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Uprety T, Soni S, Sreenivasan C, Hause BM, Naveed A, Ni S, Graves AJ, Morrow JK, Meade N, Mellits KH, Adam E, Kennedy MA, Wang D, Li F. Genetic and antigenic characterization of two diarrhoeicdominant rotavirus A genotypes G3P[12] and G14P[12] circulating in the global equine population. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002016. [PMID: 39163114 PMCID: PMC11335307 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus species A (ERVA) G3P[12] and G14P[12] are two dominant genotypes that cause foal diarrhoea with a significant economic impact on the global equine industry. ERVA can also serve as a source of novel (equine-like) rotavirus species A (RVA) reassortants with zoonotic potential as those identified previously in 2013-2019 when equine G3-like RVA was responsible for worldwide outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis and hospitalizations in children. One hurdle to ERVA research is that the standard cell culture system optimized for human rotavirus replication is not efficient for isolating ERVA. Here, using an engineered cell line defective in antiviral innate immunity, we showed that both equine G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains can be rapidly isolated from diarrhoeic foals. The genome sequence analysis revealed that both G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains share the identical genotypic constellation except for VP7 and VP6 segments in which G3P[12] possessed VP7 of genotype G3 and VP6 of genotype I6 and G14P[12] had the combination of VP7 of genotype G14 and VP6 of genotype I2. Further characterization demonstrated that two ERVA genotypes have a limited cross-neutralization. The lack of an in vitro broad cross-protection between both genotypes supported the increased recent diarrhoea outbreaks due to equine G14P[12] in foals born to dams immunized with the inactivated monovalent equine G3P[12] vaccine. Finally, using the structural modelling approach, we provided the genetic basis of the antigenic divergence between ERVA G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains. The results of this study will provide a framework for further investigation of infection biology, pathogenesis and cross-protection of equine rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Shalini Soni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Shuisong Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Amy J. Graves
- Equine Diagnostic Solutions, LLC, 1501 Bull Lea Rd, Suite 104, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Morrow
- Equine Diagnostic Solutions, LLC, 1501 Bull Lea Rd, Suite 104, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
| | - Nathan Meade
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Maio N, Heffner AL, Rouault TA. Iron‑sulfur clusters in viral proteins: Exploring their elusive nature, roles and new avenues for targeting infections. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119723. [PMID: 38599324 PMCID: PMC11139609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved complex mechanisms to exploit host factors for replication and assembly. In response, host cells have developed strategies to block viruses, engaging in a continuous co-evolutionary battle. This dynamic interaction often revolves around the competition for essential resources necessary for both host cell and virus replication. Notably, iron, required for the biosynthesis of several cofactors, including iron‑sulfur (FeS) clusters, represents a critical element in the ongoing competition for resources between infectious agents and host. Although several recent studies have identified FeS cofactors at the core of virus replication machineries, our understanding of their specific roles and the cellular processes responsible for their incorporation into viral proteins remains limited. This review aims to consolidate our current knowledge of viral components that have been characterized as FeS proteins and elucidate how viruses harness these versatile cofactors to their benefit. Its objective is also to propose that viruses may depend on incorporation of FeS cofactors more extensively than is currently known. This has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of viral replication, thereby carrying significant implications for the development of strategies to target infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Audrey L Heffner
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Strachan M, Mashapa T, Gildenhuys S. Spectroscopic analysis of the bacterially expressed head domain of rotavirus VP6. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20232178. [PMID: 38592735 PMCID: PMC11065646 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20232178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus capsid protein VP6 forms the middle of three protein layers and is responsible for many critical steps in the viral life cycle. VP6 as a structural protein can be used in various applications including as a subunit vaccine component. The head domain of VP6 (VP6H) contains key sequences that allow the protein to trimerize and that represent epitopes that are recognized by human antibodies in the viral particle. The domain is rich in β-sheet secondary structures. Here, VP6H was solubilised from bacterial inclusion bodies and purified using a single affinity chromatography step. Spectral (far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence) analysis revealed that the purified domain had native-like secondary and tertiary structures. The domain could maintain structure up to 44°C during thermal denaturation following which structural changes result in an intermediate forming and finally irreversible aggregation and denaturation. The chemical denaturation with urea and guanidinium hydrochloride produces intermediates that represent a loss in the cooperativity. The VP6H domain is stable and can fold to produce its native structure in the absence of the VP6 base domain but cannot be defined as an independent folding unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milaan Simone Strachan
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Tshepo Mashapa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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Nichols SL, Haller C, Borodavka A, Esstman SM. Rotavirus NSP2: A Master Orchestrator of Early Viral Particle Assembly. Viruses 2024; 16:814. [PMID: 38932107 PMCID: PMC11209291 DOI: 10.3390/v16060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are 11-segmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses and important causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans and other animal species. Early RV particle assembly is a multi-step process that includes the assortment, packaging and replication of the 11 genome segments in close connection with capsid morphogenesis. This process occurs inside virally induced, cytosolic, membrane-less organelles called viroplasms. While many viral and cellular proteins play roles during early RV assembly, the octameric nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) has emerged as a master orchestrator of this key stage of the viral replication cycle. NSP2 is critical for viroplasm biogenesis as well as for the selective RNA-RNA interactions that underpin the assortment of 11 viral genome segments. Moreover, NSP2's associated enzymatic activities might serve to maintain nucleotide pools for use during viral genome replication, a process that is concurrent with early particle assembly. The goal of this review article is to summarize the available data about the structures, functions and interactions of RV NSP2 while also drawing attention to important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Nichols
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA;
| | - Cyril Haller
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK;
| | - Sarah M. Esstman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, 455 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA;
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Xia X, Sung PY, Martynowycz MW, Gonen T, Roy P, Zhou ZH. RNA genome packaging and capsid assembly of bluetongue virus visualized in host cells. Cell 2024; 187:2236-2249.e17. [PMID: 38614100 PMCID: PMC11182334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Unlike those of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and ssRNA viruses, the mechanism of genome packaging of dsRNA viruses is poorly understood. Here, we combined the techniques of high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), cellular cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET), and structure-guided mutagenesis to investigate genome packaging and capsid assembly of bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the Reoviridae family of dsRNA viruses. A total of eleven assembly states of BTV capsid were captured, with resolutions up to 2.8 Å, with most visualized in the host cytoplasm. ATPase VP6 was found underneath the vertices of capsid shell protein VP3 as an RNA-harboring pentamer, facilitating RNA packaging. RNA packaging expands the VP3 shell, which then engages middle- and outer-layer proteins to generate infectious virions. These revealed "duality" characteristics of the BTV assembly mechanism reconcile previous contradictory co-assembly and core-filling models and provide insights into the mysterious RNA packaging and capsid assembly of Reoviridae members and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Po-Yu Sung
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michael W Martynowycz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Vetter J, Lee M, Eichwald C. The Role of the Host Cytoskeleton in the Formation and Dynamics of Rotavirus Viroplasms. Viruses 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38793550 PMCID: PMC11125917 DOI: 10.3390/v16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replicates within viroplasms, membraneless electron-dense globular cytosolic inclusions with liquid-liquid phase properties. In these structures occur the virus transcription, replication, and packaging of the virus genome in newly assembled double-layered particles. The viroplasms are composed of virus proteins (NSP2, NSP5, NSP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP6), single- and double-stranded virus RNAs, and host components such as microtubules, perilipin-1, and chaperonins. The formation, coalescence, maintenance, and perinuclear localization of viroplasms rely on their association with the cytoskeleton. A stabilized microtubule network involving microtubules and kinesin Eg5 and dynein molecular motors is associated with NSP5, NSP2, and VP2, facilitating dynamic processes such as viroplasm coalescence and perinuclear localization. Key post-translation modifications, particularly phosphorylation events of RV proteins NSP5 and NSP2, play pivotal roles in orchestrating these interactions. Actin filaments also contribute, triggering the formation of the viroplasms through the association of soluble cytosolic VP4 with actin and the molecular motor myosin. This review explores the evolving understanding of RV replication, emphasizing the host requirements essential for viroplasm formation and highlighting their dynamic interplay within the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.V.); (M.L.)
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Vetter J, Papa G, Tobler K, Rodriguez JM, Kley M, Myers M, Wiesendanger M, Schraner EM, Luque D, Burrone OR, Fraefel C, Eichwald C. The recruitment of TRiC chaperonin in rotavirus viroplasms correlates with virus replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0049924. [PMID: 38470055 PMCID: PMC11005421 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00499-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replication takes place in the viroplasms, cytosolic inclusions that allow the synthesis of virus genome segments and their encapsidation in the core shell, followed by the addition of the second layer of the virion. The viroplasms are composed of several viral proteins, including NSP5, which serves as the main building block. Microtubules, lipid droplets, and miRNA-7 are among the host components recruited in viroplasms. We investigated the interaction between RV proteins and host components of the viroplasms by performing a pull-down assay of lysates from RV-infected cells expressing NSP5-BiolD2. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry identified all eight subunits of the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for folding at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins. Our confirmed findings reveal that TRiC is brought into viroplasms and wraps around newly formed double-layered particles. Chemical inhibition of TRiC and silencing of its subunits drastically reduced virus progeny production. Through direct RNA sequencing, we show that TRiC is critical for RV replication by controlling dsRNA genome segment synthesis, particularly negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Importantly, cryo-electron microscopy analysis shows that TRiC inhibition results in defective virus particles lacking genome segments and polymerase complex (VP1/VP3). Moreover, TRiC associates with VP2 and NSP5 but not with VP1. Also, VP2 is shown to be essential for recruiting TRiC in viroplasms and preserving their globular morphology. This study highlights the essential role of TRiC in viroplasm formation and in facilitating virion assembly during the RV life cycle. IMPORTANCE The replication of rotavirus takes place in cytosolic inclusions termed viroplasms. In these inclusions, the distinct 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments are co-packaged to complete a genome in newly generated virus particles. In this study, we show for the first time that the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for the folding of at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins, is a component of viroplasms and is required for the synthesis of the viral negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Specifically, TRiC associates with NSP5 and VP2, the cofactor involved in RNA replication. Our study adds a new component to the current model of rotavirus replication, where TRiC is recruited to viroplasms to assist replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Vetter
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier M. Rodriguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Kley
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Myers
- Proteomics Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mahesa Wiesendanger
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Luque
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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de Sautu M, Herrmann T, Scanavachi G, Jenni S, Harrison SC. The rotavirus VP5*/VP8* conformational transition permeabilizes membranes to Ca2. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011750. [PMID: 38574119 PMCID: PMC11020617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses infect cells by delivering into the cytosol a transcriptionally active inner capsid particle (a "double-layer particle": DLP). Delivery is the function of a third, outer layer, which drives uptake from the cell surface into small vesicles from which the DLPs escape. In published work, we followed stages of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) entry by live-cell imaging and correlated them with structures from cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography (cryo-EM and cryo-ET). The virus appears to wrap itself in membrane, leading to complete engulfment and loss of Ca2+ from the vesicle produced by the wrapping. One of the outer-layer proteins, VP7, is a Ca2+-stabilized trimer; loss of Ca2+ releases both VP7 and the other outer-layer protein, VP4, from the particle. VP4, activated by cleavage into VP8* and VP5*, is a trimer that undergoes a large-scale conformational rearrangement, reminiscent of the transition that viral fusion proteins undergo to penetrate a membrane. The rearrangement of VP5* thrusts a 250-residue, C-terminal segment of each of the three subunits outward, while allowing the protein to remain attached to the virus particle and to the cell being infected. We proposed that this segment inserts into the membrane of the target cell, enabling Ca2+ to cross. In the work reported here, we show the validity of key aspects of this proposed sequence. By cryo-EM studies of liposome-attached virions ("triple-layer particles": TLPs) and single-particle fluorescence imaging of liposome-attached TLPs, we confirm insertion of the VP4 C-terminal segment into the membrane and ensuing generation of a Ca2+ "leak". The results allow us to formulate a molecular description of early events in entry. We also discuss our observations in the context of other work on double-strand RNA virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilina de Sautu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tobias Herrmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Scanavachi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Zhang C, Wu H, Feng H, Zhang YA, Tu J. Grass carp reovirus VP56 and VP35 induce formation of viral inclusion bodies for replication. iScience 2024; 27:108684. [PMID: 38188516 PMCID: PMC10767200 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral inclusion bodies (VIBs) are subcellular structures required for efficient viral replication. How type II grass carp reovirus (GCRV-II), the mainly prevalent strain, forms VIBs is unknown. In this study, we found that GCRV-II infection induced punctate VIBs in grass carp ovary (GCO) cells and that non-structural protein 38 (NS38) functioned as a participant in VIB formation. Furthermore, VP56 and VP35 induced VIBs and recruited other viral proteins via the N-terminal of VP56 and the middle domain of VP35. Additionally, we found that the newly synthesized viral RNAs co-localized with VP56 and VP35 in VIBs during infection. Taken together, VP56 and VP35 induce VIB formation and recruit other viral proteins and viral RNAs to the VIBs for viral replication, which helps identify new targets for developing anti-GCRV-II drugs to disrupt viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiagang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Agbemabiese CA, Philip AA, Patton JT. Recovery of Recombinant Rotaviruses by Reverse Genetics. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2733:249-263. [PMID: 38064037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3533-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the primary cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children throughout the world. To combat rotavirus illness, several live oral vaccines have been developed, or are under development, that are formulated from attenuated human or human-animal reassortant strains of rotavirus. While the effectiveness of these vaccines is generally high in developed countries, the same vaccines are significantly less effective in many developing countries, where the need for rotavirus vaccines is greatest. Recently, reverse genetics systems have been developed that allow modification of the segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome of rotavirus, including reprogramming the genome to allow expression of additional proteins that may stimulate expanded neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated children. The use of reverse genetics systems may not only lead to the development of more potent classes of vaccines but can be used to better explore the intricacies of rotavirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. In this article, we share protocols that can be used to generate recombinant rotaviruses, including modified strains that express foreign proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Agbemabiese
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Asha A Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- CSL Seqirus, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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12
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Roier S, Mangala Prasad V, McNeal MM, Lee KK, Petsch B, Rauch S. mRNA-based VP8* nanoparticle vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:190. [PMID: 38129390 PMCID: PMC10739717 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus remains a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. Due to the growing demand for parenteral rotavirus vaccines, we developed mRNA-based vaccine candidates targeting the viral spike protein VP8*. Our monomeric P2 (universal T cell epitope)-VP8* mRNA design is equivalent to a protein vaccine currently in clinical development, while LS (lumazine synthase)-P2-VP8* was designed to form nanoparticles. Cyro-electron microscopy and western blotting-based data presented here suggest that proteins derived from LS-P2-VP8* mRNA are secreted in vitro and self-assemble into 60-mer nanoparticles displaying VP8*. mRNA encoded VP8* was immunogenic in rodents and introduced both humoral and cellular responses. LS-P2-VP8* induced superior humoral responses to P2-VP8* in guinea pigs, both as monovalent and trivalent vaccines, with encouraging responses detected against the most prevalent P genotypes. Overall, our data provide evidence that trivalent LS-P2-VP8* represents a promising mRNA-based next-generation rotavirus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Dai J, Agbemabiese CA, Griffin AN, Patton JT. Rotavirus capping enzyme VP3 inhibits interferon expression by inducing MAVS degradation during viral replication. mBio 2023; 14:e0225523. [PMID: 37905816 PMCID: PMC10746195 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02255-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is an enteric RNA virus that causes severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children through infection of enterocytes in the small intestine. Timely clearance of the virus demands a robust innate immune response by cells associated with the small intestine, including the expression of interferon (IFN). Previous studies have shown that some rotavirus strains suppress the production of interferon, by inducing the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein and interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3). In this study, we have used reverse genetics to generate recombinant rotaviruses expressing compromised forms of VP3 or NSP1, or both, to explore the function of these viral proteins in the degradation of MAVS and IRF3. Our results demonstrate that VP3 is responsible for MAVS depletion in rotavirus-infected cells, and through this activity, helps to suppress IFN production. Thus, VP3 functions to support the activity of rotavirus NSP1, the major interferon antagonist of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Ashley N. Griffin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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14
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Kumar D, Anderson Reever AV, Pittman JS, Springer NL, Mallen K, Roman-Sosa G, Sangewar N, Casey-Moore MC, Bowen MD, Mwangi W, Marthaler DG. Role of Pre-Farrow Natural Planned Exposure of Gilts in Shaping the Passive Antibody Response to Rotavirus A in Piglets. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1866. [PMID: 38140269 PMCID: PMC10748143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural planned exposure (NPE) remains one of the most common methods in swine herds to boost lactogenic immunity against rotaviruses. However, the efficacy of NPE protocols in generating lactogenic immunity has not been investigated before. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of genotype-specific antibody responses to different doses (3, 2 and 1) of Rotavirus A (RVA) NPE (genotypes G4, G5, P[7] and P[23]) in gilts and the transfer of lactogenic immunity to their piglets. Group 1 gilts received three doses of NPE at 5, 4 and 3 weeks pre-farrow (WPF), group 2 received two doses at 5 and 3 WPF, group 3 received one dose at 5 WPF, and group 4 received no NPE (control group). VP7 (G4 and G5) and truncated VP4* (P[7] and P[23]) antigens of RVA were expressed in mammalian and bacterial expression systems, respectively, and used to optimize indirect ELISAs to determine antibody levels against RVA in gilts and piglets. In day-0 colostrum samples, group 1 had significantly higher IgG titers compared to the control group for all four antigens, and either significantly or numerically higher IgG titers than groups 2 and 3. Group 1 also had significantly higher colostrum IgA levels than the control group for all antigens (except G4), and either significantly or numerically higher IgA levels compared to groups 2 and 3. In piglet serum, group 1 piglets had higher IgG titers for all four antigens at day 0 than the other groups. Importantly, RVA NPE stimulated antibodies in all groups regardless of the treatment doses and prevented G4, G5, P[7] and P[23] RVA fecal shedding prior to weaning in piglets in the absence of viral challenge. The G11 and P[34] RVA genotypes detected from pre-weaning piglets differed at multiple amino acid positions with parent NPE strains. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the group 1 NPE regimen (three doses of NPE) resulted in the highest anti-RVA antibody (IgG and IgA) levels in the colostrum/milk, and the highest IgG levels in piglet serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Amanda V. Anderson Reever
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | | | - Nora L. Springer
- Clinical Pathology, Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Kylynn Mallen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Mary C. Casey-Moore
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.C.C.-M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Michael D. Bowen
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.C.C.-M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA (N.S.); (W.M.)
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15
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Heymann JB. Structural Studies of Bacteriophage Φ6 and Its Transformations during Its Life Cycle. Viruses 2023; 15:2404. [PMID: 38140645 PMCID: PMC10747372 DOI: 10.3390/v15122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first isolation of the cystovirus bacteriophage Φ6 from Pseudomonas syringae 50 years ago, we have progressed to a better understanding of the structure and transformations of many parts of the virion. The three-layered virion, encapsulating the tripartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome, breaches the cell envelope upon infection, generates its own transcripts, and coopts the bacterial machinery to produce its proteins. The generation of a new virion starts with a procapsid with a contracted shape, followed by the packaging of single-stranded RNA segments with concurrent expansion of the capsid, and finally replication to reconstitute the dsRNA genome. The outer two layers are then added, and the fully formed virion released by cell lysis. Most of the procapsid structure, composed of the proteins P1, P2, P4, and P7 is now known, as well as its transformations to the mature, packaged nucleocapsid. The outer two layers are less well-studied. One additional study investigated the binding of the host protein YajQ to the infecting nucleocapsid, where it enhances the transcription of the large RNA segment that codes for the capsid proteins. Finally, I relate the structural aspects of bacteriophage Φ6 to those of other dsRNA viruses, noting the similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bernard Heymann
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; ; Tel.: +1-301-846-6924
- National Cryo-EM Program, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
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16
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Philip AA, Agbemabiese CA, Yi G, Patton JT. T7 expression plasmids for producing a recombinant human G1P[8] rotavirus comprising RIX4414 sequences of the RV1 (Rotarix , GSK) vaccine strain. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0060323. [PMID: 37819123 PMCID: PMC10652971 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00603-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The live oral rotavirus RV1 (Rotarix) vaccine is formulated from the human G1P[8] RIX4414 virus. Based on RIX4414 sequences, T7 expression plasmids were constructed that supported recovery of recombinant RIX4414-like viruses by reverse genetics. These plasmids will advance the study of the RV1 vaccine, possibly allowing improvements to its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chantal A. Agbemabiese
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Guanghui Yi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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17
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De Sautu M, Herrmann T, Jenni S, Harrison SC. The rotavirus VP5*/VP8* conformational transition permeabilizes membranes to Ca 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.15.562449. [PMID: 37905109 PMCID: PMC10614792 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.15.562449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses infect cells by delivering into the cytosol a transcriptionally active inner capsid particle (a "double-layer particle": DLP). Delivery is the function of a third, outer layer, which drives uptake from the cell surface into small vesicles from which the DLPs escape. In published work, we followed stages of rhesus rotavirus (RRV) entry by live-cell imaging and correlated them with structures from cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography (cryo-EM and cryo-ET). The virus appears to wrap itself in membrane, leading to complete engulfment and loss of Ca2+ from the vesicle produced by the wrapping. One of the outer-layer proteins, VP7, is a Ca2+-stabilized trimer; loss of Ca2+ releases both outer-layer proteins from the particle. The other outer-layer protein, VP4, activated by cleavage into VP8* and VP5*, is a trimer that undergoes a large-scale conformational rearrangement, reminiscent of the transition that viral fusion proteins undergo to penetrate a membrane. The rearrangement of VP5* thrusts a 250-residue, C-terminal segment of each of the three subunits outward, while allowing the protein to remain attached to the virus particle and to the cell being infected. We proposed that this segment inserts into the membrane of the target cell, enabling Ca2+ to cross. In the work reported here, we show the validity of key aspects of this proposed sequence. By cryo-EM studies of liposome-attached virions ("triple-layer particles": TLPs) and single-particle fluorescence imaging of liposome-attached TLPs, we confirm insertion of the VP4 C-terminal segment into the membrane and ensuing generation of a Ca2+ "leak". The results allow us to formulate a molecular description of early events in entry. We also discuss our observations in the context of other work on double-strand RNA virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilina De Sautu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Herrmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Philip AA, Hu S, Dai J, Patton JT. Recombinant rotavirus expressing the glycosylated S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001899. [PMID: 37830788 PMCID: PMC10721933 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetic systems have been used to introduce heterologous sequences into the rotavirus segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome, enabling the generation of recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins and possibly serve as vaccine vectors. Notably, insertion of SARS-CoV-2 sequences into the segment seven (NSP3) RNA of simian SA11 rotavirus was previously shown to result in the production of recombinant viruses that efficiently expressed the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. However, efforts to generate a similar recombinant (r) SA11 virus that efficiently expressed full-length S1 were less successful. In this study, we describe modifications to the S1-coding cassette inserted in the segment seven RNA that allowed recovery of second-generation rSA11 viruses that efficiently expressed the ~120-kDa S1 protein. The ~120-kDa S1 products were shown to be glycosylated, based on treatment with endoglycosidase H, which reduced the protein to a size of ~80 kDa. Co-pulldown assays demonstrated that the ~120-kDa S1 proteins had affinity for the human ACE2 receptor. Although all the second-generation rSA11 viruses expressed glycosylated S1 with affinity for the ACE receptor, only the S1 product of one virus (rSA11/S1f) was appropriately recognized by anti-S1 antibodies, suggesting the rSA11/S1f virus expressed an authentic form of S1. Compared to the other second-generation rSA11 viruses, the design of the rSA11/S1f was unique, encoding an S1 product that did not include an N-terminal FLAG tag. Probably due to the impact of FLAG tags upstream of the S1 signal peptides, the S1 products of the other viruses (rSA11/3fS1 and rSA11/3fS1-His) may have undergone defective glycosylation, impeding antibody binding. In summary, these results indicate that recombinant rotaviruses can serve as expression vectors of foreign glycosylated proteins, raising the possibility of generating rotavirus-based vaccines that can induce protective immune responses against enteric and mucosal viruses with glycosylated capsid components, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Present address: CSL Seqirus, 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Sannoong Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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19
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Shen HH, Zhao Q, Wen YP, Wu R, Du SY, Huang XB, Wen XT, Cao SJ, Zeng L, Yan QG. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus upregulates SMPDL3B to promote viral replication by modulating lipid metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107450. [PMID: 37583552 PMCID: PMC10424083 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a severe threat to the health of pigs globally. Host factors play a critical role in PRRSV replication. Using PRRSV as a model for genome-scale CRISPR knockout (KO) screening, we identified a host factor critical to PRRSV infection: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3B (SMPDL3B). Our findings show that SMPDL3B restricted PRRSV attachment, entry, replication, and secretion and that its depletion significantly inhibited PRRSV proliferation, indicating that SMPDL3B plays a positive role in PRRSV replication. Our data also show that SMPDL3B deficiency resulted in an accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). The expression level of key genes (ACC, SCD-1, and FASN) involved in lipogenesis was increased, whereas the fundamental lipolysis gene, ATGL, was inhibited when SMPDL3B was knocked down. Overall, our findings suggest that SMPDL3B deficiency can effectively inhibit viral infection through the modulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sen-Yan Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin-Tian Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
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20
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Asensio-Cob D, Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Rotavirus Particle Disassembly and Assembly In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1750. [PMID: 37632092 PMCID: PMC10458742 DOI: 10.3390/v15081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are non-enveloped multilayered dsRNA viruses that are major etiologic agents of diarrheal disease in humans and in the young in a large number of animal species. The viral particle is composed of three different protein layers that enclose the segmented dsRNA genome and the transcriptional complexes. Each layer defines a unique subparticle that is associated with a different phase of the replication cycle. Thus, while single- and double-layered particles are associated with the intracellular processes of selective packaging, genome replication, and transcription, the viral machinery necessary for entry is located in the third layer. This modular nature of its particle allows rotaviruses to control its replication cycle by the disassembly and assembly of its structural proteins. In this review, we examine the significant advances in structural, molecular, and cellular RV biology that have contributed during the last few years to illuminating the intricate details of the RV particle disassembly and assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Asensio-Cob
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada;
| | - Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit UCCT/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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21
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Fernandez de la Mora J, Almazán F, Rodríguez JM. Spontaneous Interconversion between Different Narrowly Defined Shapes of Rotavirus Double-Layered Particles Studied in Real Time by High-Resolution Mobility Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11483-11490. [PMID: 37463035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) are studied in the gas phase with a high-resolution differential mobility analyzer (DMA). DLPs were transferred to 10 mM aqueous ammonium acetate, electrosprayed into the gas phase, converted into primarily singly charged particles, and DMA-analyzed. Up to seven slightly different conformations were resolved, whose apparently random, fast (minutes), and reversible interconversions were followed in real time. They sometimes evolved into just two distinct structures, with periods of one dominating over the other and vice versa. Differences between the DLP structures in solution and in the gas phase are clearly revealed by the smaller DLP diameter found here (60 versus 70 nm). Nevertheless, we argue that the multiple gas-phase conformers observed originate in as many conformations pre-existing in solution. We further hypothesize that these conformers correspond to incomplete DLPs having lost some of the VP6 trimer quintets surrounding each of the 12 5-fold axes. Instances of this peculiar loss have been previously documented by cryoelectron microscopy for the rotavirus Wa strain, as well as via charge detection mass spectrometry for five other rotavirus strains included in the RotaTec vaccine. Evidence of this loss systematically found for all 7 rotavirus types so far studied in aqueous ammonium acetate may be a special feature of this electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernandez de la Mora
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Fernando Almazán
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier M Rodríguez
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Hagan MF, Mohajerani F. Self-assembly coupled to liquid-liquid phase separation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010652. [PMID: 37186597 PMCID: PMC10212142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid condensate droplets with distinct compositions of proteins and nucleic acids are widespread in biological cells. While it is known that such droplets, or compartments, can regulate irreversible protein aggregation, their effect on reversible self-assembly remains largely unexplored. In this article, we use kinetic theory and solution thermodynamics to investigate the effect of liquid-liquid phase separation on the reversible self-assembly of structures with well-defined sizes and architectures. We find that, when assembling subunits preferentially partition into liquid compartments, robustness against kinetic traps and maximum achievable assembly rates can be significantly increased. In particular, both the range of solution conditions leading to productive assembly and the corresponding assembly rates can increase by orders of magnitude. We analyze the rate equation predictions using simple scaling estimates to identify effects of liquid-liquid phase separation as a function of relevant control parameters. These results may elucidate self-assembly processes that underlie normal cellular functions or pathogenesis, and suggest strategies for designing efficient bottom-up assembly for nanomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hagan
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Farzaneh Mohajerani
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Shah PNM, Gilchrist JB, Forsberg BO, Burt A, Howe A, Mosalaganti S, Wan W, Radecke J, Chaban Y, Sutton G, Stuart DI, Boyce M. Characterization of the rotavirus assembly pathway in situ using cryoelectron tomography. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:604-615.e4. [PMID: 36996819 PMCID: PMC7615348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus assembly is a complex process that involves the stepwise acquisition of protein layers in distinct intracellular locations to form the fully assembled particle. Understanding and visualization of the assembly process has been hampered by the inaccessibility of unstable intermediates. We characterize the assembly pathway of group A rotaviruses observed in situ within cryo-preserved infected cells through the use of cryoelectron tomography of cellular lamellae. Our findings demonstrate that the viral polymerase VP1 recruits viral genomes during particle assembly, as revealed by infecting with a conditionally lethal mutant. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition to arrest the transiently enveloped stage uncovered a unique conformation of the VP4 spike. Subtomogram averaging provided atomic models of four intermediate states, including a pre-packaging single-layered intermediate, the double-layered particle, the transiently enveloped double-layered particle, and the fully assembled triple-layered virus particle. In summary, these complementary approaches enable us to elucidate the discrete steps involved in forming an intracellular rotavirus particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav N M Shah
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK; CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - James B Gilchrist
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Björn O Forsberg
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alister Burt
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Howe
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Wan
- Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, PMB 407917, 465 21st Ave S, 5140 MRB3, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julika Radecke
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Yuriy Chaban
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Geoff Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK; CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
| | - Mark Boyce
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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25
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Flexibility of the Rotavirus NSP2 C-Terminal Region Supports Factory Formation via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0003923. [PMID: 36749077 PMCID: PMC9973012 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00039-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses sequester the materials needed for their replication into discrete subcellular factories. For rotaviruses (RVs), these factories are called viroplasms, and they are formed in the host cell cytosol via the process of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) and its binding partner, nonstructural protein 5 (NSP5), are critical for viroplasm biogenesis. Yet it is not fully understood how NSP2 and NSP5 cooperate to form factories. The C-terminal region (CTR) of NSP2 (residues 291 to 317) is flexible, allowing it to participate in domain-swapping interactions that promote interoctamer interactions and, presumably, viroplasm formation. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that a lysine-to-glutamic acid change at position 294 (K294E) reduces NSP2 CTR flexibility in silico. To test the impact of reduced NSP2 CTR flexibility during infection, we engineered a mutant RV bearing this change (rRV-NSP2K294E). Single-cycle growth assays revealed a >1.2-log reduction in endpoint titers for rRV-NSP2K294E versus the wild-type control (rRV-WT). Using immunofluorescence assays, we found that rRV-NSP2K294E formed smaller, more numerous viroplasms than rRV-WT. Live-cell imaging experiments confirmed these results and revealed that rRV-NSP2K294E factories had delayed fusion kinetics. Moreover, NSP2K294E and several other CTR mutants formed fewer viroplasm-like structures in NSP5 coexpressing cells than did control NSP2WT. Finally, NSP2K294E exhibited defects in its capacity to induce LLPS droplet formation in vitro when incubated alongside NSP5. These results underscore the importance of NSP2 CTR flexibility in supporting the biogenesis of RV factories. IMPORTANCE Viruses often condense the materials needed for their replication into discrete intracellular factories. For rotaviruses, agents of severe gastroenteritis in children, factory formation is mediated in part by an octameric protein called NSP2. A flexible C-terminal region of NSP2 has been proposed to link several NSP2 octamers together, a feature that might be important for factory formation. Here, we created a change in NSP2 that reduced C-terminal flexibility and analyzed the impact on rotavirus factories. We found that the change caused the formation of smaller and more numerous factories that could not readily fuse together like those of the wild-type virus. The altered NSP2 protein also had a reduced capacity to form factory-like condensates in a test tube. Together, these results add to our growing understanding of how NSP2 supports rotavirus factory formation-a key step of viral replication.
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Strauss S, Acker J, Papa G, Desirò D, Schueder F, Borodavka A, Jungmann R. Principles of RNA recruitment to viral ribonucleoprotein condensates in a segmented dsRNA virus. eLife 2023; 12:e68670. [PMID: 36700549 PMCID: PMC9925054 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses transcribe 11 distinct RNAs that must be co-packaged prior to their replication to make an infectious virion. During infection, nontranslating rotavirus transcripts accumulate in cytoplasmic protein-RNA granules known as viroplasms that support segmented genome assembly and replication via a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we analysed the RV transcriptome by combining DNA-barcoded smFISH of rotavirus-infected cells. Rotavirus RNA stoichiometry in viroplasms appears to be distinct from the cytoplasmic transcript distribution, with the largest transcript being the most enriched in viroplasms, suggesting a selective RNA enrichment mechanism. While all 11 types of transcripts accumulate in viroplasms, their stoichiometry significantly varied between individual viroplasms. Accumulation of transcripts requires the presence of 3' untranslated terminal regions and viroplasmic localisation of the viral polymerase VP1, consistent with the observed lack of polyadenylated transcripts in viroplasms. Our observations reveal similarities between viroplasms and other cytoplasmic RNP granules and identify viroplasmic proteins as drivers of viral RNA assembly during viroplasm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Daniel Desirò
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Florian Schueder
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Ralf Jungmann
- Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
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Rennert W, Hindiyeh M, Allahham M, Mercer LD, Hamad KI, Ghuneim NI, A. M. Eljaro Z, Abu-Awwad F, Bozya Y, Hjaija D, Bhat N, Leader T, Ramlawi A, Marzouqa H. Introducing ROTAVAC® to the occupied Palestinian Territories: Impact on diarrhea incidence, rotavirus prevalence and genotype composition. Vaccine 2023; 41:945-954. [PMID: 36585280 PMCID: PMC9880560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The introduction of vaccination programs in more than 100 countries has contributed to a decrease in hospitalizations and mortality. This study investigates the epidemiological impact of the rotavirus vaccine ROTAVAC® in the Palestinian Territories, the first country to switch from ROTARIX® to this new vaccine. METHODS Clinical surveillance data was collected fromchildren younger than 5attendingoutpatient clinics throughout Gaza withdiarrhea between 2015 and 2020. The incidence of all-cause diarrhea was assessed using an interrupted time-series approach. Rotavirus prevalence was determined at the Caritas Baby Hospital in the West Bank usingELISA on stool specimen of children younger than 5with diarrhea. Genotyping was performed on 325 randomly selected rotavirus-positive samples from January 2015 through December 2020 using multiplex PCR analysis. RESULTS Average monthly diarrhea casesdropped by 16.7% annually fromintroduction of rotavirus vaccination in May 2016 to the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in March 2020 for a total of 53%. Case count declines were maintained afterthe switchto ROTAVAC® in October 2018. Rotavirus positivity in stool samples declined by 67.1% over the same period without change followingthe switch to ROTAVAC®. The distribution of predominant genotypes in rotavirus-positive stool samples changed from a pre-vaccination G1P [8] to G9P[8] and G12P[8] during the ROTARIX® period and G2P[4] after the introduction of ROTAVAC®. CONCLUSION ROTAVAC® has shown epidemiological impact on par with ROTARIX® after its introduction to the national immunization schedule in the Palestinian Territories. A molecular genotype shift from a pre-vaccination predominance of G1P[8] to a current predominance of G2P[4] requires more long-term surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Rennert
- Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation, 1776 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006, USA,MedStar Georgetown University, 4200 Wisconsin Ave NW, Suite 200, Washington D.C2. 200162, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Musa Hindiyeh
- Caritas Baby Hospital, Caritas Street, Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Majd Allahham
- Caritas Baby Hospital, Caritas Street, Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Laina D. Mercer
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Khalil I. Hamad
- Health Department, UNRWA, Al-Azhar Road, Rimal Quarter, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Nedal I. Ghuneim
- Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Health, Tal-Sultan-190/82, Rafah, Gaza, Palestine
| | | | - Fakhr Abu-Awwad
- Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation, 1776 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006, USA
| | - Yaser Bozya
- Public Health General Directorate, Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Diaa Hjaija
- Public Health General Directorate, Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Niranjan Bhat
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Troy Leader
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Asad Ramlawi
- Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation, 1776 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20006, USA
| | - Hiyam Marzouqa
- Caritas Baby Hospital, Caritas Street, Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine
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Vaccine evaluation and genotype characterization in children infected with rotavirus in Qatar. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02468-7. [PMID: 36658331 PMCID: PMC10382313 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We characterized and identified the genetic and antigenic variations of circulating rotavirus strains in comparison to used rotavirus vaccines. METHODS Rotavirus-positive samples (n = 231) were collected and analyzed. The VP7 and VP4 genes were sequenced and analyzed against the rotavirus vaccine strains. Antigenic variations were illustrated on the three-dimensional models of surface proteins. RESULTS In all, 59.7% of the hospitalized children were vaccinated, of which only 57.2% received two doses. There were no significant differences between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups in terms of clinical outcome. The G3 was the dominant genotype (40%) regardless of vaccination status. Several amino acid changes were identified in the VP7 and VP4 antigenic epitopes compared to the licensed vaccines. The highest variability was seen in the G3 (6 substitutions) and P[4] (11 substitutions) genotypes in comparison to RotaTeq®. In comparison to Rotarix®, G1 strains possessed three amino acid changes in 7-1a and 7-2 epitopes while P[8] strains possessed five amino acid changes in 8-1 and 8-3 epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The current use of Rotarix® vaccine might not be effective in preventing the infection due to the higher numbers of G3-associated cases. The wide range of mutations in the antigenic epitopes compared to vaccine strains may compromise the vaccine's effectiveness. IMPACT The reduced rotavirus vaccine effectiveness necessitate regular evaluation of the vaccine content to ensure optimal protection. We characterized and identified the genetic and antigenic variations of circulating rotavirus strains in comparison to the Rotarix vaccine strain that is used in Qatar. The study highlight the importance for regular monitoring of emerging rotavirus variants and their impact on vaccine effectiveness in young children.
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Rotavirus NSP1 Subverts the Antiviral Oligoadenylate Synthetase-RNase L Pathway by Inducing RNase L Degradation. mBio 2022; 13:e0299522. [PMID: 36413023 PMCID: PMC9765674 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02995-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway plays a critical role in antiviral immunity. Group A rotaviruses, including the simian SA11 strain, inhibit this pathway through two activities: an E3-ligase related activity of NSP1 that degrades proteins necessary for IFN signaling, and a phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity of VP3 that hydrolyzes the RNase L-activator 2',5'-oligoadenylate. Unexpectedly, we found that a recombinant (r) SA11 double mutant virus deficient in both activities (rSA11-VP3H797R-NSP1ΔC17) retained the ability to prevent RNase L activation. Mass spectrometry led to the discovery that NSP1 interacts with RNase L in rSA11-infected HT29 cells. This interaction was confirmed through copulldown assay of cells transiently expressing NSP1 and RNase L. Immunoblot analysis showed that infection with wild-type rSA11 virus, rSA11-VP3H797R-NSP1ΔC17 double mutant virus, or single mutant forms of the latter virus all resulted in the depletion of endogenous RNase L. The loss of RNase L was reversed by addition of the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924, but not the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Analysis of additional mutant forms of rSA11 showed that RNase L degradation no longer occurred when either the N-terminal RING domain of NSP1 was mutated or the C-terminal 98 amino acids of NSP1 were deleted. The C-terminal RNase L degradation domain is positioned upstream and is functionally independent of the NSP1 domain necessary for inhibiting IFN expression. Our studies reveal a new role for NSP1 and its E3-ligase related activity as an antagonist of RNase L and uncover a novel virus-mediated strategy of inhibiting the OAS-RNase L pathway. IMPORTANCE For productive infection, rotavirus and other RNA viruses must suppress interferon (IFN) signaling and the expression of IFN-stimulated antiviral gene products. Particularly important is inhibiting the interferon (IFN)-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway, as activated RNase L can direct the nonspecific degradation of viral and cellular RNAs, thereby blocking viral replication and triggering cell death pathways. In this study, we have discovered that the simian SA11 strain of rotavirus employs a novel strategy of inhibiting the OAS-RNase L pathway. This strategy is mediated by SA11 NSP1, a nonstructural protein that hijacks E3 cullin-RING ligases, causing the ubiquitination and degradation of host proteins essential for IFN induction. Our analysis shows that SA11 NSP1 also recognizes and causes the ubiquitination of RNase L, an activity resulting in depletion of endogenous RNase L. These data raise the possibility of using therapeutics targeting cellular E3 ligases to control rotavirus infections.
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Matthijnssens J, Attoui H, Bányai K, Brussaard CPD, Danthi P, del Vas M, Dermody TS, Duncan R, Fāng Q, Johne R, Mertens PPC, Mohd Jaafar F, Patton JT, Sasaya T, Suzuki N, Wei T. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Spinareoviridae 2022. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinareoviridae is a large family of icosahedral viruses that are usually regarded as non-enveloped with segmented (9–12 linear segments) dsRNA genomes of 23–29 kbp. Spinareovirids have a broad host range, infecting animals, fungi and plants. Some have important pathogenic potential for humans (e.g. Colorado tick fever virus), livestock (e.g. avian orthoreoviruses), fish (e.g. aquareoviruses) and plants (e.g. rice ragged stunt virus and rice black streaked dwarf virus). This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Spinareoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/spinareoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, H-1143, Hungary
| | - Corina P. D. Brussaard
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research & University of Utrecht, Texel, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariana del Vas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roy Duncan
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Qín Fāng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Takahide Sasaya
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fukuyama, Japan
| | | | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Luo G, Zeng Y, Yang H, Li Y, Yang L, Li C, Song F, Zhang S, Li T, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Bivalent rotavirus VP4∗ stimulates protective antibodies against common genotypes of human rotaviruses. iScience 2022; 25:105099. [PMID: 36185383 PMCID: PMC9519587 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are an alternative strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of rotavirus vaccines. The spike protein VP4, which could be enzymatically cleaved into VP8∗ and VP5∗, is an ideal target for the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccine. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the truncated VP4 (aa26-476, VP4∗) could be a more viable vaccine candidate compared to VP8∗ and VP5∗. Here, to develop a human rotavirus vaccine, the VP4∗ proteins of P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotype rotaviruses were expressed. All VP4∗ proteins can stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies in both guinea pigs and rabbits when formulated in aluminum adjuvant. Furthermore, bivalent VP4∗-based vaccine (P[8] + P[6]-VP4∗) can stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies against various genotypes of rotavirus with no significant difference as compared to the trivalent vaccines. Therefore, bivalent VP4∗ has the potential to be a viable rotavirus vaccine candidate for further development. Purified rotavirus VP4∗ proteins form homogenic and stable trimers VP4∗ stimulated high levels of homotypic and heterotypic neutralizing antibodies The immunogenicity of different genotype VP4∗ is not influenced by each other Bivalent VP4∗ (P[8]+P[6]) stimulated protective immunity against most prevalent rotaviruses
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32
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Lee KY. Rotavirus infection-associated central nervous system complications: clinicoradiological features and potential mechanisms. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:483-493. [PMID: 35130429 PMCID: PMC9561191 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of vaccines in 2006, rotavirus remains one of the most common causes of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. While many studies have conclusively shown that rotavirus infection causes gastroenteritis and is associated with various extraintestinal manifestations including central nervous system (CNS) complications, extraintestinal manifestations due to rotavirus infection have been relatively overlooked. Rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications are common in children and present with diverse clinicoradiological features. Rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications can be classified based on clinical features and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, particularly lesion location on diffusion-weighted imaging. Common clinicoradiological features of rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications include: (1) benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis; (2) acute encephalopathies/encephalitis, such as mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion, acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion, and acute necrotizing encephalopathy; (3) acute cerebellitis; and (4) neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy. The precise mechanism underlying the development of these complications remains unknown despite a number of clinical and laboratory studies. Here we review the diverse clinicoradiological features of rotavirus infection-associated CNS complications and propose a hypothesis of their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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33
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Matthijnssens J, Attoui H, Bányai K, Brussaard CPD, Danthi P, Del Vas M, Dermody TS, Duncan R, Fāng 方勤 Q, Johne R, Mertens PPC, Mohd Jaafar F, Patton JT, Sasaya 笹谷孝英 T, Suzuki 鈴木信弘 N, Wei 魏太云 T. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Sedoreoviridae 2022. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36215107 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedoreoviridae is a large family of icosahedral viruses that are usually regarded as non-enveloped with segmented (10-12 linear segments) dsRNA genomes of 18-26 kbp. Sedoreovirids have a broad host range, infecting mammals, birds, crustaceans, arthropods, algae and plants. Some of them have important pathogenic potential for humans (e.g. rotavirus A), livestock (e.g. bluetongue virus) and plants (e.g. rice dwarf virus). This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Sedoreoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/sedoreoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Corina P D Brussaard
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research & University of Utrecht, Texel, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariana Del Vas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Terence S Dermody
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roy Duncan
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Qín Fāng 方勤
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Taiyun Wei 魏太云
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, PR China
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34
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Chandra P, Banerjee S, Saha P, Chawla-Sarkar M, Patra U. Sneaking into the viral safe-houses: Implications of host components in regulating integrity and dynamics of rotaviral replication factories. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977799. [PMID: 36189370 PMCID: PMC9515456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of the viral life cycle essentially includes two structural and functional entities—the viral genome and protein machinery constituting the viral arsenal and an array of host cellular components which the virus closely associates with—to ensure successful perpetuation. The obligatory requirements of the virus to selectively evade specific host cellular factors while exploiting certain others have been immensely important to provide the platform for designing host-directed antiviral therapeutics. Although the spectrum of host-virus interaction is multifaceted, host factors that particularly influence viral replication have immense therapeutic importance. During lytic proliferation, viruses usually form replication factories which are specialized subcellular structures made up of viral proteins and replicating nucleic acids. These viral niches remain distinct from the rest of the cellular milieu, but they effectively allow spatial proximity to selective host determinants. Here, we will focus on the interaction between the replication compartments of a double stranded RNA virus rotavirus (RV) and the host cellular determinants of infection. RV, a diarrheagenic virus infecting young animals and children, forms replication bodies termed viroplasms within the host cell cytoplasm. Importantly, viroplasms also serve as the site for transcription and early morphogenesis of RVs and are very dynamic in nature. Despite advances in the understanding of RV components that constitute the viroplasmic architecture, knowledge of the contribution of host determinants to viroplasm dynamicity has remained limited. Emerging evidence suggests that selective host determinants are sequestered inside or translocated adjacent to the RV viroplasms. Functional implications of such host cellular reprogramming are also ramifying—disarming the antiviral host determinants and usurping the pro-viral components to facilitate specific stages of the viral life cycle. Here, we will provide a critical update on the wide variety of host cellular pathways that have been reported to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamicity of RV viroplasms. We will also discuss the methods used so far to study the host-viroplasm interactions and emphasize on the potential host factors which can be targeted for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Chandra
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
| | - Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
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Li Y, Wang F, Kan R, Cao H, Tang C, Yue H, Zhang B. Genetic and immunological characterization of G9 group A porcine rotaviruses in China. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:694-703. [PMID: 35608375 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
G9 group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are considered emerging pathogens in pigs and humans, and pigs are considered a potential host reservoir for human G9 RVAs. In this study, RVAs of two genotypes, G9P[23] and G9P[13], were successfully isolated and the genomic sequences were obtained, the genome constellation is G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G9-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1 respectively. One strain which amplified from clinic faecal sample had an unique genome constellation G9-P[23]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. All the genomic segments of three porcine G9 RVAs were closely related to those of porcine and/or porcine-like human RVAs, demonstrating that the three viruses were porcine-human reassortant strains. To study the immunogenicity of the porcine G9 RVAs, 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated vaccines derived from porcine RVAs and then mated. The highest titres of neutralizing antibodies against G9P[23] and G9P[13] porcine RVAs (1,291 ± 35.22 and 1:232 ± 39.28 respectively) were produced in mice 7 days after the second immunization. Suckling mice born to the vaccinated dams were protected by maternal antibodies against challenge with homologous strains. Overall, our data demonstrate the occurrence of porcine-human reassortants of G9 RVAs, and extend our understanding of the immunogenicity of porcine G9 rotaviruses. They also provide a basis for the development of a porcine G9 RVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengxuan Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruici Kan
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System, China, Chengdu
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System, China, Chengdu
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Rotavirus VP4 Epitope of a Broadly Neutralizing Human Antibody Defined by Its Structure Bound with an Attenuated-Strain Virion. J Virol 2022; 96:e0062722. [PMID: 35924923 PMCID: PMC9400500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00627-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus live-attenuated vaccines, both mono- and pentavalent, generate broadly heterotypic protection. B-cells isolated from adults encode neutralizing antibodies, some with affinity for VP5*, that afford broad protection in mice. We have mapped the epitope of one such antibody by determining the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of its antigen-binding fragment (Fab) bound to the virion of a candidate vaccine strain, CDC-9. The Fab contacts both the distal end of a VP5* β-barrel domain and the two VP8* lectin-like domains at the tip of a projecting spike. Its interactions with VP8* do not impinge on the likely receptor-binding site, suggesting that the mechanism of neutralization is at a step subsequent to initial attachment. We also examined structures of CDC-9 virions from two different stages of serial passaging. Nearly all the VP4 (cleaved to VP8*/VP5*) spikes on particles from the earlier passage (wild-type isolate) had transitioned from the "upright" conformation present on fully infectious virions to the "reversed" conformation that is probably the end state of membrane insertion, unable to mediate penetration, consistent with the very low in vitro infectivity of the wild-type isolate. About half the VP4 spikes were upright on particles from the later passage, which had recovered substantial in vitro infectivity but had acquired an attenuated phenotype in neonatal rats. A mutation in VP4 that occurred during passaging appears to stabilize the interface at the apex of the spike and could account for the greater stability of the upright spikes on the late-passage, attenuated isolate. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus live-attenuated vaccines generate broadly heterotypic protection, and B-cells isolated from adults encode antibodies that are broadly protective in mice. Determining the structural and mechanistic basis of broad protection can contribute to understanding the current limitations of vaccine efficacy in developing countries. The structure of an attenuated human rotavirus isolate (CDC-9) bound with the Fab fragment of a broadly heterotypic protective antibody shows that protection is probably due to inhibition of the conformational transition in the viral spike protein (VP4) critical for viral penetration, rather than to inhibition of receptor binding. A comparison of structures of CDC-9 virus particles at two stages of serial passaging supports a proposed mechanism for initial steps in rotavirus membrane penetration.
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Rotavirus Spike Protein VP4 Mediates Viroplasm Assembly by Association to Actin Filaments. J Virol 2022; 96:e0107422. [PMID: 35938869 PMCID: PMC9472636 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01074-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) viroplasms are cytosolic inclusions where both virus genome replication and primary steps of virus progeny assembly take place. A stabilized microtubule cytoskeleton and lipid droplets are required for the viroplasm formation, which involves several virus proteins. The viral spike protein VP4 has not previously been shown to have a direct role in viroplasm formation. However, it is involved with virus-cell attachment, endocytic internalization, and virion morphogenesis. Moreover, VP4 interacts with actin cytoskeleton components, mainly in processes involving virus entrance and egress, and thereby may have an indirect role in viroplasm formation. In this study, we used reverse genetics to construct a recombinant RV, rRV/VP4-BAP, that contains a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) in the K145-G150 loop of the VP4 lectin domain, permitting live monitoring. The recombinant virus was replication competent but showed a reduced fitness. We demonstrate that rRV/VP4-BAP infection, as opposed to rRV/wt infection, did not lead to a reorganized actin cytoskeleton as viroplasms formed were insensitive to drugs that depolymerize actin and inhibit myosin. Moreover, wild-type (wt) VP4, but not VP4-BAP, appeared to associate with actin filaments. Similarly, VP4 in coexpression with NSP5 and NSP2 induced a significant increase in the number of viroplasm-like structures. Interestingly, a small peptide mimicking loop K145-G150 rescued the phenotype of rRV/VP4-BAP by increasing its ability to form viroplasms and hence improve virus progeny formation. Collectively, these results provide a direct link between VP4 and the actin cytoskeleton to catalyze viroplasm assembly. IMPORTANCE The spike protein VP4 participates in diverse steps of the rotavirus (RV) life cycle, including virus-cell attachment, internalization, modulation of endocytosis, virion morphogenesis, and virus egress. Using reverse genetics, we constructed for the first time a recombinant RV, rRV/VP4-BAP, harboring a heterologous peptide in the lectin domain (loop K145-G150) of VP4. The rRV/VP4-BAP was replication competent but with reduced fitness due to a defect in the ability to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton, which affected the efficiency of viroplasm assembly. This defect was rescued by adding a permeable small-peptide mimicking the wild-type VP4 loop K145-G150. In addition to revealing a new role of VP4, our findings suggest that rRV harboring an engineered VP4 could be used as a new dual vaccination platform providing immunity against RV and additional heterologous antigens.
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Diebold O, Gonzalez V, Venditti L, Sharp C, Blake RA, Tan WS, Stevens J, Caddy S, Digard P, Borodavka A, Gaunt E. Using Species a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics to Engineer Chimeric Viruses Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0048822. [PMID: 35758692 PMCID: PMC9327695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are used worldwide in humans. The recent establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotoviruses (RVs) has opened the possibility of engineering chimeric viruses expressing heterologous peptides from other viral or microbial species in order to develop polyvalent vaccines. We tested the feasibility of this concept by two approaches. First, we inserted short SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides into the hypervariable region of the simian RV SA11 strain viral protein (VP) 4. Second, we fused the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, or the shorter receptor binding motif (RBM) nested within the RBD, to the C terminus of nonstructural protein (NSP) 3 of the bovine RV RF strain, with or without an intervening Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) peptide. Mutating the hypervariable region of SA11 VP4 impeded viral replication, and for these mutants, no cross-reactivity with spike antibodies was detected. To rescue NSP3 mutants, we established a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the bovine RV RF strain. Except for the RBD mutant that demonstrated a rescue defect, all NSP3 mutants delivered endpoint infectivity titers and exhibited replication kinetics comparable to that of the wild-type virus. In ELISAs, cell lysates of an NSP3 mutant expressing the RBD peptide showed cross-reactivity with a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. 3D bovine gut enteroids were susceptible to infection by all NSP3 mutants, but cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody was only detected for the RBM mutant. The tolerance of large SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions at the C terminus of NSP3 in the presence of T2A element highlights the potential of this approach for the development of vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously. IMPORTANCE We explored the use of rotaviruses (RVs) to express heterologous peptides, using SARS-CoV-2 as an example. Small SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions (<34 amino acids) into the hypervariable region of the viral protein 4 (VP4) of RV SA11 strain resulted in reduced viral titer and replication, demonstrating a limited tolerance for peptide insertions at this site. To test the RV RF strain for its tolerance for peptide insertions, we constructed a reverse genetics system. NSP3 was C-terminally tagged with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides of up to 193 amino acids in length. With a T2A-separated 193 amino acid tag on NSP3, there was no significant effect on the viral rescue efficiency, endpoint titer, and replication kinetics. Tagged NSP3 elicited cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in ELISA. We highlight the potential for development of RV vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Diebold
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Venditti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Sharp
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Blake
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfang S. Tan
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Gaunt
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Yang L, Shi S, Na C, Li B, Zhao Z, Yang T, Yao Y. Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections in Children Under 5 Years Old with Acute Gastroenteritis in Southwestern China, 2018-2020. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:292-303. [PMID: 35857268 PMCID: PMC9297278 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rotaviruses and noroviruses are important causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. While previous studies in China have mainly focused on rotavirus, we investigated the incidence of norovirus in addition to rotavirus in Southwestern China. METHODS From January 2018 to December 2020, cases of rotavirus or norovirus infections among children under five ages with acute gastroenteritis were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS The detection rate of rotavirus was 24.5% (27,237/111,070) and norovirus was 26.1% (4649/17,797). Among 17,113 cases submitted for dual testing of both rotavirus and norovirus, mixed rotavirus/norovirus infections were detected in 5.0% (859/17,113) of cases. While there was no difference in norovirus incidence in outpatient compared to hospitalized cases, rotavirus was detected two times more in outpatients compared to hospitalized cases (26.6% vs.13.6%; P < 0.001). Both rotavirus and norovirus infections peaked in children aged 12-18 months seeking medical care with acute gastroenteritis (35.6% rotavirus cases; 8439/23,728 and 32.5% norovirus cases; 1660/5107). Rotavirus infections were frequent between December and March of each year while norovirus was detected earlier from October to December. Our results showed significant correlation between virus detection and environmental factors such as average monthly temperature but not relative humidity. In addition, we observed a reduction in the detection rates of rotavirus and norovirus at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that rotavirus and norovirus are still important viral agents in pediatric acute gastroenteritis in Southwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development On Severe Infectious Disease, Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulan Shi
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Yanan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development On Severe Infectious Disease, Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development On Severe Infectious Disease, Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yanan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development On Severe Infectious Disease, Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Wu FT, Liu LTC, Jiang B, Kuo TY, Wu CY, Liao MH. Prevalence and diversity of rotavirus A in pigs: Evidence for a possible reservoir in human infection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105198. [PMID: 34968762 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus A (RVA) are a group of diverse viruses causing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission is an important mechanism for rotavirus evolution and strain diversity in humans, but the extent of pigs as a major reservoir for human infection is not clear. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have surveyed 153 pig farms across Taiwan with a total of 4588 porcine stool samples from three age groups from 2014 to 2017. Nursing piglets (less than one month of age) had higher detection rate for rotavirus than older age groups. Five VP7 (G) genotypes and 5 VP4 (P) genotypes were found in a total of 14 different G/P genotype combinations. In addition, porcine RVA strains had 2 NSP4 (E) genotypes and 3 VP6 (I) genotypes. A P[3]-like genotype was also discovered among strains collected in 2016 and 2017. CONCLUSIONS Most of the genes from Taiwanese porcine strains clustered with each other and the lineages formed by these strains were distinct from the sequences of numerous regional variants or globally circulating porcine strains, suggesting an independent evolutionary history for Taiwanese rotavirus genotypes. The close relationship among porcine RVA strains and some unique porcine-like genotypes detected sporadically among human children in swine farms illustrates that pigs might serve as a reservoir for potential zoonotic transmission and novel genotype evolution in Taiwan's insular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tzy Wu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Luke Tzu-Chi Liu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Kuo
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science Technology, Taiwan; Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taiwan
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Li C, Luo G, Zeng Y, Song F, Yang H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Establishment of Sandwich ELISA for Quality Control in Rotavirus Vaccine Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:243. [PMID: 35214701 PMCID: PMC8876306 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are alternative strategies that may improve the protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. The truncated spike protein VP4 (aa26-476, VP4*)was a candidate antigen for the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines, with higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy compared to VP8* and VP5* alone. This article describes the development of three genotype-specific sandwich ELISAs for P[4], P[6], and P[8]-VP4*, which are important for quality control in rotavirus vaccine production. Our results showed that the detection systems had good specificity for the different genotype VP4* and were not influenced by the E. coli host proteins. Moreover, the detection systems play an important role in determining whether the target protein was contaminated by VP4* proteins of other genotypes. They can also detect the adsorption rate of the adjuvant to the P[4], P[6], P[8]-VP4* protein during the process development. The three detection systems will play an important role in the quality control and process development of VP4* based rotavirus vaccines and facilitate the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Guoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Feibo Song
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
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Liu H, Cheng L. Viral Capsid and Polymerase in Reoviridae. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:525-552. [PMID: 36151388 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The members of the family Reoviridae (reoviruses) consist of 9-12 discrete double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments enclosed by single, double, or triple capsid layers. The outer capsid proteins of reoviruses exhibit the highest diversity in both sequence and structural organization. By contrast, the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) structure in the conserved innermost shell in all reoviruses suggests that they share common transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. After reoviruses are delivered into the cytoplasm of a host cell, their inner capsid particles (ICPs) remain intact and serve as a stable nanoscale machine for RNA transcription and capping performed using enzymes in ICPs. Advances in cryo-electron microscopy have enabled the reconstruction at near-atomic resolution of not only the icosahedral capsid, including capping enzymes, but also the nonicosahedrally distributed complexes of RdRps within the capsid at different transcriptional stages. These near-atomic resolution structures allow us to visualize highly coordinated structural changes in the related enzymes, genomic RNA, and capsid protein during reovirus transcription. In addition, reoviruses encode their own enzymes for nascent RNA capping before RNA releasing from their ICPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lingpeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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44
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Geiger F, Acker J, Papa G, Wang X, Arter WE, Saar KL, Erkamp NA, Qi R, Bravo JPK, Strauss S, Krainer G, Burrone OR, Jungmann R, Knowles TPJ, Engelke H, Borodavka A. Liquid-liquid phase separation underpins the formation of replication factories in rotaviruses. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107711. [PMID: 34524703 PMCID: PMC8561643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses induce the formation of subcellular organelles that provide microenvironments conducive to their replication. Here we show that replication factories of rotaviruses represent protein-RNA condensates that are formed via liquid-liquid phase separation of the viroplasm-forming proteins NSP5 and rotavirus RNA chaperone NSP2. Upon mixing, these proteins readily form condensates at physiologically relevant low micromolar concentrations achieved in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Early infection stage condensates could be reversibly dissolved by 1,6-hexanediol, as well as propylene glycol that released rotavirus transcripts from these condensates. During the early stages of infection, propylene glycol treatments reduced viral replication and phosphorylation of the condensate-forming protein NSP5. During late infection, these condensates exhibited altered material properties and became resistant to propylene glycol, coinciding with hyperphosphorylation of NSP5. Some aspects of the assembly of cytoplasmic rotavirus replication factories mirror the formation of other ribonucleoprotein granules. Such viral RNA-rich condensates that support replication of multi-segmented genomes represent an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geiger
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Papa
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
- Present address:
Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB)CambridgeUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Kadi L Saar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nadia A Erkamp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Runzhang Qi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jack PK Bravo
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Sebastian Strauss
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | | | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesKarl‐Franzens‐Universität GrazGrazAustria
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
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45
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Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:515-536. [PMID: 34586868 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems for viruses, the technology used to generate gene-engineered recombinant viruses from artificial genes, enable the study of the roles of the individual nucleotides and amino acids of viral genes and proteins in infectivity, replication, and pathogenicity. The successful development of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus in 1981 accelerated the establishment of protocols for other RNA viruses important for human health. Despite multiple efforts, rotavirus (RV), which causes severe gastroenteritis in infants, was refractory to reverse genetics analysis, and the first complete reverse genetics system for RV was established in 2017. This novel technique involves use of the fusogenic protein FAST (fusion-associated small transmembrane) derived from the bat-borne Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, which induces massive syncytium formation. Co-transfection of a FAST-expressing plasmid with complementary DNAs encoding RV genes enables rescue of recombinant RV. This review focuses on methodological insights into the reverse genetics system for RV and discusses applications and potential improvements to this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
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46
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Maringa WM, Simwaka J, Mwangi PN, Mpabalwani EM, Mwenda JM, Mphahlele MJ, Seheri ML, Nyaga MM. Whole Genome Analysis of Human Rotaviruses Reveals Single Gene Reassortant Rotavirus Strains in Zambia. Viruses 2021; 13:1872. [PMID: 34578453 PMCID: PMC8472975 DOI: 10.3390/v13091872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotarix® vaccine was implemented nationwide in Zambia in 2013. In this study, four unusual strains collected in the post-vaccine period were subjected to whole genome sequencing and analysis. The four strains possessed atypical genotype constellations, with at least one reassortant genome segment within the constellation. One of the strains (UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU4749) was genetically and phylogenetically distinct in the VP4 and VP1 gene segments. Pairwise analyses demonstrated several amino acid disparities in the VP4 antigenic sites of this strain compared to that of Rotarix®. Although the impact of these amino acid disparities remains to be determined, this study adds to our understanding of the whole genomes of reassortant strains circulating in Zambia following Rotarix® vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wairimu M. Maringa
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit, Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (W.M.M.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Julia Simwaka
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Adult and Emergency Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Peter N. Mwangi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit, Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (W.M.M.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Evans M. Mpabalwani
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway, Lusaka RW50000, Zambia;
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo;
| | - M. Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation, The North-West University, Potchefstroom 2351, South Africa;
| | - Mapaseka L. Seheri
- Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa;
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit, Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (W.M.M.); (P.N.M.)
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47
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Yang J, Park J, Koehler M, Simpson J, Luque D, Rodríguez JM, Alsteens D. Rotavirus Binding to Cell Surface Receptors Directly Recruiting α
2
Integrin. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Yang
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
| | | | - Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
| | - Joshua Simpson
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII Madrid 28220 Spain
| | | | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
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48
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Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Viroplasms: Assembly and Functions of Rotavirus Replication Factories. Viruses 2021; 13:1349. [PMID: 34372555 PMCID: PMC8310052 DOI: 10.3390/v13071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroplasms are cytoplasmic, membraneless structures assembled in rotavirus (RV)-infected cells, which are intricately involved in viral replication. Two virus-encoded, non-structural proteins, NSP2 and NSP5, are the main drivers of viroplasm formation. The structures (as far as is known) and functions of these proteins are described. Recent studies using plasmid-only-based reverse genetics have significantly contributed to elucidation of the crucial roles of these proteins in RV replication. Thus, it has been recognized that viroplasms resemble liquid-like protein-RNA condensates that may be formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of NSP2 and NSP5 at the early stages of infection. Interactions between the RNA chaperone NSP2 and the multivalent, intrinsically disordered protein NSP5 result in their condensation (protein droplet formation), which plays a central role in viroplasm assembly. These droplets may provide a unique molecular environment for the establishment of inter-molecular contacts between the RV (+)ssRNA transcripts, followed by their assortment and equimolar packaging. Future efforts to improve our understanding of RV replication and genome assortment in viroplasms should focus on their complex molecular composition, which changes dynamically throughout the RV replication cycle, to support distinct stages of virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK;
| | | | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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49
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Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2369-2386. [PMID: 34216267 PMCID: PMC8254061 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
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50
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Nilsson EM, Sullivan OM, Anderson ML, Argobright HM, Shue TM, Fedowitz FR, LaConte LEW, Esstman SM. Reverse genetic engineering of simian rotaviruses with temperature-sensitive lesions in VP1, VP2, and VP6. Virus Res 2021; 302:198488. [PMID: 34146610 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are 11-segmented double-stranded RNA viruses and important causes of acute gastroenteritis in young children. To investigate the functions of specific viral proteins during the rotavirus lifecycle, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were previously created using a cultivatable simian strain (SA11) and chemical mutagenesis. These ts SA11 mutants replicate more efficiently at the permissive temperature of 31 °C than at the non-permissive temperature of 39 °C. Prototype strains SA11-tsC, SA11-tsF, and SA11-tsG were mapped to the genes encoding structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP6, respectively, and putative ts lesions were identified using Sanger sequencing. However, additional background mutations in their genomes had hampered validation of the ts lesions and confounded their use in mechanistic studies. Here, we employed plasmid only-based reverse genetics to engineer recombinant (r) SA11 rotaviruses containing only the putative ts lesions of SA11-tsC (L138P change in VP1), SA11-tsF (A387D change in VP2) or SA11-tsG (S10T, D13H, and A121G changes in VP6). For simplicity, we refer to these newly-engineered, isogenic viruses as rSA11-tsVP1, rSA11-tsVP2, and rSA11-tsVP6. Single-cycle growth assays revealed that these mutants indeed exhibit ts phenotypes with significantly diminished titers (>1.5-logs) at 39 °C versus 31 °C. The rSA11 ts mutants proved genetically stable at the population-level following 3 sequential passages at 39 °C, but individual revertant clones were detected in plaque assays. Heat sensitivity experiments showed that pre-incubation of rSA11-tsVP1 or rSA11-tsVP2, but not rSA11-tsVP6, at 39 °C diminished replication at 31 °C. This result indicates that the ts lesions in VP1 and VP2 affect the incoming virion but those in VP6 affect a later stage of the viral lifecycle. In silico molecular dynamics simulations predicted temperature-dependent, long-range effects of the S10T, D13H, and/or A121G changes on the VP6 structure. Altogether, our results confirm the ts lesions of the original SA11-tsC, SA11-tsF, and SA11-tsG mutants, provide a new set of isogenic strains for investigating aspects of rotavirus replication, and shed light on how the ts lesions might impact VP1, VP2, or VP6 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil M Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Owen M Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Taylor M Shue
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Leslie E W LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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