTE, GEO, and ImmPort databases, we obtained the differentially expressed mRNA (DEmRNA) associated with the prognosis and immunity of KIRC patients. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to identify clinicopathological parameters associated with target gene expression. We performed univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses to determine the effect of target gene expression and clinicopathological parameters on survival. We analyzed the target genes' relevant functions and signaling pathways through enrichment analysis. Finally, the correlation of target genes with tumor immune infiltration was explored by ssGSEA and Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that patients with KIRC with higher expression of CD72 have a poorer prognosis. CD72 was associated with the Pathologic T stage, Pathologic stage, Pathologic M stage, Pathologic N stage, Histologic grade in KIRC patients, Laterality, and OS event. It was an independent predictor of the overall survival of KIRC patients. Functional enrichment analysis showed that CD72 was significantly enriched in oncogenic and immune-related pathways. According to ssGSEA and Spearman correlation analysis, CD72 expression was significantly associated with tumor immune cells and immune checkpoints. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that CD72 is associated with tumor immunity and may be a biomarker relevant to the diagnosis and prognosis of KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Minru Zong
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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7
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Castaneda DC, Jangra S, Yurieva M, Martinek J, Callender M, Coxe M, Choi A, García-Bernalt Diego J, Lin J, Wu TC, Marches F, Chaussabel D, Yu P, Salner A, Aucello G, Koff J, Hudson B, Church SE, Gorman K, Anguiano E, García-Sastre A, Williams A, Schotsaert M, Palucka K. Spatiotemporally organized immunomodulatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus in primary human broncho-alveolar epithelia. iScience 2023; 26:107374. [PMID: 37520727 PMCID: PMC10374611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a health crisis with major unmet medical needs. The early responses from airway epithelial cells, the first target of the virus regulating the progression toward severe disease, are not fully understood. Primary human air-liquid interface cultures representing the broncho-alveolar epithelia were used to study the kinetics and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. The infection measured by nucleoprotein expression, was a late event appearing between day 4-6 post infection for Wuhan-like virus. Other variants demonstrated increasingly accelerated timelines of infection. All variants triggered similar transcriptional signatures, an "early" inflammatory/immune signature preceding a "late" type I/III IFN, but differences in the quality and kinetics were found, consistent with the timing of nucleoprotein expression. Response to virus was spatially organized: CSF3 expression in basal cells and CCL20 in apical cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers specific responses modulated over time to engage different arms of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marina Yurieva
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Jan Martinek
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Megan Callender
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Matthew Coxe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan García-Bernalt Diego
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianan Lin
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Te-Chia Wu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Peter Yu
- Hartford HealthCare Cancer Institute, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - Andrew Salner
- Hartford HealthCare Cancer Institute, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - Gabrielle Aucello
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Jonathan Koff
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Briana Hudson
- Nanostring Technologies, Translational Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah E. Church
- Nanostring Technologies, Translational Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kara Gorman
- Nanostring Technologies, Translational Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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8
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Castaneda DC, Jangra S, Yurieva M, Martinek J, Callender M, Coxe M, Choi A, Diego JGB, Lin J, Wu TC, Marches F, Chaussabel D, Yu P, Salner A, Aucello G, Koff J, Hudson B, Church SE, Gorman K, Anguiano E, García-Sastre A, Williams A, Schotsaert M, Palucka K. Spatiotemporally organized immunomodulatory response to SARS-CoV-2 virus in primary human broncho-alveolar epithelia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.30.534980. [PMID: 37034597 PMCID: PMC10081226 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a health crisis with major unmet medical needs. The early responses from airway epithelial cells, the first target of the virus regulating the progression towards severe disease, are not fully understood. Primary human air-liquid interface cultures representing the broncho-alveolar epithelia were used to study the kinetics and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. The infection measured by nucleoprotein expression, was a late event appearing between day 4-6 post infection for Wuhan-like virus. Other variants demonstrated increasingly accelerated timelines of infection. All variants triggered similar transcriptional signatures, an "early" inflammatory/immune signature preceding a "late" type I/III IFN, but differences in the quality and kinetics were found, consistent with the timing of nucleoprotein expression. Response to virus was spatially organized: CSF3 expression in basal cells and CCL20 in apical cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers specific responses modulated over time to engage different arms of immune response.
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9
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Semaphorin-3 Promotes Specific Immunotherapy Effects on Experimental Food Allergy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5414993. [PMID: 35769512 PMCID: PMC9234049 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5414993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustaining higher frequency of mast cells in the allergic lesion site has been recognized. Factors causing high numbers of mast cells in the local tissues are not fully understood yet. RAS signaling plays a role in sustaining certain cell activities. This study is aimed at elucidating the role of RAS activation in the apoptosis resistance induction in mast cells and at employing semaphorin 3A to regulate RAS activities in sensitized mast cells and alleviating the allergic response in the intestine. A food allergy (FA) mouse model was developed. Mast cells were isolated from FA mouse intestinal tissues by flow cytometry. Mast cell apoptosis was assessed by staining with annexin V and propidium iodide. We found that aberrantly higher p21-activated kinase-1 (Pak1) expression in FA mast cells was associated with mast cell aggregation in the intestine. Sensitization increased Pak1 expression and apoptosis resistance in intestinal mast cells. RAS and Pak1 mutually potentiated each other in sensitized mast cells. Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) suppressed the Pak1 expression and RAS activation in mast cells. sema3A restored the apoptosis sensitivity in sensitized mast cells. Administration of sema3A potentiated allergen-specific immunotherapy in experimental FA. In conclusion, mast cells of FA mice showed higher Pak1 expression and high RAS activation status that contributed to apoptosis resistance in mast cells. Administration of sema3A restored the sensitivity to apoptosis inducers and promoted the therapeutic effects of specific immunotherapy on experimental FA.
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10
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Jiang J, Lu Y, Zhang F, Pan T, Zhang Z, Wan Y, Ren X, Zhang R. Semaphorin 4B promotes tumor progression and associates with immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:632. [PMID: 35676688 PMCID: PMC9178879 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorins have been found to play important roles in multiple malignancy-related processes. However, the role of Semaphorin 4B (SEMA4B) in lung cancer remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the biological functions of SEMA4B in through bioinformatic analysis, in vitro and in vivo assays. In the present study, the possible mechanism by which SEMA4B affected the tumor growth and microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were investigated. METHODS The expression of SEMA4B in LUAD was analyzed by bioinformatic analysis and verified by the immunohistochemistry staining. The prognostic value of SEMA4B in LUAD was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox's regression model. After silencing SEMA4B expression, the functions of SEMA4B in LUAD cells were investigated by in vitro experiments, including CCK-8 and plate clone formation. And the effect of SEMA4B on tumor growth and immune infiltration was explored in C57BL/6 mice tumor-bearing models. RESULTS SEMA4B expression was upregulated in LUAD tissues and correlated with later pathological stages and poor prognosis of LUAD patients. Further study found that SEMA4B silencing suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis showed that SEMA4B expression was correlated with the increased infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-regs and the decreased infiltration of CD8+ T cell in LUAD. Importantly, in vivo study verified that the infiltration of T-regs and MDSCs in tumor microenvironment (TME) of Xenograft tissues was decreased after SEMA4B silencing. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated SEMA4B might play an oncogenic role in LUAD progression, and be a promising therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Department of Health Service, Base of Health Service, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Health Service, Base of Health Service, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinling Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. .,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shenzhen General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Lu Q, Cai P, Yu Y, Liu Z, Chen G, Zeng Z. Sema4D correlates with tumour immune infiltration and is a prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma, melanoma and thymoma. Autoimmunity 2021; 54:294-302. [PMID: 33974462 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.1925885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sema4D, a member of the immune semaphorin family, plays crucial roles in the immune regulation, bone resorption and nervous system. It is also involved in angiogenesis and tumour progression. However, systemic studies on the correlation between Sema4D expression and the immune infiltration or clinical outcomes in tumours are still limited. Here, we analysed the landscape of Sema4D expression and its prognostic value in the cancer genome atlas pan-cancer as well as the correlation between Sema4D and immune cell infiltration by Tumour Immune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling interactive analysis online tools. Results showed that a higher Sema4D expression was significantly correlated with a favourable overall survival in diverse solid tumours including bladder cancer (Hazards Ratio (HR)=0.68, p = .0095), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (HR = 0.61, p = .0016), melanoma (HR = 0.58, p = 6.6e-05) and thymoma (HR = 0.1, p = .011). Interestingly, Sema4D expression has positive correlation with various tumour infiltrating immune cells and immune cell biomarkers in these tumours. These results suggest that Sema4D could be a prospective biomarker for calculating hazard ratio of tumour patients and their tumour immune infiltration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Lu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziting Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guona Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zeng
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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The role of immune semaphorins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: Potential therapeutic targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107556. [PMID: 33756227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems possess a highly intricate network of synaptic connections, shared messenger molecules, and exquisite communication ways, allowing intercellular signal transduction. The semaphorins (Semas) were initially identified as axonal guidance molecules in the development of the nervous system but later were found to be implicated also in regulating the immune system, known in this case as the "immune Semas" or "immunoregulatory Semas". Increasingly, these molecules are involved in multiple aspects of both physiological and pathological immune responses and were recently indicated to take part in various immunological disorders, encompassing allergy, cancer, and autoimmunity. Semas transduce signals by connecting to their cognate receptors, namely, plexins and neuropilins. Some of them, like Sema-3F, have been found to function as the inducer of the remyelination process whereas some others, like Sema-3A and Sema-4D, act to inhibit this process, either directly or indirectly. Besides, Sema-4A is crucial to the differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. This review aims to reveal the role of immune Semas in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, focusing on the therapeutic usages of these molecules to treat this neurodegenerative disease.
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13
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Monteiro S, Pinho AG, Macieira M, Serre-Miranda C, Cibrão JR, Lima R, Soares-Cunha C, Vasconcelos NL, Lentilhas-Graça J, Duarte-Silva S, Miranda A, Correia-Neves M, Salgado AJ, Silva NA. Splenic sympathetic signaling contributes to acute neutrophil infiltration of the injured spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:282. [PMID: 32967684 PMCID: PMC7513542 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in the immune system are a complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) and have been linked to an excessive sympathetic outflow to lymphoid organs. Still unknown is whether these peripheral immune changes also contribute for the deleterious inflammatory response mounted at the injured spinal cord. Methods We analyzed different molecular outputs of the splenic sympathetic signaling for the first 24 h after a thoracic compression SCI. We also analyzed the effect of ablating the splenic sympathetic signaling to the innate immune and inflammatory response at the spleen and spinal cord 24 h after injury. Results We found that norepinephrine (NE) levels were already raised at this time-point. Low doses of NE stimulation of splenocytes in vitro mainly affected the neutrophils’ population promoting an increase in both frequency and numbers. Interestingly, the interruption of the sympathetic communication to the spleen, by ablating the splenic nerve, resulted in reduced frequencies and numbers of neutrophils both at the spleen and spinal cord 1 day post-injury. Conclusion Collectively, our data demonstrates that the splenic sympathetic signaling is involved in the infiltration of neutrophils after spinal cord injury. Our findings give new mechanistic insights into the dysfunctional regulation of the inflammatory response mounted at the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia G Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mara Macieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Serre-Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge R Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Natália L Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Lentilhas-Graça
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alice Miranda
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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14
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Thelen F, Witherden DA. Get in Touch With Dendritic Epithelial T Cells! Front Immunol 2020; 11:1656. [PMID: 32849572 PMCID: PMC7403176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems continuously interchange information and orchestrate their immune responses to protect the host. γδT cells play crucial roles, as they incorporate both innate and adaptive immune characteristics. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) are specialized γδT cells, which are uniquely positioned to rapidly respond to skin wounds and infections. Their elongated dendrite morphology allows them to be in continuous contact with multiple neighboring keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. Cellular interactions are fundamental to the formation, activation and maintenance of immune cell functions during steady state and pathology. Recent technological advances, especially in the field of cellular imaging, have contributed greatly to the characterization of complex cellular interactions in a spatiotemporally resolved manner. In this review, we will highlight the often-underappreciated function of DETC and other γδT cells during steady state and an ongoing immune response. More specifically, we discuss how DETC-precursors are shaped in the fetal thymus during embryogenesis as well as how direct cell-cell interactions of DETC with neighboring epidermal cells shape skin homeostasis and effector functions. Furthermore, we will discuss seminal work and recent discoveries made in the γδT cell field, which have highlighted the importance of γδT cells in the skin, both in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavian Thelen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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15
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Immune semaphorins: Crucial regulatory signals and novel therapeutic targets in asthma and allergic diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173209. [PMID: 32454117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases are a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that arise as a result of excessive responses of the immune system against intrinsically harmless environmental substances. It is well known that substantial joint characteristics exist between the immune and nervous systems. The semaphorins (Semas) were initially characterized as axon-guidance molecules that play a crucial role during the development of the nervous system. However, increasing evidence indicates that a subset of Semas, termed "immune Semas", acting through their cognate receptors, namely, plexins (Plxns), and neuropilins (Nrps), also contributes to both physiological and pathological responses of the immune system. Notably, immune Semas exert critical roles in regulating a broad spectrum of biological processes, including immune cell-cell interactions, activation, differentiation, cell migration and mobility, angiogenesis, tumor progression, as well as inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that the modification in the signaling of immune Semas could lead to various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, ranging from cancer to autoimmunity and allergies. This review summarizes the recent evidence regarding the role of immune Semas in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases and discusses their therapeutic potential for treating these diseases.
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16
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Modulation of regulatory T cell function and stability by co-inhibitory receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:680-693. [PMID: 32269380 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in Treg cell numbers have been observed in patients with autoimmunity and the opposite effects on Treg cells occur in cancer settings. Current research on new therapies for these diseases is focused on modulating Treg cell function to increase or decrease suppressive activity in autoimmunity and cancer, respectively. In this regard, several co-inhibitory receptors that are preferentially expressed by Treg cells under homeostatic conditions have recently been shown to control Treg cell function and stability in different disease settings. These receptors could be amenable to therapeutic targeting aimed at modulating Treg cell function and plasticity. This Review summarizes recent data regarding the role of co-inhibitory molecules in the control of Treg cell function and stability, with a focus on their roles and potential therapeutic use in autoimmunity and cancer.
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17
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Rajabinejad M, Asadi G, Ranjbar S, Afshar Hezarkhani L, Salari F, Gorgin Karaji A, Rezaiemanesh A. Semaphorin 4A, 4C, and 4D: Function comparison in the autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Gene 2020; 746:144637. [PMID: 32244055 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a group of proteins that are divided into eight subclasses and identified by a conserved Sema domain on their carboxyl terminus. Sema4A, 4C, and 4D are the members of the fourth class of semaphorin family, which are known as membrane semaphorins; however, these molecules can be altered to soluble semaphorins by proteolytic cleavage. Semaphorins have various roles in the immune, nervous, and metabolic systems. In the immune system, these molecules contribute to the formation of cellular, humoral, and innate immune responses, such as inflammation, leukocyte migration, immunological synapse formation, and germinal center events. Given the diverse roles of semaphorins in the immune system, in this review, we have tried to give a comprehensive look at the role of these molecules in autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Sema4D and 4A seem to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In contrast, it has been shown that Sema4A and 4C have beneficial effects on allergies, and their absence can exacerbate the severity of the disease. In the case of cancer, an increase in all three of these molecules has been reported. Sema4D and 4C can contribute to tumor progression in human patients or experimental models, while the role of Sema4A has not yet been fully understood. In conclusion, semaphorins seem to be a favorable therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases and allergies. However, in cancer, studies have not yet been able to identify the exact role of semaphorins, and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Rajabinejad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gelayol Asadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Ranjbar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Afshar Hezarkhani
- Department of Neurology, Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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18
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Yang S, Wang L, Pan W, Bayer W, Thoens C, Heim K, Dittmer U, Timm J, Wang Q, Yu Q, Luo J, Liu Y, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Zhang X, Chen H, Wang H, Feng X, Yang X, Lu Y, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. MMP2/MMP9-mediated CD100 shedding is crucial for inducing intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses and HBV clearance. J Hepatol 2019; 71:685-698. [PMID: 31173811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD100 is constitutively expressed on T cells and can be cleaved from the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) to become soluble CD100 (sCD100). Both membrane-bound CD100 (mCD100) and sCD100 have important immune regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. This study investigated the expression and role of mCD100 and sCD100 in regulating antiviral immune responses during HBV infection. METHODS mCD100 expression on T cells, sCD100 levels in the serum, and MMP expression in the liver and serum were analysed in patients with chronic HBV (CHB) and in HBV-replicating mice. The ability of sCD100 to mediate antigen-presenting cell maturation, HBV-specific T cell activation, and HBV clearance were analysed in HBV-replicating mice and patients with CHB. RESULTS Patients with CHB had higher mCD100 expression on T cells and lower serum sCD100 levels compared with healthy controls. Therapeutic sCD100 treatment resulted in the activation of DCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, enhanced HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses, and accelerated HBV clearance, whereas blockade of its receptor CD72 attenuated the intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell response. Together with MMP9, MMP2 mediated mCD100 shedding from the T cell surface. Patients with CHB had significantly lower serum MMP2 levels, which positively correlated with serum sCD100 levels, compared with healthy controls. Inhibition of MMP2/9 activity resulted in an attenuated anti-HBV T cell response and delayed HBV clearance in mice. CONCLUSIONS MMP2/9-mediated sCD100 release has an important role in regulating intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses, thus mediating subsequent viral clearance during HBV infection. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The clearance of HBV relies largely on an effective T cell immune response, which usually becomes dysregulated in chronic HBV infection. Our study provides a new mechanism to elucidate HBV persistence and a new target for developing immunotherapy strategies in patients chronically infected with HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christine Thoens
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heim
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joerg Timm
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510551, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 510632, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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19
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Zhang C, Xu S, Zhang S, Liu M, Du H, Sun R, Jing B, Sun Y. Ageing characteristics of bone indicated by transcriptomic and exosomal proteomic analysis of cortical bone cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:129. [PMID: 31077243 PMCID: PMC6509863 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative changes in the skeleton play an important role in ageing. As the foremost sensors and orchestrators of bone remodelling, osteocytes contribute significantly to the health of the skeleton. Embedded in a mineralized bone matrix, the osteocyte network and the surrounding lacunar canaliculae work together as a functional syncytium-the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system (OLCS). However, changes in the OLCS during ageing and related mechanisms cannot be fully understood by using traditional histological analysis. METHODS To link the phenotypes of aged osteocytes and their functional changes during ageing, we analysed the changes in the gene expression profiles of bone cells and the proteomic profiles of OLCS exosomes derived from aged and young cortical bone. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that a decline in cell energy metabolism and an increased level of the proinflammatory state are major characteristics of bone ageing. Moreover, some DEGs were key regulators of bone mechanical sensation and bone remodelling, which are indicative of reduced bone-specific function with age. Further, the identified proteins in OLCS exosomes showed potential changes in the secretory function bone. Compared with young controls, the decreased functional proteins in aged OLCS exosomes were enriched mainly in GO terms that included regulating bone development and remodelling, cell-matrix adhesion, and cell clearance and homeostasis. Notably, several functions of exosomal proteins of the aged group revealed potential new roles, such as regulating innate and adaptive immunity, wound healing, and angiogenesis and eliminating oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The information obtained from bone cells and OLCS exosomes will help us discover new features of bone ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Shufan Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Haiming Du
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Ruinan Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
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20
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Alebrahim D, Nayak M, Ward A, Ursomanno P, Shams R, Corsica A, Sleiman R, Fils KH, Silvestro M, Boytard L, Hadi T, Gelb B, Ramkhelawon B. Mapping Semaphorins and Netrins in the Pathogenesis of Human Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092100. [PMID: 31035427 PMCID: PMC6539328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a complex life-threatening disease characterized by extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) fragmentation and persistent inflammation, culminating in a weakened aorta. Although evidence suggests defective canonical signaling pathways in TAA, the full spectrum of mechanisms contributing to TAA is poorly understood, therefore limiting the scope of drug-based treatment. Here, we used a sensitive RNA sequencing approach to profile the transcriptomic atlas of human TAA. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of key matrix-degrading enzymes and inflammation coincident with the axonal guidance pathway. We uncovered their novel association with TAA and focused on the expression of Semaphorins and Netrins. Comprehensive analysis of this pathway showed that several members were differentially expressed in TAA compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Semaphorin4D and its receptor PlexinB1, similar to Netrin-1 proteins were highly expressed in damaged areas of TAA tissues but faintly detected in the vessel wall of non-diseased sections. It should be considered that the current study is limited by its sample size and the use of internal thoracic artery as control for TAA for the sequencing dataset. Our data determines important neuronal regulators of vascular inflammatory events and suggest Netrins and Semaphorins as potential key contributors of ECM degradation in TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dornazsadat Alebrahim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Mangala Nayak
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Alison Ward
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Patricia Ursomanno
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Rebecca Shams
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Annanina Corsica
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Rayan Sleiman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kissinger Hyppolite Fils
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Michele Silvestro
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ludovic Boytard
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tarik Hadi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Bruce Gelb
- Transplant Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Chen XJ, Wu S, Yan RM, Fan LS, Yu L, Zhang YM, Wei WF, Zhou CF, Wu XG, Zhong M, Yu YH, Liang L, Wang W. The role of the hypoxia-Nrp-1 axis in the activation of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of cervical cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:388-397. [PMID: 30362630 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms through which hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) modulates the transition of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The migration ability of RAW264.7 macrophages was determined by transwell assay. Flow cytometric, western blot and immunofluorescence analyses of CD206 further validated the M2 polarization of macrophages. Immunofluorescence, western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the expression of neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). An intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH) animal model was established to evaluate the role of hypoxia in activating M2-like TAMs in vivo. We also used immunohistochemistry to analyze the association between CAIX, CD163+ macrophages and Nrp-1 in a series of 72 human cervical cancer specimens. We found that the hypoxic cervical TME educated the recruited macrophages to transform into the M2 phenotype. Nrp-1 expression was significantly increased in hypoxia-primed cervical cancer cells. Blocking Nrp-1 expression prevented hypoxic cells from recruiting and polarizing macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. Hypoxia exposure significantly increased the expression of Nrp-1 as well as the infiltration of macrophages in vivo. Consistently, immunochemical staining in serial tissue sections of cervical cancer revealed upregulated levels of Nrp-1 in CAIX-positive hypoxic regions along with a concurrent significant elevation of M2 macrophages. Nrp-1 and M2-like TAMs were related to the malignant properties of cervical cancer, such as the FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis. Nrp-1 plays critical roles in hypoxic TME-induced activation and pro-tumoral effects of TAMs in cervical cancer. Interfering with Nrp-1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy in treating cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomic, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Ming Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Sheng Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomic, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Fei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Fei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Guang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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22
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Hu S, Zhu L. Semaphorins and Their Receptors: From Axonal Guidance to Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 30405423 PMCID: PMC6196129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted, transmembrane, or GPI-anchored proteins initially identified as axon guidance cues signaling through their receptors, neuropilins, and plexins. Emerging evidence suggests that beyond the guidance, they also function in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions, including atherosclerosis, a vascular inflammatory disease. Particular semaphorin members have been demonstrated to participate in atherosclerosis via eliciting endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte infiltration, monocyte-macrophage retention, platelet hyperreactivity, and neovascularization. In this review, we focus on the role of those semaphorin family members in the development of atherosclerosis and highlight the mechanistic relevance of semaphorins to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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23
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Luque MCA, Galuppo MK, Capelli-Peixoto J, Stolf BS. CD100 Effects in Macrophages and Its Roles in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:136. [PMID: 30324109 PMCID: PMC6173139 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD100 or Sema4D is a protein from the semaphorin family with important roles in the vascular, nervous and immune systems. It may be found as a membrane bound dimer or as a soluble molecule originated by proteolytic cleavage. Produced by the majority of hematopoietic cells including B and T lymphocytes, natural killer and myeloid cells, as well as endothelial cells, CD100 exerts its actions by binding to different receptors depending on the cell type and on the organism. Cell-to-cell adhesion, angiogenesis, phagocytosis, T cell priming, and antibody production are examples of the many functions of this molecule. Of note, high CD100 serum levels has been found in inflammatory as well as in infectious diseases, but the roles of the protein in the pathogenesis of these diseases has still to be clarified. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells present in almost all tissues, which may change their functions in response to microenvironmental conditions. They are key players in the innate and adaptive immune responses and have decisive roles in sterile conditions but also in several diseases such as atherosclerosis, autoimmunity, tumorigenesis, and antitumor responses, among others. Although it is known that macrophages express CD100 and its receptors, few studies have focused on the role of this semaphorin in this cell type or in macrophage-associated diseases. The aim of this review is to critically revise the available data about CD100 and atherosclerosis, with special emphasis on its roles in macrophages and monocytes. We will also describe the few available data on treatments with anti-CD100 antibodies in different diseases. We hope that this review stimulates future studies on the effects of such an important molecule in a cell type with decisive roles in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C A Luque
- Heart Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Galuppo MK, de Rezende E, Forti FL, Cortez M, Cruz MC, Teixeira AA, Giordano RJ, Stolf BS. CD100/Sema4D Increases Macrophage Infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in a CD72 Dependent Manner. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1177. [PMID: 29922261 PMCID: PMC5996280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by trypanosomatid protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which infect preferentially macrophages. The disease affects 12 million people worldwide, who may present cutaneous, mucocutaneous or visceral forms. Several factors influence the form and severity of the disease, and the main ones are the Leishmania species and the host immune response. CD100 is a membrane bound protein that can also be shed. It was first identified in T lymphocytes and latter shown to be induced in macrophages by inflammatory stimuli. The soluble CD100 (sCD100) reduces migration and expression of inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes and dendritic cells, as well as the intake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by human macrophages. Considering the importance of macrophages in Leishmania infection and the potential role of sCD100 in the modulation of macrophage phagocytosis and activation, we analyzed the expression and distribution of CD100 in murine macrophages and the effects of sCD100 on macrophage infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Here we show that CD100 expression in murine macrophages increases after infection with Leishmania. sCD100 augments infection and phagocytosis of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes by macrophages, an effect dependent on macrophage CD72 receptor. Besides, sCD100 enhances phagocytosis of zymosan particles and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana K Galuppo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloiza de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario C Cruz
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre A Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Ou W, Thapa RK, Jiang L, Soe ZC, Gautam M, Chang JH, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Regulatory T cell-targeted hybrid nanoparticles combined with immuno-checkpoint blockage for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 281:84-96. [PMID: 29777794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments induced by regulatory T (Treg) cells is regarded a critical mechanism of tumor immune escape and poses a major impediment to cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we developed tLyp1 peptide-conjugated hybrid nanoparticles for targeting Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment. The tLyp1 peptide-modified hybrid nanoparticles presented good stability and effective targeting to Treg cells, and they enhanced the effect of imatinib in downregulating Treg cell suppression through inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 phosphorylation. In addition, an in vivo study revealed high tumor accumulation of the hybrid nanoparticle. Specifically, prolonged survival rate, enhanced tumor inhibition, reduced intratumoral Treg cells, and elevated intratumoral CD8+ T cells against tumor were observed when combined with checkpoint-blockade by using anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody. This study provided groundwork for a repertoire of nanoparticle-based drugs for targeting and modulating Treg cell function in the tumor microenvironment and for improving antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Zar Chi Soe
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Milan Gautam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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26
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Clark GJ, Silveira PA, Hogarth PM, Hart DNJ. The cell surface phenotype of human dendritic cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 86:3-14. [PMID: 29499385 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are bone marrow derived leucocytes that are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system. These are surveillance cells found in all tissues and, as specialised antigen presenting cells, direct immune responses. Membrane molecules on the DC surface form a landscape that defines them as leucocytes and part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, interacts with their environment and directs interactions with other cells. This review describes the DC surface landscape, reflects on the different molecules confirmed to be on their surface and how they provide the basis for manipulation and translation of the potent functions of these cells into new diagnostics and immune therapies for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina J Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Inflammation, Cancer and Infection, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Derek N J Hart
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Effects of neuroactive agents on axonal growth and pathfinding of retinal ganglion cells generated from human stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16757. [PMID: 29196712 PMCID: PMC5711798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a novel method for generating functional human retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs). Here, we confirmed that RGCs can also be generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We investigated the usefulness of human RGCs with long axons for assessing the effects of chemical agents, such as the neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and the chemorepellent factors, semaphorin 3 A (SEMA3A) and SLIT1. The effects of direct and local administration of each agent on axonal projection were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time imaging, in which the filopodia of the growth cone served as an excellent marker. A locally sustained agent system showed that the axons elongate towards NGF, but were repelled by SEMA3A and SLIT1. Focally transplanted beads that released SLIT1 bent the pathfinding of axons, imitating normal retinal development. Our innovative system for assessing the effects of chemical compounds using human RGCs may facilitate development of novel drugs for the examination, prophylaxis, and treatment of diseases. It may also be useful for observing the physiology of the optic nerve in vitro, which might lead to significant progress in the science of human RGCs.
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28
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Liu Y, Wang S, Guo Q, Li Y, Qin J, Zhao N, Li Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Elevated semaphorin 5A in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case-control study. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:659-666. [PMID: 28912336 PMCID: PMC5655683 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is characterized by elevated specific auto-antibodies, including TgAb and TPOAb. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the essential role of Th17 cells in HT. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Semaphorin 5A (Sema 5A) is involved in several autoimmune diseases through the regulation of immune cells. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of Sema 5A in HT. METHODS We measured serum Sema 5A levels in HT (n = 92) and healthy controls (n = 111) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RNA levels of Sema 5A and their receptors (plexin-A1 and plexin-B3), as well as several cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17), were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 patients with HT and 31 controls. In addition, we investigated the relationship between serum Sema 5A and HT. RESULTS Serum Sema 5A in HT increased significantly compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). Moreover, serum Sema 5A levels were positively correlated with TgAb (r = 0.511, P < 0.001), TPOAb (r = 0.423, P < 0.001), TSH (r = 0.349, P < 0.001) and IL-17 mRNA expression (r = 0.442, P < 0.001). Increased Sema 5A RNA expression was observed (P = 0.041) in HT compared with controls. In receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, serum Sema 5A predicted HT with a sensitivity of 79.35% and specificity of 96.40%, and the area under the curve of the ROC curve was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.778-0.884, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated elevated serum Sema 5A in HT patients for the first time. Serum Sema 5A levels were correlated with thyroid auto-antibodies and IL-17 mRNA expression. Sema 5A may be involved in immune response of HT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Contreras-Kallens P, Terraza C, Oyarce K, Gajardo T, Campos-Mora M, Barroilhet MT, Álvarez C, Fuentes R, Figueroa F, Khoury M, Pino-Lagos K. Mesenchymal stem cells and their immunosuppressive role in transplantation tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1417:35-56. [PMID: 28700815 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since they were first described, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to have important effector mechanisms and the potential for use in cell therapy. A great deal of research has been focused on unveiling how MSCs contribute to anti-inflammatory responses, including describing several cell populations involved and identifying soluble and other effector molecules. In this review, we discuss some of the contemporary evidence for use of MSCs in the field of immune tolerance, with a special emphasis on transplantation. Although considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the biological function of MSCs, additional resources are required to clarify the mechanisms of their induction of immune tolerance, which will undoubtedly lead to improved clinical outcomes for MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Terraza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Gajardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Barroilhet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Figueroa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Huang C, Wang Y, Huang JH, Liu W. Sema3A drastically suppresses tumor growth in oral cancer Xenograft model of mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:55. [PMID: 28683823 PMCID: PMC5501443 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies suggest anti-angiogenesis to be a promising and rational option in cancer treatment. Interestingly, the axonal sprouting inhibitor semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a potent suppressor of tumor angiogenesis in various cancer models, is lowly expressed in human oral cancer. Thus, we hypothesized that overexpression of Sema3A in human oral cancer cells may have potential therapeutic effects. Methods The LentiSema3A-EGFP was first constructed and transduced to the tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line SSC-9. Angiogenesis assay was performed with endothelial cell tube formation assay and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Tumor xenografts model was used to evaluate the effect of Sema3a on the tumor growth. Finally, western blot was performed to study the mechanisms of inhibiting angiogenesis by Sema3A. Results In vitro and in vivo approaches revealed that Sema3A significantly inhibited tube formation of endothelial cells and reduced angiogenesis in CAM assay. In addition, overexpression of Sema3A in the tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line SSC-9 resulted in significantly reduced angiogenesis and drastically suppressed tumor growth in mice. Mechanistically, Sema3A inhibited the phosphorylation of VEGFR2, as well as Src and FAK, downstream of the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that overexpression of Sema3A in oral cancer cells drastically suppressed tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. Our findings provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutics in the management of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Weixian Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Kessel A, Lin C, Vadasz Z, Peri R, Eiza N, Berkowitz D. The association between semaphorin 3A levels and gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:73-76. [PMID: 28502679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease affecting the small intestine. We aim to assess serum level and expression of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) on T regulatory (Treg) cells in CD patients. Twenty-six newly diagnosed celiac patients, 13 celiac patients on a gluten-free diet and 16 healthy controls included in the study. Sema3A protein level in the serum of celiac patients was significantly higher compared to healthy group (7.17±1.8ng/ml vs. 5.67±1.5ng/ml, p=0.012). Sema3A expression on Treg cells was statistically lower in celiac patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.009) and significantly lower in celiac patients compared to celiac patients on gluten free diet (p=0.04). Negative correlation was found between Sema3A on Teg cells and the level of IgA anti-tTG antibodies (r=-0.346, p<0.01) and anti-DGP (r=-0.448, p<0.01). This study suggests involvement of the Sema3A in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Kessel
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Chen Lin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zahava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Regina Peri
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nasren Eiza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Drora Berkowitz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Langhans M, Weber W, Babel L, Grunewald M, Meckel T. The right motifs for plant cell adhesion: what makes an adhesive site? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:95-108. [PMID: 27091341 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms are surrounded by and attached to a matrix of fibrous polysaccharides and proteins known as the extracellular matrix. This fibrous network not only serves as a structural support to cells and tissues but also plays an integral part in the process as important as proliferation, differentiation, or defense. While at first sight, the extracellular matrices of plant and animals do not have much in common, a closer look reveals remarkable similarities. In particular, the proteins involved in the adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix share many functional properties. At the sequence level, however, a surprising lack of homology is found between adhesion-related proteins of plants and animals. Both protein machineries only reveal similarities between small subdomains and motifs, which further underlines their functional relationship. In this review, we provide an overview on the similarities between motifs in proteins known to be located at the plant cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface to proteins of the animal adhesome. We also show that by comparing the proteome of both adhesion machineries at the level of motifs, we are also able to identify potentially new candidate proteins that functionally contribute to the adhesion of the plant plasma membrane to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wadim Weber
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miriam Grunewald
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany.
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The intragraft microenvironment as a central determinant of chronic rejection or local immunoregulation/tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 22:55-63. [PMID: 27898465 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rejection is associated with persistent mononuclear cell recruitment, endothelial activation and proliferation, local tissue hypoxia and related biology that enhance effector immune responses. In contrast, the tumor microenvironment elicits signals/factors that inhibit effector T cell responses and rather promote immunoregulation locally within the tissue itself. The identification of immunoregulatory check points and/or secreted factors that are deficient within allografts is of great importance in the understanding and prevention of chronic rejection. RECENT FINDINGS The relative deficiency of immunomodulatory molecules (cell surface and secreted) on microvascular endothelial cells within the intragraft microenvironment, is of functional importance in shaping the phenotype of rejection. These regulatory molecules include coinhibitory and/or intracellular regulatory signals/factors that enhance local activation of T regulatory cells. For example, semaphorins may interact with endothelial cells and CD4 T cells to promote local tolerance. Additionally, metabolites and electrolytes within the allograft microenvironment may regulate local effector and regulatory cell responses. SUMMARY Multiple factors within allografts shape the microenvironment either towards local immunoregulation or proinflammation. Promoting the expression of intragraft cell surface or secreted molecules that support immunoregulation will be critical for long-term graft survival and/or alloimmune tolerance.
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Movila A, Mawardi H, Nishimura K, Kiyama T, Egashira K, Kim JY, Villa A, Sasaki H, Woo SB, Kawai T. Possible pathogenic engagement of soluble Semaphorin 4D produced by γδT cells in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:42-47. [PMID: 27720716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prior consensus held that medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) lesion was composed of necrotic bone; however, more recent studies have identified inflammatory infiltrates in the lesion. Herein, we report that remarkably elevated infiltrating γδT cells (90% of lymphocytes) express Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) in human patient with MRONJ lesion, whereas γδT cells only account for 2-5% of lymphocytes in blood. Importantly, Sema4D is implicated in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Indeed, in a mouse model of MRONJ, an elevated number of γδT, but not αβT, cells infiltrating in the MRONJ-like lesion was observed. Both elevated soluble Sema4D (sSema4D) production accompanied by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α IFN-γ and IL-1β, and Sema4D-expressing γδT cells were detected in mouse MRONJ-like lesion. Activated γδT cells produced sSema4D in vitro, which could promote TNF-α production from macrophages. Meanwhile, γδT cell-KO mice were resistant to the induction of MRONJ and, hence, showed no elevation of local productions of Sema4D and TNF-α. Finally, systemic administration of anti-Sema4D neutralizing mAb suppressed the onset of MRONJ in wild-type mice in conjunction with diminished level of TNF-α. These results suggested a critical pathogenic engagement of Sema4D produced by γδT cells in the development of MRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Movila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hani Mawardi
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kazuaki Nishimura
- Maxillo-oral Disorders, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Division of Oral Dysfunction of Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Density, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kiyama
- Division of Oral Molecular Regulation, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Egashira
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Research and Development Headquarters, LION Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sook-Bin Woo
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
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Pan JX, Wang F, Ye LY. Doxorubicin-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition through SEMA 4A in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:610-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Battistini C, Tamagnone L. Transmembrane semaphorins, forward and reverse signaling: have a look both ways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1609-22. [PMID: 26794845 PMCID: PMC11108563 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are signaling molecules playing pivotal roles not only as axon guidance cues, but are also involved in the regulation of a range of biological processes, such as immune response, angiogenesis and invasive tumor growth. The main functional receptors for semaphorins are plexins, which are large single-pass transmembrane molecules. Semaphorin signaling through plexins-the "classical" forward signaling-affects cytoskeletal remodeling and integrin-dependent adhesion, consequently influencing cell migration. Intriguingly, semaphorins and plexins can interact not only in trans, but also in cis, leading to differentiated and highly regulated signaling outputs. Moreover, transmembrane semaphorins can also mediate a so-called "reverse" signaling, by acting not as ligands but rather as receptors, and initiate a signaling cascade through their own cytoplasmic domains. Semaphorin reverse signaling has been clearly demonstrated in fruit fly Sema1a, which is required to control motor axon defasciculation and target recognition during neuromuscular development. Sema1a invertebrate semaphorin is most similar to vertebrate class-6 semaphorins, and examples of semaphorin reverse signaling in mammalians have been described for these family members. Reverse signaling is also reported for other vertebrate semaphorin subsets, e.g. class-4 semaphorins, which bear potential PDZ-domain interaction motifs in their cytoplasmic regions. Therefore, thanks to their various signaling abilities, transmembrane semaphorins can play multifaceted roles both in developmental processes and in physiological as well as pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Battistini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS-FPO, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS-FPO, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
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Fisher TL, Seils J, Reilly C, Litwin V, Green L, Salkowitz-Bokal J, Walsh R, Harville S, Leonard JE, Smith E, Zauderer M. Saturation monitoring of VX15/2503, a novel semaphorin 4D-specific antibody, in clinical trials. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:199-208. [PMID: 26566052 PMCID: PMC5064733 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Receptor occupancy, or saturation, assays are often utilized in preclinical and clinical development programs to evaluate the binding of a biologic to a cellular target. These assays provide critical information regarding the dose of drug required to “saturate” the target as well as important pharmacodymamic (PD) data. A flow cytometric method was developed to measure the degree of Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D; CD100) saturation by VX15/2303, an investigational monoclonal antibody specific for SEMA4D. Methods The assay detects VX15/2503, a human IgG4 specific for SEMA4D, with an IgG4‐specific monoclonal antibody. Results Data generated allowed assessment of two related SEMA4D‐specific pharmacodynamic (PD) markers: (1) The measurement of cellular SEMA4D (cSEMA4D) saturation by VX15/2503, and (2) the cell membrane expression levels of cSEMA4D. Conclusions This assay specifically and reproducibly measured cSEMA4D saturation and expression levels. Evaluation of the SEMA4D‐specific PD markers were critical in determining the clinical saturation threshold of cSEMA4D by VX15/2503. © 2015 he Authors Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Green
- Covance Central Laboratory Services, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Robin Walsh
- Covance Central Laboratory Services, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sarah Harville
- Covance Central Laboratory Services, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Lyu M, Li Y, Hao Y, Sun T, Liu W, Lyu C, Fu R, Li H, Xue F, Liu X, Zhang L, Yang R. Elevated Semaphorin 5A correlated with Th1 polarization in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2015; 136:859-64. [PMID: 26272304 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated disorder in which cellular immunity deficiency and disturbed cytokine profiles have been found. Semaphorin 5A (Sema5A) has been showed to be implicated in cellular immune response. We aimed to evaluate the role of Sema5A in patients with chronic ITP. METHODS Plasma levels of Sema5A, T helper (Th) cytokines (interferon [IFN] -γ,interleukin [IL]-4,IL-17A) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in ITP patients and healthy controls. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), mRNA levels of Sema5A and its receptor plexin-B3, plexin-A1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were studied in all subjects. Specific anti-platelet autoantibodies were measured by the Pak Auto method. The dynamic change of plasma Sema5A and mRNA levels of its receptors was measured in 9 patients after effective therapy. RESULTS Plasma Sema5A levels were significantly increased in active patients with chronic ITP compared to patients in remission and healthy controls. Elevated levels of Sema5A were found positively correlated with higher levels of plasma IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio and negatively correlated with lower levels of plasma IL-4, platelet counts in ITP patients. The mRNA plexin-B3 was decreased in active ITP patients and inversely correlated with plasma Sema5A levels. Additionally, plasma levels of Sema5A and IFN-γ were reduced with up-regulation of plexin-B3 expression after effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated elevated plasma Sema5A in chronic ITP patients might be involved in Th1 polarization by down-regulating receptor plexin-B3 expression and correlated with disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yating Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuicui Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongfeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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Huang C, Wang Y, Huang JH, Zhang J, Wang Z, Liu W. WITHDRAWN: Lentiviral Mediated Overexpression of Sema3A in Oral Cancer Cells Decreases Tumor Growth by Inhibiting Angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015:S0006-291X(15)30081-4. [PMID: 26051279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Key Laboratory of Surgery of Liaoning Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Liiaoning Medical University, Jinzhou China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Department of Key Laboratory of Surgery of Liaoning Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Liiaoning Medical University, Jinzhou China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weixian Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang J, Ahn J, Suh Y, Hwang S, Davis ME, Lee K. Identification of CTLA2A, DEFB29, WFDC15B, SERPINA1F and MUP19 as Novel Tissue-Specific Secretory Factors in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124962. [PMID: 25946105 PMCID: PMC4422522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory factors in animals play an important role in communication between different cells, tissues and organs. Especially, the secretory factors with specific expression in one tissue may reflect important functions and unique status of that tissue in an organism. In this study, we identified potential tissue-specific secretory factors in the fat, muscle, heart, lung, kidney and liver in the mouse by analyzing microarray data from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository and searching and predicting their subcellular location in GeneCards and WoLF PSORT, and then confirmed tissue-specific expression of the genes using semi-quantitative PCR reactions. With this approach, we confirmed 11 lung, 7 liver, 2 heart, 1 heart and muscle, 7 kidney and 2 adipose and liver-specific secretory factors. Among these genes, 1 lung-specific gene - CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), 3 kidney-specific genes - SERPINA1F (serpin peptidase inhibitor, Clade A, member 1F), WFDC15B (WAP four-disulfide core domain 15B) and DEFB29 (defensin beta 29) and 1 liver-specific gene - MUP19 (major urinary protein 19) have not been reported as secretory factors. These genes were tagged with hemagglutinin at the 3’end and then transiently transfected to HEK293 cells. Through protein detection in cell lysate and media using Western blotting, we verified secretion of the 5 genes and predicted the potential pathways in which they may participate in the specific tissue through data analysis of GEO profiles. In addition, alternative splicing was detected in transcripts of CTLA2A and SERPINA1F and the corresponding proteins were found not to be secreted in cell culture media. Identification of novel secretory factors through the current study provides a new platform to explore novel secretory factors and a general direction for further study of these genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tanaka J, Tanaka H, Mizuki N, Nomura E, Ito N, Nomura N, Yamane M, Hida T, Goshima Y, Hatano H, Nakagawa H. Semaphorin 3A controls allergic and inflammatory responses in experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1-10. [PMID: 25709899 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of topical Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A) in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS Experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) mice model induced by short ragweed pollen (SRW) in 4-week-old of BALB/c mice, mice were evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunofluorescence and light microscope photographs. Early phase took the samples in 24h after instillation and late phase took the samples between 4 to 14d after the start of treatment. The study use of topical SEMA3A (10 U, 100 U, 1000 U) eye drops and subconjunctival injection of SEMA3A with same concentration. For comparison, five types of allergy eyedrops were quantified using clinical characteristics. RESULTS Clinical score of composite ocular symptoms of the mice treated with SEMA3A were significantly decreased both in the immediate phase and the late phase compared to those treated with commercial ophthalmic formulations and non-treatment mice. SEMA3A treatment attenuates infiltration of eosinophils entering into conjunctiva in EAC mice. The score of eosinophil infiltration in the conjunctiva of SEMA3A 1000 U-treated group were significantly lower than low-concentration of SEMA3A treated groups and non-treated group. SEMA3A treatment also suppressed T-cell proliferation in vitro and decreased serum total IgE levels in EAC mice. Moreover, Treatment of SEMA3A suppressed Th2-related cytokines (IL-5, IL-13 and IL-4) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α) release, but increased regulatory cytokine IL-10 concentration in the conjunctiva of EAC mice. CONCLUSIONS SEMA3A as a biological agent, showed the beneficial activity in ocular allergic processes with the less damage to the intraocular tissue. It is expected that SEMA3A may be contributed in patients with a more severe spectrum of refractory ocular allergic diseases including allergic conjunctivitis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmi Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan ; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Naoko Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama 236-0004 Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hida
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku Yokohama 236-0004 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hatano
- Hatano Eye Clinic, 438-1 Fujisawa, Fujisawa, Kanagawa-ken 251-0052, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nakagawa
- Tokushima Eye Clinic, 1-2-14 Fujimi-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0024, Japan
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42
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Evans EE, Jonason AS, Bussler H, Torno S, Veeraraghavan J, Reilly C, Doherty MA, Seils J, Winter LA, Mallow C, Kirk R, Howell A, Giralico S, Scrivens M, Klimatcheva K, Fisher TL, Bowers WJ, Paris M, Smith ES, Zauderer M. Antibody Blockade of Semaphorin 4D Promotes Immune Infiltration into Tumor and Enhances Response to Other Immunomodulatory Therapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:689-701. [PMID: 25614511 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D, CD100) and its receptor plexin-B1 (PLXNB1) are broadly expressed in murine and human tumors, and their expression has been shown to correlate with invasive disease in several human tumors. SEMA4D normally functions to regulate the motility and differentiation of multiple cell types, including those of the immune, vascular, and nervous systems. In the setting of cancer, SEMA4D-PLXNB1 interactions have been reported to affect vascular stabilization and transactivation of ERBB2, but effects on immune-cell trafficking in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have not been investigated. We describe a novel immunomodulatory function of SEMA4D, whereby strong expression of SEMA4D at the invasive margins of actively growing tumors influences the infiltration and distribution of leukocytes in the TME. Antibody neutralization of SEMA4D disrupts this gradient of expression, enhances recruitment of activated monocytes and lymphocytes into the tumor, and shifts the balance of cells and cytokines toward a proinflammatory and antitumor milieu within the TME. This orchestrated change in the tumor architecture was associated with durable tumor rejection in murine Colon26 and ERBB2(+) mammary carcinoma models. The immunomodulatory activity of anti-SEMA4D antibody can be enhanced by combination with other immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibition and chemotherapy. Strikingly, the combination of anti-SEMA4D antibody with antibody to CTLA-4 acts synergistically to promote complete tumor rejection and survival. Inhibition of SEMA4D represents a novel mechanism and therapeutic strategy to promote functional immune infiltration into the TME and inhibit tumor progression.
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Smith ES, Jonason A, Reilly C, Veeraraghavan J, Fisher T, Doherty M, Klimatcheva E, Mallow C, Cornelius C, Leonard JE, Marchi N, Janigro D, Argaw AT, Pham T, Seils J, Bussler H, Torno S, Kirk R, Howell A, Evans EE, Paris M, Bowers WJ, John G, Zauderer M. SEMA4D compromises blood–brain barrier, activates microglia, and inhibits remyelination in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:254-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Ko JA, Hirata J, Yamane K, Sonoda KH, Kiuchi Y. Up-regulation of semaphorin 4A expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by PACAP released from cocultured neural cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 33:29-36. [PMID: 25515530 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms require interactions between neighbouring cells. We recently established an in vitro model of cell-cell interaction based on a collagen vitrigel membrane. We have now examined the role of neural cells in retinal homeostasis by coculture of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and neural cells on opposite sides of such a membrane. The neural cells (differentiated PC12 cells) induced up-regulation of semaphorin 4A (Sema4A), a member of the semaphorin family of neural guidance proteins, in RPE (ARPE19) cells. This effect of the neural cells was mimicked by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and was abolished by the PACAP antagonist PACAP(6-38). Coculture with neural cells or stimulation with PACAP also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase in ARPE19 cells, and this effect of the neural cells was inhibited by PACAP(6-38). Finally, among various cytokines examined, only the amount of interleukin-6 released by cocultures of ARPE19 and neural cells differed from that released by ARPE19 cells cultured alone. Interleukin-6 was not detected in culture supernatants of neural cells, and the reduction in the amount of interleukin-6 released by the cocultures compared with that released by ARPE19 cells alone was prevented by PACAP(6-38). Our findings suggest that PACAP released from retinal neural cells (photoreceptors or optic nerve cells) may regulate Sema4A expression in RPE cells and thereby contribute to the maintenance of retinal structure and function. Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms require interactions between neighbouring cells. With the use of a coculture system based on a collagen vitrigel membrane, we have now shown that neural cells induce up-regulation of the neural guidance protein Sema4A in RPE cells. This effect of neural cells appears to be mediated by the neuropeptide PACAP. PACAP released from retinal neural cells (photoreceptors or optic nerve cells) may thus regulate Sema4A expression in RPE cells and thereby contribute to the maintenance of retinal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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45
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Kuklina EM, Nekrasova IV, Baidina TV, Danchenko IY. The role of the Sema4d/CD72-dependent signal in the regulation of B-cell activity in multiple sclerosis. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 458:316-318. [PMID: 25371262 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661405007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm', Russia,
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Raeven RHM, Brummelman J, Pennings JLA, Nijst OEM, Kuipers B, Blok LER, Helm K, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, van Els CACM, Han WGH, Kersten GFA, Metz B. Molecular signatures of the evolving immune response in mice following a Bordetella pertussis infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104548. [PMID: 25137043 PMCID: PMC4138111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide resurgence of pertussis necessitates the need for improvement of pertussis vaccines and vaccination strategies. Since natural infections induce a longer-lasting immunity than vaccinations, detailed knowledge of the immune responses following natural infection can provide important clues for such improvement. The purpose was to elucidate the kinetics of the protective immune response evolving after experimental Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) infection in mice. Data were collected from (i) individual analyses, i.e. microarray, flow cytometry, multiplex immunoassays, and bacterial clearance; (ii) twelve time points during the infection; and (iii) different tissues involved in the immune responses, i.e. lungs, spleen and blood. Combined data revealed detailed insight in molecular and cellular sequence of events connecting different phases (innate, bridging and adaptive) of the immune response following the infection. We detected a prolonged acute phase response, broad pathogen recognition, and early gene signatures of subsequent T-cell recruitment in the lungs. Activation of particular transcription factors and specific cell markers provided insight into the time course of the transition from innate towards adaptive immune responses, which resulted in a broad spectrum of systemic antibody subclasses and splenic Th1/Th17 memory cells against B. pertussis. In addition, signatures preceding the local generation of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as IgA in the lungs, considered key elements in protection against B. pertussis, were established. In conclusion, molecular and cellular immunological processes in response to live B. pertussis infection were unraveled, which may provide guidance in selecting new vaccine candidates that should evoke local and prolonged protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H. M. Raeven
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Betsy Kuipers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kina Helm
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G. H. Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Kuklina EM, Baidina TV, Danchenko IY, Nekrasova IV. Semaforin Sema4D in the immune system in multiple sclerosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:234-7. [PMID: 24952493 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of class IV semaforin Sema4D and its CD72 receptor on lymphocytes was studied in patients with multiple sclerosis. The disease was associated with an increase in Sema4D level on intact T lymphocytes and with its more intense shedding from the membrane of activated cell. Multiple sclerosis was also associated with a decrease of CD72 receptor expression by B lymphocytes. Possible contribution of Sema4D to the disease development via the direct effects in the CNS and the immunomodulatory effect, specifically, B cell activity regulation, was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Micro-Organisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm', Russia,
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49
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Irvin MR, Zhi D, Aslibekyan S, Claas SA, Absher DM, Ordovas JM, Tiwari HK, Watkins S, Arnett DK. Genomics of post-prandial lipidomic phenotypes in the Genetics of Lipid lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99509. [PMID: 24905834 PMCID: PMC4048279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased postprandial lipid (PPL) response to dietary fat intake is a heritable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Variability in postprandial lipids results from the complex interplay of dietary and genetic factors. We hypothesized that detailed lipid profiles (eg, sterols and fatty acids) may help elucidate specific genetic and dietary pathways contributing to the PPL response. METHODS AND RESULTS We used gas chromatography mass spectrometry to quantify the change in plasma concentration of 35 fatty acids and 11 sterols between fasting and 3.5 hours after the consumption of a high-fat meal (PPL challenge) among 40 participants from the GOLDN study. Correlations between sterols, fatty acids and clinical measures were calculated. Mixed linear regression was used to evaluate associations between lipidomic profiles and genomic markers including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and methylation markers derived from the Affymetrix 6.0 array and the Illumina Methyl450 array, respectively. After the PPL challenge, fatty acids increased as well as sterols associated with cholesterol absorption, while sterols associated with cholesterol synthesis decreased. PPL saturated fatty acids strongly correlated with triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein, and chylomicrons. Two SNPs (rs12247017 and rs12240292) in the sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1) gene were associated with b-Sitosterol after correction for multiple testing (P≤4.5*10(-10)). SORBS1 has been linked to obesity and insulin signaling. No other markers reached the genome-wide significance threshold, yet several other biologically relevant loci are highlighted (eg, PRIC285, a co-activator of PPARa). CONCLUSIONS Integration of lipidomic and genomic data has the potential to identify new biomarkers of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Claas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Devin M. Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hemant K. Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steve Watkins
- Metabolon, Lipomics Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Ito T, Yoshida K, Negishi T, Miyajima M, Takamatsu H, Kikutani H, Kumanogoh A, Yukawa K. Plexin-A1 is required for Toll-like receptor-mediated microglial activation in the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced encephalopathy. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1122-30. [PMID: 24604454 PMCID: PMC4020473 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have suggested that semaphorins, which are known repulsive axon guidance molecules, may play a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating microglial activity. Sema3A, secreted in higher amounts from injured neurons, is considered to suppress excessive inflammatory responses by inducing microglial apoptosis through its binding to Plexin-A1 receptors on activated microglia. To clarify the in vivo role of Plexin-A1-mediated signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in mouse brain, we examined the neuroinflammatory changes initiated by LPS administration to the cerebral ventricles of wild-type (WT) and Plexin-A1-deficient (−/−) mice. WT mice administered LPS exhibited a significantly higher expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α in the hippocampus, and a significantly greater ventricular enlargement and intracerebral infiltration of leukocytes, as compared with the saline-treated group. By contrast, Plexin-A1−/− mice administered LPS did not exhibit a significantly increased expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β or TNF-α in the hippocampus as compared with the saline-treated group. Plexin-A1−/− mice administered LPS did not show significant increases in ventricle size or infiltration of leukocytes into the brain, as compared with the saline-treated group. In WT, but not in the Plexin-A1−/− primary microglia treated with LPS, Sema3A induced significantly more nitric oxide production than in the immunoglobulin G control. These results revealed the crucial role of the Sema3A-Plexin-A1 interaction in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling of the LPS-induced activation of microglia. Thus, results of the present study revealed the essential role of Plexin-A1 in the development of LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice, suggesting the possible application of microglial control of the semaphorin-plexin signaling system to the treatment of LPS-induced encephalopathy and other psychiatric diseases associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ito
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Negishi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yukawa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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