1
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Kelly SD, Allas MJ, Goodridge LD, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Structure, biosynthesis and regulation of the T1 antigen, a phase-variable surface polysaccharide conserved in many Salmonella serovars. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6504. [PMID: 39090110 PMCID: PMC11294581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes diverse isolates with multiple variations in the structure of the main polysaccharide component (O antigen) of membrane lipopolysaccharides. In addition, some isolates produce a transient (T) antigen, such as the T1 polysaccharide identified in the 1960s in an isolate of Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B. The structure and biosynthesis of the T1 antigen have remained enigmatic. Here, we use biophysical, biochemical and genetic methods to show that the T1 antigen is a complex linear glycan containing tandem homopolymeric domains of galactofuranose and ribofuranose, linked to lipid A-core, like a typical O antigen. T1 is a phase-variable antigen, regulated by recombinational inversion of the promoter upstream of the T1 genetic locus through a mechanism not observed for other bacterial O antigens. The T1 locus is conserved across many Salmonella isolates, but is mutated or absent in most typhoidal serovars and in serovar Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mikel Jason Allas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Mugo RM, Oser L, Midha A, Adjah J, Kundik A, Laubschat A, Höfler P, Musimbi ZD, Hayani R, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Acute Ascaris infection impairs the effector functions of natural killer cells in single and Salmonella co-infected pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14586. [PMID: 38918457 PMCID: PMC11199589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in defense against Salmonella infections during the early phase of infection. Our previous work showed that the excretory/secretory products of Ascaris suum repressed NK activity in vitro. Here, we asked if NK cell functionality was influenced in domestic pigs during coinfection with Ascaris and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Ascaris coinfection completely abolished the IL-12 and IL-18 driven elevation of IFN-γ production seen in CD16 + CD8α + perforin + NK cells of Salmonella single-infected pigs. Furthermore, Ascaris coinfection prohibited the Salmonella-driven rise in NK perforin levels and CD107a surface expression. In line with impaired effector functions, NK cells from Ascaris-single and coinfected pigs displayed elevated expression of the inhibitory KLRA1 and NKG2A receptors genes, contrasting with the higher expression of the activating NKp46 and NKp30 receptors in NK cells during Salmonella single infection. These differences were accompanied by the highly significant upregulation of T-bet protein expression in NK cells from Ascaris-single and Ascaris/Salmonella coinfected pigs. Together, our data strongly indicate a profound repression of NK functionality by an Ascaris infection which may hinder infected individuals from adequately responding to a concurrent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mugo
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Oser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Adjah
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Laubschat
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Höfler
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D Musimbi
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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4
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Li P, Zhan L, Wang H, Yan Y, Jia M, Gao L, Sun Y, Zhu G, Chen Z. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity of Salmonella Isolates in Jiaxing City, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:443. [PMID: 38786171 PMCID: PMC11117378 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a cause of foodborne diarrheal diseases worldwide. Important emerging NTS serotypes that have spread as multidrug-resistant high-risk clones include S. Typhimurium monophasic variant and S. Kentucky. In this study, we isolated Salmonella in 5019 stool samples collected from patients with clinical diarrhea and 484 food samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were performed on positive strains. The detection rates of Salmonella among patients with diarrhea and food samples were 4.0% (200/5019) and 3.1% (15/484), respectively. These 215 Salmonella isolates comprised five main serotypes, namely S. Typhimurium monophasic variant, S. Typhimurium, S. London, S. Enteritidis, and S. Rissen, and were mainly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The MDR rates of five major serotypes were 77.4%, 56.0%, 66.7%, 53.3%, and 80.0%, respectively. The most commonly acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes were blaTEM-1B, blaOXA-10, and blaCTX-M-65. The S. Typhimurium monophasic variant strains from Jiaxing City belonged to a unique clone with broad antibiotic resistance. S. Kentucky isolates showed the highest drug resistance, and all were MDR strains. The discovery of high antibiotic resistance rates in this common foodborne pathogen is a growing concern; therefore, ongoing surveillance is crucial to effectively monitor this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Li Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
| | - Henghui Wang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Miaomiao Jia
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Lei Gao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Yangming Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing 314050, China; (P.L.)
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Lamichhane B, Mawad AMM, Saleh M, Kelley WG, Harrington PJ, Lovestad CW, Amezcua J, Sarhan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Ramadan H, Morgan M, Helmy YA. Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 38247636 PMCID: PMC10812683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Lamichhane
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Asmaa M. M. Mawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - William G. Kelley
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Patrick J. Harrington
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Cayenne W. Lovestad
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Jessica Amezcua
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Sarhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), Ras Sudr 8744304, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women’s Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Melissa Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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6
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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7
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Zhou L, Li Y, You J, Wu C, Zuo L, Chen Y, Kang L, Zhou Z, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC gene suppresses macrophage/neutrophil antibacterial defense mediated by gasdermin D. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:19-33. [PMID: 38135851 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a representative model organism for investigating host-pathogen interactions. It was reported that S. Typhimurium spvC gene alleviated intestinal inflammation to aggravate systemic infection, while the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of spvC on the antibacterial defense of macrophage/neutrophil mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD) was investigated. METHODS Mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774A.1 and RAW264.7, neutrophil-like cells derived from HL-60 cells (human promyletic leukemia cell lines) were infected with S. Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion and complemented strains. Cell death was evaluated by LDH release and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Macrophage pyroptosis and neutrophil NETosis were detected by western blotting, live cell imaging and ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to assess the impact of spvC on macrophage-neutrophil cooperation in macrophage (dTHP-1)-neutrophil (dHL-60) co-culture model pretreated with GSDMD inhibitor disulfiram. Wild-type and Gsdmd-/- C57BL/6J mice were utilized for in vivo assay. The degree of phagocytes infiltration and inflammation were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Here we find that spvC inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages via Caspase-1/Caspase-11 dependent canonical and non-canonical pathways, and restrains neutrophil extracellular traps extrusion in GSDMD-dependent manner. Moreover, spvC could ameliorate macrophages/neutrophils infiltration and cooperation in the inflammatory response mediated by GSDMD to combat Salmonella infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the antibacterial activity of GSDMD in phagocytes and reveal a novel pathogenic mechanism employed by spvC to counteract this host defense, which may shed new light on designing effective therapeutics to control S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Dushu Lake Hospital, Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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8
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Sun X, Yang Y, Meng X, Li J, Liu X, Liu H. PANoptosis: Mechanisms, biology, and role in disease. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:246-262. [PMID: 37823450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be executed through distinct subroutines. PANoptosis is a unique inflammatory cell death modality involving the interactions between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which can be mediated by multifaceted PANoptosome complexes assembled via integrating components from other cell death modalities. There is growing interest in the process and function of PANoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that PANoptosis occurs under diverse stimuli, for example, viral or bacterial infection, cytokine storm, and cancer. Given the impact of PANoptosis across the disease spectrum, this review briefly describes the relationships between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, highlights the key molecules in PANoptosome formation and PANoptosis activation, and outlines the multifaceted roles of PANoptosis in diseases together with a potential for therapeutic targeting. We also discuss important concepts and pressing issues for future PANoptosis research. Improved understanding of PANoptosis and its mechanisms is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- Cardiac Care Unit, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Meng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaimin Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Li Y, Li W, Zeng Z, Han Y, Chen Q, Dong X, Wang Z, Feng S, Cao W. Lasso peptide MccY alleviates non-typhoidal salmonellae-induced mouse gut inflammation via regulation of intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0178423. [PMID: 37819128 PMCID: PMC10714986 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01784-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Diseases caused by Enterobacteriaceae multidrug-resistant strains have become increasingly difficult to manage. It is necessary to verify the new antibacterial drug MccY effect on non-typhoid Salmonella infection in mice since it is regarded as a promising microcin. The results demonstrated that MccY has a potential therapeutic application value in the protection against Salmonella-induced intestinal damage and alleviating related intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. MccY could be a promising candidate as an antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory agent for treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinxi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Sweet LA, Kuss-Duerkop SK, Byndloss MX, Keestra-Gounder AM. Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565559. [PMID: 37961401 PMCID: PMC10635149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that employs a variety of mechanisms to exploit inflammation resulting in expansion in the intestinal tract, but host factors that contribute to or counteract the luminal expansion are not well-defined. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces inflammation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, little is known about the contribution of ER stress-induced inflammation during Salmonella pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the ER stress markers Hspa5 and Xbp1 are induced in the colon of S. Typhimurium infected mice, but the pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3, that encodes for the protein CHOP, is significantly downregulated. S. Typhimurium-infected mice deficient for CHOP displayed a significant decrease in inflammation, colonization, dissemination, and pathology compared to littermate control mice. Preceding the differences in S. Typhimurium colonization, a significant decrease in Nos2 gene and iNOS protein expression was observed. Deletion of Chop decreased the bioavailability of nitrate in the colon leading to reduced fitness advantage of wild type S. Typhimurium over a napA narZ narG mutant strain (deficient in nitrate respiration). CD11b+ myeloid cells, but not intestinal epithelial cells, produced iNOS resulting in nitrate bioavailability for S. Typhimurium to expand in the intestinal tract in a CHOP-dependent manner. Altogether our work demonstrates that the host protein CHOP facilitates iNOS expression in CD11b+ cells thereby contributing to luminal expansion of S. Typhimurium via nitrate respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Sweet
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sharon K. Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mariana X. Byndloss
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - A. Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Splichalova A, Kindlova Z, Killer J, Neuzil Bunesova V, Vlkova E, Valaskova B, Pechar R, Polakova K, Splichal I. Commensal Bacteria Impact on Intestinal Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Salmonella-Challenged Gnotobiotic Piglets. Pathogens 2023; 12:1293. [PMID: 38003758 PMCID: PMC10675043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gnotobiotic (GN) animals with simple and defined microbiota can help to elucidate host-pathogen interferences. Hysterectomy-derived germ-free (GF) minipigs were associated at 4 and 24 h post-hysterectomy with porcine commensal mucinolytic Bifidobacterium boum RP36 (RP36) strain or non-mucinolytic strain RP37 (RP37) or at 4 h post-hysterectomy with Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA). One-week-old GN minipigs were infected with Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain (LT2). We monitored histological changes in the ileum, mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9 and their related molecules lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), coreceptors MD-2 and CD14, adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the ileum and colon. LT2 significantly induced expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, LBP, MD-2, and CD14 in the ileum and TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, LBP, and CD14 in the colon. The LT2 infection also significantly increased plasmatic levels of inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12/23p40. The previous colonization with RP37 alleviated damage of the ileum caused by the Salmonella infection, and RP37 and LA downregulated plasmatic levels of IL-6. A defined oligo-microbiota composed of bacterial species with selected properties should probably be more effective in downregulating inflammatory response than single bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.K.); (B.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Zdislava Kindlova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.K.); (B.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Jiri Killer
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Neuzil Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Eva Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Barbora Valaskova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.K.); (B.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Radko Pechar
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.N.B.); (E.V.); (R.P.)
- Department of Research, Food Research Institute Prague, 102 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Polakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.K.); (B.V.); (K.P.)
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (Z.K.); (B.V.); (K.P.)
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Depew CE, Rixon JA, McSorley SJ. Optimal generation of hepatic tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells requires IL-1 and IL-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214699120. [PMID: 37040404 PMCID: PMC10120061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214699120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are required for robust protection against Salmonella infection; however, the generation of this T cell population is poorly understood. To interrogate the contribution of inflammation, we developed a simple Salmonella-specific T cell transfer system that allowed direct visualization of hepatic TRM formation. Salmonella-specific (SM1) T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4 T cells were activated in vitro and adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 mice while hepatic inflammation was induced by acetaminophen overdose or L. monocytogenes infection. In both model systems, hepatic CD4 TRM formation was accentuated by local tissue responses. Liver inflammation also enhanced the suboptimal protection provided by a subunit Salmonella vaccine which typically induces circulating memory CD4 T cells. To further elucidate the mechanism of CD4 TRM formation in response to liver inflammation, various cytokines were examined by RNAseq, bone marrow chimeras, and in vivo neutralization. Surprisingly, IL-2 and IL-1 were found to enhance CD4 TRM formation. Thus, local inflammatory mediators enhance CD4 TRM populations and can boost the protective immunity provided by a suboptimal vaccine. This knowledge will be foundational for the development of a more effective vaccine against invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Jordan A. Rixon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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Fakorede CO, Amisu KO, Saki M, Akinyemi KO. Co-existence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases bla CTX-M-9 and bla CTX-M-15 genes in Salmonella species isolated from febrile and diarrhoeagenic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:3. [PMID: 36593500 PMCID: PMC9806906 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to different antimicrobial classes by Salmonella species has generated a global public health concern. The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) blaCTX gene variants is also increasing. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and the carriage of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 as well as the quinolone resistance gene (qnrB19) among Salmonella species from hospitalised patients in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS In this cross-sectional study from April 2021 to August 2021, a total of 508 samples were collected from hospitalised patients. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological investigation. All the isolates were identified using API 20E kits and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was investigated using the disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence gene makers was conducted using RT-PCR. RESULTS In total, 24 Salmonella species were identified. All the isolates were non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates. None of the isolates screened was S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Most of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamycin, while a high level of resistance to all cephalosporins, penicillin, and some carbapenems was observed. In total, 79.2% (19/24) of the Salmonella isolates harboured the blaCTX-M variant including 54.2% (13/24) blaCTX-M-9 and 12.5% (3/24) blaCTX-M-15, while co-habitation of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 was observed in 12.5% (3/24) of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harboured quinolone-resistant qnrB19 gene and virulence gene stn. However, invA gene was present in 66.7% (16/24) of all isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study is considered the first report of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 variants in Salmonella species in Nigeria. The continued existence of cefotaximase (CTX-M)-producing Salmonella within our environment calls for the prudent use of cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Fakorede
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde O. Amisu
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Morteza Saki
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kabiru O. Akinyemi
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
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Yuan H, Zhou L, Chen Y, You J, Hu H, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella effector SopF regulates PANoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells to aggravate systemic infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2180315. [PMID: 36803521 PMCID: PMC9980482 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2180315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SopF, a newly discovered effector secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type III secretion system (T3SS1), was reported to target phosphoinositide on host cell membrane and aggravate systemic infection, while its functional relevance and underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis) of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been characterized as a pivotal host defense to limit the dissemination of foodborne pathogens, whereas the effect of SopF on IECs PANoptosis induced by Salmonella is rather limited. Here, we show that SopF can attenuate intestinal inflammation and suppress IECs expulsion to promote bacterial dissemination in mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We revealed that SopF could activate phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) to phosphorylate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) which down-regulated Caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 inactivated by SopF resulted in inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis, but promotion of necroptosis. The administration of both AR-12 (PDK1 inhibitor) and BI-D1870 (RSK inhibitor) potentially overcame Caspase-8 blockade and subverted PANoptosis challenged by SopF. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that this virulence strategy elicited by SopF aggregates systemic infection via modulating IEC PANoptosis through PDK1-RSK signaling, which throws light on novel functions of bacterial effectors, as well as a mechanism employed by pathogens to counteract host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongye Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine,CONTACT Shuyan Wu; Rui Huang ; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, PR China
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Elias SC, Muthumbi E, Mwanzu A, Wanjiku P, Mutiso A, Simon R, MacLennan CA. Complementary measurement of nontyphoidal Salmonella-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in oral fluid and serum. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12071. [PMID: 36704288 PMCID: PMC9871079 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immuno-epidemiological studies of orally acquired, enteric pathogens such as nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) often focus on serological measures of immunity, ignoring potentially relevant oral mucosal responses. In this study we sought to assess the levels and detectability of both oral fluid and serum IgG and IgA to NTS antigens, in endemic and non-endemic populations. Methods IgG and IgA antibodies specific for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis O antigen and phase 1 flagellin were assessed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Paired oral fluid and serum samples were collected from groups of 50 UK adults, Kenyan adults and Kenyan infants. Additionally, oral fluid alone was collected from 304 Kenyan individuals across a range of ages. Results Antigen-specific IgG and IgA was detectable in the oral fluid of both adults and infants. Oral fluid antibody increased with age, peaking in adulthood for both IgG and IgA but a separate peak was also observed for IgA in infants. Oral fluid and serum responses correlated for IgG but not IgA. Despite standardised collection the relationship between oral fluid volume and antibody levels varied with age and country of origin. Conclusions Measurement of NTS-specific oral fluid antibody can be used to complement measurement of serum antibody. For IgA in particular, oral fluid may offer insights into how protective immunity to NTS changes as individuals transition with age, from maternal to acquired systemic and mucosal immunity. This may prove useful in helping to guide future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Elias
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Esther Muthumbi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Alfred Mwanzu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Agnes Mutiso
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
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Lu Y, Sun P, Shao W, Yang C, Chen L, Zhu A, Pan Z. Detection and Molecular Identification of Salmonella Pathogenic Islands and Virulence Plasmid Genes of Salmonella in Xuzhou Raw Meat Products. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1790-1796. [PMID: 36150093 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Virulence genes expressed in Salmonella are a primary contributing factor leading to the high morbidity and mortality of salmonellosis in humans. The pathogenicity of Salmonella is mainly determined by the specific virulence factors that it carries. These factors also confer greater virulence and play a role in infection of a host and transmission of disease, and most Salmonella enterica can cause cross-infections between humans and animals. In this study, 265 samples in total were collected from a farmer's market and two supermarkets in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China, including 205 pork samples and 60 chicken samples. The suspected Salmonella isolates were isolated and identified using microbiological and molecular methods, and the confirmed isolates were used for serovar analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The virulence genes of Salmonella pathogenic islands (SPIs) and Salmonella virulence plasmids (Spv) in Salmonella-positive isolates were subsequently detected. Salmonella was isolated from 29.0% of samples, and all isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the stn gene. Among the Salmonella isolates, resistance was most frequently observed against ciprofloxacin (84.4%), followed by tetracycline (71.4%) and streptomycin (68.8%). Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (6.3%) and aztreonam (5%) was less commonly detected. The presence of the following virulence genes was determined by specific PCRs: hilA (SPI-1), sifA (SPI-2), misL (SPI-3), siiE (SPI-4), sopB (SPI-5), and spvC. The detection rate for SPI-1 to SPI-5 was 93.5, 87.0, 97.4, 97.4, and 97.4%, respectively. In addition, the detection rate of the spvC gene was 96.1%. Except for sopB (94.7%), all isolates of the dominant serovar S. enterica subsp.. enterica serovar Enteritidis contained all virulence genes from SPI-1 to SPI-5. This study demonstrated the epidemiological status of Salmonella in raw meat products in Xuzhou, and the complex antibiotic resistance and high isolation rate of virulence genes observed reveal many potential risks of which the findings presented herein will provide orientation to improve public health safeguards. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Lu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Targeting Endothelial Cells, College of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Xuzhou Vocational College of Bioengineering, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangfeng Shao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Targeting Endothelial Cells, College of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Targeting Endothelial Cells, College of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Targeting Endothelial Cells, College of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Targeting Endothelial Cells, College of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- College of Arts and Sciences, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Liston SD, Ovchinnikova OG, Kimber MS, Whitfield C. A dedicated C-6 β-hydroxyacyltransferase required for biosynthesis of the glycolipid anchor for Vi antigen capsule in typhoidal Salmonella. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102520. [PMID: 36152747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vi antigen is an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Salmonella enterica Typhi, Citrobacter freundii, and some soil bacteria belonging to the Burkholderiales. In Salmonella Typhi, Vi-antigen capsule protects the bacterium against host defenses, and the glycan is used in a current glycoconjugate vaccine to protect against typhoid. Vi antigen is a glycolipid assembled in the cytoplasm and translocated to the cell surface by an export complex driven by an ABC transporter. In Salmonella Typhi, efficient export and cell-surface retention of the capsule layer depend on a reducing terminal acylated-HexNAc moiety. Although the precise structure and biosynthesis of the acylated terminus has not been resolved, it distinguishes Vi antigen from other known glycolipid substrates for bacterial ABC transporters. The genetic locus for Vi antigen-biosynthesis encodes a single acyltransferase candidate (VexE), which is implicated in the acylation process. Here, we determined the structure of the VexE in vitro reaction product by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to reveal that VexE catalyzes β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dependent acylation of the activated sugar precursor, uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), at C-6 to form UDP-6-O-[β-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-d-GlcNAc. VexE belongs to the lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase (LPLAT) family, and comparison of an Alphafold VexE model to solved LPLAT structures, together with modeling enzyme:substrate complexes, led us to predict an enzyme mechanism. This study provides new insight into Vi terminal structure, offers a new model substrate to investigate the mechanism of glycolipid ABC transporters, and adds biochemical understanding for a novel reaction used in synthesis of an important bacterial virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Liston
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - O G Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M S Kimber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Elucidating Mechanisms of Tolerance to Salmonella Typhimurium across Long-Term Infections Using the Collaborative Cross. mBio 2022; 13:e0112022. [PMID: 35880881 PMCID: PMC9426527 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01120-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and tolerance to pathogen infection may present the opportunity to develop novel interventions. Resistance is the absence of clinical disease with a low pathogen burden, while tolerance is minimal clinical disease with a high pathogen burden. Salmonella is a worldwide health concern. We studied 18 strains of collaborative cross mice that survive acute Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infections. We infected these strains orally and monitored them for 3 weeks. Five strains cleared STm (resistant), six strains maintained a bacterial load and survived (tolerant), while seven strains survived >7 days but succumbed to infection within the study period and were called “delayed susceptible.” Tolerant strains were colonized in the Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and liver, while resistant strains had significantly reduced bacterial colonization. Tolerant strains had lower preinfection core body temperatures and had disrupted circadian patterns of body temperature postinfection sooner than other strains. Tolerant strains had higher circulating total white blood cells than resistant strains, driven by increased numbers of neutrophils. Tolerant strains had more severe tissue damage and higher circulating levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but lower levels of epithelial neutrophil-activating protein 78 (ENA-78) than resistant strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed one significant association and six suggestive associations. Gene expression analysis identified 22 genes that are differentially regulated in tolerant versus resistant animals that overlapped these QTLs. Fibrinogen genes (Fga, Fgb, and Fgg) were found across the QTL, RNA, and top canonical pathways, making them the best candidate genes for differentiating tolerance and resistance.
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Manieri FZ, Moreira CG. Salmonella Typhimurium O-antigen and VisP play an important role in swarming and osmotic stress response during intracellular conditions. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:557-564. [PMID: 35303296 PMCID: PMC9151935 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a pathogen of clinical relevance and a model of study in host-pathogen interactions. The virulence and stress-related periplasmic protein VisP is important during S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. It supports bacteria invading host cells, surviving inside macrophages, swimming, and succeeding in murine colitis model, O-antigen assembly, and responding to cationic antimicrobial peptides. This study aimed to investigate the role of the O-antigen molecular ruler WzzST and the periplasmic protein VisP in swarming motility and osmotic stress response. Lambda red mutagenesis was performed to generate single and double mutants, followed by swarming motility, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and growth curves. Here we demonstrate that the deletion of visP affects swarming under osmotic stress and changes the expression levels of genes responsible for chemotaxis, flagella assembly, and general stress response. The deletion of the gene encoding for the O-antigen co-polymerase wzzST increases swarming motility but not under osmotic stress. A second mutation in O-antigen co-polymerase wzzST in a ΔvisP background affected gene expression levels. The ΔvisP growth was affected by sodium and magnesium levels on N-minimum media. These data indicate that WzzST has a role in swarming the motility of S. Typhimurium, as the VisP is involved in chemotaxis and osmotic stress, specifically in response to MgCl2 and NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Z Manieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 1, s/n, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Cristiano G Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 1, s/n, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-903, Brazil.
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Salmonella Induces the cGAS-STING-Dependent Type I Interferon Response in Murine Macrophages by Triggering mtDNA Release. mBio 2022; 13:e0363221. [PMID: 35604097 PMCID: PMC9239183 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03632-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) elicited strong innate immune responses in macrophages. To activate innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in host cells can recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we showed that S. Typhimurium induced a robust type I interferon (IFN) response in murine macrophages. Exposure of macrophages to S. Typhimurium activated a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent type I IFN response. Next, we showed that type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were elicited in a TBK1-IFN-dependent manner. Furthermore, cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and immune adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) were also required for the induction of type I IFN response during infection. Intriguingly, S. Typhimurium infection triggered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release into the cytosol to activate the type I IFN response. In addition, we also showed that bacterial DNA was enriched in cGAS during infection, which may contribute to cGAS activation. Finally, we showed that cGAS and STING deficient mice and cells were more susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection, signifying the critical role of the cGAS-STING pathway in host defense against S. Typhimurium infection. In conclusion, in addition to TLR4-dependent innate immune response, we demonstrated that S. Typhimurium induced the type I IFN response in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner and the S. Typhimurium-induced mtDNA release was important for the induction of type I IFN. This study elucidated a new mechanism by which bacterial pathogen activated the cGAS-STING pathway and also characterized the important role of cGAS-STING during S. Typhimurium infection.
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Chen J, Li X, Zeng P, Zhang X, Bi K, Lin C, Jiang J, Diao H. Lamina propria interleukin 17 A aggravates natural killer T-cell activation in autoimmune hepatitis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22346. [PMID: 35583908 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101734rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an interface hepatitis characterized by the progressive destruction of the liver parenchyma, the cause of which is still obscure. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a major driver of autoimmunity, which can be produced by innate immune cells against several intracellular pathogens. Here, we investigated the involvement of IL-17A in a mice model of immune-mediated hepatitis with the intestine exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Our results showed more severe Concanavalin (Con) A-induced liver injury and gut microbiome dysbiosis when the mice were treated with a gavage of S. typhimurium. Then, the natural killer (NK) T cells were overactivated by the accumulated IL-17A in the liver in the Con A and S. typhimurium administration group. IL-17A could activate NKT cells by inducing CD178 expression via IL-4/STAT6 signaling. Furthermore, via the portal tract, the laminae propria mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT)-cell-derived IL-17A could be the original driver of NKT cell overactivation in intragastric administration of S. typhimurium and Con A injection. In IL-17A-deficient mice, Con A-induced liver injury and NKT cell activation were alleviated. However, when AAV-sh-mIL-17a was used to specifically knock down IL-17A in liver, it seemed that hepatic IL-17a knock down did not significantly influence the liver injury. Our results suggested that, under Con A-induction, laminae propria MAIT-derived IL-17A activated hepatic NKT, and this axis could be a therapeutic target in autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kefan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Salmonella Enteritidis GalE Protein Inhibits LPS-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050911. [PMID: 35630356 PMCID: PMC9145252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection can trigger the assembly of inflammasomes and promote secretion of cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18. It is well-known that Salmonella modulates the activation of NLRC4 (NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4) and NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasomes, however the mechanisms whereby Salmonella avoids or delays inflammasome activation remain largely unknown. Therefore, we used Salmonella Enteritidis C50336ΔfliC transposon library to screen for genes involved in modulating inflammasomes activation. The screen revealed the galactose metabolism-related gene galE to be essential for inflammasome activation. Here, we found that inflammasome activation was significantly increased in J774A.1 cells or wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) during infection by ΔfliCΔgalE compared to cells infected with ΔfliC. Importantly, we found that secretion of IL-1β was Caspase-1-dependent, consistent with canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, the virulence of ΔfliCΔgalE was significantly decreased compared to ΔfliC in a mouse model. Finally, RNA-seq analysis showed that multiple signaling pathways related to the inflammasome were subject to regulation by GalE. Taken together, our results suggest that GalE plays an important role in the regulatory network of Salmonella evasion of inflammasome activation.
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Brigo N, Tymoszuk P, Weiss AG. A Mouse Infection Model with a Wildtype Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain for the Analysis of Inflammatory Innate Immune Cells. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4378. [PMID: 35530516 PMCID: PMC9018427 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium, which causes gastrointestinal disorders in humans, and systemic, typhoid fever-like infections in mice. Our current knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular and humoral immunity in the defense from S. Typhimurium infections is largely based on animal models with attenuated strains. Cells of the innate immune system act as one of the first barriers in the defense from bacteria. We established a robust experimental model for the characterization of these cell types and their response during host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, this protocol focuses on the characterization of macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils in the spleens of infected animals by employing multi-color flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,*For correspondence:
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - And Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Sande C, Whitfield C. Capsules and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00332020. [PMID: 34910576 PMCID: PMC11163842 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0033-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates produce a range of different polysaccharide structures that play important roles in their biology. E. coli isolates often possess capsular polysaccharides (K antigens), which form a surface structural layer. These possess a wide range of repeat-unit structures. In contrast, only one capsular polymer (Vi antigen) is found in Salmonella, and it is confined to typhoidal serovars. In both genera, capsules are vital virulence determinants and are associated with the avoidance of host immune defenses. Some isolates of these species also produce a largely secreted exopolysaccharide called colanic acid as part of their complex Rcs-regulated phenotypes, but the precise function of this polysaccharide in microbial cell biology is not fully understood. E. coli isolates produce two additional secreted polysaccharides, bacterial cellulose and poly-N-acetylglucosamine, which play important roles in biofilm formation. Cellulose is also produced by Salmonella isolates, but the genes for poly-N-acetylglucosamine synthesis appear to have been lost during its evolution toward enhanced virulence. Here, we discuss the structures, functions, relationships, and sophisticated assembly mechanisms for these important biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Wear SS, Sande C, Ovchinnikova OG, Preston A, Whitfield C. Investigation of core machinery for biosynthesis of Vi antigen capsular polysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101486. [PMID: 34896394 PMCID: PMC8760489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever. It possesses a Vi antigen capsular polysaccharide coat that is important for virulence and is the basis of a current glycoconjugate vaccine. Vi antigen is also produced by environmental Bordetella isolates, while mammal-adapted Bordetella species (such as Bordetella bronchiseptica) produce a capsule of undetermined structure that cross-reacts with antibodies recognizing Vi antigen. The Vi antigen backbone is composed of poly-α-(1→4)-linked N-acetylgalactosaminuronic acid, modified with O-acetyl residues that are necessary for vaccine efficacy. Despite its biological and biotechnological importance, some central aspects of Vi antigen production are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that TviE and TviD, two proteins encoded in the viaB (Vi antigen production) locus, interact and are the Vi antigen polymerase and O-acetyltransferase, respectively. Structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis reveal that TviE is a GT4-family glycosyltransferase. While TviD has no identifiable homologs beyond Vi antigen systems in other bacteria, structural modeling suggests that it belongs to the large SGNH hydrolase family, which contains other O-acetyltransferases. Although TviD possesses an atypical catalytic triad, its O-acetyltransferase function was verified by antibody reactivity and 13C NMR data for tviD-mutant polysaccharide. The B. bronchiseptica genetic locus predicts a mode of synthesis distinct from classical S. enterica Vi antigen production, but which still involves TviD and TviE homologs that are both active in a reconstituted S. Typhi system. These findings provide new insight into Vi antigen production and foundational information for the glycoengineering of Vi antigen production in heterologous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Wear
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin Sande
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Preston
- Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Conserved tandem arginines for PbgA/YejM allow Salmonella Typhimurium to regulate LpxC and control lipopolysaccharide biogenesis during infection. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0049021. [PMID: 34780276 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00490-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae use the periplasmic domain of the conserved inner membrane protein, PbgA/YejM, to regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biogenesis. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) relies on PbgA to cause systemic disease in mice and this involves functional interactions with LapB/YciM, FtsH, and LpxC. Escherichia coli PbgA interacts with LapB, an adaptor for the FtsH protease, via the transmembrane segments. LapB and FtsH control proteolysis of LpxC, the rate-limiting LPS biosynthesis enzyme. Lipid A-core, the hydrophobic anchor of LPS molecules, co-crystallizes with PbgA and interacts with residues in the basic region. The model predicts that PbgA-LapB detects periplasmic LPS molecules and prompts FtsH to degrade LpxC. However, the key residues and critical interactions are not defined. We establish that S. Typhimurium uses PbgA to regulate LpxC and define the contribution of two pairs of arginines within the basic region. PbgA R215 R216 form contacts with lipid A-core in the structure and R231 R232 exist in an adjacent alpha helix. PbgA R215 R216 are necessary for S. Typhimurium to regulate LpxC, control lipid-A core biogenesis, promote survival in macrophages, and enhance virulence in mice. In contrast, PbgA R231 R232 are not necessary to regulate LpxC or to control lipid A-core levels, nor are they necessary to promote survival in macrophages or mice. However, residues R231 R232 are critical for infection lethality, and the persistent infection phenotype requires mouse Toll-like receptor four, which detects lipid A. Therefore, S. Typhimurium relies on PbgA's tandem arginines for multiple interconnected mechanisms of LPS regulation that enhance pathogenesis.
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27
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Pang J, Wang S, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Pi Y, Han D, Zhang S, Wang J. Xylo-oligosaccharide alleviates Salmonella induced inflammation by stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis and inhibiting Salmonella colonization. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21977. [PMID: 34613640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100919rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), which is considered as a potential prebiotic, exhibits multiple beneficial effects on modulation of gut microbiota, strength of intestinal barrier, and inhibition of intestinal inflammation. The objective of this study is to investigate whether XOS protects against Salmonella infection by modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the intestinal barrier, and resisting colonization. C57BL/6 male mice received water supplementation with 5% XOS for 14 days before Salmonella Typhimurium infection. The results showed that XOS suppressed the Salmonella-induced inflammation, but had limited effects on tight junction molecules and mRNA expression of mucus proteins, except for claudin-1 in the colon. Data of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that XOS modulated gut microbiota composition by significantly stimulating Bifidobacterium animalis (B. animalis), and reducing Salmonella counts. Therefore, the potential protective effects of B. animalis against Salmonella challenge were investigated as well. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 (BB12), which could markedly increase in XOS, was selected to treat mice. Similarly, Salmonella-induced inflammatory reactions were alleviated by BB12 but tight junction molecules and mucin proteins in the colonic tissues were not affected. Administration of BB12 remarkably decreased the copies of Salmonella in cecal digesta post Salmonella infection. Additionally, the decrease concentrations of cecal propionate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Salmonella-infected mice were reversed by BB12 treatment, and propionate performed a strong inhibitory effect on Salmonella growth in vitro. Besides that, BB12 could directly restrict Salmonella proliferation in vitro. Moreover, BB12 reduced the adhesion ability of Salmonella on the Caco-2 cells model. Our results suggest that XOS could be considered as a candidate of functional food to protect against Salmonella infection by stimulating Bifidobacterium, which then resists Salmonella colonization by maintaining the intestinal SCFAs levels and suppressing adhesibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaman Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Zhou L, Li Y, Gao S, Yuan H, Zuo L, Wu C, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC Gene Inhibits Autophagy of Host Cells and Suppresses NLRP3 as Well as NLRC4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639019. [PMID: 34335562 PMCID: PMC8317172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spvC gene, encoding a phosphothreonine lyase on host mitogen-activated protein kinases, facilitates systemic infection of Salmonella while the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy and pyroptosis dependent on the activation of inflammasomes, as parts of innate immune response, contribute to host defense against Salmonella infection. Recently, we reported that spvC could inhibit pyroptosis. To explore the effect of spvC on autophagy and the relationship between its function in pyroptosis and autophagy, infection models of macrophages J774A.1 and epithelial HeLa cells co-cultured with Salmonella Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion, site-directed mutant which lacks phosphothreonine lyase activity, or complemented strain were established. The levels of LC3 turnover and Beclin 1 of J774A.1 cells were determined by western blot. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize the autophagic flux after being transfected with mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid in HeLa cells. Results showed that SpvC inhibited autophagosome formation through its phosphothreonine lyase activity. Additionally, analysis of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR with CARD domain-containing 4 (NLRC4) in J774A.1 cells indicated that spvC decreased the protein levels of NLRP3 and NLRC4, which were significantly changed by autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. Together, our observations reveal a novel mechanism of spvC in Salmonella pathogenesis and host inflammatory response via inhibiting autophagy and NLRP3 as well as NLRC4. These pathways and their subversion by diverse pathogen virulence determinants are expected to throw light on the design of anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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29
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Duan B, Shao L, Liu R, Msuthwana P, Hu J, Wang C. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection through modulation of M1 macrophage polarization. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104939. [PMID: 33964416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a model probiotic strain, plays an important role in immune regulatory activity to prevent and treat intestinal inflammation or diarrhea. However, the effect of the immune modulation of LGG on macrophages to prevent Salmonella infection has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were pre-administered LGG for 7 days continuously, and then infected with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The results of the in vivo study indicated that LGG could reduce body weight loss, death rate and intestinal inflammatory response caused by S. Typhimurium. LGG also limited S. Typhimurium dissemination to liver and spleen, and thereby protected against infection. In vitro study, we observed that LGG enhanced the phagocytic and bactericidal ability of macrophages and upregulated M1 macrophage characters (e.g. iNOS, NO and IL-12) against S. Typhimurium. In addition, LGG also elevated IL-10 secretion, which was helpful to ameliorate intestinal inflammatory injury caused by S. Typhimurium. In conclusion, LGG could modulate M1 macrophage polarization and offer protective effects against S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruihan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Petunia Msuthwana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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30
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Yang S, Deng Q, Sun L, Zhu Y, Dong K, Wu S, Huang R, Li Y. Salmonella Effector SpvB Inhibits NF-κB Activity via KEAP1-Mediated Downregulation of IKKβ. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641412. [PMID: 33816345 PMCID: PMC8015805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have a broad arsenal of genes that are tightly regulated and coordinated to facilitate adaptation to alter host inflammatory response and prolong intracellular bacterial survival. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium utilizes a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector molecules into host cells and regulate signal transduction pathways such as NF-κB, thereby resulting in salmonellosis. SpvB, a pSLT-encoded cytotoxic protein secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 T3SS, is associated with enhanced Salmonella survival and intracellular replication. In this report, we characterized the effects of SpvB on NF-κB signaling pathway. We showed that SpvB has a potent and specific ability to prevent NF-κB activation by targeting IκB kinase β (IKKβ). Previous studies from our laboratory showed that SpvB decreases Nrf2 through its C-terminal domain. Here we further demonstrated that KEAP1, a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with Nrf2 and mediates its proteasomal degradation, is involved in SpvB-induced downregulation of IKKβ expression and phosphorylation. Reduction of KEAP1 by small-interfering RNA prevented the suppression of IKKβ and its phosphorylation mediated by SpvB. These findings revealed a novel mechanism by which Salmonella modulates NF-κB activity to ultimately facilitate intracellular bacterial survival and proliferation and delay host immune response to establish infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lanqing Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kedi Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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31
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J Barton A, Hill J, J Blohmke C, J Pollard A. Host restriction, pathogenesis and chronic carriage of typhoidal Salmonella. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6159486. [PMID: 33733659 PMCID: PMC8498562 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While conjugate vaccines against typhoid fever have recently been recommended by the World Health Organization for deployment, the lack of a vaccine against paratyphoid, multidrug resistance and chronic carriage all present challenges for the elimination of enteric fever. In the past decade, the development of in vitro and human challenge models has resulted in major advances in our understanding of enteric fever pathogenesis. In this review, we summarise these advances, outlining mechanisms of host restriction, intestinal invasion, interactions with innate immunity and chronic carriage, and discuss how this knowledge may progress future vaccines and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
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32
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Cao C, Niu Q, Chen J, Xu X, Sheng H, Cui S, Liu B, Yang B. Epidemiology and Characterization of CTX-M-55-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolated from Patients in Shanghai, China. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020260. [PMID: 33513880 PMCID: PMC7912593 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (ESBL-SE) in humans and foods has gained global attention. In particular, CTX-M-type ESBL-SE are increasingly being detected from various sample types. The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the epidemiology and characteristics of blaCTX-M-55-carrying ESBL-SE isolates of clinical origin in Shanghai, China. A total of 292 S. Enteritidis isolates were recovered from the feces and blood of outpatients and inpatients between 2006 and 2014. Overall, there was a high frequency of cefotaxime-resistant isolates (97.3%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that of isolates resistant to the other tested antibiotics. All S. Enteritidis isolates exhibited resistance to ≥1 antibiotic, and 98.0% were multidrug resistant. A total of 233 isolates were identified as ESBL-SE, 166 of which were CTX-M type. Six subtypes of CTX-M-encoding genes were detected, among which blaCTX-M-55 (91.6%, 152/166) was the most prevalent genotype. There was high genetic similarity among blaCTX-M-55-positive ESBL-SE. The blaCTX-M-55 gene in the ESBL-SE donor strains could be easily transferred into Enterobacteriaceae recipient strains. This study highlights that CTX-M-55 should be considered an important surveillance target in Shanghai, China. Cephalosporins, especially cefotaxime, must be used with caution in empirical treatment for Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Qinya Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China;
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Huanjing Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.C.); (Q.N.); (H.S.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-87092486
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33
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Zuo L, Zhou L, Wu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC Gene Inhibits Pyroptosis and Intestinal Inflammation to Aggravate Systemic Infection in Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:562491. [PMID: 33384666 PMCID: PMC7770238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S). Typhimurium is a primary foodborne pathogen infecting both humans and animals. Salmonella plasmid virulence C (spvC) gene is closely related to S. Typhimurium dissemination in mice, while the mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Pyroptosis, a gasdermin-mediated inflammatory cell death, plays a role in host defense against bacterial infection, whereas the effect of spvC on pyroptosis and its function in inflammatory injury induced by S. Typhimurium are rather limited. In our study, C57BL/6 mice and J774A.1 cells infected with S. Typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344, spvC deletion mutant, spvC K136A site-directed mutant, and complemented strain were used to investigate potential pathogenesis of spvC. We verity that SpvC attenuates intestinal inflammation, suppresses pyroptosis through phosphothreonine lyase activity, and reduces pyroptosis in the ceca. Moreover, the reduction of inflammation via spvC results in systemic infection. These findings demonstrate that spvC inhibits pyroptosis and intestinal inflammation to promote bacterial dissemination, which provide new strategies for controlling systemic infection caused by Salmonella and novel insights for the treatment of other corresponding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Hassan HM, Fadel MA, Soliman MA. Evaluation of a modified method of extraction, purification, and characterization of lipopolysaccharide (O antigen) from Salmonella Typhimurium. Vet World 2020; 13:2338-2345. [PMID: 33363324 PMCID: PMC7750214 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2338-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an integral part of the outer cell membrane complex of Gram-negative bacteria. It plays an important role in the induction and stimulation of the immune system. Various LPS purification protocols have been developed. However, analysis of their efficacy is limited by contamination during downstream applications or the public health hazard of LPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate a modified method for extracting LPS as well as assess the purity of the extracted LPS by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Further, we evaluated its immunopotentiating function by measuring the relative RNA expression levels of splenic immune-related genes such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), after intramuscular injection of increasing concentrations of the extracted LPS in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chick. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation, identification, and serotyping of Salmonella Typhimurium were performed using chicken flocks. We then performed molecular typing of Salmonella isolates using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A new protocol for purification of LPS from Salmonella isolate (S. Typhimurium) was conducted. HPLC analysis of the extracted LPS in the current study was compared to existing methods. An in vivo study was performed to evaluate the ability of LPS to induce an immune response by measuring relative IFN-γ and IL-1β gene expression after injecting increasing concentrations of the extracted LPS into SPF chicks. RESULTS Isolation and serotyping revealed that Salmonella enterica was of the serovar Typhimurium. Confirmation was conducted by molecular typing through conventional PCR. Fractionation of the LPS extract by HPLC revealed a high degree of purity comparable with standard commercial LPS. These results demonstrate the high purity of extracted LPS based on our modified method using propanol and sodium hydroxide mixture. Intramuscular injection of the extracted LPS in 22 day-old SPF chicks, compared to the negative control, revealed significant upregulation of IFN-γ and slight downregulation of IL-1β. CONCLUSION The new modified method can be used for high purity LPS extraction and demonstrates effective immunopotentiating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai A. Fadel
- Pharmacology and Pyrogen Unit, Department of Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Deficiency, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 Blocks Tfh Cell Differentiation during Salmonella Infection, thereby Contributing to Germinal Center Suppression. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2796-2809.e5. [PMID: 31775046 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are crucial for the formation of long-lived humoral immunity. Many pathogens suppress GC, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), but the mechanisms driving suppression remain unknown. We report that neither plasmablasts nor STm-specific B cells are required for GC suppression in mice. Rather, we identify that interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ), directly suppresses T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of T cells intrinsically. Administering recombinant IL-12 during nitrophenyl-Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) immunization also suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and GC B cells, indicating that IL-12 is sufficient to suppress Tfh cell differentiation independent of STm infection. Recombinant IL-12 induces high levels of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for Tfh cell suppression. Therefore, IL-12 induced during STm infection in mice contributes to GC suppression via suppression of Tfh cell differentiation. More broadly, these data suggest that IL-12 can tailor the proportions of humoral (Tfh cell) and cellular (T helper type 1 [Th1] cell) immunity to the infection, with implications for IL-12 targeting therapies in autoimmunity and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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36
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Evasion of MAIT cell recognition by the African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 pathovar that causes invasive disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20717-20728. [PMID: 32788367 PMCID: PMC7456131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007472117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T lymphocytes activated by bacteria that produce vitamin B2 metabolites. Mouse models of infection have demonstrated a role for MAIT cells in antimicrobial defense. However, proposed protective roles of MAIT cells in human infections remain unproven and clinical conditions associated with selective absence of MAIT cells have not been identified. We report that typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains activate MAIT cells. However, S. Typhimurium sequence type 313 (ST313) lineage 2 strains, which are responsible for the burden of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal invasive disease in Africa, escape MAIT cell recognition through overexpression of ribB This bacterial gene encodes the 4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase enzyme of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. The MAIT cell-specific phenotype did not extend to other innate lymphocytes. We propose that ribB overexpression is an evolved trait that facilitates evasion from immune recognition by MAIT cells and contributes to the invasive pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium ST313 lineage 2.
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37
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Guo Y, Gu D, Huang T, Cao L, Zhu X, Zhou Y, Wang K, Kang X, Meng C, Jiao X, Pan Z. Essential role of Salmonella Enteritidis DNA adenine methylase in modulating inflammasome activation. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:226. [PMID: 32723297 PMCID: PMC7389876 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the major foodborne zoonotic pathogens of worldwide importance which can induce activation of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes during infection. Given that the inflammasomes play an essential role in resisting bacterial infection, Salmonella has evolved various strategies to regulate activation of the inflammasome, most of which largely remain unclear. Results A transposon mutant library in SE strain C50336 was screened for the identification of the potential factors that regulate inflammasome activation. We found that T3SS-associated genes invC, prgH, and spaN were required for inflammasome activation in vitro. Interestingly, C50336 strains with deletion or overexpression of Dam were both defective in activation of caspase-1, secretion of IL-1β and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed that most of the differentially expressed genes and enriched KEGG pathways between the C50336-VS-C50336Δdam and C50336-VS-C50336::dam groups overlapped, which includes multiple signaling pathways related to the inflammasome. C50336Δdam and C50336::dam were both found to be defective in suppressing the expression of several anti-inflammasome factors. Moreover, overexpression of Dam in macrophages by lentiviral infection could specifically enhance the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome independently via promoting the Jnk pathway. Conclusions These data indicated that Dam was essential for modulating inflammasome activation during SE infection, there were complex and dynamic interplays between Dam and the inflammasome under different conditions. New insights were provided about the battle between SE and host innate immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangru Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of A griculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Aviv G, Cornelius A, Davidovich M, Cohen H, Suwandi A, Galeev A, Steck N, Azriel S, Rokney A, Valinsky L, Rahav G, Grassl GA, Gal-Mor O. Differences in the expression of SPI-1 genes pathogenicity and epidemiology between the emerging Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and the model Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1071-1081. [PMID: 31062854 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the ubiquitous serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica and recently has been emerging in many countries worldwide. Nonetheless, not much is known about its epidemiology, host adaptation, and virulence. METHODS Epidemiological and molecular approaches were used together with tissue-culture and mouse models to conduct phenotypic comparison with the model S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. RESULTS We show that S. Infantis is more frequently associated with infections in infants <2 years old and prone to cause significantly less invasive infections than serovar Typhimurium. Moreover, although S. Infantis adheres better to host cells and highly colonizes mouse intestines soon after infection, it is significantly less invasive and induces much lower inflammation and disease in vivo than S. Typhimurium. These differences were associated with lower expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 genes in S. Infantis than in S. Typhimurium. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate previously unknown differences in the epidemiology, virulence pathway expression, and pathogenicity between two highly abundant Salmonella serovars and suggest that native variation in the expression of the SPI-1 regulon is likely to contribute to epidemiological and virulence variation between genetically similar nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Aviv
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Jerusalem, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Helit Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | | | - Shalhevet Azriel
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Valinsky
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Research Center Borstel, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Jerusalem, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Verma S, Prescott RA, Ingano L, Nickerson KP, Hill E, Faherty CS, Fasano A, Senger S, Cherayil BJ. The YrbE phospholipid transporter of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi regulates the expression of flagellin and influences motility, adhesion and induction of epithelial inflammatory responses. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:526-538. [PMID: 31829769 PMCID: PMC7527071 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1697593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
serovar Typhi is the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, a major public health problem in the developing world. Moving toward and adhering to the intestinal epithelium represents key initial steps of infection by S. Typhi. We examined the role of the S. Typhi yrbE gene, which encodes an inner membrane phospholipid transporter, in these interactions with epithelial cells. Disruption of yrbE resulted in elevated expression of flagellin and a hypermotile phenotype. It also significantly reduced the ability of S. Typhi to adhere to the HeLa epithelial cell line and to polarized primary epithelial cells derived from human ileal organoids. Interestingly, the yrbE-deficient strain of S. Typhi induced higher production of interleukin-8 from the primary human ileal epithelial cell monolayers compared to the wild-type bacteria. Deletion of the flagellin gene (fliC) in the yrbE-deficient S. Typhi inhibited motility and attenuated interleukin-8 production, but it did not correct the defect in adhesion. We also disrupted yrbE in S. Typhimurium. In contrast to the results in S. Typhi, the deficiency of yrbE in S. Typhimurium had no significant effect on flagellin expression, motility or adhesion to HeLa cells. Correspondingly, the lack of yrbE also had no effect on association with the intestine or the severity of intestinal inflammation in the mouse model of S. Typhimurium infection. Thus, our results point to an important and serovar-specific role played by yrbE in the early stages of intestinal infection by S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A. Prescott
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Ingano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kourtney P. Nickerson
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Hill
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina S. Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bobby J. Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,CONTACT Bobby J. Cherayil Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Jeffrey MP, MacPherson CW, Mathieu O, Tompkins TA, Green-Johnson JM. Secretome-Mediated Interactions with Intestinal Epithelial Cells: A Role for Secretome Components from Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 in the Attenuation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Secretome and TNF-α-Induced Proinflammatory Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2523-2534. [PMID: 32238458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that lactic acid bacteria communicate with host cells via secretome components to influence immune responses but less is known about gut-pathogen secretomes, impact of lactic acid bacteria secretomes on host-pathogen interactions, and the mechanisms underlying these interactions. Genome-wide microarrays and cytokine profiling were used to interrogate the impact of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 secretome (LrS) on TNF-α and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium secretome (STS)-induced outcomes in human intestinal epithelial cells. The LrS attenuated both TNF-α- and STS-induced gene expression involved in NF-κB and MAPK activation, as well as expression of genes involved in other immune-related signaling pathways. Specifically, the LrS induced the expression of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3), negative regulators of innate immune signaling, in HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells challenged with TNF-α or STS. TNF-α- and STS-induced acetylation of H3 and H4 histones was attenuated by the LrS, as was the production of TNF-α- and STS-induced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Interestingly, the LrS induced production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine involved in host-microbe interactions at the gut interface. We propose that the LrS attenuates proinflammatory mediator expression through increased transcription of negative regulators of innate immune activity and changes in global H3 and H4 histone acetylation. To our knowledge, these findings provide novel insights into the complex multifaceted mechanisms of action behind secretome-mediated interdomain communication at the gut-mucosal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Jeffrey
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and the Faculty of Science, Ontario Technical University, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada; and
| | - Chad W MacPherson
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Olivier Mathieu
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Julia M Green-Johnson
- Applied Bioscience Graduate Program and the Faculty of Science, Ontario Technical University, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada; and
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41
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Lin HH, Chen HL, Weng CC, Janapatla RP, Chen CL, Chiu CH. Activation of apoptosis by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 effectors through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in Salmonella-infected macrophages. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:616-626. [PMID: 32127288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a non-typhoidal food-borne pathogen, causes acute enterocolitis, bacteremia, extraintestinal focal infections in humans. Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) contribute to invading into host cellular cytosol, residing in Salmonella-containing vacuoles for intracellular survival, and inducing cellular apoptosis. This study aimed to better understand the mechanism underlying apoptosis in Salmonella-infected macrophages. METHODS S. Typhimurium SL1344 was used to evaluate extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages in response to Salmonella infection. RESULTS Activated caspase-3-induced apoptosis pathways, including extrinsic (caspase-8-mediated) and intrinsic (caspase-9-mediated) pathways, in Salmonella-infected macrophages were verified. THP-1 cells with dysfunction of TLR-4 and TLR-5 and Salmonella SPI-1 and SPI-2 mutants were constructed to identify the roles of the genes associated with programmed cell death in the macrophages. Caspase-3 activation in THP-1 macrophages was induced by Salmonella through TLR-4 and TLR-5 signaling pathways. We also identified that SPI-1 structure protein PrgH and effectors SipB and SipD, but not SPI-2 structure protein SsaV, could induce apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and reduce the secretion of inflammation marker TNF-α in the Salmonella-infected cells. The two effectors also reduced the translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB into the nucleus and the expression of TNF-α, and then inflammation was diminished. CONCLUSION Non-typhoid Salmonella induced apoptosis of macrophages and thereby reduced inflammatory cytokine production through the expression of SPI-1. This mechanism in host-pathogen interaction may explain why Salmonella usually manifests as occult bacteremia with less systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the bloodstream infection of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Schulte LN, Schweinlin M, Westermann AJ, Janga H, Santos SC, Appenzeller S, Walles H, Vogel J, Metzger M. An Advanced Human Intestinal Coculture Model Reveals Compartmentalized Host and Pathogen Strategies during Salmonella Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e03348-19. [PMID: 32071273 PMCID: PMC7029144 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03348-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in infection biology is the limited ability to recapitulate human disease trajectories in traditional cell culture and animal models, which impedes the translation of basic research into clinics. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) intestinal tissue model to study human enteric infections at a level of detail that is not achieved by conventional two-dimensional monocultures. Our model comprises epithelial and endothelial layers, a primary intestinal collagen scaffold, and immune cells. Upon Salmonella infection, the model mimics human gastroenteritis, in that it restricts the pathogen to the epithelial compartment, an advantage over existing mouse models. Application of dual transcriptome sequencing to the Salmonella-infected model revealed the communication of epithelial, endothelial, monocytic, and natural killer cells among each other and with the pathogen. Our results suggest that Salmonella uses its type III secretion systems to manipulate STAT3-dependent inflammatory responses locally in the epithelium without accompanying alterations in the endothelial compartment. Our approach promises to reveal further human-specific infection strategies employed by Salmonella and other pathogens.IMPORTANCE Infection research routinely employs in vitro cell cultures or in vivo mouse models as surrogates of human hosts. Differences between murine and human immunity and the low level of complexity of traditional cell cultures, however, highlight the demand for alternative models that combine the in vivo-like properties of the human system with straightforward experimental perturbation. Here, we introduce a 3D tissue model comprising multiple cell types of the human intestinal barrier, a primary site of pathogen attack. During infection with the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, our model recapitulates human disease aspects, including pathogen restriction to the epithelial compartment, thereby deviating from the systemic infection in mice. Combination of our model with state-of-the-art genetics revealed Salmonella-mediated local manipulations of human immune responses, likely contributing to the establishment of the pathogen's infection niche. We propose the adoption of similar 3D tissue models to infection biology, to advance our understanding of molecular infection strategies employed by bacterial pathogens in their human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon N Schulte
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schweinlin
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Westermann
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sara C Santos
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Appenzeller
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Centre for Regenerative Therapies TLC-RT, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Centre for Regenerative Therapies TLC-RT, Würzburg, Germany
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Salmonella Extracellular Polymeric Substances Modulate Innate Phagocyte Activity and Enhance Tolerance of Biofilm-Associated Bacteria to Oxidative Stress. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020253. [PMID: 32070067 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes 14.3 million acute cases of typhoid fever that are responsible for 136,000 deaths each year. Chronic infections occur in 3%-5% of those infected and S. Typhi persists primarily in the gallbladder by forming biofilms on cholesterol gallstones, but how these bacterial communities evade host immunity is not known. Salmonella biofilms produce several extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) during chronic infection, which are hypothesized to prevent pathogen clearance either by protecting biofilm-associated bacteria from direct humoral attack or by modulating innate phagocyte interaction with biofilms. Using wild-type and EPS-deficient planktonic and biofilm Salmonella, the direct attack hypothesis was tested by challenging biofilms with human serum and antimicrobial peptides. Biofilms were found to be tolerant to these molecules, but these phenotypes were independent of the tested EPSs. By examining macrophage and neutrophil responses, new roles for biofilm-associated capsular polysaccharides and slime polysaccharides were identified. The S. Typhi Vi antigen was found to modulate innate immunity by reducing macrophage nitric oxide production and neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The slime polysaccharides colanic acid and cellulose were found to be immune-stimulating and represent a key difference between non-typhoidal serovars and typhoidal serovars, which do not express colanic acid. Furthermore, biofilm tolerance to the exogenously-supplied ROS intermediates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (ClO) indicated an additional role of the capsular polysaccharides for both serovars in recalcitrance to H2O2 but not ClO, providing new understanding of the stalemate that arises during chronic infections and offering new directions for mechanistic and clinical studies.
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44
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Valero-Pacheco N, Blight J, Aldapa-Vega G, Kemlo P, Pérez-Toledo M, Wong-Baeza I, Kurioka A, Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Sánchez-Torres LE, Pastelin-Palacios R, Isibasi A, Reyes-Sandoval A, Klenerman P, López-Macías C. Conservation of the OmpC Porin Among Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2966. [PMID: 31998292 PMCID: PMC6962181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica infections remain a challenging health issue, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current vaccines against typhoid fever display moderate efficacy whilst no licensed vaccines are available for paratyphoid fever or invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop high efficacy broad-spectrum vaccines that can protect against typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella. The Salmonella outer membrane porins OmpC and OmpF, have been shown to be highly immunogenic antigens, efficiently eliciting protective antibody, and cellular immunity. Furthermore, enterobacterial porins, particularly the OmpC, have a high degree of homology in terms of sequence and structure, thus making them a suitable vaccine candidate. However, the degree of the amino acid conservation of OmpC among typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars is currently unknown. Here we used a bioinformatical analysis to classify the typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella OmpC amino acid sequences into different clades independently of their serological classification. Further, our analysis determined that the porin OmpC contains various amino acid sequences that are highly conserved among both typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. Critically, some of these highly conserved sequences were located in the transmembrane β-sheet within the porin β-barrel and have immunogenic potential for binding to MHC-II molecules, making them suitable candidates for a broad-spectrum Salmonella vaccine. Collectively, these findings suggest that these highly conserved sequences may be used for the rational design of an effective broad-spectrum vaccine against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriban Valero-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Blight
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Aldapa-Vega
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Phillip Kemlo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Luvia E Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Isibasi
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Visiting Professor of Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mexican Translational Immunology Research Group, FOCIS Centres of Excellence, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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45
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Uses PbgA/YejM To Regulate Lipopolysaccharide Assembly during Bacteremia. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00758-19. [PMID: 31611279 PMCID: PMC6921655 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00758-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) relies upon the inner membrane protein PbgA to enhance outer membrane (OM) integrity and promote virulence in mice. The PbgA transmembrane domain (residues 1 to 190) is essential for viability, while the periplasmic domain (residues 191 to 586) is dispensable. Residues within the basic region (residues 191 to 245) bind acidic phosphates on polar phospholipids, like for cardiolipins, and are necessary for salmonella OM integrity. S Typhimurium bacteria increase their OM cardiolipin concentrations during activation of the PhoPQ regulators. The mechanism involves PbgA's periplasmic globular region (residues 245 to 586), but the biological role of increasing cardiolipins on the surface is not understood. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in three essential lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis regulators, lapB (also known as yciM), ftsH, and lpxC, variably suppressed the defects in OM integrity, rifampin resistance, survival in macrophages, and systemic colonization of mice in the pbgAΔ191-586 mutant (in which the PbgA periplasmic domain from residues 191 to 586 is deleted). Compared to the OMs of the wild-type salmonellae, the OMs of the pbgA mutants had increased levels of lipid A-core molecules, cardiolipins, and phosphatidylethanolamines and decreased levels of specific phospholipids with cyclopropanated fatty acids. Complementation and substitution mutations in LapB and LpxC generally restored the phospholipid and LPS assembly defects for the pbgA mutants. During bacteremia, mice infected with the pbgA mutants survived and cleared the bacteria, while animals infected with wild-type salmonellae succumbed within 1 week. Remarkably, wild-type mice survived asymptomatically with pbgA-lpxC salmonellae in their livers and spleens for months, but Toll-like receptor 4-deficient animals succumbed to these infections within roughly 1 week. In summary, S Typhimurium uses PbgA to influence LPS assembly during stress in order to survive, adapt, and proliferate within the host environment.
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46
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Wang M, Yang D, Liu Z, Wei S, Wang L, Ai Y, Zhang X, Han H. Identification of genes related to resistance against S. Typhimurium in ovine macrophages. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103854. [PMID: 31704463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen causing public health hazards. Identification of genes related to macrophages resistance to S. Typhimurium and their immune mechanisms can provide a theoretical basis for disease resistance. In this study, sixty significant differentially expressed genes were screened between susceptible and resistant sheep macrophages by transcriptome RNA-seq. Eight significantly enriched GO terms and six canonical pathways were involved by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Furthermore, knockdown of HMOX1 and SLPI increased remarkably the clearance of S. typhimurium, but SPP1 had little effect on the clearance of S. Typhimurium within sheep macrophages. Altogether, these results suggest that many genes of macrophages were reprogrammed via S. Typhimurium infection, some of which may facilitate host defence against Salmonella, while others allow Salmonella to escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongbing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhexi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Splichalova A, Splichalova Z, Karasova D, Rychlik I, Trevisi P, Sinkora M, Splichal I. Impact of the Lipopolysaccharide Chemotype of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Virulence in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090534. [PMID: 31540295 PMCID: PMC6784012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. One-week-old germ-free piglets were orally colonized/infected with the Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain or its isogenic rough ΔrfaL, ΔrfaG or ΔrfaC mutants with exactly defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) defects. After 24 h, the piglets were euthanized and the colonization of the small intestine, translocations into the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and bacteremia, along with changes in the ileum histology, and transcription levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin were all assessed. Additionally, transcription levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the terminal ileum, and their local and systemic protein levels were evaluated. Wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium showed the highest translocation, histopathological changes, upregulation of claudins and downregulation of occludin, transcription of the cytokines, intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α levels, and systemic TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Depending on the extent of the incompleteness of the LPS, the levels of the respective elements decreased, or no changes were observed at all in the piglets colonized/infected with Δrfa mutants. Intestinal IL-10 and systemic IL-8 levels were not detected in any piglet groups. This study provided foundational data on the gnotobiotic piglet response to colonization/infection with the exactly defined rough Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 isogenic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniela Karasova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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48
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Rehman T, Yin L, Latif MB, Chen J, Wang K, Geng Y, Huang X, Abaidullah M, Guo H, Ouyang P. Adhesive mechanism of different Salmonella fimbrial adhesins. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103748. [PMID: 31521802 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a serious threat to human and animal health. Salmonella adhesion to the host cell is an initial and most crucial step in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Many factors are involved in the adhesion process of Salmonella infection. Fimbriae are one of the most important factors in the adhesion of Salmonella. The Salmonella fimbriae are assembled in three types of assembly pathways: chaperon-usher, nucleation-precipitation, and type IV fimbriae. These assembly pathways lead to multiple types of fimbriae. Salmonella fimbriae bind to host cell receptors to initiate adhesion. So far, many receptors have been identified, such as Toll-like receptors. However, several receptors that may be involved in the adhesive mechanism of Salmonella fimbriae are still un-identified. This review aimed to summarize the types of Salmonella fimbriae produced by different assembly pathways and their role in adhesion. It also enlisted previously discovered receptors involved in adhesion. This review might help readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of Salmonella fimbriae, their role in adhesion, and recently developed strategies to counter Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Rehman
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jiehao Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Abaidullah
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Splichal I, Donovan SM, Splichalova Z, Neuzil Bunesova V, Vlkova E, Jenistova V, Killer J, Svejstil R, Skrivanova E, Splichalova A. Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Commensal Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus mucosae, and Probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080273. [PMID: 31434337 PMCID: PMC6722580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoid Salmonellae are worldwide spread food-borne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Their multi-drug resistances require alternative ways to combat this enteric pathogen. Mono-colonization of a gnotobiotic piglet gastrointestinal tract with commensal lactobacilli Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus mucosae and with probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and their interference with S. Typhimurium infection was compared. The impact of bacteria and possible protection against infection with Salmonella were evaluated by clinical signs, bacterial translocation, intestinal histology, mRNA expression of villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and local intestinal and systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both lactobacilli colonized the gastrointestinal tract in approximately 100× lower density compare to E. coli Nissle and S. Typhimurium. Neither L. amylovorus nor L. mucosae suppressed the inflammatory reaction caused by the 24 h infection with S. Typhimurium. In contrast, probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 was able to suppress clinical signs, histopathological changes, the transcriptions of the proteins, and the inductions of the inflammatory cytokines. Future studies are needed to determine whether prebiotic support of the growth of lactobacilli and multistrain lactobacilli inoculum could show higher protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zdislava Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Neuzil Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vlkova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Jenistova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Killer
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Svejstil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Skrivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 549 22 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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50
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Chang CH, Fu JH, Su CH, Yin MC, Hsu YM. Four spices prevent mice from contracting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2956-2964. [PMID: 31572538 PMCID: PMC6755440 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LL), Lysimachia christinae Hance (LC), Mentha piperita Linn (MP), and Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC) are common spices used in Asia. The present study investigated the anti-Salmonella effects of the four spices using aqueous extracts. The amount of phenolic acids and flavonoids in each spice aqueous extract was determined as indicators of purity. Mice were pretreated with LL, LC, MP or CC aqueous extract for 7 days. Following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ST21 (ST21), the aqueous extract of each spice was subsequently administered for 4 days. ST21 infected mice had lower body weight compared with the control group. The administration of spice aqueous extracts significantly increased body weight following infection. ST21 infection increased the fecal ST21 counts compared with the control group; however, following spice aqueous extract treatments, ST21 counts significantly decreased. The spice treatments also significantly reduced ST21 count in blood and the organs. Notably, ST21 infection increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in serum whilst spice treatments reduced these cytokines. In the spleen, spice treatment significantly lowered IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, but increased IL-12 levels. ST21 infection stimulated the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM in serum whilst spice aqueous extract treatment significantly decreased these levels. In summary, LL and MP aqueous extract treatments had the most significant effect in protecting against ST21 infection. Results of the RAW 264.7 cell infection model suggested that the mechanisms involved in the anti-ST21 effect of each spice were individually different. All four aqueous extracts demonstrated different mechanisms in attenuating ST21 invasion with the protective effect of LC aqueous extract potentially involving TNF-α expression. The present findings suggested that the four spices may be considered as potent functional foods due to their anti-Salmonella effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hua Fu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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