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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Liu S, Tan X, Liu S. The role of extracellular vesicles in COPD and potential clinical value. Respir Res 2024; 25:84. [PMID: 38331841 PMCID: PMC10854156 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung disease and a major health burden worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles which possess a lipid bilayer structure that are secreted by various cells. They contain a variety of bioactive substances, which can regulate various physiological and pathological processes and are closely related to the development of diseases. Recently, EVs have emerged as a novel tool for intercellular crosstalk, which plays an essential role in COPD development. This paper reviews the role of EVs in the development of COPD and their potential clinical value, in order to provide a reference for further research on COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowu Tan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Wies Mancini VSB, Mattera VS, Pasquini JM, Pasquini LA, Correale JD. Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in homeostasis and demyelination/remyelination processes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3-25. [PMID: 38055776 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia (MG) play a crucial role as the predominant myeloid cells in the central nervous system and are commonly activated in multiple sclerosis. They perform essential functions under normal conditions, such as actively surveying the surrounding parenchyma, facilitating synaptic remodeling, engulfing dead cells and debris, and protecting the brain against infectious pathogens and harmful self-proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that originate from intracellular endocytic trafficking or the plasma membrane. They are released by cells into the extracellular space and can be found in various bodily fluids. EVs have recently emerged as a communication mechanism between cells, enabling the transfer of functional proteins, lipids, different RNA species, and even fragments of DNA from donor cells. MG act as both source and recipient of EVs. Consequently, MG-derived EVs are involved in regulating synapse development and maintaining homeostasis. These EVs also directly influence astrocytes, significantly increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, resulting in a robust inflammatory response. Furthermore, EVs derived from inflammatory MG have been found to inhibit remyelination, whereas Evs produced by pro-regenerative MG effectively promote myelin repair. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of MG-derived Evs, their impact on neighboring cells, and the cellular microenvironment in normal conditions and pathological states, specifically focusing on demyelination and remyelination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S B Wies Mancini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V S Mattera
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Correale
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Skaug B, Guo X, Li YJ, Charles J, Pham KT, Couturier J, Lewis DE, Bracaglia C, Caiello I, Mayes MD, Assassi S. Reduced digestion of circulating genomic DNA in systemic sclerosis patients with the DNASE1L3 R206C variant. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3197-3204. [PMID: 36708011 PMCID: PMC10473277 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphism in a coding region of deoxyribonuclease I-like III (DNASE1L3), causing amino acid substitution of Arg-206 to Cys (R206C), is a robustly replicated heritable risk factor for SSc and other autoimmune diseases. DNASE1L3 is secreted into the circulation, where it can digest genomic DNA (gDNA) in apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles (AdMVs). We sought to determine the impact of DNASE1L3 R206C on digestion of circulating gDNA in SSc patients and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The ability of DNASE1L3 to digest AdMV-associated gDNA was tested in vitro. The effect of R206C substitution on extracellular secretion of DNASE1L3 was determined using a transfected cell line and primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells from SSc patients. Plasma samples from SSc patients and HCs with DNASE1L3 R206C or R206 wild type were compared for their ability to digest AdMV-associated gDNA. The digestion status of endogenous gDNA in plasma samples from 123 SSc patients and 74 HCs was determined by measuring the proportion of relatively long to short gDNA fragments. RESULTS The unique ability of DNASE1L3 to digest AdMV-associated gDNA was confirmed. Extracellular secretion of DNASE1L3 R206C was impaired. Plasma from individuals with DNASE1L3 R206C had reduced ability to digest AdMV-associated gDNA. The ratio of long: short gDNA fragments was increased in plasma from SSc patients with DNASE1L3 R206C, and this ratio correlated inversely with DNase activity. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that circulating gDNA is a physiological DNASE1L3 substrate and show that its digestion is reduced in SSc patients with the DNASE1L3 R206C variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Skaug
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinjian Guo
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanteng Jeff Li
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julio Charles
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kay T Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Couturier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Caiello
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Oyebanji OA, Brewer C, Bayless S, Schmeusser B, Corbin DA, Sulentic CEW, Sherwin CMT, Chen Y, Rapp CM, Cates EE, Long Y, Travers JB, Rohan CA. Topical Photodynamic Therapy Generates Bioactive Microvesicle Particles: Evidence for a Pathway Involved in Immunosuppressive Effects. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1279-1288.e9. [PMID: 36708950 PMCID: PMC10293022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although effective in treating actinic damage, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be immunosuppressive through unknown mechanisms, which could potentially limit its effectiveness. Multiple types of environmental stressors, including PDT, can produce the immunosuppressive lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF). Because PAF can produce subcellular microvesicle particles (MVPs), these studies tested whether PDT can generate PAF and MVP release and whether these are involved in PDT-induced immunosuppression. Previously, topical PDT using blue light and 5-aminolevulinic acid was found to be a potent stimulus for PAF production in mice and human skin explants and human patients, and we show that experimental PDT also generates high levels of MVP. PDT-generated MVPs were independent of the PAF receptor but were dependent on the MVP-generating enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. Patients undergoing topical PDT treatment to at least 10% of body surface area showed local and systemic immunosuppression as measured by inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Finally, using a murine model of contact hypersensitivity, PDT immunosuppression was blocked by genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase and genetic inhibition of PAF receptor signaling. These studies describe a mechanism involving MVP through which PDT exerts immunomodulatory effects, providing a potential target to improve its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo A Oyebanji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Brewer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharlo Bayless
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Benjamin Schmeusser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle A Corbin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Courtney E W Sulentic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine M Rapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Cates
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuhan Long
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Dayton V.A. Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
| | - Craig A Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA; Dayton V.A. Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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de Oliveira SM, de Azevedo Teixeira IL, França CN, de Oliveira Izar MC, Kayser C. Microparticles: potential new contributors to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis? Adv Rheumatol 2023; 63:19. [PMID: 37098600 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) are membrane-derived vesicles released from cells undergoing activation or apoptosis with diverse proinflammatory and prothrombotic activities, that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). We aimed to evaluate the plasma levels of platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMPs), and monocyte-derived microparticles (MMPs) in SSc patients, and the association between MPs and the clinical features of SSc. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 70 patients with SSc and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated. Clinical and nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) data were obtained from all patients. Plasma levels of PMPs (CD42+/31+), EMPs (CD105+), and MMPs (CD14+) were quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients were mainly females (90%), with a mean age of 48.9 years old. PMP, EMP, and MMP levels were significantly increased in SSc patients compared to controls (79.2% ± 17.3% vs. 71.0% ± 19.8%, p = 0.033; 43.5% ± 8.7% vs. 37.8% ± 10.4%, p = 0.004; and 3.5% ± 1.3% vs. 1.1% ± 0.5%, p < 0.0001, respectively). PMP levels were significantly higher in patients with positive anti-topoisomerase-I antibodies (p = 0.030) and in patients with a disease duration > 3 years (p = 0.038). EMP levels were lower in patients with a higher modified Rodnan skin score (p = 0.015), and in those with an avascular score > 1.5 in NFC (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION The increased levels of PMPs, EMPs and MMPs in scleroderma patients might indicate a possible role for these agents in the pathogenesis of this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maximiano de Oliveira
- Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Dos Otonis 863, 2º Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04025-002, Brazil
| | - Ighor Luiz de Azevedo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology - Lipids, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Section, Cardiology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology - Lipids, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Section, Cardiology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade de Santo Amaro - UNISA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology - Lipids, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Section, Cardiology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kayser
- Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Dos Otonis 863, 2º Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04025-002, Brazil.
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Genetically Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Harboring Transmembrane Scaffolds Exhibit Differences in Their Size, Expression Levels of Specific Surface Markers and Cell-Uptake. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122564. [PMID: 36559058 PMCID: PMC9783873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are versatile nanomaterials suitable for disease-targeted drug delivery and therapy. Native EVs, however, usually do not interact specifically with target cells or harbor therapeutic drugs, which limits their potential for clinical applications. These functions can be introduced to EVs by genetic manipulation of membrane protein scaffolds, although the efficiency of these manipulations and the impacts they have on the properties of EVs are for the most part unknown. In this study, we quantify the effects of genetic manipulations of different membrane scaffolds on the physicochemical properties, molecular profiles, and cell uptake of the EVs. METHODS Using a combination of gene fusion, molecular imaging, and immuno-based on-chip analysis, we examined the effects of various protein scaffolds, including endogenous tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, and CD81) and exogenous vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG), on the efficiency of integration in EV membranes, the physicochemical properties of EVs, and EV uptake by recipient cells. RESULTS Fluorescence imaging and live cell monitoring showed each scaffold type was integrated into EVs either in membranes of the endocytic compartment, the plasma membrane, or both. Analysis of vesicle size revealed that the incorporation of each scaffold increased the average diameter of vesicles compared to unmodified EVs. Molecular profiling of surface markers in engineered EVs using on-chip assays showed the CD63-GFP scaffold decreased expression of CD81 on the membrane surface compared to control EVs, whereas its expression was mostly unchanged in EVs bearing CD9-, CD81-, or VSVG-GFP. The results from cell uptake studies demonstrated that VSVG-engineered EVs were taken up by recipient cells to a greater degree than control EVs. CONCLUSION We found that the incorporation of different molecular scaffolds in EVs altered their physicochemical properties, surface protein profiles, and cell-uptake functions. Scaffold-induced changes in the physical and functional properties of engineered EVs should therefore be considered in engineering EVs for the targeted delivery and uptake of therapeutics to diseased cells.
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Műzes G, Bohusné Barta B, Szabó O, Horgas V, Sipos F. Cell-Free DNA in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Non-Infectious Inflammations and Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112853. [PMID: 36359370 PMCID: PMC9687442 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic function of the immune system is the protection of the host against infections, along with the preservation of the individual antigenic identity. The process of self-tolerance covers the discrimination between self and foreign antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, and larger molecules. Consequently, a broken immunological self-tolerance results in the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders. Immunocompetent cells express pattern-recognition receptors on their cell membrane and cytoplasm. The majority of endogenous DNA is located intracellularly within nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can also be detected in a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and malignancies, which has sparked interest in using cfDNA as a possible biomarker. In recent years, the widespread use of liquid biopsies and the increasing demand for screening, as well as monitoring disease activity and therapy response, have enabled the revival of cfDNA research. The majority of studies have mainly focused on the function of cfDNA as a biomarker. However, research regarding the immunological consequences of cfDNA, such as its potential immunomodulatory or therapeutic benefits, is still in its infancy. This article discusses the involvement of various DNA-sensing receptors (e.g., absent in melanoma-2; Toll-like receptor 9; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/activator of interferon genes) in identifying host cfDNA as a potent danger-associated molecular pattern. Furthermore, we aim to summarize the results of the experimental studies that we recently performed and highlight the immunomodulatory capacity of cfDNA, and thus, the potential for possible therapeutic consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ferenc Sipos
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-478-0752; Fax: +36-1-266-0816
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Castillo-Sanchez R, Churruca-Schuind A, Martinez-Ival M, Salazar EP. Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Communicate with Breast Tumor Cells Through Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Development. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221131647. [PMID: 36222020 PMCID: PMC9558853 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221131647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In solid tumors, the microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor development, and it has been described a communication between the different cell types that conform the stroma, including fibroblasts, pericytes, adipocytes, immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Intercellular communication is bidirectional, complex, multifactorial and is mediated by the secretion of molecules and extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles are vesicles limited by two membranes that are secreted by normal and cancer cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicle cargo is complex and includes proteins, miRNAs, DNA and lipids, and their composition is specific to their parent cells. Extracellular vesicles are taken up for neighboring or distant cells. Particularly, extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells are taken up for fibroblasts and it induces the activation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Interestingly, cancer associated fibroblasts release extracellular vesicles that are taken up for breast cancer cells and promote migration, invasion, proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, changes in metabolism, chemoresistance, evasion of immune system and remodeling of extracellular matrix. In addition, the enrichment of specific cargos in extracellular vesicles of breast cancer patients has been suggested to be used as biomarkers of the disease. Here we review the current literature about the intercommunication between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts through extracellular vesicles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Eduardo Perez Salazar, PhD, Departamento de
Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. IPN # 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico.
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Lamarre Y, Nader E, Connes P, Romana M, Garnier Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090439. [PMID: 36134985 PMCID: PMC9495982 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It is characterized by an impairment of shear stress-mediated vasodilation, a pro-coagulant, and a pro-adhesive state orchestrated among others by the depletion of the vasodilator nitric oxide, by the increased phosphatidylserine exposure and tissue factor expression, and by the increased interactions of erythrocytes with endothelial cells that mediate the overexpression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be novel actors involved in SCD pathophysiological processes. Medium-sized EVs, also called microparticles, which exhibit increased plasma levels in this pathology, were shown to induce the activation of endothelial cells, thereby increasing neutrophil adhesion, a key process potentially leading to the main complication associated with SCD, vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). Small-sized EVs, also named exosomes, which have also been reported to be overrepresented in SCD, were shown to potentiate interactions between erythrocytes and platelets, and to trigger endothelial monolayer disruption, two processes also known to favor the occurrence of VOCs. In this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge about EVs concentration and role in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Lamarre
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Garnier
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +590-590-891530
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Słomka A, Wang B, Mocan T, Horhat A, Willms AG, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Strassburg CP, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Lukacs-Kornek V, Kornek MT. Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Tumour Cells - complementary liquid biopsies or standalone concepts? Theranostics 2022; 12:5836-5855. [PMID: 35966579 PMCID: PMC9373826 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies do promise a lot, but are they keeping it? In the past decade, additional novel biomarkers qualified to be called like that, of which, some took necessary hurdles resulting in FDA approval and clinical use. Some others are since a while around, well known and were once regarded to be a game changer in cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. But, during their clinical use limitations were observed from statistical significance and questions raised regarding their robustness, that eventually led to be dropped from associated clinical guidelines for certain applications including cancer diagnosis. The purpose of this review isn't to give a broad overview of all current liquid biopsy as biomarkers, weight them and promise a brighter future in cancer prevention, but rather to take a deeper look on two of those who do qualify to be called liquid biopsies now or then. These two are probably of greatest interest conceptually and methodically, and likely have the highest chances to be in clinical use soon, with a portfolio extension over their original conceptual usage. We aim to dig deeper beyond cancer diagnosis or cancer screening. Actually, we aim to review in depth extracellular vesicles (EVs) and compare with circulating tumour cells (CTCs). The latter methodology is partially FDA approved and in clinical use. We will lay out similarities as taking advantage of surface antigens on EVs and CTCs in case of characterization and quantification. But drawing readers' attention to downstream application based on capture/isolation methodology and simply on their overall nature, here apparently being living material eventually recoverable as CTCs are vs. dead material with transient effects on recipient cell as in case of EVs. All this we try to bring in perspective, compare and conclude towards which future direction we are aiming for, or should aim for. Do we announce a winner between CTCs vs EVs? No, but we provide good reasons to intensify research on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adelina Horhat
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arnulf G Willms
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, 22049 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria A Gonzalez-Carmona
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslaw T Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are anuclear particles composed of lipid bilayers that contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and organelles. EVs act as an important mediator of cell-to-cell communication by transmitting biological signals or components, including lipids, proteins, messenger RNAs, DNA, microRNAs, organelles, etc, to nearby or distant target cells to activate and regulate the function and phenotype of target cells. Under physiological conditions, EVs play an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the pulmonary milieu but they can also be involved in promoting the pathogenesis and progression of various respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and pulmonary artery hypertension. In addition, in multiple preclinical studies, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (EVs) have shown promising therapeutic effects on reducing and repairing lung injuries. Furthermore, in recent years, researchers have explored different methods for modifying EVs or enhancing EVs-mediated drug delivery to produce more targeted and beneficial effects. This article will review the characteristics and biogenesis of EVs and their role in lung homeostasis and various acute and chronic lung diseases and the potential therapeutic application of EVs in the field of clinical medicine.
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13
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Chen K, Li Y, Xu L, Qian Y, Liu N, Zhou C, Liu J, Zhou L, Xu Z, Jia R, Ge YZ. Comprehensive insight into endothelial progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising candidate for disease treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:238. [PMID: 35672766 PMCID: PMC9172199 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are a type of stem cell, have been found to have strong angiogenic and tissue repair capabilities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain many effective components, such as cellular proteins, microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, and can be secreted by different cell types. The functions of EVs depend mainly on their parent cells. Many researchers have conducted functional studies of EPC-derived EVs (EPC-EVs) and showed that they exhibit therapeutic effects on many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, and sepsis. In this review article, we comprehensively summarized the biogenesis and functions of EPCs and EVs and the potent role of EPC-EVs in the treatment of various diseases. Furthermore, the current problems and future prospects have been discussed, and further studies are needed to compare the therapeutic effects of EVs derived from various stem cells, which will contribute to the accelerated translation of these applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiguan Qian
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Zheng Ge
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Soni S, O'Dea KP, Abe E, Khamdan M, Shah SV, Sarathchandra P, Wilson MR, Takata M. Microvesicle-Mediated Communication Within the Alveolar Space: Mechanisms of Uptake by Epithelial Cells and Alveolar Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853769. [PMID: 35572508 PMCID: PMC9094433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-alveolar microvesicles (MVs) are important mediators of inter-cellular communication within the alveolar space, and are key components in the pathophysiology of lung inflammation such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite the abundance of data detailing the pro-inflammatory effects of MVs, it remains unclear how MVs interact or signal with target cells in the alveolus. Using both in vivo and in vitro alveolar models, we analyzed the dynamics of MV uptake by resident alveolar cells: alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Under resting conditions, the overwhelming majority of MVs were taken up by alveolar macrophages. However, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, epithelial cells internalized significantly more MVs (p<0.01) whilst alveolar macrophage internalization was significantly reduced (p<0.01). We found that alveolar macrophages adopted a pro-inflammatory phenotype after internalizing MVs under resting conditions, but reduction of MV uptake following LPS pre-treatment was associated with loss of inflammatory phenotype. Instead, MVs induced significant epithelial cell inflammation following LPS pre-treatment, when MV internalization was most significant. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we interrogated the mechanisms of MV internalization to identify which endocytic pathways and cell surface receptors are involved. We demonstrated that epithelial cells are exclusively dependent on the clathrin and caveolin dependent endocytotic pathway, whereas alveolar macrophage uptake may involve a significant phagocytic component. Furthermore, alveolar macrophages predominantly engulf MVs via scavenger receptors whilst, epithelial cells internalize MVs via a phosphatidylserine/integrin receptor mediated pathway (specifically alpha V beta III), which can be inhibited with phosphatidylserine-binding protein (i.e. annexin V). In summary, we have undertaken a comprehensive evaluation of MV internalization within the alveolar space. Our results demonstrate that different environmental conditions can modulate MV internalization, with inflammatory stimuli strongly enhancing epithelial cell uptake of MVs and inducing epithelial cell activation. Our data reveal the unique mechanisms by which alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells internalize MVs thereby elucidating how MVs exert their pathophysiological effect during lung inflammation and injury. As MVs are potential novel therapeutic targets in conditions such as ARDS, these data provide crucial insights into the dynamics of MV-target cell interactions and highlight potential avenues for researchers to modulate and inhibit their pro-inflammatory actions within the alveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanooj Soni
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran P O'Dea
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eiko Abe
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khamdan
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sneh V Shah
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masao Takata
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Rekvig OP. The Anti-DNA Antibodies: Their Specificities for Unique DNA Structures and Their Unresolved Clinical Impact-A System Criticism and a Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808008. [PMID: 35087528 PMCID: PMC8786728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is diagnosed and classified by criteria, or by experience, intuition and traditions, and not by scientifically well-defined etiology(ies) or pathogenicity(ies). One central criterion and diagnostic factor is founded on theoretical and analytical approaches based on our imperfect definition of the term “The anti-dsDNA antibody”. “The anti-dsDNA antibody” holds an archaic position in SLE as a unique classification criterium and pathogenic factor. In a wider sense, antibodies to unique transcriptionally active or silent DNA structures and chromatin components may have individual and profound nephritogenic impact although not considered yet – not in theoretical nor in descriptive or experimental contexts. This hypothesis is contemplated here. In this analysis, our state-of-the-art conception of these antibodies is probed and found too deficient with respect to their origin, structural DNA specificities and clinical/pathogenic impact. Discoveries of DNA structures and functions started with Miescher’s Nuclein (1871), via Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick, and continues today. The discoveries have left us with a DNA helix that presents distinct structures expressing unique operations of DNA. All structures are proven immunogenic! Unique autoimmune antibodies are described against e.g. ssDNA, elongated B DNA, bent B DNA, Z DNA, cruciform DNA, or individual components of chromatin. In light of the massive scientific interest in anti-DNA antibodies over decades, it is an unexpected observation that the spectrum of DNA structures has been known for decades without being implemented in clinical immunology. This leads consequently to a critical analysis of historical and contemporary evidence-based data and of ignored and one-dimensional contexts and hypotheses: i.e. “one antibody - one disease”. In this study radical viewpoints on the impact of DNA and chromatin immunity/autoimmunity are considered and discussed in context of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Section of Autoimmunity, Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Dalbeni A, Castelli M, Zoncapè M, Minuz P, Sacerdoti D. Platelets in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842636. [PMID: 35250588 PMCID: PMC8895200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the inflammatory reaction of the liver to excessive accumulation of lipids in the hepatocytes. NASH can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fatty liver is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. A subclinical inflammatory state is present in patients with metabolic alterations like insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Platelets participate in immune cells recruitment and cytokines-induced liver damage. It is hypothesized that lipid toxicity cause accumulation of platelets in the liver, platelet adhesion and activation, which primes the immunoinflammatory reaction and activation of stellate cells. Recent data suggest that antiplatelet drugs may interrupt this cascade and prevent/improve NASH. They may also improve some metabolic alterations. The pathophysiology of inflammatory liver disease and the implication of platelets are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalbeni
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Castelli
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Zoncapè
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Minuz,
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Izadi M, Dehghan Marvast L, Rezvani ME, Zohrabi M, Aliabadi A, Mousavi SA, Aflatoonian B. Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Derived Exosome Therapy as a Potential Future Approach for Treatment of Male Infertility Caused by Chlamydia Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:785622. [PMID: 35095800 PMCID: PMC8792933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some microbial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have adverse effects on the reproductive tract, sperm function, and male fertility. Given that STIs are often asymptomatic and cause major complications such as urogenital inflammation, fibrosis, and scarring, optimal treatments should be performed to prevent the noxious effect of STIs on male fertility. Among STIs, Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common asymptomatic preventable bacterial STI. C. trachomatis can affect both sperm and the male reproductive tract. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived exosomes have been considered as a new therapeutic medicine due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and regenerative effects without consequences through the stem cell transplantation based therapies. Inflammation of the genital tract and sperm dysfunction are the consequences of the microbial infections, especially Chlamydia trachomatis. Exosome therapy as a noninvasive approach has shown promising results on the ability to regenerate the damaged sperm and treating asthenozoospermia. Recent experimental methods may be helpful in the novel treatments of male infertility. Thus, it is demonstrated that exosomes play an important role in preventing the consequences of infection, and thereby preventing inflammation, reducing cell damage, inhibiting fibrogenesis, and reducing scar formation. This review aimed to overview the studies about the potential therapeutic roles of MSCs-derived exosomes on sperm abnormalities and male infertility caused by STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Izadi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Laleh Dehghan Marvast
- Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marzieh Zohrabi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Aliabadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mousavi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Behrouz Aflatoonian
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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18
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Alekseeva L, Mironova N. Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12246. [PMID: 34830126 PMCID: PMC8625144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported an increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of patients with cancer. cfDNA mainly comes from tumor cells and, therefore, carries features of its genomic profile. Moreover, tumor-derived cfDNA can act like oncoviruses, entering the cells of vulnerable organs, transforming them and forming metastatic nodes. Another source of cfDNA is immune cells, including neutrophils that generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite the potential eliminative effect of NETs on tumors, in some cases, their excessive generation provokes tumor growth as well as invasion. Considering both possible pathological contributions of cfDNA, as an agent of oncotransformation and the main component of NETs, the study of deoxyribonucleases (DNases) as anticancer and antimetastatic agents is important and promising. This review considers the pathological role of cfDNA in cancer development and the role of DNases as agents to prevent and/or prohibit tumor progression and the development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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19
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Hartl J, Serpas L, Wang Y, Rashidfarrokhi A, Perez OA, Sally B, Sisirak V, Soni C, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Caiello I, Bracaglia C, Volpi S, Ghiggeri GM, Chida AS, Sanz I, Kim MY, Belmont HM, Silverman GJ, Clancy RM, Izmirly PM, Buyon JP, Reizis B. Autoantibody-mediated impairment of DNASE1L3 activity in sporadic systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201138. [PMID: 33783474 PMCID: PMC8020718 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are prevalent in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), particularly in patients with lupus nephritis, yet the nature and regulation of antigenic cell-free DNA (cfDNA) are poorly understood. Null mutations in the secreted DNase DNASE1L3 cause human monogenic SLE with anti-dsDNA autoreactivity. We report that >50% of sporadic SLE patients with nephritis manifested reduced DNASE1L3 activity in circulation, which was associated with neutralizing autoantibodies to DNASE1L3. These patients had normal total plasma cfDNA levels but showed accumulation of cfDNA in circulating microparticles. Microparticle-associated cfDNA contained a higher fraction of longer polynucleosomal cfDNA fragments, which bound autoantibodies with higher affinity than mononucleosomal fragments. Autoantibodies to DNASE1L3-sensitive antigens on microparticles were prevalent in SLE nephritis patients and correlated with the accumulation of cfDNA in microparticles and with disease severity. DNASE1L3-sensitive antigens included DNA-associated proteins such as HMGB1. Our results reveal autoantibody-mediated impairment of DNASE1L3 activity as a common nongenetic mechanism facilitating anti-dsDNA autoreactivity in patients with severe sporadic SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hartl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yueyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ali Rashidfarrokhi
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Oriana A. Perez
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin Sally
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique - unité mixte de recherche 5164, ImmunoConcEpt, Universite ´de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ivan Caiello
- Division of Rheumatology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Division of Rheumatology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Centro per le Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Asiya Seema Chida
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mimi Y. Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - H. Michael Belmont
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gregg J. Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Robert M. Clancy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Peter M. Izmirly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jill P. Buyon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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20
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Detection of pro angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with CKD. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8786. [PMID: 33888746 PMCID: PMC8062467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in patients with native and post-transplant chronic kidney disease (CKD). To identify new biomarkers of vascular injury and inflammation, we analyzed the proteome of plasma and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in native and post-transplant CKD patients utilizing an aptamer-based assay. Proteins of angiogenesis were significantly higher in native and post-transplant CKD patients versus healthy controls. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) indicated Ephrin receptor signaling, serine biosynthesis, and transforming growth factor-β as the top pathways activated in both CKD groups. Pro-inflammatory proteins were significantly higher only in the EVs of native CKD patients. IPA indicated acute phase response signaling, insulin-like growth factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 pathway activation. These data indicate that pathways of angiogenesis and inflammation are activated in CKD patients' plasma and EVs, respectively. The pathways common in both native and post-transplant CKD may signal similar mechanisms of CVD.
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21
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Liu L, Awoyemi AA, Fahy KE, Thapa P, Borchers C, Wu BY, McGlone CL, Schmeusser B, Sattouf Z, Rohan CA, Williams AR, Cates EE, Knisely C, Kelly LE, Bihl JC, Cool DR, Sahu RP, Wang J, Chen Y, Rapp CM, Kemp MG, Johnson RM, Travers JB. Keratinocyte-derived microvesicle particles mediate ultraviolet B radiation-induced systemic immunosuppression. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144963. [PMID: 33830943 DOI: 10.1172/jci144963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete carcinogen, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290-320 nm), is the major cause of skin cancer. UVB-induced systemic immunosuppression that contributes to photocarcinogenesis is due to the glycerophosphocholine-derived lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF). A major question in photobiology is how UVB radiation, which only absorbs appreciably in the epidermal layers of skin, can generate systemic effects. UVB exposure and PAF receptor (PAFR) activation in keratinocytes induce the release of large numbers of microvesicle particles (MVPs; extracellular vesicles ranging from 100 to 1000 nm in size). MVPs released from skin keratinocytes in vitro in response to UVB (UVB-MVPs) are dependent on the keratinocyte PAFR. Here, we used both pharmacologic and genetic approaches in cells and mice to show that both the PAFR and enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) were necessary for UVB-MVP generation. Our discovery that the calcium-sensing receptor is a keratinocyte-selective MVP marker allowed us to determine that UVB-MVPs leaving the keratinocyte can be found systemically in mice and humans following UVB exposure. Moreover, we found that UVB-MVPs contained bioactive contents including PAFR agonists that allowed them to serve as effectors for UVB downstream effects, in particular UVB-mediated systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langni Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig A Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.,Department of Dermatology, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ji C Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | | | | | | | - R Michael Johnson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.,Department of Dermatology, and.,Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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22
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Mustonen AM, Capra J, Rilla K, Lehenkari P, Oikari S, Kääriäinen T, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Paakkonen T, Matilainen J, Nieminen P. Characterization of hyaluronan-coated extracellular vesicles in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:247. [PMID: 33676459 PMCID: PMC7937210 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the major extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan with a reduced synovial fluid (SF) concentration in arthropathies. Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) have also been proposed to contribute to pathogenesis in joint diseases. It has recently been shown that human SF contains HA-coated EV (HA-EV), but their concentration and function in joint pathologies remain unknown. METHODS The aim of the present study was to develop an applicable method based on confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis for the quantification of EV, HA-particles, and HA-EV in the SF of the human knee joint. Samples were collected during total knee replacement surgery from patients with end-stage rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 8) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 8), or during diagnostic/therapeutic arthroscopy unrelated to OA/RA (control, n = 7). To characterize and quantify EV, HA-particles, and HA-EV, SF was double-stained with plasma membrane and HA probes and visualized by CLSM. Comparisons between the patient groups were performed with the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. RESULTS The size distribution of EV and HA-particles was mostly similar in the study groups. Approximately 66% of EV fluorescence was co-localized with HA verifying that a significant proportion of EV carry HA. The study groups were clearly separated by the discriminant analysis based on the CLSM data. The intensities of EV and HA-particle fluorescences were lower in the RA than in the control and OA groups. CONCLUSIONS CLSM analysis offers a useful tool to assess HA-EV in SF samples. The altered EV and HA intensities in the RA SF could have possible implications for diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Janne Capra
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Cell and Tissue Imaging Unit, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-90029, Oulu, OYS, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tommi Kääriäinen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Kuopio, KYS, Finland
| | - Antti Joukainen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Kuopio, KYS, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Hand Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Kuopio, KYS, Finland
| | - Tommi Paakkonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Matilainen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
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23
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Travers JB, Rohan JG, Sahu RP. New Insights Into the Pathologic Roles of the Platelet-Activating Factor System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624132. [PMID: 33796070 PMCID: PMC8008455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Described almost 50 years ago, the glycerophosphocholine lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been implicated in many pathologic processes. Indeed, elevated levels of PAF can be measured in response to almost every type of pathology involving inflammation and cell damage/death. In this review, we provide evidence for PAF involvement in pathologic processes, with focus on cancer, the nervous system, and in photobiology. Importantly, recent insights into how PAF can generate and travel via bioactive extracellular vesicles such as microvesicle particles (MVP) are presented. What appears to be emerging from diverse pathologies in different organ systems is a common theme where pro-oxidative stressors generate oxidized glycerophosphocholines with PAF agonistic effects, which then trigger more enzymatic PAF synthesis via the PAF receptor. A downstream consequence of PAF receptor activation is the generation and release of MVP which provide a mechanism to transmit PAF as well as other bioactive agents. The knowledge gaps which when addressed could result in novel therapeutic strategies are also discussed. Taken together, an enhanced understanding of the PAF family of lipid mediators is essential in our improved comprehension of the relationship amongst the diverse cutaneous, cancerous, neurologic and systemic pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Travers, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-1039
| | - Joyce G. Rohan
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Environmental Health Effects Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, United States
| | - Ravi P. Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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24
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Álvarez K, Villar-Vesga J, Ortiz-Reyes B, Vanegas-García A, Castaño D, Rojas M, Vásquez G. Induction of NF-κB inflammatory pathway in monocytes by microparticles from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05815. [PMID: 33409392 PMCID: PMC7773880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) and molecules of the complement system have been reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Moreover, microparticles isolated from patients with SLE (SLE-MPs) contain higher levels of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) than MPs from healthy controls (CMPs). We hypothesize that the uptake of MPs by monocytes could contribute to the chronic inflammatory processes observed in patients with SLE. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of activation markers, production of proinflammatory mediators, and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in monocytes treated with CMPs and SLE-MPs. Methodology Monocytes isolated from healthy individuals were pretreated or not with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and cultured with CMPs and SLE-MPs. The cell surface expression of CD69 and HLA-DR were evaluated by flow cytometry; cytokine and eicosanoid levels were quantified in culture supernatants by Cytokine Bead Array and ELISA, respectively; and the NF-κB activation was evaluated by Western blot and epifluorescence microscopy. Results The cell surface expression of HLA-DR and CD69, and the supernatant levels of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, and LTB4 were higher in cultures of monocytes treated with SLE-MPs than CMPs. These responses were blocked in the presence of PDTC, a pharmacological inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway, with concomitant reduction of IκBα and cytoplasmic p65, and increased nuclear translocation of p65. Conclusions The present findings indicate that significant uptake of SLE-MPs by monocytes results in activation, production of inflammatory mediators, and triggering of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Álvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Villar-Vesga
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina. Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Calle 70 No.52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Blanca Ortiz-Reyes
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Adriana Vanegas-García
- Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia.,Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Calle 64 No.51D-154, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Carrera 53 No.61-30, Medellín, Colombia
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25
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López P, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Caminal-Montero L, Suárez A. Relationship Between T-Cell Exosomes and Cellular Subsets in SLE According to Type I IFN-Signaling. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:604098. [PMID: 33330567 PMCID: PMC7734125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.604098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the levels of circulating exosomes derived from T-cells and monocytes and their possible associations with leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine milieu in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Total circulating exosomes (CD9+-Ex) and those derived from T-cells (CD3+-Ex) and monocytes (CD14+-Ex) were quantified by flow cytometry in 82 SLE patients and 32 controls. Leukocyte subsets and serum cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry or by immunoassays. IFN-score was evaluated by real time RT-PCR in whole blood samples from a subgroup of 73 patients and 24 controls. Results: Activation markers (IFNR1 and BLyS) on monocytes, neutrophils and B-cells correlated inversely with circulating exosomes (CD9+-Ex, CD3+-Ex, and CD14+-Ex) in controls but directly with CD3+-Ex in patients (all p < 0.05). Although CD9+-Ex were increased in SLE, no differences were found in CD3+-Ex, supporting that exosome content accounts for this opposite role. Interestingly, CD4+CD28null cells correlated with CD3+-Ex in patients and controls, and displayed similar associations with leukocyte subsets in both groups. Additionally, CD3+-Ex correlated in patients with the expression of CD25 in CD4+CD28null cells. Furthermore, the activated status of this senescent subset was related to IFNα serum levels in controls and to IFN-score in SLE patients. Finally, patients presenting high IFN-score, in addition to elevated CD25+CD28null cells associated with the activation of myeloid cells, displayed higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion: Our results support a relationship between T-cell exosomes and cellular subsets in SLE according to type I IFN-signaling, which could amplify chronic immune activation and excessive cytokine/chemokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia López
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Caminal-Montero
- Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Group of Basic and Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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26
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Kuriyama N, Yoshioka Y, Kikuchi S, Azuma N, Ochiya T. Extracellular Vesicles Are Key Regulators of Tumor Neovasculature. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611039. [PMID: 33363175 PMCID: PMC7755723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression involves a series of biologically important steps in which the crosstalk between cancer cells and the surrounding environment is an important issue. Angiogenesis is a key tumorigenic phenomenon for cancer progression. Tumor-related extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) through cell-to-cell communication. Tumor cells in a hypoxic TME release more EVs than cells in a normoxic environment due to uncontrollable tumor proliferation. Tumor-derived EVs in the TME influence endothelial cells (ECs), which then play multiple roles, contributing to tumor angiogenesis, loss of the endothelial vascular barrier by binding to ECs, and subsequent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, they also indirectly induce tumor angiogenesis through the phenotype switching of various cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts, the activation of tumor-associated ECs and platelets, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the involvement of EVs in tumor vascular-related cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kuriyama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Hegewald AB, Breitwieser K, Ottinger SM, Mobarrez F, Korotkova M, Rethi B, Jakobsson PJ, Catrina AI, Wähämaa H, Saul MJ. Extracellular miR-574-5p Induces Osteoclast Differentiation via TLR 7/8 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585282. [PMID: 33154755 PMCID: PMC7591713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) mediate cell-to-cell communication in the synovial microenvironment by carrying microRNAs (miRs), a class of small non-coding RNAs. Herein, we report that sEV from synovial fluid promote osteoclast differentiation which is attributed to high levels of extracellular miR-574-5p. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that enhanced osteoclast maturation is mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 signaling which is activated by miR-574-5p binding. This is a novel mechanism by which sEV and miRs contribute to RA pathogenesis and indicate that pharmacological inhibition of extracellular miR-574-5p might offer new therapeutic strategies to protect osteoclast-mediated bone destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett B Hegewald
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Breitwieser
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sarah M Ottinger
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fariborz Mobarrez
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Rethi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heidi Wähämaa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meike J Saul
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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28
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Plasín-Rodríguez MA, Patricio P, Monteagudo J, García-Criado A, Cervera R, Reverter JC, Espinosa G, Tàssies D. Procoagulant microparticles are associated with arterial disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 52:30-41. [PMID: 33011897 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) have been associated with inflammatory and thrombotic disease. High levels of MPs have been identified in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and associated with cardiovascular disease. We analyzed the procoagulant activity of MPs and its correlation with arteriosclerosis and arterial thrombosis in SLE patients. Eighty-seven patients with SLE were included: 22 (25.3%) with associated antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 32 (36.8%) without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and 33 (37.9%) with aPL but without APS. Subclinical arteriosclerosis, defined as the presence and number of plaques, was evaluated by ultrasonography of carotid arteries. Thrombotic events were confirmed by objective methods. The procoagulant activity of MPs was determined by a functional assay with annexin V. Subclinical arteriosclerosis was found in 19 (21.8%) patients. Thirteen episodes of arterial thrombosis and eight of venous thrombosis were recorded. The procoagulant activity of MPs was greater in patients with arterial thrombosis (17.28 ± 8.29 nM vs 12.96 ± 7.90 nM, p < 0.05). In patients without arterial thrombosis, greater procoagulant activity of MPs was identified in patients with multiple (≥ 2) carotid plaques (17.26 ± 10.63 nM vs 12.78 ± 7.15 nM, p = 0.04). In the multivariate analysis, the procoagulant activity of MPs was independently associated with multiple (≥ 2) carotid plaques and arterial thrombosis [OR = 1.094 (95%CI 1.010-1.185), p = 0.027 and OR = 1.101 (95%CI 1.025-1.182), p = 0.008; respectively]. In conclusion, the procoagulant activity of MPs is associated with arteriosclerosis burden and arterial thrombosis in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Patricio
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Monteagudo
- Department of Hemostasis and Hemotherapy, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeles García-Criado
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Reverter
- Department of Hemostasis and Hemotherapy, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Espinosa
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Tàssies
- Department of Hemostasis and Hemotherapy, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Wu WC, Song SJ, Zhang Y, Li X. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579043. [PMID: 33072123 PMCID: PMC7538611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are conditions that emerge from abnormal immune responses to natural parts of the body. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures found in almost all types of cells. Because EVs often transport “cargo” between cells, their ability to crosstalk may be an important communication pathway within the body. The pathophysiological role of EVs is increasingly recognized in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, Type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease. EVs are considered as biomarkers of these diseases. This article outlines existing knowledge on the biogenesis of EVs, their role as messegers in cellular communication and the function in T/B cell differentiation and maturation, and focusing on their potential application in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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30
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Cell Communications in Hypertension: Mechanism Insights and Therapeutic Potential of ncRNAs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 36:157-172. [PMID: 32964302 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a chronic and progressive disease, is an outstanding public health issue that affects nearly 40% of the adults worldwide. The increasing prevalence of hypertension is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite of the available treatment medications, an increasing number of hypertensive individuals continues to have uncontrolled blood pressure. In the vasculature, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial fibroblasts play a fundamental role in vascular homeostasis. The aberrant interactions between vascular cells might lead to hypertension and vascular remodeling. Identification of the precise mechanisms of vascular remodeling may be highly required to develop effective therapeutic approaches for hypertension. Recently, extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of proteins or noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) between vascular cells holds promise for the treatment of hypertension. Especially, extracellular vesicle-packaging ncRNAs have gained enormous attention of basic and clinical scientists because of their tremendous potential to act as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets of hypertension. Here we will discuss the current findings focusing on the emerging roles of extracellular vesicle-carrying ncRNAs in the pathologies of hypertension and its associated vascular remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hypertension. The future research directions on the challenges and perspectives of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs in hypertensive vascular remodeling are also proposed.
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Qasemi M, Amidi F. Extracellular microRNA profiling in human follicular fluid: new biomarkers in female reproductive potential. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1769-1780. [PMID: 32642870 PMCID: PMC7468023 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, about 22 nucleotides, non-coding RNAs which regulate a wide range of gene expression during post-transcriptional stage. They are released into intra- and extracellular microenvironments and play vital roles in different physiological and pathological pathways. Due to easy accessibility, detection of extracellular miRNAs in body fluids, e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and follicular fluid, has been explored in recent years. Since miRNAs are stable at unsuitable conditions, scientists have been investigating to use them as biomarkers in different fields of medicines. It goes without saying that experienced biomarkers would be required in reproductive medicine as well. Biomarkers can help clinicians and embryologists to diagnose disorders and assess the embryo quality via molecular pattern which is more reliable than nowadays routine methods. Follicular fluid as a noninvasive fluid in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) has attracted researchers as a rich pool for biomarkers, and miRNAs are not exception. Although miRNA biomarkers in reproduction field are located on their initial stage and there is a long path to move forward, several meticulous studies have been performed and discovered their associations with various conditions. In this regard, we summarize the reported miRNAs in follicular fluid and their correlations with female infertility and ART success rate, while subsequent investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Qasemi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Amidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu S, Xu X, Liang S, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Qian A, Hu L. The Application of MSCs-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Disorders: Novel Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:619. [PMID: 32793590 PMCID: PMC7387669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is crucial for supporting the body, protecting other organs, providing minerals, and secreting hormone to regulate other organ's function. Bone disorders result in pain and disability, severely affecting human health, reducing the quality of life and increasing costs to society. With the rapid increase in the aging population worldwide, bone disorders have become one major disease. As a result, efficacious therapies of bone disorders have become the focus of attention worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely explored as a new therapeutic method for numerous diseases. Recent evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are mainly mediated by their extracellular vesicles (EV). MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EV) is indicated as a novel cell-free alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in regenerative medicine. Here, we review the current knowledge of EV and highlight the application studies of MSCs-EV in bone disorders by focusing on osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OP), and bone fracture. Moreover, we discuss the key issues and perspectives of MSCs-EV as a clinical therapeutic strategy for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shujing Liang
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Laboratary for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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Tominaga K, Kamimura K, Sato H, Ko M, Kawata Y, Mizusawa T, Yokoyama J, Terai S. Cytapheresis for pyoderma gangrenosum associated with inflammatory bowel disease: A review of current status. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:2092-2101. [PMID: 32548138 PMCID: PMC7281039 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i11.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis clinically characterized by the presence of painful skin ulcerations with erythematous. As it is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis, gastroenterologists should be familiar with the disease including therapeutic options. Therefore, we have conducted a review focusing on the cytapheresis for PG in cases of inflammatory bowel diseases. A literature search was conducted to extract studies published in the last 20 years, with information on demographics, clinical symptoms, treatment, and the clinical course from a total of 22 cases reported and our recent case. In most patients, cytapheresis was associated with improvement or resolution of PG after failure of conventional therapeutic options such as corticosteroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents and immunoglobulin. Based on the information summarized, cytapheresis is helpful in the majority of patients with PG refractory to medical treatment associated with inflammatory bowel diseases and could be further studied in a multicenter, randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tominaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kawata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizusawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Junji Yokoyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Xu R, Greening DW, Chen M, Rai A, Ji H, Takahashi N, Simpson RJ. Surfaceome of Exosomes Secreted from the Colorectal Cancer Cell Line SW480: Peripheral and Integral Membrane Proteins Analyzed by Proteolysis and TX114. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1700453. [PMID: 30865381 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are important bidirectional cell-cell communicators in normal and pathological physiology. Although exosomal surface membrane proteins (surfaceome) enable target cell recognition and are an attractive source of disease marker, they are poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive surfaceome analysis of exosomes secreted by the colorectal cancer cell line SW480 is described. Sodium carbonate extraction/Triton X-114 phase separation and mild proteolysis (proteinase K, PK) of intact exosomes is used in combination with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify 1025 exosomal proteins of which 208 are predicted to be integral membrane proteins (IMPs) according to TOPCONS and GRAVY scores. Interrogation of UniProt database-annotated proteins reveals 124 predicted peripherally-associated membrane proteins (PMPs). Surprisingly, 108 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)/RNA nucleoproteins (RNPs) are found in the carbonate/Triton X-114 insoluble fraction. Mild PK treatment of SW480-GFP labeled exosomes reveal 58 proteolytically cleaved IMPs and 14 exoplasmic PMPs (e.g., CLU/GANAB/LGALS3BP). Interestingly, 18 RBPs/RNPs (e.g., EIF3L/RPL6) appear bound to the outer exosome surface since they are sensitive to PK proteolysis. The finding that outer surface-localized miRNA Let-7a-5p is RNase A-resistant, but degraded by a combination of RNase A/PK treatment suggests exosomal miRNA species also reside on the outer surface of exosomes bound to RBPs/RNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
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35
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Svenungsson E, Antovic A. The antiphospholipid syndrome - often overlooked cause of vascular occlusions? J Intern Med 2020; 287:349-372. [PMID: 31957081 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) was fully recognized as a clinical entity in the early 1980s. Still, more than 30 years later, the epidemiology of APS is not well described, and furthermore, APS remains a challenge in terms of both diagnostic issues and clinical praxis involving a wide range of specialties. To date, there are no diagnostic criteria for APS. The present classification criteria rely on a combination of clinical manifestations and persistently positive tests for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Clinical symptoms comprise vascular thrombosis, which can affect any vascular bed, including venous, microvascular and arterial vessels, and a set of pregnancy morbidities including early and late miscarriages, foetal death and preeclampsia. APS is more frequent among patients with other autoimmune diseases, and it is especially common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Importantly, APS symptoms can present in almost any medical specialty, but general knowledge and most previous clinical studies have essentially been confined to haematology, rheumatology and obstetrics/gynaecology. However, recent data demonstrate a relatively high prevalence of aPL also in patients from the general population who suffer from vascular occlusions or pregnancy complications. It is important that these patients are recognized by the general health care since APS is a treatable condition. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge on the history, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of APS in order to urge a wide range of clinicians to consider comprehensive assessment of all patients where the diagnosis APS may be conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Svenungsson
- From the, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Antovic
- From the, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Shimizu A, Sawada K, Kimura T. Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040814. [PMID: 32230983 PMCID: PMC7226729 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in several biological and pathological molecules and can carry many bioactive materials to target cells. They work as important mediators of cell-cell communication and play essential roles in many diseases, especially in cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages involving widespread peritoneal dissemination, resulting in poor prognosis. Emerging evidence has shown that exosomes play vital roles throughout the progression of ovarian cancer. Moreover, the development of engineered exosome-based therapeutic applications— including drug delivery systems, biomolecular targets and immune therapy—has increased drastically. Herein, we review the functional features of exosomes in ovarian cancer progression and the therapeutic application potential of exosomes as novel cancer treatments.
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37
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Sangaphunchai P, Todd I, Fairclough LC. Extracellular vesicles and asthma: A review of the literature. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:291-307. [PMID: 31925972 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, recurrent and incurable allergy-related respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and narrowing of the airways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a universal feature of cellular function and can be detected in different bodily fluids. Recent evidence has shown the possibility of using EVs in understanding the pathogenesis of asthma, including their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Studies have reported that EVs released from key cells involved in asthma can induce priming and activation of other asthma-associated cells. A literature review was conducted on all current research regarding the role and function of EVs in the pathogenesis of asthma via the PRISMA statement method. An electronic search was performed using EMBASE and PubMed through to November 2018. The EMBASE search returned 76 papers, while the PubMed search returned 211 papers. Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility with a total of 34 studies included in the final qualitative analysis. The review found evidence of association between the presence of EVs and physiological changes characteristic of asthma, suggesting that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis, with the weight of evidence presently favouring deleterious effects of EVs in asthma. Numerous studies highlighted differences in exosomal contents between EVs of healthy and asthmatic individuals, which could be employed as potential diagnostic markers. In some circumstances, EVs were also found to be suppressive to disease, but more often promote inflammation and airway remodelling. In conclusion, EVs hold immense potential in understanding the pathophysiology of asthma, and as diagnostic and therapeutic markers. While more research is needed for definitive conclusions and their application in medical practice, the literature presented in this review should encourage further research and discovery within the field of EVs and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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38
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Čolić J, Matucci Cerinic M, Guiducci S, Damjanov N. Microparticles in systemic sclerosis, targets or tools to control fibrosis: This is the question! JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:6-20. [PMID: 35382401 PMCID: PMC8922594 DOI: 10.1177/2397198319857356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is the main systemic fibrotic disease with unknown etiology characterized by peripheral microvascular injury, activation of immune system, and wide-spread progressive fibrosis. Microparticles can be derived from any cell type during normal cellular differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, and also upon cellular activation. Carrying along a broad range of surface cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules of originating cells, microparticles are closely implicated in inflammation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, and immunopathogenesis. Recently, microparticles have been proposed as biomarkers of endothelial injury, which is the primary event in the genesis of tissue fibrosis. Microparticles may have a role in fostering endothelial to mesenchymal transition, thus giving a significant contribution to the development of myofibroblasts, the most important final effectors responsible for tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy. Thanks to potent profibrotic mediators, such as transforming growth factor beta, platelet-derived growth factor, high mobility group box 1 protein, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, and antifibrotic agents, such as matrix metalloproteinases, microparticles may play an opposite role in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Čolić
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nemanja Damjanov
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Extracellular Vesicles Involvement in the Modulation of the Glioblastoma Environment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:3961735. [PMID: 32411235 PMCID: PMC7204270 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3961735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most deadly primary brain tumour and is a paradigmatic example of heterogeneous cancer. Although expanding data propose the phenotypic plasticity exhibited by glioblastoma cells, as a critical feature involved in the tumour development and posttherapy recurrence, the central machinery responsible for their aggressiveness remains elusive. Despite decades of research, the complex biology of the glioblastoma is still unknown. Progress in genetic and epigenetic discoveries has improved diagnostic classification, prognostic information, and therapeutic planning. In the complex model of intercellular signalling, several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles have a key role in the intercellular communication among GBM cells and the tumour microenvironment modulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the EV-mediated intercellular crosstalk in the glioblastoma physiopathology.
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40
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Zhang Z, Xiao C, Yong T, Yang X, Gan L, Li Z. Cellular microparticles for tumor targeting delivery: from bench to bedside. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6171-6188. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes the progress in leveraging microparticles for tumor targeting delivery, from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Tuying Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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41
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Complement fragments are biomarkers of antibody-mediated endothelial injury. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:142-152. [PMID: 31884386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AbMR) adversely affects long-term graft survival in kidney transplantation. Currently, the diagnosis of AbMR requires a kidney biopsy, and detection of complement C4d deposition in the allograft is one of the diagnostic criteria. Complement activation also generates several soluble fragments which could potentially provide non-invasive biomarkers of the process. Furthermore, microvesicles released into the plasma from injured cells can serve as biomarkers of vascular injury. To explore whether soluble complement fragments or complement fragments bound to endothelial microvesicles can be used to non-invasively detect AbMR, we developed an in vitro model in which human endothelial cells were exposed to anti-HLA antibodies and complement sufficient serum. We found that complement fragments C4a and sC5b-9 were increased in the supernatants of cells exposed to complement-sufficient serum compared to cells treated complement-deficient serum. Furthermore, complement activation on the cell surface was associated with the release of microvesicles bearing C4 and C3 fragments. We next measured these analytes in plasma from kidney transplant recipients with biopsy-proven acute AbMR (n = 9) and compared the results with those from transplant recipients who also had impaired allograft function but who did not have AbMR (n = 30). Consistent with the in vitro results, complement fragments C4a and Ba were increased in plasma from patients with AbMR compared to control subjects (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Endothelial microvesicle counts were not increased in patients with AbMR, however, and the number of microvesicles with C4 and C3 bound to the surface was actually lower compared to control subjects (both P < 0.05). Our results suggest that plasma complement activation fragments may be useful as non-invasive biomarkers of antibody-mediated complement activation within the allograft. Complement-opsonized endothelial microvesicles are decreased in patients with AbMR, possibly due to enhanced clearance of microvesicles opsonized with C3 and C4 fragments.
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42
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Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Żuber Z, Wojtkiewicz M, Wojtkiewicz J. Role of Microparticles in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5453. [PMID: 31683793 PMCID: PMC6862866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) make up a group of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). The course of these diseases involves chronic inflammation of joints and enthesopathies, which can result in joint damage and disability. Microparticles (MPs) are a group of small spherical membranous vesicles. The structure and cellular origin of MPs, mechanisms that stimulate their secretion and the place of their production, determine their biological properties, which could become manifest in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Microparticles can stimulate synovitis with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MPs may also contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases by the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, pro-coagulation activity, activation of vascular endothelium cells, and stimulation of metalloproteinase production. It seems that in the future, microparticles can become a modern marker of disease activity, a response to treatment, and, possibly, they can be used in the prognosis of the course of arthritis. The knowledge of the complexity of MPs biology remains incomplete and it requires further comprehensive studies to explain how they affect the development of rheumatic diseases. This review focuses on the immunopathogenic and therapeutic role of MPs in chronic immune-mediated inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Żuber
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, 30-705 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maja Wojtkiewicz
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geomatics and Cartography Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
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43
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Snopkova S, Matyskova M, Havlickova K, Jarkovsky J, Svoboda M, Zavrelova J, Svacinka R, Penka M, Husa P. Increasing procoagulant activity of circulating microparticles in patients living with HIV. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:555-561. [PMID: 31611134 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected individuals are at higher risk of non-AIDS diseases associated with procoagulant status. Microparticles are elevated in disorders associated with thrombosis (e.g., cardiovascular diseases). We investigated the association between microparticle levels in untreated and treated HIV-infected subjects, and determined the association with immune status, viral replication, and duration of antiretroviral therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 144 HIV-infected subjects, including 123 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 21 before treatment initiation. A control group of 40 HIV-negative healthy adults matched for age and sex was used for comparison of microparticle levels. Treated subjects were divided into five groups depending on the period of antiretroviral exposure. Statistically significant differences were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi2 test. The relation between microparticles and other parameters was assessed using Spearman's coefficient of correlation. RESULTS Microparticle levels were significantly higher in treated and untreated HIV-infected subjects than in non-HIV-infected controls (P<0.001). The microparticle level was similar between the groups on treatment (P=0.913). No association between the microparticle level and CD4+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, number of HIV-1 RNA copies, or duration of exposure to antiretroviral treatment was observed. CONCLUSION Increased levels of microparticles may be due to processes independent of viral replication and CD4+ cell count, and microparticle release might persist even during viral suppression by antiretroviral treatment. Elevated microparticle levels might occur in response to other triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snopkova
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - M Matyskova
- Department of hematology, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Havlickova
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Jarkovsky
- Institute of biostatistics and analyses, Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 126/3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Svoboda
- Institute of biostatistics and analyses, Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 126/3, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Zavrelova
- Department of hematology, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - R Svacinka
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Penka
- Department of hematology, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Husa
- Department of infectious diseases, Faculty hospital Brno and Faculty of medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Jihlavska 340/20, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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44
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Microparticles and autophagy: a new frontier in the understanding of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:655-662. [PMID: 30574665 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles released by many cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. In the last years, these particles were considered as inert cell debris, but recently many studies have demonstrated they could have a role in intercellular communication. Increased levels of MPs have been reported in various pathological conditions including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, resulting in cartilage and bone damage with accelerated atherosclerosis increasing mortality. According to the literature data, also MPs could have a role in endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis in RA patients. Moreover many researchers have shown that a dysregulated autophagy seems to be involved in endothelial dysfunction. Autophagy is a reparative process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. It has been shown in many works that basal autophagy is essential to proper vascular function. Taking into account these considerations, we hypothesized that in RA patients MPs could contribute to atherosclerosis process by dysregulation of endothelial autophagy process.
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45
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Soni C, Reizis B. Self-DNA at the Epicenter of SLE: Immunogenic Forms, Regulation, and Effects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1601. [PMID: 31354738 PMCID: PMC6637313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive B cells generated through V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow or through accrual of random mutations in secondary lymphoid tissues are mostly purged or edited to prevent autoimmunity. Yet, 10–20% of all mature naïve B cells in healthy individuals have self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs). In patients with serologically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the percentage increases up to 50%, with significant self-DNA reactivity that correlates with disease severity. Endogenous or self-DNA has emerged as a potent antigen in several autoimmune disorders, particularly in SLE. However, the mechanism(s) regulating or preventing anti-DNA antibody production remain elusive. It is likely that in healthy subjects, DNA-reactive B cells avoid activation due to the unavailability of endogenous DNA, which is efficiently degraded through efferocytosis and various DNA-processing proteins. Genetic defects, physiological, and/or pathological conditions can override these protective checkpoints, leading to autoimmunity. Plausibly, increased availability of immunogenic self-DNA may be the key initiating event in the loss of tolerance of otherwise quiescent DNA-reactive B cells. Indeed, mutations impairing apoptotic cell clearance pathways and nucleic acid metabolism-associated genes like DNases, RNases, and their sensors are known to cause autoimmune disorders including SLE. Here we review the literature supporting the idea that increased availability of DNA as an immunogen or adjuvant, or both, may cause the production of pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies and subsequent manifestations of clinical disease such as SLE. We discuss the main cellular players involved in anti-DNA responses; the physical forms and sources of immunogenic DNA in autoimmunity; the DNA-protein complexes that render DNA immunogenic; the regulation of DNA availability by intracellular and extracellular DNases and the autoimmune pathologies associated with their dysfunction; the cytosolic and endosomal sensors of immunogenic DNA; and the cytokines such as interferons that drive auto-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways leading to clinical disease. We propose that prevention of DNA availability by aiding extracellular DNase activity could be a viable therapeutic modality in controlling SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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46
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Michael BNR, Kommoju V, Kavadichanda Ganapathy C, Negi VS. Characterization of cell-derived microparticles in synovial fluid and plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1377-1387. [PMID: 31201512 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MP) are proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to profile cell lineage-specific MP in patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy controls (HC) in synovial fluid and circulation. Patients with RA (n = 40), OA (n = 30) and HC (n = 33) were included. Cell-free synovial fluid (SF) and platelet-poor plasma samples were stained with annexin V APC and antibodies against CD45, CD20, CD14, CD4, CD8, CD66b, and CD61 for multicolor flow cytometry. Mann-Whitney U test/unpaired T test was used to assess intergroup differences among RA and OA SF and clinical, serological phenotypes of RA based on normality distribution; Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons for comparing plasma MPs among RA, OA, and HC. Correlation between MP proportions and disease parameters was assessed by Spearman's correlation. The proportion of annexin V+ MP in SF of patients with RA [5 (6.35)] [median (IQR)] was higher compared to OA [1.8 (1.35), p < 0.001] and plasma of patients with RA [3.45 (5.63)] compared to OA [1.85 (1.4)] and HC [0.9 (1.1), p < 0.001]. Leukocyte-derived [0.85 (1.17)], granulocyte-derived [0.4 (2.05)], monocyte-derived [0.4 (0.4)], and T cell-derived MP [CD4+ - 0.1 (0.1); CD8+ - 0.1(0.1)] were higher in RA SF (p < 0.001). Platelet-derived MP (PMP) were the major fraction [1.5 (4.23), p < 0.001] in RA plasma. Leukocyte-derived MP were higher in RA plasma [0.1 (0.2); p < 0.001) than OA and HC. Annexin V+ MP and PMP were higher in the SF of RA with extra-articular manifestations (n = 15), as compared to those without (n = 25) (p = 0.02; p < 0.01, respectively). High SF granulocyte-derived MP were observed in patients with established RA (n = 24), ACPA-positive RA (n = 32) compared to their negative counterparts (p = 0.03; p = 0.02, respectively). Our observations of higher proportions of cell-derived MP in the plasma and synovial fluid of DMARD-naïve RA patients, their clinical and serological phenotypes suggest their role in dynamic cross talk between the joint and systemic circulation, disease pathology, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Nancy Reni Michael
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Vallayyachari Kommoju
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Chengappa Kavadichanda Ganapathy
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 605 006, India.
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47
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Braun F, Müller RU. Urinary extracellular vesicles as a source of biomarkers reflecting renal cellular biology in human disease. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:43-65. [PMID: 31493821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of extensive research efforts attempting to uncover their biological function in health and disease. Likewise, numerous studies have investigated them as a source of potential biomarkers to complement or replace the routine diagnostic procedures. Urinary extracellular vesicles take a distinct place among these studies, as they hold the promise to reflect changes in the cellular biology of the nephron and can be isolated without any invasive procedure. However, their potential has been insufficiently exploited since both their biological function and their use for diagnostic purposes in human disease have only gained increasing attention in the last years. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge about urinary extracellular vesicles with a special focus on novel nomenclature recommendations, current techniques for urinary EV separation and potential biomarkers that have emerged from the analysis of urinary EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Mobarrez F, Fuzzi E, Gunnarsson I, Larsson A, Eketjäll S, Pisetsky DS, Svenungsson E. Microparticles in the blood of patients with SLE: Size, content of mitochondria and role in circulating immune complexes. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:142-149. [PMID: 31103269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microparticles (MPs) are small extracellular vesicles released from apoptotic or activated cells through a blebbing process. MPs express surface molecules from their parental cells and they bind IgG to form circulating immune complexes (MP-ICs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Through investigation of MP size, IgG expression, content of nucleic acids and mitochondrial molecules, we hypothesized that unrecognized particle populations can be identified in SLE. METHODS We investigated 327 well-characterized SLE patients and 304 controls divided into two sets (280/280 and 47/24). We measured MPs by flow cytometry using a gating strategy to encompass small (0.2-0.7 μm) and large (0.7-3.0 μm) MPs. Nucleic acids were labeled with SYTO 13 and mitochondria with MitoTracker. Expression of mitochondria markers TOM-20 and Hexokinase 1 and the presence of IgG was investigated. RESULTS MPs staining with SYTO 13 were more frequent in 280 SLE patients compared to 280 controls. In 47 SLE patients, levels of large MPs were elevated compared to 24 controls. The majority of large MPs contained mitochondria (mitoMPs). The number of mitoMPs associated positively with high disease activity, anti-dsDNA antibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with active lupus nephritis had higher levels of mitoMPs and IgG-positive mitoMPs. CONCLUSION Blood of patients with SLE contain a previously unrecognized population of circulating large MPs with bound IgG and mitochondrial proteins. Levels of these particles are related to several measures of active SLE, suggesting that these structures may have a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Mobarrez
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Enrico Fuzzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Eketjäll
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Medical Research Service, Durham VA Hospital Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Rekvig OP. The dsDNA, Anti-dsDNA Antibody, and Lupus Nephritis: What We Agree on, What Must Be Done, and What the Best Strategy Forward Could Be. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1104. [PMID: 31156647 PMCID: PMC6529578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to understand what lupus nephritis is, its origin, clinical context, and its pathogenesis. Truly, we encounter many conceptual and immanent tribulations in our attempts to search for the pathogenesis of this disease—and how to explain its assumed link to SLE. Central in the present landscape stay a short history of the early studies that substantiated the structures of isolated or chromatin-assembled mammalian dsDNA, and its assumed, highly controversial role in induction of anti-dsDNA antibodies. Arguments discussed here may provoke the view that anti-dsDNA antibodies are not what we think they are, as they may be antibodies operational in quite different biological contexts, although they bind dsDNA by chance. This may not mean that these antibodies are not pathogenic but they do not inform how they are so. This theoretical study centers the content around the origin and impact of extra-cellular DNA, and if dsDNA has an effect on the adaptive immune system. The pathogenic potential of chromatin-anti-dsDNA antibody interactions is limited to incite lupus nephritis and dermatitis which may be linked in a common pathogenic process. These are major criteria in SLE classification systems but are not shared with other defined manifestations in SLE, which may mean that they are their own disease entities, and not integrated in SLE. Today, the models thought to explain lupus nephritis are divergent and inconsistent. We miss a comprehensive perspective to try the different models against each other. To do this, we need to take all elements of the syndrome SLE into account. This can only be achieved by concentrating on the interactions between autoimmunity, immunopathology, deviant cell death and necrotic chromatin in context of elements of system science. System science provides a framework where data generated by experts can be compared, and tested against each other. This approach open for consensus on central elements making up “lupus nephritis” to separate what we agree on and how to understand the basis for conflicting models. This has not been done yet in a systematic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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50
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Spitzer P, Mulzer LM, Oberstein TJ, Munoz LE, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Herrmann M, Maler JM. Microvesicles from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease display reduced concentrations of tau and APP protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7089. [PMID: 31068645 PMCID: PMC6506501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles are small membranous particles generated during cellular activation or stress. The analysis of the content and the surface of microvesicles allow conclusions about the cells they are originating from and the underlying pathology. Therefore, CSF microvesicles have been suggested to be promising targets to monitor the (etio)pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Microvesicles in the CSF of 15 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 15 controls were analyzed by flow cytometry regarding the levels of CD3, CD4, CD45, CD64, BACE1, Aβ, APP and tau. The results were replicated in a second cohort comprising 14 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 9 controls. The levels of tau and APP were reduced in microvesicles of Alzheimer’s disease patients. A significant change was neither observed in the number of microvesicles nor in the expression of the other antigens. Tau and APP in microvesicles separated patients with Alzheimer’s disease from controls with an AUC of 0.84 and 0.89 respectively. We conclude that tau and APP in CSF microvesicles are promising biomarkers which could directly provide information about the Alzheimer pathology on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Linda-Marie Mulzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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