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Fu J, Li S, Guan H, Li C, Zhao YB, Chen TT, Xian W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Guan Q, Wang J, Lu Q, Kang L, Zheng SR, Li J, Cao S, Das C, Liu X, Song L, Ouyang S, Luo ZQ. Legionella maintains host cell ubiquitin homeostasis by effectors with unique catalytic mechanisms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5953. [PMID: 39009586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila modulates host cell functions by secreting multiple effectors with diverse biochemical activities. In particular, effectors of the SidE family interfere with host protein ubiquitination in a process that involves production of phosphoribosyl ubiquitin (PR-Ub). Here, we show that effector LnaB converts PR-Ub into ADP-ribosylated ubiquitin, which is further processed to ADP-ribose and functional ubiquitin by the (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolase MavL, thus maintaining ubiquitin homeostasis in infected cells. Upon being activated by actin, LnaB also undergoes self-AMPylation on tyrosine residues. The activity of LnaB requires a motif consisting of Ser, His and Glu (SHxxxE) present in a large family of toxins from diverse bacterial pathogens. Thus, our study sheds light on the mechanisms by which a pathogen maintains ubiquitin homeostasis and identifies a family of enzymes capable of protein AMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yan-Bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao-Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Xian
- Department of Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qingtian Guan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lina Kang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Si-Ru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shoujing Cao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Vondrak CJ, Sit B, Suwanbongkot C, Macaluso KR, Lamason RL. A conserved interaction between the effector Sca4 and host endocytic machinery suggests additional roles for Sca4 during rickettsial infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600492. [PMID: 38979345 PMCID: PMC11230260 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens deploy secreted effector proteins that manipulate diverse host machinery and pathways to promote infection. Although many effectors carry out a single specific function or interaction, there are a growing number of secreted pathogen effectors capable of interacting with multiple host factors. However, few effectors secreted by obligate intracellular Rickettsia species have been linked to multiple host targets. Here, we investigated the conserved rickettsial secreted effector Sca4, which was previously shown to interact with host vinculin to promote cell-to-cell spread in the model Rickettsia species R. parkeri . We discovered that Sca4 also binds the host cell endocytic factor clathrin heavy chain (CHC, CLTC ) via a conserved segment in the Sca4 N-terminus. Ablation of CLTC expression or chemical inhibition of endocytosis reduced R. parkeri cell-to-cell spread, indicating that clathrin promotes efficient spread between mammalian cells. This activity was independent of Sca4 and appeared restricted to the recipient host cell, suggesting that the Sca4-clathrin interaction also regulates another aspect of the infectious lifecycle. Indeed, R. parkeri lacking Sca4 or expressing a Sca4 truncation unable to bind clathrin had markedly reduced burdens in tick cells, hinting at a cell-type specific function for the Sca4-clathrin interaction. Sca4 homologs from diverse Rickettsia species also bound clathrin, suggesting that the function of this novel effector-host interaction may be broadly important for rickettsial infection. We conclude that Sca4 has multiple targets during infection and that rickettsiae may manipulate host endocytic machinery to facilitate several stages of their life cycles.
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Wang J, Cui M, Liu Y, Chen M, Xu J, Xia J, Sun J, Jiang L, Fang W, Song H, Cheng C. The mitochondrial carboxylase PCCA interacts with Listeria monocytogenes phospholipase PlcB to modulate bacterial survival. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0213523. [PMID: 38727222 PMCID: PMC11218614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a prominent foodborne pathogen responsible for zoonotic infections, owes a significant portion of its virulence to the presence of the phospholipase PlcB. In this study, we performed an in-depth examination of the intricate relationship between L. monocytogenes PlcB and host cell mitochondria, unveiling a novel participant in bacterial survival: the mitochondrial carboxylase propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCCA). Our investigation uncovered previously unexplored levels of interaction and colocalization between PCCA and PlcB within host cells, with particular emphasis on the amino acids 504-508 of PCCA, which play a pivotal role in this partnership. To assess the effect of PCCA expression on L. monocytogenes proliferation, PCCA expression levels were manipulated by siRNA-si-PCCA or pCMV-N-HA-PCCA plasmid transfection. Our findings demonstrated a clear inverse correlation between PCCA expression levels and the proliferation of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the effect of L. monocytogenes infection on PCCA expression was investigated by assessing PCCA mRNA and protein expression in HeLa cells infected with L. monocytogenes. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes infection did not significantly alter PCCA expression. These findings led us to propose that PCCA represents a novel participant in L. monocytogenes survival, and its abundance has a detrimental impact on bacterial proliferation. This suggests that L. monocytogenes may employ PlcB-PCCA interactions to maintain stable PCCA expression, representing a unique pro-survival strategy distinct from that of other intracellular bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE Mitochondria represent attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria seeking to modulate host cellular processes to promote their survival and replication. Our current study has uncovered mitochondrial carboxylase propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCCA) as a novel host cell protein that interacts with L. monocytogenes PlcB. The results demonstrate that PCCA plays a negative regulatory role in L. monocytogenes infection, as heightened PCCA levels are associated with reduced bacterial survival and persistence. However, L. monocytogenes may exploit the PlcB-PCCA interaction to maintain stable PCCA expression and establish a favorable intracellular milieu for bacterial infection. Our findings shed new light on the intricate interplay between bacterial pathogens and host cell mitochondria, while also highlighting the potential of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingzhu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yucong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mianmian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changyong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhou H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Shen Y, Qin L, Huang W. Current Status and Perspectives of Diagnosis and Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2417-2429. [PMID: 38912221 PMCID: PMC11192293 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s457644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a catastrophic complication following joint replacement surgery, posing significant challenges to orthopedic surgeons. Due to the lack of a definitive diagnostic gold standard, timely treatment initiation is problematic, resulting in substantial economic burdens on patients and society. In this review, we thoroughly analyze the complexities of PJI and emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The article specifically focuses on the advancements in diagnostic techniques, ranging from traditional pathogen culture to advanced molecular diagnostics, and discusses their role in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, we review the latest surgical management strategies, including everything from debridement to revision surgeries. Our summary aims to provide practical information for the diagnosis and treatment of PJI and encourages further research to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaji Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feilong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yidong Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leilei Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Mellouk N, Lensen A, Lopez-Montero N, Gil M, Valenzuela C, Klinkert K, Moneron G, Swistak L, DiGregorio D, Echard A, Enninga J. Post-translational targeting of Rab35 by the effector IcsB of Shigella determines intracellular bacterial niche formation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114034. [PMID: 38568808 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Escape from the bacterial-containing vacuole (BCV) is a key step of Shigella host cell invasion. Rab GTPases subverted to in situ-formed macropinosomes in the vicinity of the BCV have been shown to promote its rupture. The involvement of the BCV itself has remained unclear. We demonstrate that Rab35 is non-canonically entrapped at the BCV. Stimulated emission depletion imaging localizes Rab35 directly on the BCV membranes before vacuolar rupture. The bacterial effector IcsB, a lysine Nε-fatty acylase, is a key regulator of Rab35-BCV recruitment, and we show post-translational acylation of Rab35 by IcsB in its polybasic region. While Rab35 and IcsB are dispensable for the first step of BCV breakage, they are needed for the unwrapping of damaged BCV remnants from Shigella. This provides a framework for understanding Shigella invasion implicating re-localization of a Rab GTPase via its bacteria-dependent post-translational modification to support the mechanical unpeeling of the BCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Mellouk
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Arthur Lensen
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Noelia Lopez-Montero
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Gil
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kerstin Klinkert
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gael Moneron
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Synapse and Circuit Dynamics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Swistak
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David DiGregorio
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Synapse and Circuit Dynamics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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Zhu Y, Yang X, Bai N, Liu Q, Yang J. AoRab7A interacts with AoVps35 and AoVps41 to regulate vacuole assembly, trap formation, conidiation, and functions of proteasomes and ribosomes in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127573. [PMID: 38103468 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases regulate vesicle trafficking in organisms and play crucial roles in growth and development. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a ubiquitous nematode-trapping (NT) fungus, it can form elaborate traps to capture nematodes. Our previous study found that deletion of Aorab7A abolished the trap formation and sporulation. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of AoRab7A using transcriptomic, biochemical, and phenotypic comparisons. Transcriptome analysis, yeast library screening, and yeast two-hybrid assay identified two vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins, AoVps41 and AoVps35, as putative targets of AoRab7A. The deletion of Aovps41 and Aovps35 caused considerable defects in multiple phenotypic traits, such as conidiation and trap formation. We further found a close connection between AoRab7A and Vps proteins in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which triggered vacuolar fragmentation. Further transcriptome analysis showed that AoRab7A and AoVps35 play essential roles in many cellular processes and components including proteasomes, autophagy, fatty acid degradation, and ribosomes in A. oligospora. Furthermore, we verified that AoRab7A, AoVps41, and AoVps35 are involved in ribosome and proteasome functions. The absence of these proteins inhibited the biosynthesis of nascent proteins and enhanced ubiquitination. Our findings suggest that AoRab7A interacts with AoVps41 and AoVps35 to mediate vacuolar fusion and influence lipid droplet accumulation, autophagy, and stress response. These proteins are especially required for the conidiation and trap development of A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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7
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Graham CI, MacMartin TL, de Kievit TR, Brassinga AKC. Molecular regulation of virulence in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:167-195. [PMID: 37908155 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacteria found in natural and anthropogenic aquatic environments such as evaporative cooling towers, where it reproduces as an intracellular parasite of cohabiting protozoa. If L. pneumophila is aerosolized and inhaled by a susceptible person, bacteria may colonize their alveolar macrophages causing the opportunistic pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila utilizes an elaborate regulatory network to control virulence processes such as the Dot/Icm Type IV secretion system and effector repertoire, responding to changing nutritional cues as their host becomes depleted. The bacteria subsequently differentiate to a transmissive state that can survive in the environment until a replacement host is encountered and colonized. In this review, we discuss the lifecycle of L. pneumophila and the molecular regulatory network that senses nutritional depletion via the stringent response, a link to stationary phase-like metabolic changes via alternative sigma factors, and two-component systems that are homologous to stress sensors in other pathogens, to regulate differentiation between the intracellular replicative phase and more transmissible states. Together, we highlight how this prototypic intracellular pathogen offers enormous potential in understanding how molecular mechanisms enable intracellular parasitism and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Teassa L MacMartin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ann Karen C Brassinga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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8
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li X, Yao T, Liu R, Wang Q, Wang Q, Li D, Chen X, Liu B, Feng L. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels mitochondrial dynamics of macrophages via the T3SS effector SipA to promote intracellular proliferation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2316932. [PMID: 38356294 PMCID: PMC10877990 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2316932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics are critical in cellular energy production, metabolism, apoptosis, and immune responses. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cells' mitochondrial functions, facilitating their proliferation and dissemination. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), an intracellular foodborne pathogen, causes diarrhea and exploits host macrophages for survival and replication. However, S. Tm-associated mitochondrial dynamics during macrophage infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that within macrophages, S. Tm remodeled mitochondrial fragmentation to facilitate intracellular proliferation mediated by Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA), a type III secretion system effector encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. SipA directly targeted mitochondria via its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, preventing excessive fragmentation and the associated increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c into the cytosol. Macrophage replication assays and animal experiments showed that mitochondria and SipA interact to facilitate intracellular replication and pathogenicity of S. Tm. Furthermore, we showed that SipA delayed mitochondrial fragmentation by indirectly inhibiting the recruitment of cytosolic dynamin-related protein 1, which mediates mitochondrial fragmentation. This study revealed a novel mechanism through which S. Tm manipulates host mitochondrial dynamics, providing insights into the molecular interplay that facilitates S. Tm adaptation within host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueping Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Powell CJ, Jenkins ML, Hill TB, Blank ML, Cabo LF, Thompson LR, Burke JE, Boyle JP, Boulanger MJ. Toxoplasma gondii mitochondrial association factor 1b interactome reveals novel binding partners including Ral GTPase accelerating protein α1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105582. [PMID: 38141762 PMCID: PMC10821591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, has developed sophisticated molecular strategies to subvert host processes and promote growth and survival. During infection, T. gondii replicates in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and modulates host functions through a network of secreted proteins. Of these, Mitochondrial Association Factor 1b (MAF1b) recruits host mitochondria to the PV, a process that confers an in vivo growth advantage, though the precise mechanisms remain enigmatic. To address this knowledge gap, we mapped the MAF1b interactome in human fibroblasts using a commercial Yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) screen, which revealed several previously unidentified binding partners including the GAP domain of Ral GTPase Accelerating Protein α1 (RalGAPα1(GAP)). Recombinantly produced MAF1b and RalGAPα1(GAP) formed as a stable binary complex as shown by size exclusion chromatography with a Kd of 334 nM as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Notably, no binding was detected between RalGAPα1(GAP) and the structurally conserved MAF1b homolog, MAF1a, which does not recruit host mitochondria. Next, we used hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to map the RalGAPα1(GAP)-MAF1b interface, which led to identification of the "GAP-binding loop" on MAF1b that was confirmed by mutagenesis and ITC to be necessary for complex formation. A high-confidence Alphafold model predicts the GAP-binding loop to lie at the RalGAPα1(GAP)-MAF1b interface further supporting the HDX-MS data. Mechanistic implications of a RalGAPα1(GAP)-MAF1b complex are discussed in the context of T. gondii infection and indicates that MAF1b may have evolved multiple independent functions to increase T. gondii fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Powell
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tara B Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew L Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah F Cabo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lexie R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jon P Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin J Boulanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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10
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Rodríguez-González J, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Apoptosis and its pathways as targets for intracellular pathogens to persist in cells. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:60. [PMID: 38112844 PMCID: PMC10730641 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a finely programmed process of cell death in which cells silently dismantle and actively participate in several operations such as immune response, differentiation, and cell growth. It can be initiated by three main pathways: the extrinsic, the perforin granzyme, and the intrinsic that culminate in the activation of several proteins in charge of tearing down the cell. On the other hand, apoptosis represents an ordeal for pathogens that live inside cells and maintain a strong dependency with them; thus, they have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate host cell apoptosis on their behalf. It has been widely documented that diverse intracellular bacteria, fungi, and parasites can interfere with most steps of the host cell apoptotic machinery to inhibit or induce apoptosis. Indeed, the inhibition of apoptosis is considered a virulence property shared by many intracellular pathogens to ensure productive replication. Some pathogens intervene at an early stage by interfering with the sensing of extracellular signals or transduction pathways. Others sense cellular stress or target the apoptosis regulator proteins of the Bcl-2 family or caspases. In many cases, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to the interference with the host cell apoptotic cascade are still unknown. However, intense research has been conducted to elucidate the strategies employed by intracellular pathogens to modulate host cell death. In this review, we summarize the main routes of activation of apoptosis and present several processes used by different bacteria, fungi, and parasites to modulate the apoptosis of their host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez,", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez,", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
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11
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Sharma R, Adams M, Griffith-Jones S, Sahr T, Gomez-Valero L, Weis F, Hons M, Gharbi S, Berkane R, Stolz A, Buchrieser C, Bhogaraju S. Structural basis for the toxicity of Legionella pneumophila effector SidH. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7068. [PMID: 37923743 PMCID: PMC10624908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (LP) secretes more than 300 effectors into the host cytosol to facilitate intracellular replication. One of these effectors, SidH, 253 kDa in size with no sequence similarity to proteins of known function is toxic when overexpressed in host cells. SidH is regulated by the LP metaeffector LubX which targets SidH for degradation in a temporal manner during LP infection. The mechanism underlying the toxicity of SidH and its role in LP infection are unknown. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of SidH at 2.7 Å revealing a unique alpha helical arrangement with no overall similarity to known protein structures. Surprisingly, purified SidH came bound to a E. coli EF-Tu/t-RNA/GTP ternary complex which could be modeled into the cryo-EM density. Mutation of residues disrupting the SidH-tRNA interface and SidH-EF-Tu interface abolish the toxicity of overexpressed SidH in human cells, a phenotype confirmed in infection of Acanthamoeba castellani. We also present the cryo-EM structure of SidH in complex with a U-box domain containing ubiquitin ligase LubX delineating the mechanism of regulation of SidH. Our data provide the basis for the toxicity of SidH and into its regulation by the metaeffector LubX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Adams
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tobias Sahr
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Laura Gomez-Valero
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Felix Weis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hons
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Gharbi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rayene Berkane
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt - Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt - Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Sagar Bhogaraju
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Kotwal SB, Orekondey N, Saradadevi GP, Priyadarshini N, Puppala NV, Bhushan M, Motamarry S, Kumar R, Mohannath G, Dey RJ. Multidimensional futuristic approaches to address the pandemics beyond COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17148. [PMID: 37325452 PMCID: PMC10257889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been enormous and unrelenting with ∼6.9 million deaths and ∼765 million infections. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances and potentially novel molecular tools for viral diagnostics and therapeutics with far-reaching implications in managing the future pandemics. In addition to briefly highlighting the existing and recent methods of viral diagnostics, we propose a couple of potentially novel non-PCR-based methods for rapid, cost-effective, and single-step detection of nucleic acids of viruses using RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and nuclease-based approaches. We also highlight key innovations in miniaturized Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, which in combination with cyber-physical systems, could serve as ideal futuristic platforms for viral diagnosis and disease management. We also discuss underexplored and underutilized antiviral strategies, including ribozyme-mediated RNA-cleaving tools for targeting viral RNA, and recent advances in plant-based platforms for rapid, low-cost, and large-scale production and oral delivery of antiviral agents/vaccines. Lastly, we propose repurposing of the existing vaccines for newer applications with a major emphasis on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-based vaccine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Bushra Kotwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Nidhi Orekondey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | | | - Neha Priyadarshini
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Navinchandra V Puppala
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Mahak Bhushan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Snehasri Motamarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Gireesha Mohannath
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Ruchi Jain Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
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13
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Kumar M, Sharma S, Mazumder S. Role of UPR mt and mitochondrial dynamics in host immunity: it takes two to tango. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1135203. [PMID: 37260703 PMCID: PMC10227438 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1135203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of a host contains a group of heterogeneous cells with the prime aim of restraining pathogenic infection and maintaining homeostasis. Recent reports have proved that the various subtypes of immune cells exploit distinct metabolic programs for their functioning. Mitochondria are central signaling organelles regulating a range of cellular activities including metabolic reprogramming and immune homeostasis which eventually decree the immunological fate of the host under pathogenic stress. Emerging evidence suggests that following bacterial infection, innate immune cells undergo profound metabolic switching to restrain and countervail the bacterial pathogens, promote inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, bacterial pathogens affect mitochondrial structure and functions to evade host immunity and influence their intracellular survival. Mitochondria employ several mechanisms to overcome bacterial stress of which mitochondrial UPR (UPRmt) and mitochondrial dynamics are critical. This review discusses the latest advances in our understanding of the immune functions of mitochondria against bacterial infection, particularly the mechanisms of mitochondrial UPRmt and mitochondrial dynamics and their involvement in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Delhi, India
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14
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Vormittag S, Ende RJ, Derré I, Hilbi H. Pathogen vacuole membrane contact sites - close encounters of the fifth kind. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad018. [PMID: 37223745 PMCID: PMC10117887 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are well-characterized, versatile, and sophisticated means of 'long range' intracellular protein and lipid delivery. Membrane contact sites (MCS) have been studied in far less detail, but are crucial for 'short range' (10-30 nm) communication between organelles, as well as between pathogen vacuoles and organelles. MCS are specialized in the non-vesicular trafficking of small molecules such as calcium and lipids. Pivotal MCS components important for lipid transfer are the VAP receptor/tether protein, oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPs), the ceramide transport protein CERT, the phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1, and the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). In this review, we discuss how these MCS components are subverted by bacterial pathogens and their secreted effector proteins to promote intracellular survival and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Derré
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Tel: +1-434-924-2330; E-mail:
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Corresponding author. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland. Tel: +41-44-634-2650; E-mail:
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15
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Vormittag S, Hüsler D, Haneburger I, Kroniger T, Anand A, Prantl M, Barisch C, Maaß S, Becher D, Letourneur F, Hilbi H. Legionella- and host-driven lipid flux at LCV-ER membrane contact sites promotes vacuole remodeling. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56007. [PMID: 36588479 PMCID: PMC9986823 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila replicates in macrophages and amoeba within a unique compartment, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Hallmarks of LCV formation are the phosphoinositide lipid conversion from PtdIns(3)P to PtdIns(4)P, fusion with ER-derived vesicles and a tight association with the ER. Proteomics of purified LCVs indicate the presence of membrane contact sites (MCS) proteins possibly implicated in lipid exchange. Using dually fluorescence-labeled Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba, we reveal that VAMP-associated protein (Vap) and the PtdIns(4)P 4-phosphatase Sac1 localize to the ER, and Vap also localizes to the LCV membrane. Furthermore, Vap as well as Sac1 promote intracellular replication of L. pneumophila and LCV remodeling. Oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPs) preferentially localize to the ER (OSBP8) or the LCV membrane (OSBP11), respectively, and restrict (OSBP8) or promote (OSBP11) bacterial replication and LCV expansion. The sterol probes GFP-D4H* and filipin indicate that sterols are rapidly depleted from LCVs, while PtdIns(4)P accumulates. In addition to Sac1, the PtdIns(4)P-subverting L. pneumophila effector proteins LepB and SidC also support LCV remodeling. Taken together, the Legionella- and host cell-driven PtdIns(4)P gradient at LCV-ER MCSs promotes Vap-, OSBP- and Sac1-dependent pathogen vacuole maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vormittag
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ina Haneburger
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Kroniger
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Aby Anand
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Manuel Prantl
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology and Center for Cellular NanoanalyticsUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - François Letourneur
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host InteractionsUniversité de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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16
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Abstract
Many insects contain endosymbiotic bacteria within their bodies. In multiple endosymbiotic systems comprising two or more symbionts, each of the symbionts is generally localized in a different host cell or tissue. Bemisia tabaci (Sweet potato whitefly) possesses a unique endosymbiotic system where co-obligate symbionts are localized in the same bacteriocytes. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that endosymbionts in B. tabaci MEAM1 occupy distinct subcellular habitats, or niches, within a single bacteriocyte. Hamiltonella was located adjacent to the nucleus of the bacteriocyte, while Portiera was present in the cytoplasm surrounding Hamiltonella. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum separates the two symbionts. Habitat segregation was maintained for longer durations in female bacteriocytes. The same segregation was observed in three genetically distinct B. tabaci groups (MEAM1, MED Q1, and Asia II 6) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, which shared a common ancestor with Bemisia over 80 million years ago, even though the coexisting symbionts and the size of bacteriocytes were different. These results suggest that the habitat segregation system existed in the common ancestor and was conserved in both lineages, despite different bacterial partners coexisting with Portiera. Our findings provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of complex endosymbiotic systems and highlight the importance of organelles for the construction of separate niches for endosymbionts. IMPORTANCE Co-obligate endosymbionts in B. tabaci are exceptionally localized within the same bacteriocyte (a specialized cell for endosymbiosis), but the underlying mechanism for their coexistence remains largely unknown. This study provides evidence for niche segregation at the subcellular level between the two symbionts. We showed that the endoplasmic reticulum is a physical barrier separating the two species. Despite differences in co-obligate partners, this subcellular niche segregation was conserved across various whitefly species. The physical proximity of symbionts may enable the efficient biosynthesis of essential nutrients via shared metabolic pathways. The expression "Good fences make good neighbors" appears to be true for insect endosymbiotic systems.
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18
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Campylobacter jejuni Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production and NADPH Oxidase 1 Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Microbiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3286330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the major bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Mechanistically, how this pathogen interacts with intrinsic defence machinery of human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains elusive. To address this, we investigated how C. jejuni counteracts the intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IECs. Our work shows that C. jejuni differentially regulates intracellular and extracellular ROS production in human T84 and Caco-2 cells. C. jejuni downregulates the transcription and translation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase (NOX1), a key ROS-generating enzyme in IECs and antioxidant defence genes CAT and SOD1. Furthermore, inhibition of NOX1 by diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and siRNA reduced C. jejuni ability to interact, invade, and intracellularly survive within T84 and Caco-2 cells. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insight into how C. jejuni modulates the IEC defence machinery.
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19
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Torres J, Touati E. Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease: Responses to Helicobacter pylori Metabolism and Impact in Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:53-81. [PMID: 38231215 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are major cellular organelles that play an essential role in metabolism, stress response, immunity, and cell fate. Mitochondria are organized in a network with other cellular compartments, functioning as a signaling hub to maintain cells' health. Mitochondrial dysfunctions and genome alterations are associated with diseases including cancer. Mitochondria are a preferential target for pathogens, which have developed various mechanisms to hijack cellular functions for their benefit. Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. H. pylori induces oxidative stress and chronic gastric inflammation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Its pro-apoptotic cytotoxin VacA interacts with the mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to increased permeability and decreased ATP production. Furthermore, H. pylori induces mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation, concomitant with the development of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia as observed in infected mice. In this chapter, we present diverse aspects of the role of mitochondria as energy supplier and signaling hubs and their adaptation to stress conditions. The metabolic activity of mitochondria is directly linked to biosynthetic pathways. While H. pylori virulence factors and derived metabolites are essential for gastric colonization and niche adaptation, they may also impact mitochondrial function and metabolism, and may have consequences in gastric pathogenesis. Importantly, during its long way to reach the gastric epithelium, H. pylori faces various cellular types along the gastric mucosa. We discuss how the mitochondrial response of these different cells is affected by H. pylori and impacts the colonization and bacterium niche adaptation and point to areas that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatriıa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eliette Touati
- Equipe DMic01-Infection, Génotoxicité et Cancer, Département de Microbiologie, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015, Paris, France.
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20
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Godlee C, Holden DW. Transmembrane substrates of type three secretion system injectisomes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001292. [PMID: 36748571 PMCID: PMC9993115 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The type three secretion system injectisome of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens injects virulence proteins, called effectors, into host cells. Effectors of mammalian pathogens carry out a range of functions enabling bacterial invasion, replication, immune suppression and transmission. The injectisome secretes two translocon proteins that insert into host cell membranes to form a translocon pore, through which effectors are delivered. A subset of effectors also integrate into infected cell membranes, enabling a unique range of biochemical functions. Both translocon proteins and transmembrane effectors avoid cytoplasmic aggregation and integration into the bacterial inner membrane. Translocated transmembrane effectors locate and integrate into the appropriate host membrane. In this review, we focus on transmembrane translocon proteins and effectors of bacterial pathogens of mammals. We discuss what is known about the mechanisms underlying their membrane integration, as well as the functions conferred by the position of injectisome effectors within membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Camilla Godlee, ;
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- *Correspondence: David W. Holden,
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21
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Roxas JL, Ramamurthy S, Cocchi K, Rutins I, Harishankar A, Agellon A, Wilbur JS, Sylejmani G, Vedantam G, Viswanathan V. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli regulates host-cell mitochondrial morphology. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2143224. [PMID: 36476073 PMCID: PMC9733699 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2143224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diarrheagenic pathogen enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is responsible for significant childhood mortality and morbidity. EPEC and related attaching-and-effacing (A/E) pathogens use a type III secretion system to hierarchically deliver effector proteins into host cells and manipulate epithelial structure and function. Subversion of host mitochondrial biology is a key aspect of A/E pathogen virulence strategy, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. We demonstrate that the early-secreted effector EspZ and the late-secreted effector EspH have contrasting effects on host mitochondrial structure and function. EspZ interacts with FIS1, a protein that induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. Infection of epithelial cells with either wildtype EPEC or an isogenic espZ deletion mutant (ΔespZ) robustly upregulated FIS1 abundance, but a marked increase in mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy was seen only in ΔespZ-infected cells. FIS1-depleted cells were protected against ΔespZ-induced fission, and EspZ-expressing transfected epithelial cells were protected against pharmacologically induced mitochondrial fission and membrane potential disruption. Thus, EspZ interacts with FIS1 and blocks mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. In contrast to WT EPEC, ΔespH-infected epithelial cells had minimal FIS1 upregulation and exhibited hyperfused mitochondria. Consistent with the contrasting impacts on organelle shape, mitochondrial membrane potential was preserved in ΔespH-infected cells, but profoundly disrupted in ΔespZ-infected cells. Collectively, our studies reveal hitherto unappreciated roles for two essential EPEC virulence factors in the temporal and dynamic regulation of host mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lising Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shylaja Ramamurthy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Katie Cocchi
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ilga Rutins
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anusha Harishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Al Agellon
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - John Scott Wilbur
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gresa Sylejmani
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Research Service, Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - V.K. Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,CONTACT V.K. Viswanathan School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, the University of Arizona, Room 227, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ85721, USA
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22
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Mahmud SA, Qureshi MA, Pellegrino MW. On the offense and defense: mitochondrial recovery programs amidst targeted pathogenic assault. FEBS J 2022; 289:7014-7037. [PMID: 34270874 PMCID: PMC9192128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens employ a variety of tactics to persist in their host and promote infection. Pathogens often target host organelles in order to benefit their survival, either through manipulation or subversion of their function. Mitochondria are regularly targeted by bacterial pathogens owing to their diverse cellular roles, including energy production and regulation of programmed cell death. However, disruption of normal mitochondrial function during infection can be detrimental to cell viability because of their essential nature. In response, cells use multiple quality control programs to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and promote recovery. In this review, we will provide an overview of mitochondrial recovery programs including mitochondrial dynamics, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ), and mitophagy. We will then discuss the various approaches used by bacterial pathogens to target mitochondria, which result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Lastly, we will discuss how cells leverage mitochondrial recovery programs beyond their role in organelle repair, to promote host defense against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraje A Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, TX, USA
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23
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Matthey-Doret C, Colp MJ, Escoll P, Thierry A, Moreau P, Curtis B, Sahr T, Sarrasin M, Gray MW, Lang BF, Archibald JM, Buchrieser C, Koszul R. Chromosome-scale assemblies of Acanthamoeba castellanii genomes provide insights into Legionella pneumophila infection-related chromatin reorganization. Genome Res 2022; 32:gr.276375.121. [PMID: 36109147 PMCID: PMC9528979 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276375.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, where it preys on bacteria. The organism also hosts bacterial endosymbionts, some of which are parasitic, including human pathogens such as Chlamydia and Legionella spp. Here we report complete, high-quality genome sequences for two extensively studied A. castellanii strains, Neff and C3. Combining long- and short-read data with Hi-C, we generated near chromosome-level assemblies for both strains with 90% of the genome contained in 29 scaffolds for the Neff strain and 31 for the C3 strain. Comparative genomics revealed strain-specific functional enrichment, most notably genes related to signal transduction in the C3 strain and to viral replication in Neff. Furthermore, we characterized the spatial organization of the A. castellanii genome and showed that it is reorganized during infection by Legionella pneumophila Infection-dependent chromatin loops were found to be enriched in genes for signal transduction and phosphorylation processes. In genomic regions where chromatin organization changed during Legionella infection, we found functional enrichment for genes associated with metabolism, organelle assembly, and cytoskeleton organization. Given Legionella infection is known to alter its host's cell cycle, to exploit the host's organelles, and to modulate the host's metabolism in its favor, these changes in chromatin organization may partly be related to mechanisms of host control during Legionella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Matthey-Doret
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Université de Paris, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, F-75015 Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Morgan J Colp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Thierry
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Université de Paris, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierrick Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Université de Paris, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tobias Sahr
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Matt Sarrasin
- Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael W Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - B Franz Lang
- Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3525, Université de Paris, Unité Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, F-75015 Paris, France
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24
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Khalifeh D, Neveu E, Fasshauer D. Megaviruses contain various genes encoding for eukaryotic vesicle trafficking factors. Traffic 2022; 23:414-425. [PMID: 35701729 PMCID: PMC9546365 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and large viruses, enter eukaryotic cells via phagocytosis, then replicate and proliferate inside the host. To avoid degradation in the phagosomes, they have developed strategies to modify vesicle trafficking. Although several strategies of bacteria have been characterized, it is not clear whether viruses also interfere with the vesicle trafficking of the host. Recently, we came across SNARE proteins encoded in the genomes of several bacteria of the order Legionellales. These pathogenic bacteria may use SNAREs to interfere with vesicle trafficking, since SNARE proteins are the core machinery for vesicle fusion during transport. They assemble into membrane-bridging SNARE complexes that bring membranes together. We now have also discovered SNARE proteins in the genomes of diverse giant viruses. Our biochemical experiments showed that these proteins are able to form SNARE complexes. We also found other key trafficking factors that work together with SNAREs such as NSF, SM, and Rab proteins encoded in the genomes of giant viruses, suggesting that viruses can make use of a large genetic repertoire of trafficking factors. Most giant viruses possess different collections, suggesting that these factors entered the viral genome multiple times. In the future, the molecular role of these factors during viral infection need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Khalifeh
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Neveu
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Godlee C, Cerny O, Liu M, Blundell S, Gallagher AE, Shahin M, Holden DW. The Salmonella transmembrane effector SteD hijacks AP1-mediated vesicular trafficking for delivery to antigen-loading MHCII compartments. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010252. [PMID: 35622870 PMCID: PMC9182567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SteD is a transmembrane effector of the Salmonella SPI-2 type III secretion system that inhibits T cell activation by reducing the amounts of at least three proteins –major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), CD86 and CD97 –from the surface of antigen-presenting cells. SteD specifically localises at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and MHCII compartments; however, the targeting, membrane integration and trafficking of SteD are not understood. Using systematic mutagenesis, we identify distinct regions of SteD that are required for these processes. We show that SteD integrates into membranes of the ER/Golgi through a two-step mechanism of membrane recruitment from the cytoplasm followed by integration. SteD then migrates to and accumulates within the TGN. From here it hijacks the host adaptor protein (AP)1-mediated trafficking pathway from the TGN to MHCII compartments. AP1 binding and post-TGN trafficking require a short sequence in the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail of SteD that resembles the AP1-interacting dileucine sorting signal, but in inverted orientation, suggesting convergent evolution. Salmonella enterica is an intracellular pathogen that causes a range of diseases from gastroenteritis to systemic typhoid fever. Its pathogenesis relies on virulence proteins known as effectors that are delivered into host cells and modulate host cellular processes. The ability of the Salmonella effector SteD to localise within host MHCII compartment membranes is essential for its function in disrupting the adaptive immune response. Here we show that SteD integrates into membranes of the early secretory pathway through a two-step recruitment and integration mechanism. SteD then behaves like a transmembrane cargo protein and hijacks a post-Golgi vesicular trafficking pathway to reach MHCII compartments. This study highlights the sophistication by which bacterial pathogens interact with host cell biology at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (DWH)
| | - Ondrej Cerny
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Liu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samkeliso Blundell
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alanna E. Gallagher
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meriam Shahin
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (DWH)
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26
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Ge Z, Yuan P, Chen L, Chen J, Shen D, She Z, Lu Y. New Global Insights on the Regulation of the Biphasic Life Cycle and Virulence Via ClpP-Dependent Proteolysis in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100233. [PMID: 35427813 PMCID: PMC9112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, an environmental bacterium that parasitizes protozoa, causes Legionnaires’ disease in humans that is characterized by severe pneumonia. This bacterium adopts a distinct biphasic life cycle consisting of a nonvirulent replicative phase and a virulent transmissive phase in response to different environmental conditions. Hence, the timely and fine-tuned expression of growth and virulence factors in a life cycle–dependent manner is crucial for survival and replication. Here, we report that the completion of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial pathogenesis is greatly dependent on the protein homeostasis regulated by caseinolytic protease P (ClpP)-dependent proteolysis. We characterized the ClpP-dependent dynamic profiles of the regulatory and substrate proteins during the biphasic life cycle of L. pneumophila using proteomic approaches and discovered that ClpP-dependent proteolysis specifically and conditionally degraded the substrate proteins, thereby directly playing a regulatory role or indirectly controlling cellular events via the regulatory proteins. We further observed that ClpP-dependent proteolysis is required to monitor the abundance of fatty acid biosynthesis–related protein Lpg0102/Lpg0361/Lpg0362 and SpoT for the normal regulation of L. pneumophila differentiation. We also found that the control of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. Furthermore, the ClpP-dependent proteolysis of Dot/Icm (defect in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication) type IVB secretion system and effector proteins at a specific phase of the life cycle is essential for bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights on ClpP-dependent proteolysis, which spans a broad physiological spectrum involving key metabolic pathways that regulate the transition of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence of L. pneumophila, facilitating adaptation to aquatic and intracellular niches. ClpP is the major determinant of biphasic life cycle–dependent protein turnover. ClpP-dependent proteolysis monitors SpoT abundance for cellular differentiation. ClpP-dependent regulation of life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. ClpP-dependent proteolysis of T4BSS and effector proteins is vital for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuang Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Yuan
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingming Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Gutierrez MG, Enninga J. Intracellular niche switching as host subversion strategy of bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102081. [PMID: 35487154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacterial pathogens "confine" themselves within host cells with an intracellular localization as main or exclusive niche. Many of them switch dynamically between a membrane-bound or cytosolic lifestyle. This requires either membrane damage and/or repair of the bacterial-containing compartment. Niche switching has profound consequences on how the host cell recognizes the pathogens in time and space for elimination. Moreover, niche switching impacts how bacteria communicate with host cells to obtain nutrients, and it affects the accessibility to antibiotics. Understanding the local environments and cellular phenotypes that lead to niche switching is critical for developing new host-targeted antimicrobial strategies, and has the potential to shed light into fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and UMR3691 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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28
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Flores E, Romanovicz DK, Nieves-Morión M, Foster RA, Villareal TA. Adaptation to an Intracellular Lifestyle by a Nitrogen-Fixing, Heterocyst-Forming Cyanobacterial Endosymbiont of a Diatom. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799362. [PMID: 35369505 PMCID: PMC8969518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between the diatom Hemiaulus hauckii and the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Richelia intracellularis makes an important contribution to new production in the world's oceans, but its study is limited by short-term survival in the laboratory. In this symbiosis, R. intracellularis fixes atmospheric dinitrogen in the heterocyst and provides H. hauckii with fixed nitrogen. Here, we conducted an electron microscopy study of H. hauckii and found that the filaments of the R. intracellularis symbiont, typically composed of one terminal heterocyst and three or four vegetative cells, are located in the diatom's cytoplasm not enclosed by a host membrane. A second prokaryotic cell was also detected in the cytoplasm of H. hauckii, but observations were infrequent. The heterocysts of R. intracellularis differ from those of free-living heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria in that the specific components of the heterocyst envelope seem to be located in the periplasmic space instead of outside the outer membrane. This specialized arrangement of the heterocyst envelope and a possible association of the cyanobacterium with oxygen-respiring mitochondria may be important for protection of the nitrogen-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, from photosynthetically produced oxygen. The cell envelope of the vegetative cells of R. intracellularis contained numerous membrane vesicles that resemble the outer-inner membrane vesicles of Gram-negative bacteria. These vesicles can export cytoplasmic material from the bacterial cell and, therefore, may represent a vehicle for transfer of fixed nitrogen from R. intracellularis to the diatom's cytoplasm. The specific morphological features of R. intracellularis described here, together with its known streamlined genome, likely represent specific adaptations of this cyanobacterium to an intracellular lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Flores
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Dwight K Romanovicz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Mercedes Nieves-Morión
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rachel A Foster
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tracy A Villareal
- Department of Marine Science and Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, United States
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29
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The Legionella Lqs-LvbR Regulatory Network Controls Temperature-Dependent Growth Onset and Bacterial Cell Density. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0237021. [PMID: 34985976 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02370-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella species are facultative intracellular pathogens that cause a life-threatening pneumonia termed Legionnaires' disease. Legionella pneumophila employs the Lqs-LvbR (Legionella quorum sensing-Legionella virulence and biofilm regulator) network to regulate virulence and motility, but its role for growth in media is ill-defined. Here, we report that compared to the L. pneumophila reference strain JR32, a ΔlqsR mutant showed a reduced lag phase at 30°C and reached a higher cell density at 45°C, while the ΔlqsA, ΔlqsS, and ΔlqsT mutants showed a longer lag phase and reached a lower cell density. A ΔlvbR mutant resumed growth like the parental strain at 30°C but exhibited a substantially reduced cell density at 45°C. Thus, LvbR is an important cell density regulator at elevated temperatures. Environmental and clinical L. pneumophila strains grew in N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES)-buffered yeast extract (AYE) medium after distinct lag phases with similar rates at 30°C, reached different cell densities at the optimal growth temperature of 40°C, and no longer grew at 50°C. Legionella longbeachae reached a rather low cell density at 40°C and did not grow at and beyond 45°C. Genes encoding components of the Lqs-LvbR network were present in the genomes of the environmental and clinical L. pneumophila isolates, and upon growth at 30°C or 45°C, the PlqsR, PlqsA, PlqsS, and PlvbR promoters from strain JR32 were expressed in these strains with distinct patterns. Taken together, our results indicate that the Lqs-LvbR network governs the temperature-dependent growth onset and cell density of the L. pneumophila reference strain JR32 and possibly also of environmental and clinical L. pneumophila isolates. IMPORTANCE Environmental bacteria of the genus Legionella are the causative agents of the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease, the incidence of which is on the rise worldwide. Legionella pneumophila and Legionella longbeachae are the clinically most relevant species. The opportunistic pathogens are inhaled through contaminated aerosols and replicate in human lung macrophages with a mechanism similar to that in their natural hosts, free-living amoebae. Given their prevalence in natural and technical water systems, an efficient control of Legionella spp. by physical, chemical, or biological means will reduce the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. Here, we show that the Legionella quorum sensing (Lqs) system and the pleiotropic transcription factor LvbR govern the temperature-dependent growth onset and cell density of bacterial cultures. Hence, the growth of L. pneumophila in water systems is determined not only by the temperature and nutrient availability but also by quorum sensing, i.e., density- and signaling molecule-dependent gene regulation.
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30
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Prediction of effector proteins and their implications in pathogenicity of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:188-202. [PMID: 35227707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi encode and secrete effector proteins to promote pathogenesis. In recent years, the important role of effector proteins in fungi and plant host interactions has become increasingly prominent. In this review, the functional characterization and molecular mechanisms by which fungal effector proteins modulate biological processes and suppress the defense of plant hosts are discussed, with an emphasis on cell localization during fungal infection. This paper also provides a comprehensive review of bioinformatic and experimental methods that are currently available for the identification of fungal effector proteins. We additionally summarize the secretion pathways and the methods for verifying the presence effector proteins in plant host cells. For future research, comparative genomic studies of different pathogens with varying life cycles will allow comprehensive and systematic identification of effector proteins. Additionally, functional analysis of effector protein interactions with a wider range of hosts (especially non-model crops) will provide more detailed repertoires of fungal effectors. Identifying effector proteins and verifying their functions will improve our understanding of their role in causing disease and in turn guide future strategies for combatting fungal infections.
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31
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Sahr T, Escoll P, Rusniok C, Bui S, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Lavieu G, Buchrieser C. Translocated Legionella pneumophila small RNAs mimic eukaryotic microRNAs targeting the host immune response. Nat Commun 2022; 13:762. [PMID: 35140216 PMCID: PMC8828724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that can cause a severe form of pneumonia in humans, a phenotype evolved through interactions with aquatic protozoa in the environment. Here, we show that L. pneumophila uses extracellular vesicles to translocate bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) into host cells that act on host defence signalling pathways. The bacterial sRNA RsmY binds to the UTR of ddx58 (RIG-I encoding gene) and cRel, while tRNA-Phe binds ddx58 and irak1 collectively reducing expression of RIG-I, IRAK1 and cRel, with subsequent downregulation of IFN-β. Thus, RsmY and tRNA-Phe are bacterial trans-kingdom regulatory RNAs downregulating selected sensor and regulator proteins of the host cell innate immune response. This miRNA-like regulation of the expression of key sensors and regulators of immunity is a feature of L. pneumophila host-pathogen communication and likely represents a general mechanism employed by bacteria that interact with eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sahr
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rusniok
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Sheryl Bui
- Université de Paris, INSERM ERL U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Pehau-Arnaudet
- Unité de Technologie et Service BioImagerie Ultrastructurale and CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Lavieu
- Université de Paris, INSERM ERL U1316, UMR 7057/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires and CNRS UMR 6047, 75724, Paris, France.
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Alikhani M, Touati E, Karimipoor M, Vosough M, Mohammadi M. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variations in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers: Potential Players. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:770-781. [PMID: 34486088 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of mitochondria have been linked to several cancers. Also, the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is altered in various cancers, including gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers, and several research groups have investigated its potential as a cancer biomarker. However, the exact causes of mtDNA-CN variations are not yet revealed. This review discussed the conceivable players in this scheme, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), mtDNA genetic variations, DNA methylation, telomere length, autophagy, immune system activation, aging, and infections, and discussed their possible impact in the initiation and progression of cancer. By further exploring such mechanisms, mtDNA-CN variations may be effectively utilized as cancer biomarkers and provide grounds for developing novel cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alikhani
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eliette Touati
- Unit of Helicobacter Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology, CNRS UMR2001, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux cedex 15, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Morteza Karimipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Li W, Hu Y, Zhang Q, Hua L, Yang Z, Ren Z, Zheng X, Huang W, Ma Y. Development of Drug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Vaccine via Novel Vesicle Production Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32703-32715. [PMID: 34251169 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae severely threatens human health. Overcoming the mechanisms of K. pneumoniae resistance to develop novel vaccines against drug-resistant K. pneumoniae is highly desired. Here, we report a technology platform that uses high pressure to drive drug-resistant K. pneumoniae to pass through a gap, inducing the formation of stable artificial bacterial biomimetic vesicles (BBVs). These BBVs had little to no bacterial intracellular protein or nucleic acid and had high yields. BBVs were efficiently taken up by dendritic cells to stimulate their maturation. BBVs as K. pneumoniae vaccines had the dual functions of inducing bacteria-specific humoral and cellular immune responses to increase animals' survival rate and reduce pulmonary inflammation and bacterial loads. We believe that BBVs are new-generation technology for bacterial vesicle preparation. Establishment of this BBV vaccine platform can maximally expand preparation technology for vaccines against drug-resistant K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ying Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Qishu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Liangqun Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
- Yunnan University, No. 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhongqian Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhaoling Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Kunming 650101, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
- Yunnan University, No. 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming 650118, China
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Hossain MM, Pérez-López E, Todd CD, Wei Y, Bonham-Smith PC. Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651279. [PMID: 34276588 PMCID: PMC8282356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating obligate, intracellular, biotrophic pathogen that causes clubroot disease in crucifer plants. Disease progression is regulated by effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae. Twelve P. brassicae putative effectors (PbPEs), expressed at various stages of disease development [0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (DPI)] in Arabidopsis and localizing to the plant endomembrane system, were studied for their roles in pathogenesis. Of the 12 PbPEs, seven showed an inhibitory effect on programmed cell death (PCD) as triggered by the PCD inducers, PiINF1 (Phytophthora infestans Infestin 1) and PiNPP1 (P. infestans necrosis causing protein). Showing the strongest level of PCD suppression, PbPE15, a member of the 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe (II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily and with gene expression during later stages of infection, appears to have a role in tumorigenesis as well as defense signaling in plants. PbPE13 produced an enhanced PiINF1-induced PCD response. Transient expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of these PbPEs minus the signal peptide (SP) (Δsp PbPEGFPs), showed localization to the endomembrane system, targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies and nucleo-cytoplasm, suggesting roles in manipulating plant cell secretion and vesicle trafficking. Δsp PbPE13GFP localized to plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts with an association to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role at the cell-to-cell communication junction. Membrane relocalization of Δsp PbPE13GFP, triggered by flagellin N-terminus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (flg22 - known to elicit a PAMP triggered immune response in plants), supports its involvement in raft-mediated immune signaling. This study is an important step in deciphering P. brassicae effector roles in the disruption of plant immunity to clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, CRIV, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher D Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ignacio BJ, Bakkum T, Bonger KM, Martin NI, van Kasteren SI. Metabolic labeling probes for interrogation of the host-pathogen interaction. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2856-2870. [PMID: 33725048 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are still one of the leading causes of death worldwide; despite the near-ubiquitous availability of antibiotics. With antibiotic resistance on the rise, there is an urgent need for novel classes of antibiotic drugs. One particularly troublesome class of bacteria are those that have evolved highly efficacious mechanisms for surviving inside the host. These contribute to their virulence by immune evasion, and make them harder to treat with antibiotics due to their residence inside intracellular membrane-limited compartments. This has sparked the development of new chemical reporter molecules and bioorthogonal probes that can be metabolically incorporated into bacteria to provide insights into their activity status. In this review, we provide an overview of several classes of metabolic labeling probes capable of targeting either the peptidoglycan cell wall, the mycomembrane of mycobacteria and corynebacteria, or specific bacterial proteins. In addition, we highlight several important insights that have been made using these metabolic labeling probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J Ignacio
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radbout Universiteit, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
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37
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Tzelepis G, Dölfors F, Holmquist L, Dixelius C. Plant mitochondria and chloroplasts are targeted by the Rhizoctonia solani RsCRP1 effector. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 544:86-90. [PMID: 33550013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungal species Rhizoctonia solani belongs to the Basidiomycota division and is a ubiquitous soil-borne pathogen. It is the main agent of the damping-off disease in seedlings and causes the root and crown rot disease in sugar beets. Plant pathogens deploy small secreted proteins, called effectors, to manipulate plant immunity in order to infect the host. Here, a gene (RsCRP1) encoded a putative effector cysteine-rich protein was cloned, expressed in Cercospora beticola and used for virulence assays. The RsCRP1 gene was highly induced upon the early-infection stage of sugar beet seedlings and disease was promoted. Confocal microscopy demonstrated localization to the chloroplasts and mitochondria upon transient expression of RsCRP1 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Further, this effector was unable to induce necrosis or to suppress hypersensitive response induced by the Avr4/Cf4 complex in N. benthamiana. Overall, these data indicate that RsCRP1 is a novel effector targeting distinct plant cell organelles in order to facilitate a successful infection at the early stages of the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tzelepis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Biocenter, Box 7026, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Dölfors
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Louise Holmquist
- MariboHilleshög Research AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, S-26191, Landskrona, Sweden
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Intracellular Group A Streptococcus Induces Golgi Fragmentation To Impair Host Defenses through Streptolysin O and NAD-Glycohydrolase. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.01974-20. [PMID: 33563838 PMCID: PMC7885101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01974-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a major human pathogen that causes streptococcal pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and life-threatening conditions such as streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. During infection, GAS not only invades diverse host cells but also injects effector proteins such as NAD-glycohydrolase (Nga) into the host cells through a streptolysin O (SLO)-dependent mechanism without invading the cells; Nga and SLO are two major virulence factors that are associated with increased bacterial virulence. Here, we have shown that the invading GAS induces fragmentation of the Golgi complex and inhibits anterograde transport in the infected host cells through the secreted toxins SLO and Nga. GAS infection-induced Golgi fragmentation required both bacterial invasion and SLO-mediated Nga translocation into the host cytosol. The cellular Golgi network is critical for the sorting of surface molecules and is thus essential for the integrity of the epithelial barrier and for the immune response of macrophages to pathogens. In epithelial cells, inhibition of anterograde trafficking by invading GAS and Nga resulted in the redistribution of E-cadherin to the cytosol and an increase in bacterial translocation across the epithelial barrier. Moreover, in macrophages, interleukin-8 secretion in response to GAS infection was found to be suppressed by intracellular GAS and Nga. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed bacterial invasion-dependent function of Nga as well as a previously unrecognized GAS-host interaction that is associated with GAS pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Two prominent virulence factors of group A Streptococcus (GAS), streptolysin O (SLO) and NAD-glycohydrolase (Nga), are linked to enhanced pathogenicity of the prevalent GAS strains. Recent advances show that SLO and Nga are important for intracellular survival of GAS in epithelial cells and macrophages. Here, we found that invading GAS disrupts the Golgi complex in host cells through SLO and Nga. We show that GAS-induced Golgi fragmentation requires bacterial invasion into host cells, SLO pore formation activity, and Nga NADase activity. GAS-induced Golgi fragmentation results in the impairment of the epithelial barrier and chemokine secretion in macrophages. This immune inhibition property of SLO and Nga by intracellular GAS indicates that the invasion of GAS is associated with virulence exerted by SLO and Nga.
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Tiku V, Kofoed EM, Yan D, Kang J, Xu M, Reichelt M, Dikic I, Tan MW. Outer membrane vesicles containing OmpA induce mitochondrial fragmentation to promote pathogenesis of Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2021; 11:618. [PMID: 33436835 PMCID: PMC7804284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacterium that causes life-threatening infections in humans with a very high mortality rate. A. baumannii is an extracellular pathogen with poorly understood virulence mechanisms. Here we report that A. baumannii employs the release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) containing the outer membrane protein A (OmpAAb) to promote bacterial pathogenesis and dissemination. OMVs containing OmpAAb are taken up by mammalian cells where they activate the host GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1). OmpAAb mediated activation of DRP1 enhances its accumulation on mitochondria that causes mitochondrial fragmentation, elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death. Loss of DRP1 rescues these phenotypes. Our data show that OmpAAb is sufficient to induce mitochondrial fragmentation and cytotoxicity since its expression in E. coli transfers its pathogenic properties to E. coli. A. baumannii infection in mice also induces mitochondrial damage in alveolar macrophages in an OmpAAb dependent manner. We finally show that OmpAAb is also required for systemic dissemination in the mouse lung infection model. In this study we uncover the mechanism of OmpAAb as a virulence factor in A. baumannii infections and further establish the host cell factor required for its pathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnesh Tiku
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Eric M Kofoed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. Bacterial nucleomodulins: A coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009184. [PMID: 33476322 PMCID: PMC7819608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Through long-term interactions with their hosts, bacterial pathogens have evolved unique arsenals of effector proteins that interact with specific host targets and reprogram the host cell into a permissive niche for pathogen proliferation. The targeting of effector proteins into the host cell nucleus for modulation of nuclear processes is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens. These unique pathogen effector proteins have been termed in recent years as "nucleomodulins." The first nucleomodulins were discovered in the phytopathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, where their nucleomodulins functioned as eukaryotic transcription factors or integrated themselves into host cell DNA to promote tumor induction, respectively. Numerous nucleomodulins were recently identified in mammalian pathogens. Bacterial nucleomodulins are an emerging family of pathogen effector proteins that evolved to target specific components of the host cell command center through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include: chromatin dynamics, histone modification, DNA methylation, RNA splicing, DNA replication, cell cycle, and cell signaling pathways. Nucleomodulins may induce short- or long-term epigenetic modifications of the host cell. In this extensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of nucleomodulins from plant and mammalian pathogens. While many nucleomodulins are already identified, continued research is instrumental in understanding their mechanisms of action and the role they play during the progression of pathogenesis. The continued study of nucleomodulins will enhance our knowledge of their effects on nuclear chromatin dynamics, protein homeostasis, transcriptional landscapes, and the overall host cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juanita Von Dwingelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predicative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Shi J, Zhang F, Chen L, Bravo A, Soberón M, Sun M. Systemic mitochondrial disruption is a key event in the toxicity of bacterial pore-forming toxins to Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:4896-4907. [PMID: 33368933 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are important weapons of multiple bacterial pathogens to establish their infections. PFTs generally form pores in the plasma membrane of target cells; however, the intracellular pathogenic processes triggered after pore-formation remain poorly understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model and Bacillus thuringiensis nematicidal Cry PFTs, we show here that the localized PFT attack causes a systemic mitochondrial damage, important for the PFT toxicity. We find that PFTs punch pores only in gut cells of nematodes, but unexpectedly mitochondrial disruption is able to occur in distal unperforated regions, such as the head and muscle tissues. We demonstrate that PFTs affect the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex I resulting in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), which causes further mitochondrial fragmentation and the reduction of total mitochondrial content. Worms with decreased ΔΨm or inhibited MRC activity show higher sensitivity to PFTs. The inhibition of mitochondrial fission or the increase of mitochondrial content markedly improves the survival of animals treated with PFTs. These findings suggest that mitochondrial changes underpin PFT-mediated toxicity against nematodes and that systemic mitochondrial disruption caused by localized pore-formation represents a conserved key intracellular event in the mode of action of PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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de Groot NS, Torrent Burgas M. Bacteria use structural imperfect mimicry to hijack the host interactome. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008395. [PMID: 33275611 PMCID: PMC7744059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use protein-protein interactions to infect their hosts and hijack fundamental pathways, which ensures their survival and proliferation. Hence, the infectious capacity of the pathogen is closely related to its ability to interact with host proteins. Here, we show that hubs in the host-pathogen interactome are isolated in the pathogen network by adapting the geometry of the interacting interfaces. An imperfect mimicry of the eukaryotic interfaces allows pathogen proteins to actively bind to the host's target while preventing deleterious effects on the pathogen interactome. Understanding how bacteria recognize eukaryotic proteins may pave the way for the rational design of new antibiotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sanchez de Groot
- Gene Function and Evolution Lab, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (NSdG); (MTB)
| | - Marc Torrent Burgas
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- * E-mail: (NSdG); (MTB)
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43
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Fielden LF, Scott NE, Palmer CS, Khoo CA, Newton HJ, Stojanovski D. Proteomic Identification of Coxiella burnetii Effector Proteins Targeted to the Host Cell Mitochondria During Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100005. [PMID: 33177156 PMCID: PMC7950127 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the host cell is integral to the survival and replication of microbial pathogens. Several intracellular bacterial pathogens deliver bacterial proteins, termed "effector proteins" into the host cell during infection by sophisticated protein translocation systems, which manipulate cellular processes and functions. The functional contribution of individual effectors is poorly characterized, particularly in intracellular bacterial pathogens with large effector protein repertoires. Technical caveats have limited the capacity to study these proteins during a native infection, with many effector proteins having only been demonstrated to be translocated during over-expression of tagged versions. Here, we developed a novel strategy to examine effector proteins in the context of infection. We coupled a broad, unbiased proteomics-based screen with organelle purification to study the host-pathogen interactions occurring between the host cell mitochondrion and the Gram-negative, Q fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii. We identify four novel mitochondrially-targeted C. burnetii effector proteins, renamed Mitochondrial Coxiella effector protein (Mce) B to E. Examination of the subcellular localization of ectopically expressed proteins confirmed their mitochondrial localization, demonstrating the robustness of our approach. Subsequent biochemical analysis and affinity enrichment proteomics of one of these effector proteins, MceC, revealed the protein localizes to the inner membrane and can interact with components of the mitochondrial quality control machinery. Our study adapts high-sensitivity proteomics to study intracellular host-pathogen interactions, providing a robust strategy to examine the subcellular localization of effector proteins during native infection. This approach could be applied to a range of pathogens and host cell compartments to provide a rich map of effector dynamics throughout infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Fielden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chen Ai Khoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Bacterial nucleomodulins and cancer: An unresolved enigma. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100922. [PMID: 33137543 PMCID: PMC7644672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in microbial pathogenesis have identified several bacterial proteins with the potential to influence host cell nuclei. This field of research is in its infancy, however it is rapidly growing. In particular, the role of bacterial nucleomodulins in animal oncogenesis is an area that requires attention. Earlier research has suggested the role of nucleomodulins in plant tumor development and these findings may provide us with a better understanding of the role of these proteins in human cancer development. This proposition is further supported by previous identification of nucleomodulins present in bacteria that have been associated with cancer development, but their role in human cancer is unclear. In this article, we provide an update on the status of these nucleomodulins and their role in cancer etiology. We collected information about known bacterial nucleomodulins and tried to relate their mechanistic implication with already known plant tumor development model. The present research indicates that bacterial nucleomodulins may be an important target in cancer etiology and knowledge of their role in human oncogenesis may help us to create suitable alternative cancer management strategies.
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Dhanda AS, Yang D, Guttman JA. Localization of alpha-actinin-4 during infections by actin remodeling bacteria. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1400-1419. [PMID: 33099893 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens cause disease by subverting the structure and function of their target host cells. Several foodborne agents such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton to cause diarrheal (and systemic) infections. During infections, these invasive and adherent pathogens hijack the actin filaments of their host cells and rearrange them into discrete actin-rich structures that promote bacterial adhesion (via pedestals), invasion (via membrane ruffles and endocytic cups), intracellular motility (via comet/rocket tails) and/or intercellular dissemination (via membrane protrusions and invaginations). We have previously shown that actin-rich structures generated by L. monocytogenes contain the host actin cross-linker α-actinin-4. Here we set out to examine α-actinin-4 during other key steps of the L. monocytogenes infectious cycle as well as characterize the subcellular distribution of α-actinin-4 during infections with other model actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens (S. flexneri, S. Typhimurium and EPEC). Although α-actinin-4 is absent at sites of initial L. monocytogenes invasion, we show that it is a new component of the membrane invaginations formed during secondary infections of neighboring host cells. Importantly, we reveal that α-actinin-4 also localizes to the major actin-rich structures generated during cell culture infections with S. flexneri (comet/rocket tails and membrane protrusions), S. Typhimurium (membrane ruffles) and EPEC (pedestals). Taken together, these findings suggest that α-actinin-4 is a host factor that is exploited by an assortment of actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Tangadanchu VKR, Gundabathini SR, Bethala L. A. PD, Yedla P, Chityal GK. Isomannide monoundecenoate‐based 1,2,3‐triazoles: Design, synthesis, and in vitro bioactive evaluation. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Kumar Reddy Tangadanchu
- Centre for Lipid Science & Technology CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Department of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | - Poornachandra Yedla
- Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Chityal
- Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
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47
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Abstract
Through coevolution with host cells, microorganisms have acquired mechanisms to avoid the detection by the host surveillance system and to use the cell's supplies to establish themselves. Indeed, certain pathogens have evolved proteins that imitate specific eukaryotic cell proteins, allowing them to manipulate host pathways, a phenomenon termed molecular mimicry. Bacterial "eukaryotic-like proteins" are a remarkable example of molecular mimicry. They are defined as proteins that strongly resemble eukaryotic proteins or that carry domains that are predominantly present in eukaryotes and that are generally absent from prokaryotes. The widest diversity of eukaryotic-like proteins known to date can be found in members of the bacterial genus Legionella, some of which cause a severe pneumonia in humans. The characterization of a number of these proteins shed light on their importance during infection. The subsequent identification of eukaryotic-like genes in the genomes of other amoeba-associated bacteria and bacterial symbionts suggested that eukaryotic-like proteins are a common means of bacterial evasion and communication, shaped by the continuous interactions between bacteria and their protozoan hosts. In this review, we discuss the concept of molecular mimicry using Legionella as an example and show that eukaryotic-like proteins effectively manipulate host cell pathways. The study of the function and evolution of such proteins is an exciting field of research that is leading us toward a better understanding of the complex world of bacterium-host interactions. Ultimately, this knowledge will teach us how host pathways are manipulated and how infections may possibly be tackled.
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Thordal-Christensen H. A holistic view on plant effector-triggered immunity presented as an iceberg model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3963-3976. [PMID: 32277261 PMCID: PMC7532969 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of plants is highly complex. It involves pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which is signaled and manifested through branched multi-step pathways. To counteract this, pathogen effectors target and inhibit individual PTI steps. This in turn can cause specific plant cytosolic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Plants and pathogens have many genes encoding NLRs and effectors, respectively. Yet, only a few segregate genetically as resistance (R) genes and avirulence (Avr) effector genes in wild-type populations. In an attempt to explain this contradiction, a model is proposed where far most of the NLRs, the effectors and the effector targets keep one another in a silent state. In this so-called "iceberg model", a few NLR-effector combinations are genetically visible above the surface, while the vast majority is hidden below. Besides, addressing the existence of many NLRs and effectors, the model also helps to explain why individual downregulation of many effectors causes reduced virulence and why many lesion-mimic mutants are found. Finally, the iceberg model accommodates genuine plant susceptibility factors as potential effector targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Verma V, Kumar P, Gupta S, Yadav S, Dhanda RS, Thorlacius H, Yadav M. α-Hemolysin of uropathogenic E. coli regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in THP-1 macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12653. [PMID: 32724079 PMCID: PMC7387347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysin expressing UPEC strains have been associated with severe advanced kidney pathologies, such as cystitis and pyelonephritis, which are associated with an inflammatory response. Macrophages play an important role in regulating an inflammatory response during a urinary tract infection. We have studied the role of purified recombinant α-hemolysin in inducing inflammatory responses and cell death in macrophages. Acylation at lysine residues through HlyC is known to activate proHlyA into a fully functional pore-forming toxin, HlyA. It was observed that active α-hemolysin (HlyA) induced cleavage of caspase-1 leading to the maturation of IL-1β, while inactive α-hemolysin (proHlyA) failed to do so in THP-1 derived macrophages. HlyA also promotes deubiquitination, oligomerization, and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which was found to be dependent on potassium efflux. We have also observed the co-localization of NLRP3 within mitochondria during HlyA stimulations. Moreover, blocking of potassium efflux improved the mitochondrial health in addition to a decreased inflammatory response. Our study demonstrates that HlyA stimulation caused perturbance in potassium homeostasis, which led to the mitochondrial dysfunction followed by an acute inflammatory response, resulting in cell death. However, the repletion of intracellular potassium stores could avoid HlyA induced macrophage cell death. The findings of this study will help to understand the mechanism of α-hemolysin induced inflammatory response and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama At Birmingham, Hugh Kaul Genetics Building, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Surbhi Gupta
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sonal Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rakesh Singh Dhanda
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Longboat Explorers AB, SMiLE Incubator, Scheelevägen 2, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Surgery, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Surgery, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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50
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Dramé M, Buchrieser C, Escoll P. Danger-associated metabolic modifications during bacterial infection of macrophages. Int Immunol 2020; 32:475-483. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this review, we propose that certain modifications in cellular metabolism might function as danger signals triggering inflammasome-mediated immune responses. We propose to call them danger-associated metabolic modifications (DAMMs). As intracellular bacteria can actively modulate macrophage metabolism for their benefit, infected host cells might sense bacteria-induced metabolic alterations and activate immune reactions. Here we report the known metabolic interactions that occur during infection of macrophages by intracellular bacteria and discuss the possible emergence of DAMMs upon bacteria-induced alterations of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariatou Dramé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Escoll
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS-UMR 3525, Paris, France
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