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Zan C, Yang B, Brandhofer M, El Bounkari O, Bernhagen J. D-dopachrome tautomerase in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases-A new kid on the block or just another MIF? FASEB J 2022; 36:e22601. [PMID: 36269019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as well as its more recently described structural homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), now also termed MIF-2, are atypical cytokines and chemokines with key roles in host immunity. They also have an important pathogenic role in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, adipose tissue inflammation, and cancer. Although our mechanistic understanding of MIF-2 is relatively limited compared to the extensive body of evidence available for MIF, emerging data suggests that MIF-2 is not only a functional phenocopy of MIF, but may have differential or even oppositional activities, depending on the disease and context. In this review, we summarize and discuss the similarities and differences between MIF and MIF-2, with a focus on their structures, receptors, signaling pathways, and their roles in diseases. While mainly covering the roles of the MIF homologs in cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases, we also discuss their involvement in cancer, sepsis, and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). A particular emphasis is laid upon potential mechanistic explanations for synergistic or cooperative activities of the MIF homologs in cancer, myocardial diseases, and COPD as opposed to emerging disparate or antagonistic activities in adipose tissue inflammation, metabolic diseases, and atherosclerosis. Lastly, we discuss potential future opportunities of jointly targeting MIF and MIF-2 in certain diseases, whereas precision targeting of only one homolog might be preferable in other conditions. Together, this article provides an update of the mechanisms and future therapeutic avenues of human MIF proteins with a focus on their emerging, surprisingly disparate activities, suggesting that MIF-2 displays a variety of activities that are distinct from those of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Bishan Yang
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Brandhofer
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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2
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Huang S, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Su Z, Hong W, Zuo H, Wu X, Yang Y. A secreted MIF homologue from Trichinella spiralis binds to and interacts with host monocytes. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106615. [PMID: 35901919 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a very successful parasite capable of surviving in many mammal hosts and residing in muscle tissues for long periods, indicating that it must have some effective strategies to escape from or guard against the host immune attack. The functions of MIF have been studied in other parasites and demonstrated to function as a virulence factor aiding in their survival by modulating the host immune response. However, the functions of Trichinella spiralis MIF (TsMIF) have not been addressed. Here, we successfully obtained the purified recombinant TsMIF and anti-TsMIF serum. Our results showed that TsMIF was expressed in all the Trichinella spiralis developmental stages, especially highly expressed in the muscle larvae (ML) and mainly located in stichocytes, midgut, cuticle, muscle cells of ML and around intrauterine embryos of female adults. We also observed TsMIF could be secreted from ML and bind to host monocytes. Next, our data demonstrated that TsMIF not only stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and cell proliferation by binding to the host cell surface receptor CD74, but also interacted with a host intracellular protein, Jab1, which is a coactivator of AP-1 transcription. We concluded the secreted TsMIF plays an important role in the interaction between Trichinella spiralis and its host and could be a potential drug or vaccine target molecule against Trichinella spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqin Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhenrong Ma
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiming Su
- Department of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wenbin Hong
- Department of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Heng Zuo
- Department of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Yang
- Department of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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3
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Nematode Orthologs of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) as Modulators of the Host Immune Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020258. [PMID: 35215200 PMCID: PMC8877345 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the adaptations of nematodes, which allows long-term survival in the host, is the production of proteins with immunomodulatory properties. The parasites secrete numerous homologs of human immune mediators, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which is a substantial regulator of the inflammatory immune response. Homologs of mammalian MIF have been recognized in many species of nematode parasites, but their role has not been fully understood. The application of molecular biology and genetic engineering methods, including the production of recombinant proteins, has enabled better characterization of their structure and properties. This review provides insight into the current state of knowledge on MIF homologs produced by nematodes, as well as their structure, enzymatic activity, tissue expression pattern, impact on the host immune system, and potential use in the treatment of parasitic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases.
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4
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Skeens E, Pantouris G, Shah D, Manjula R, Ombrello MJ, Maluf NK, Bhandari V, Lisi GP, Lolis EJ. A Cysteine Variant at an Allosteric Site Alters MIF Dynamics and Biological Function in Homo- and Heterotrimeric Assemblies. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:783669. [PMID: 35252348 PMCID: PMC8893199 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.783669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory protein with various non-overlapping functions. It is not only conserved in mammals, but it is found in parasites, fish, and plants. Human MIF is a homotrimer with an enzymatic cavity between two subunits with Pro1 as a catalytic base, activates the receptors CD74, CXCR2, and CXCR4, has functional interactions in the cytosol, and is reported to be a nuclease. There is a solvent channel down its 3-fold axis with a recently identified gating residue as an allosteric site important for regulating, to different extents, the enzymatic activity and CD74 binding and signaling. In this study we explore the consequence of converting the allosteric residue Tyr99 to cysteine (Y99C) and characterize its crystallographic structure, NMR dynamics, stability, CD74 function, and enzymatic activity. In addition to the homotrimeric variant, we develop strategies for expressing and purifying a heterotrimeric variant consisting of mixed wild type and Y99C for characterization of the allosteric site to provide more insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Skeens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Dilip Shah
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Ramu Manjula
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael J. Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomic Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Vineet Bhandari
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - George P. Lisi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: George P. Lisi, ; Elias J. Lolis,
| | - Elias J. Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: George P. Lisi, ; Elias J. Lolis,
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Mathes Hewage A, Nayebi Gavgani H, Chi D, Qiu B, Geiger JH, Draths K. Cg10062 Catalysis Forges a Link between Acetylenecarboxylic Acid and Bacterial Metabolism. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3879-3886. [PMID: 34910871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliance of biocatalysis on plant-derived carbon for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals places it in direct competition with food production for resources. A potential solution to this problem is development of a metabolic link between alternative carbon sources and bacterial metabolism. Acetylenecarboxylic acid, which can be synthesized from methane and carbon dioxide, could enable this connection. It was previously shown that the enzyme Cg10062 catalyzes hydration of acetylenecarboxylate to afford malonate semialdehyde. Subsequent hydration-dependent decarboxylation to form acetaldehyde (81%), which was also observed, limits its biocatalytic usefulness. Several Cg10062 variants including E114Q and E114D do not catalyze decarboxylation and provide malonate semialdehyde as the sole product, albeit with substantially reduced catalytic activity. To identify an efficient enzyme capable of catalyzing acetylenecarboxylate hydration without decarboxylation, we undertook a mechanistic investigation of Cg10062 using mutagenesis, kinetic characterization, and X-ray crystallography. Cg10062 is a member of the tautomerase superfamily of enzymes, characterized by their β-α-β protein fold and an N-terminal proline residue situated at the center of the enzyme active site. Along with Pro-1, five additional active site residues (His-28, Arg-70, Arg-73, Tyr-103, and Glu-114) are required for Cg10062 activity. Incubation of crystals of four catalytically slow variants of Cg10062 with acetylenecarboxylate resulted in atomic resolution structures of Pro-1 bound to a complete set of intermediates, fully elaborating the detailed mechanism of the enzyme and establishing the process to involve covalent catalysis. Further, the intermediate-bound E114D structure explains the mechanism governing decarboxylation suppression. Together, these studies provide the most detailed picture of the catalytic mechanism of a tautomerase enzyme to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Mathes Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Hadi Nayebi Gavgani
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bryan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Karen Draths
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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6
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Ji H, Zhang Y, Chen C, Li H, He B, Yang T, Sun C, Hao H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Li A, Guo A, Wang Y. D-dopachrome tautomerase activates COX2/PGE 2 pathway of astrocytes to mediate inflammation following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:130. [PMID: 34116703 PMCID: PMC8196514 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are the predominant glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) that can secrete various cytokines and chemokines mediating neuropathology in response to danger signals. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), a newly described cytokine and a close homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein, has been revealed to share an overlapping function with MIF in some ways. However, its cellular distribution pattern and mediated astrocyte neuropathological function in the CNS remain unclear. Methods A contusion model of the rat spinal cord was established. The protein levels of D-DT and PGE2 synthesis-related proteinase were assayed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Primary astrocytes were stimulated by different concentrations of D-DT in the presence or absence of various inhibitors to examine relevant signal pathways. The post-injury locomotor functions were assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. Results D-DT was inducibly expressed within astrocytes and neurons, rather than in microglia following spinal cord contusion. D-DT was able to activate the COX2/PGE2 signal pathway of astrocytes through CD74 receptor, and the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was involved in the regulation of D-DT action. The selective inhibitor of D-DT was efficient in attenuating D-DT-induced astrocyte production of PGE2 following spinal cord injury, which contributed to the improvement of locomotor functions. Conclusion Collectively, these data reveal a novel inflammatory activator of astrocytes following spinal cord injury, which might be beneficial for the development of anti-inflammation drug in neuropathological CNS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02186-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Wen Y, Cai W, Yang J, Fu X, Putha L, Xia Q, Windsor JA, Phillips AR, Tyndall JDA, Du D, Liu T, Huang W. Targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Acute Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638950. [PMID: 33776775 PMCID: PMC7992011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. It is produced by various cells and circulating MIF has been identified as a biomarker for a range of diseases. Extracellular MIF mainly binds to the cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74)/CD44 to activate downstream signaling pathways. These in turn activate immune responses, enhance inflammation and can promote cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Extracellular MIF also binds to the C-X-C chemokine receptors cooperating with or without CD74 to activate chemokine response. Intracellular MIF is involved in Toll-like receptor and inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response. Pharmacological inhibition of MIF has been shown to hold great promise in treating inflammatory diseases and cancer, including small molecule MIF inhibitors targeting the tautomerase active site of MIF and antibodies that neutralize MIF. In the current review, we discuss the role of MIF signaling pathways in inflammation and cancer and summarize the recent advances of the role of MIF in experimental and clinical exocrine pancreatic diseases. We expect to provide insights into clinical translation of MIF antagonism as a strategy for treating acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Wen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wenhao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Lohitha Putha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Structural and functional insights into macrophage migration inhibitory factor from Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Biochem J 2020; 477:2133-2151. [PMID: 32484230 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncomelania hupensis is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. As an irreplaceable prerequisite in the transmission and prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica, an in-depth study of this obligate host-parasite interaction can provide glimpse into the molecular events in the competition between schistosome infectivity and snail immune resistance. In previous studies, we identified a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from O. hupensis (OhMIF), and showed that it was involved in the snail host immune response to the parasite S. japonicum. Here, we determined the crystal structure of OhMIF and revealed that there were distinct structural differences between the mammalian and O. hupensis MIFs. Noticeably, there was a projecting and structured C-terminus in OhMIF, which not only regulated the MIF's thermostability but was also critical in the activation of its tautomerase activity. Comparative studies between OhMIF and human MIF (hMIF) by analyzing the tautomerase activity, oxidoreductase activity, thermostability, interaction with the receptor CD74 and activation of the ERK signaling pathway demonstrated the functional differences between hMIF and OhMIF. Our data shed a species-specific light on structural, functional, and immunological characteristics of OhMIF and enrich the knowledge on the MIF family.
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9
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Role of Host and Parasite MIF Cytokines during Leishmania Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010046. [PMID: 32244916 PMCID: PMC7157535 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been extensively characterized in human disease and in mouse models. Its pro-inflammatory functions in mammals includes the retention of tissue macrophages and a unique ability to counteract the immunosuppressive activity of glucocorticoids. MIF also acts as a survival factor by preventing activation-induced apoptosis and by promoting sustained expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and nitric oxide. The pro-inflammatory activity of MIF has been shown to be protective against Leishmania major infection in mouse models of cutaneous disease, however the precise role of this cytokine in human infections is less clear. Moreover, various species of Leishmania produce their own MIF orthologs, and there is evidence that these may drive an inflammatory environment that is detrimental to the host response. Herein the immune response to Leishmania in mouse models and humans will be reviewed, and the properties and activities of mammalian and Leishmania MIF will be integrated into the current understandings in this field. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting Leishmania MIF for therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
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10
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Tilstam PV, Pantouris G, Corman M, Andreoli M, Mahboubi K, Davis G, Du X, Leng L, Lolis E, Bucala R. A selective small-molecule inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2), a MIF cytokine superfamily member, inhibits MIF-2 biological activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18522-18531. [PMID: 31578280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2 or D-dopachrome tautomerase) is a recently characterized second member of the MIF cytokine superfamily in mammalian genomes. MIF-2 shares pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic properties with the clinical target MIF (MIF-1), but the precise contribution of MIF-2 to immune physiology or pathology is unclear. Like MIF-1, MIF-2 has intrinsic keto-enol tautomerase activity and mediates biological functions by engaging the cognate, common MIF family receptor CD74. Evidence that the catalytic site of MIF family cytokines has a structural role in receptor binding has prompted exploration of tautomerase inhibitors as potential biological antagonists and therapeutic agents, although few catalytic inhibitors inhibit receptor activation. Here we describe the discovery and biochemical characterization of a selective small-molecule inhibitor of MIF-2. An in silico screen of 1.6 million compounds targeting the MIF-2 tautomerase site yielded several hits for potential catalytic inhibitors of MIF-2 and identified 4-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (4-CPPC) as the most functionally potent compound. We found that 4-CPPC has an enzymatic IC50 of 27 μm and 17-fold selectivity for MIF-2 versus MIF-1. An in vitro binding assay for MIF-1/MIF-2 to the CD74 ectodomain (sCD74) indicated that 4-CPPC inhibits MIF-2-CD74 binding in a dose-dependent manner (0.01-10 μm) without influencing MIF-1-CD74 binding. Notably, 4-CPPC inhibited MIF-2-mediated activation of CD74 and reduced CD74-dependent signal transduction. These results open opportunities for development of more potent and pharmacologically auspicious MIF-2 inhibitors to investigate the distinct functions of this MIF family member in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Michael Corman
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Monica Andreoli
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Gary Davis
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.
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11
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Bilsborrow JB, Doherty E, Tilstam PV, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:733-744. [PMID: 31414920 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1656718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine with upstream regulatory roles in innate and adaptive immunity and is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several classes of MIF inhibitors such as small molecule inhibitors and peptide inhibitors are in clinical development. Areas covered. The role of MIF in the pathogenesis of RA and SLE is examined; the authors review the structure, physiology and signaling characteristics of MIF and the related cytokine D-DT/MIF-2. The preclinical and clinical trial data for MIF inhibitors are also reviewed; information was retrieved from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov using the keywords MIF, D-DT/MIF-2, CD74, CD44, CXCR2, CXCR4, Jab-1, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, MIF inhibitor, small molecule, anti-MIF, anti-CD74, and peptide inhibitor. Expert opinion. Studies in mice and in humans demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIF inhibition for RA and SLE. MIF- directed approaches could be particularly efficacious in patients with high expression MIF genetic polymorphisms. In patients with RA and SLE and high expression MIF alleles, targeted MIF inhibition could be a precision medicine approach to treatment. Anti-MIF pharmacotherapies could also be steroid-sparing in patients with chronic glucocorticoid dependence or refractory autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Bilsborrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Edward Doherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Pathricia V Tilstam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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12
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Kang I, Bucala R. The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:427-437. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Wang D, Yang D, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Li C, Wei Q, Han Y, Zhao J. Two macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Molecular characterization, localization and enzymatic activities. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:158-168. [PMID: 29679760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an evolutionarily ancient cytokine-like factor and plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, two MIFs (designed as RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2, respectively) were identified and characterized from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of RpMIF-1 and RpMFI-2 consisted of 531 and 722 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 113 and 114 amino acid residues, respectively. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2 belonged to the MIF family. The conserved catalytic-site Pro2 for tautomerase activity was identified in the deduced amino acid sequences of RpMIFs. Both RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2 transcripts were constitutively expressed in examined tissues of R. philippinarum with dominant expression in hepatopancreas, gills and hemocytes. Immunolocalization analysis showed that RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2 proteins were expressed in examined tissues with the exception of adductor muscle and foot. After Vibrio anguillarum and Micrococcus luteus challenge, the mRNA expression of RpMIFs was significantly modulated in hemocytes, gills and hepatopancreas. Recombinant RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2 proteins possessed significant tautomerase activity and oxidoreductase activity, indicating that these two proteins was perhaps involved in inflammatory responses. In summary, our results suggested that RpMIF-1 and RpMIF-2 played an important role in the innate immunity of R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Qianyu Wei
- Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, PR China
| | - Yijing Han
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China.
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14
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Kok T, Wasiel AA, Cool RH, Melgert BN, Poelarends GJ, Dekker FJ. Small-molecule inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an emerging class of therapeutics for immune disorders. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1910-1918. [PMID: 29936245 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important cytokine for which an increasing number of functions is being described in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. Nevertheless, the availability of potent and druglike MIF inhibitors that are well-characterized in relevant disease models remains limited. Development of highly potent and selective small-molecule MIF inhibitors and validation of their use in relevant disease models will advance drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the identification of MIF as a pharmacological target in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also give an overview of the current developments in the discovery and design of small-molecule MIF inhibitors and define future aims in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut Surabaya, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Anna A Wasiel
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2223. [PMID: 29884801 PMCID: PMC5993818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts multiple effects on immune cells, as well as having functions outside the immune system. MIF can promote inflammation through the induction of other cytokines, including TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 family cytokines. Here, we show that inhibition of MIF regulates the release of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18, not by affecting transcription or translation of these cytokines, but via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. MIF is required for the interaction between NLRP3 and the intermediate filament protein vimentin, which is critical for NLRP3 activation. Further, we demonstrate that MIF interacts with NLRP3, indicating a role for MIF in inflammasome activation independent of its role as a cytokine. These data advance our understanding of how MIF regulates inflammation and identify it as a factor critical for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. MIF is a cytokine best known for its modulatory effect on expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Here the authors show that MIF facilitates the NLRP3–vimentin interaction, resulting in Nlrp3 inflammasome activation.
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16
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Trivedi-Parmar V, Jorgensen WL. Advances and Insights for Small Molecule Inhibition of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8104-8119. [PMID: 29812929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of the immune response whose dysregulation is tied to a broad spectrum of inflammatory and proliferative disorders. As its complex signaling pathways and pleiotropic nature have been elucidated, it has become an attractive target for drug discovery. Remarkably, MIF is both a cytokine and an enzyme that functions as a keto-enol tautomerase. Strategies including in silico modeling, virtual screening, high-throughput screening, and screening of anti-inflammatory natural products have led to a large and diverse catalogue of MIF inhibitors as well as some understanding of the structure-activity relationships for compounds binding MIF's tautomerase active site. With possible clinical trials of some MIF inhibitors on the horizon, it is an opportune time to review the literature to seek trends, address inconsistencies, and identify promising new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Trivedi-Parmar
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
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17
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Schinagl A, Kerschbaumer RJ, Sabarth N, Douillard P, Scholz P, Voelkel D, Hollerweger JC, Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Scheiflinger F, Thiele M. Role of the Cysteine 81 Residue of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as a Molecular Redox Switch. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1523-1532. [PMID: 29412660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine that occurs in two redox-dependent immunologically distinct conformational isoforms. The disease-related structural isoform of MIF (oxMIF) can be specifically and predominantly detected in the circulation of patients with inflammatory diseases and in tumor tissue, whereas the ubiquitously expressed isoform of MIF (redMIF) is abundantly expressed in healthy and diseased subjects. In this article, we report that cysteine 81 within MIF serves as a "switch cysteine" for the conversion of redMIF to oxMIF. Modulating cysteine 81 by thiol reactive agents leads to significant structural rearrangements of the protein, resulting in a decreased β-sheet content and an increased random coil content, but maintaining the trimeric quaternary structure. This conformational change in the MIF molecule enables binding of oxMIF-specific antibodies BaxB01 and BaxM159, which showed beneficial activity in animal models of inflammation and cancer. Crystal structure analysis of the MIF-derived EPCALCS peptide, bound in its oxMIF-like conformation by the Fab fragment of BaxB01, revealed that this peptide adopts a curved conformation, making the central thiol protein oxidoreductase motif competent to undergo disulfide shuffling. We conclude that redMIF might reflect a latent zymogenic form of MIF, and formation of oxMIF leads to a physiologically relevant, i.e., enzymatically active, state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schinagl
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
| | | | - Nicolas Sabarth
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
| | - Patrice Douillard
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
| | - Peter Scholz
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
| | - Dirk Voelkel
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
| | - Julia C Hollerweger
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics , University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics , University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics , University of Salzburg , Billrothstrasse 11 , 5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | | | - Michael Thiele
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH , Uferstrasse 15 , 2304 Orth an der Donau , Austria
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18
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Kok T, Wapenaar H, Wang K, Neochoritis CG, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Proietti G, Eleftheriadis N, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Cool RH, Poelarends GJ, Dömling A, Dekker FJ. Discovery of chromenes as inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:999-1005. [PMID: 29428527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an essential signaling cytokine with a key role in the immune system. Binding of MIF to its molecular targets such as, among others, the cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) receptor plays a key role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Therefore, the identification of MIF binding compounds gained importance in drug discovery. In this study, we aimed to discover novel MIF binding compounds by screening of a focused compound collection for inhibition of its tautomerase enzyme activity. Inspired by the known chromen-4-one inhibitor Orita-13, a focused collection of compounds with a chromene scaffold was screened for MIF binding. The library was synthesized using versatile cyanoacetamide chemistry to provide diversely substituted chromenes. The screening provided inhibitors with IC50's in the low micromolar range. Kinetic evaluation suggested that the inhibitors were reversible and did not bind in the binding pocket of the substrate. Thus, we discovered novel inhibitors of the MIF tautomerase activity, which may ultimately support the development of novel therapeutic agents against diseases in which MIF is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60292, Indonesia
| | - Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Giordano Proietti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Molecular Microscopy Research Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Wang Y, An R, Umanah GK, Park H, Nambiar K, Eacker SM, Kim B, Bao L, Harraz MM, Chang C, Chen R, Wang JE, Kam TI, Jeong JS, Xie Z, Neifert S, Qian J, Andrabi SA, Blackshaw S, Zhu H, Song H, Ming GL, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. A nuclease that mediates cell death induced by DNA damage and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Science 2017; 354:354/6308/aad6872. [PMID: 27846469 PMCID: PMC5134926 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition or genetic deletion of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is protective against toxic insults in many organ systems. The molecular mechanisms underlying PARP-1-dependent cell death involve release of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and its translocation to the nucleus, which results in chromatinolysis. We identified macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a PARP-1-dependent AIF-associated nuclease (PAAN). AIF was required for recruitment of MIF to the nucleus, where MIF cleaves genomic DNA into large fragments. Depletion of MIF, disruption of the AIF-MIF interaction, or mutation of glutamic acid at position 22 in the catalytic nuclease domain blocked MIF nuclease activity and inhibited chromatinolysis, cell death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity, and focal stroke. Inhibition of MIF's nuclease activity is a potential therapeutic target for diseases caused by excessive PARP-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ran An
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - George K Umanah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hyejin Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Kalyani Nambiar
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen M Eacker
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - BongWoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maged M Harraz
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Calvin Chang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Jun Seop Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhi Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stewart Neifert
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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Bloom J, Sun S, Al-Abed Y. MIF, a controversial cytokine: a review of structural features, challenges, and opportunities for drug development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1463-1475. [PMID: 27762152 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1251582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has emerged as a promising drug target in diseases including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. MIF has multiple properties that favor development of specific, targeted therapies: it is expressed broadly among human cells, has noted roles in diverse inflammatory and oncological processes, and has intrinsic enzymatic activity amenable to high-throughput screening. Despite these advantages, anti-MIF therapy remains well behind other cytokine-targeted therapeutics, with no small molecules in the pipeline for clinical development and anti-MIF antibodies only recently beginning clinical trials. Areas covered: In this review we summarize current literature regarding MIF structure and function-including challenges and controversies that have arisen in studies of anti-MIF therapeutics-and propose a strategy for development of clinically relevant anti-MIF drugs. Expert opinion: We believe that the field of anti-MIF therapeutics would benefit from capitalizing on the protein's multiple assets while acknowledging their flaws. The tautomerase enzymatic site of MIF may not be active biologically, but can nonetheless offer a high-throughput method to highlight molecules of interest that can affect its other, frequently intertwined bioactivities. Future work should also focus on developing more robust assays for MIF bioactivity that can be used for second-pass screening and specificity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloom
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Shan Sun
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Gu R, Jia J, Hou T, Zheng LT, Zhen X. Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) tautomerase activity suppresses microglia-mediated inflammatory responses. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:1134-1144. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
- Department of Pharmacy; Xiangyang Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine; Xiangyang Hubei China
| | - Ruinan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Long Tai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric Diseases and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu China
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22
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Park M, Kim S, Fetterer RH, Dalloul RA. Functional characterization of the turkey macrophage migration inhibitory factor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:198-207. [PMID: 27062968 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a soluble protein that inhibits the random migration of macrophages and plays a pivotal immunoregulatory function in innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to clone the turkey MIF (TkMIF) gene, express the active protein, and characterize its basic function. The full-length TkMIF gene was amplified from total RNA extracted from turkey spleen, followed by cloning into a prokaryotic (pET11a) expression vector. Sequence analysis revealed that TkMIF consists of 115 amino acids with 12.5 kDa molecular weight. Multiple sequence alignment revealed 100%, 65%, 95% and 92% identity with chicken, duck, eagle and zebra finch MIFs, respectively. Recombinant TkMIF (rTkMIF) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified through HPLC and endotoxin removal. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed an approximately 13.5 kDa of rTkMIF monomer containing T7 tag in soluble form. Western blot analysis showed that anti-chicken MIF (ChMIF) polyclonal antisera detected a monomer form of TkMIF at approximately 13.5 kDa size. Further functional analysis revealed that rTkMIF inhibits migration of both mononuclear cells and splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner, but was abolished by the addition of anti-ChMIF polyclonal antisera. qRT-PCR analysis revealed elevated transcripts of pro-inflammatory cytokines by rTkMIF in LPS-stimulated monocytes. rTkMIF also led to increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-17F transcripts in Con A-activated splenocytes, while IL-10 and IL-13 transcripts were decreased. Overall, the sequences of both the turkey and chicken MIF have high similarity and comparable biological functions with respect to migration inhibitory activities of macrophages and enhancement of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting that turkey and chicken MIFs would be biologically cross-reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongseon Park
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Raymond H Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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23
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Guo D, Guo J, Yao J, Jiang K, Hu J, Wang B, Liu H, Lin L, Sun W, Jiang X. D-dopachrome tautomerase is over-expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acts cooperatively with macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote cancer growth. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2056-67. [PMID: 27434219 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established the important role of MIF in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) for both therapeutic and diagnostic perspectives, but little is known about the expression and function of D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a functional homolog of MIF, in PDAC. In the present study, we demonstrated that DDT was over-expressed in PDAC tissues in a pattern correlated with MIF. In the pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1, BXPC-3 and ASPC-1, both DDT and MIF were expressed and co-localized with each other in the endosomal compartments and plasma membrane. Knockdown of DDT and MIF in PANC-1 cells cooperatively inhibited ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation, increased p53 expression, and reduced cell proliferation, invasion and tumor formation. These effects were rescued by the re-expression of MIF or DDT, but not by the forced expression of the tautomerase-deficient mutants of DDT and MIF, P1G-DDT and P1G-MIF. Finally, we observed that 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP), a covalent tautomerase inhibitor of both DDT and MIF, attenuated PANC-1 cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Thus, targeting the tautomerase sites of both MIF and DDT may offer more efficient therapeutic benefits to PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Guo
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Yao
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Leng L, Bucala R, Vandenbark AA. Predicted structure of MIF/CD74 and RTL1000/CD74 complexes. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:249-55. [PMID: 26851955 PMCID: PMC5248574 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that attracts and then retains activated immune cells from the periphery to the tissues. MIF exists as a homotrimer and its effects are mediated through its primary receptor, CD74 (the class II invariant chain that exhibits a highly structured trimerization domain), present on class II expressing cells. Although a number of binding residues have been identified between MIF and CD74 trimers, their spatial orientation has not been established. Using a docking program in silico, we have modeled binding interactions between CD74 and MIF as well as CD74 and a competitive MIF inhibitor, RTL1000, a partial MHC class II construct that is currently in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. These analyses revealed 3 binding sites on the MIF trimer that each were predicted to bind one CD74 trimer through interactions with two distinct 5 amino acid determinants. Surprisingly, predicted binding of one CD74 trimer to a single RTL1000 antagonist utilized the same two 5 residue determinants, providing strong suggestive evidence in support of the MIF binding regions on CD74. Taken together, our structural modeling predicts a new MIF(CD74)3 dodecamer that may provide the basis for increased MIF potency and the requirement for ~3-fold excess RTL1000 to achieve full antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hosp. Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hosp. Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hosp. Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology UHS-46, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, USA.
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25
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Bruchfeld A, Wendt M, Miller EJ. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Clinical Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:8. [PMID: 26858715 PMCID: PMC4726817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, autoimmune disease, atherogenesis, plaque instability, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. MIF in plasma and urine is significantly elevated in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and elevated MIF in serum is associated with markers of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and markers of myocardial damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, MIF seems to be involved in vascular processes and cardiovascular disease associated with CKD, glomerulonephritis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and possibly also in progression to renal failure. Moreover, in active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody-associated vasculitis, plasma MIF levels have been shown to be significantly elevated as compared with samples from patients in remission. A significant difference in the genotype frequency of high production MIF -173 G/C genotype has been found in end-stage renal disease, compared to controls. Inhibition of MIF in a diabetic nephropathy model ameliorated blood glucose and albuminuria and in a model of adult polycystic kidney disease cyst growth was delayed. Preclinical studies support a potential therapeutic role for MIF in AKI and in a number of CKDs, whereas these data in human disease are still observational. Future interventional studies are needed to delineate the role of MIF as a treatment target in clinical kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bruchfeld
- Department of Renal Medicine, Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mårten Wendt
- Department of Renal Medicine, Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Edmund J Miller
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
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26
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O'Reilly C, Doroudian M, Mawhinney L, Donnelly SC. Targeting MIF in Cancer: Therapeutic Strategies, Current Developments, and Future Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:440-60. [PMID: 26777977 DOI: 10.1002/med.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence has been presented linking chronic inflammation to the onset and pathogenesis of cancer. The multifunctional pro-inflammatory protein macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) occupies a central role in the inflammatory pathway and has been implicated in the tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of many cancer phenotypes. This review highlights the current state of the art, which presents MIF, and the second member of the MIF structural superfamily, D-DT (MIF2), as significant mediators in the inflammatory-cancer axis. Although the mechanism by which MIF asserts its biological activity has yet to be fully understood, it has become clear in recent years that for certain phenotypes of cancer, MIF represents a valid therapeutic target. Current research efforts have focused on small molecule approaches that target MIF's unique tautomerase active site and neutralization of MIF with anti-MIF antibodies. These approaches have yielded promising results in a number of preclinical murine cancer models and have helped to increase our understanding of MIF biological activity. More recently, MIF's involvement in a number of key protein-protein interactions, such as with CD74 and HSP90, has been highlighted and provides a novel platform for the development of anti-MIF chemotherapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran O'Reilly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leona Mawhinney
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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27
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Lang T, Foote A, Lee JPW, Morand EF, Harris J. MIF: Implications in the Pathoetiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2015; 6:577. [PMID: 26617609 PMCID: PMC4641160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration Inhibitory factor (MIF) was one of the earliest pro-inflammatory cytokines to be identified. Increasing interest in this cytokine in recent decades has followed the cloning of human MIF and the generation of Mif−/− mice. Deepening understanding of signaling pathways utilized by MIF and putative receptor mechanisms have followed. MIF is distinct from all other cytokines by virtue of its unique induction by and counter regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs). MIF is further differentiated from other cytokines by its structural homology to specific tautomerase and isomerase enzymes and correlative in vitro enzymatic functions. The role of MIF in immune and inflammatory states, including a range of human autoimmune diseases, is now well established, as are the relationships between MIF polymorphisms and a number of inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the known pleiotropic activities of MIF, in addition to novel functions of MIF in processes including autophagy and autophagic cell death. In addition, recent developments in the understanding of the role of MIF in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the potential application of anti-MIF strategies to treat human diseases such as SLE, which will require a comprehensive understanding of the unique and complex activities of this ubiquitously expressed cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Lang
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Andrew Foote
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Jacinta P W Lee
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - James Harris
- Lupus Research Group, Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre , Clayton, VIC , Australia
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28
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Zhang X, Mu L. Association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the endometrium and estrogen in endometriosis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:787-791. [PMID: 26622394 PMCID: PMC4509047 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has a possible role in endometriosis-related pain and infertility, yet it has not been explored whether the mRNA level of MIF is altered in endometrial tissues from patients with endometriosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of MIF in endometrial tissues from women with and without endometriosis, and to analyze the association between endometrial MIF expression and 17β-estradiol (E2). The protein and mRNA expression of MIF in the human endometrial tissue was assessed by western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. The MIF expression of women with endometriosis was found to be significantly higher than that of the controls. A positive correlation was noted between the serum E2 level and MIF expression. In endometrial cells from women with endometriosis, the level of E2-induced MIF upregulation was significantly higher than that in cells from women without endometriosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significant increase in MIF expression in the endometrial tissues of women with endometriosis and an association between MIF expression and E2 level. MIF expression in endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis showed an increased sensitivity to stimulation by E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Mu
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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29
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Gordon-Weeks AN, Lim SY, Yuzhalin AE, Jones K, Muschel R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a key cytokine and therapeutic target in colon cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:451-61. [PMID: 25882738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was one of the first cytokines to be discovered, over 40 years ago. Since that time a burgeoning interest has developed in the role that MIF plays in both the regulation of normal physiology and the response to pathology. MIF is a pleotropic cytokine that functions to promote inflammation, drive cellular proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and regulate the migration and activation state of immune cells. These functions are particularly relevant for the development of cancer and it is notable that various solid tumours over express MIF. This includes tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and MIF appears to play a particularly prominent role in the development and progression of colonic adenocarcinoma. Here we review the role that MIF plays in colonic carcinogenesis through the promotion of colonic inflammation, as well as the progression of primary and metastatic colon cancer. The recent development of various antagonists and antibodies that inhibit MIF activity indicates that we may soon be able to classify MIF as a therapeutic target in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Gordon-Weeks
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - S Y Lim
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - A E Yuzhalin
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - K Jones
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - R Muschel
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, UK
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30
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Thiele M, Kerschbaumer RJ, Tam FWK, Völkel D, Douillard P, Schinagl A, Kühnel H, Smith J, McDaid JP, Bhangal G, Yu MC, Pusey CD, Cook HT, Kovarik J, Magelky E, Bhan A, Rieger M, Mudde GC, Ehrlich H, Jilma B, Tilg H, Moschen A, Terhorst C, Scheiflinger F. Selective Targeting of a Disease-Related Conformational Isoform of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Ameliorates Inflammatory Conditions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine and counterregulator of glucocorticoids, is a potential therapeutic target. MIF is markedly different from other cytokines because it is constitutively expressed, stored in the cytoplasm, and present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Thus, the concept of targeting MIF for therapeutic intervention is challenging because of the need to neutralize a ubiquitous protein. In this article, we report that MIF occurs in two redox-dependent conformational isoforms. We show that one of the two isoforms of MIF, that is, oxidized MIF (oxMIF), is specifically recognized by three mAbs directed against MIF. Surprisingly, oxMIF is selectively expressed in the plasma and on the cell surface of immune cells of patients with different inflammatory diseases. In patients with acute infections or chronic inflammation, oxMIF expression correlated with inflammatory flare-ups. In addition, anti-oxMIF mAbs alleviated disease severity in mouse models of acute and chronic enterocolitis and improved, in synergy with glucocorticoids, renal function in a rat model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. We conclude that oxMIF represents the disease-related isoform of MIF; oxMIF is therefore a new diagnostic marker for inflammation and a relevant target for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thiele
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | | | - Frederick W K Tam
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Völkel
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Patrice Douillard
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Alexander Schinagl
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Harald Kühnel
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - John P McDaid
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Gurjeet Bhangal
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mei-Ching Yu
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - H Terence Cook
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Kovarik
- Department of Nephrology, Wilhelminenspital, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erica Magelky
- Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Atul Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02214
| | - Manfred Rieger
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Geert C Mudde
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Hartmut Ehrlich
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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31
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Pantouris G, Rajasekaran D, Garcia AB, Ruiz VG, Leng L, Jorgensen WL, Bucala R, Lolis EJ. Crystallographic and Receptor Binding Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Complexed to Two Potent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8652-6. [PMID: 25268646 PMCID: PMC4207548 DOI: 10.1021/jm501168q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report the crystal structures of two inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum macrophage migration inhibitory
factor (PfMIF) with nanomolar Ki’s, analyze their interactions with the active site
of PfMIF, and provide explanations regarding their
selectivity of PfMIF versus human MIF. These inhibitors
were also found to selectively inhibit interactions between PfMIF and the human MIF receptor CD74. The results of this
study provide the framework for the development of new therapeutics
that target PfMIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pantouris
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Deepa Rajasekaran
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Victor G. Ruiz
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Lin Leng
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Richard Bucala
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Elias J. Lolis
- Departments
of Pharmacology, ‡Internal Medicine, §Chemistry, and the ∥Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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32
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Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the mouse neocortex and posterior piriform cortices during postnatal development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1183-97. [PMID: 25118614 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) functions as a pleiotropic protein, participating in a vast array of cellular and biological processes. Abnormal expression of MIF has been implicated in many neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, stroke, and neuropathic pain. However, the expression patterns of mif transcript and MIF protein from the early postnatal period through adulthood in the mouse brain are still poorly understood. We therefore investigated the temporal and spatial expression of MIF in the mouse neocortex during postnatal development in detail and partially in posterior piriform cortices (pPC). As determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), mif transcript gradually increased during development, with the highest level noted at postnatal day 30 (P30) followed by a sharp decline at P75. In contrast, Western blotting results showed that MIF increased constantly from P7 to P75. The highest level of MIF was at P75, while the lowest level of MIF was at P7. Immunofluorescence histochemistry revealed that MIF-immunoreactive (ir) cells were within the entire depth of the developed neocortex, and MIF was heterogeneously distributed among cortical cells, especially at P7, P14, P30, and P75; MIF was abundant in the pyramidal layer within pPC. Double immunostaining showed that all the mature neurons were MIF-ir and all the intensely stained MIF-ir cells were parvalbumin positive (Pv +) at adult. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MIF protein localized in the perikaryon, processes, presynaptic structures, and the nucleus in neurons. Taken together, the developmentally regulated expression and the subcellular localization of MIF should form a platform for an analysis of MIF neurodevelopmental biology and MIF-related nerve diseases.
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Qu G, Fetterer R, Leng L, Du X, Zarlenga D, Shen Z, Han W, Bucala R, Tuo W. Ostertagia ostertagi macrophage migration inhibitory factor is present in all developmental stages and may cross-regulate host functions through interaction with the host receptor. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:355-67. [PMID: 24583184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of Ostertagia ostertagi, an abomasal parasite of cattle, was characterised in the present study. Phylogenetic analysis identified at least three O. ostertagi MIFs (Oos-MIFs), each encoded by a distinct transcript: Oos-MIF-1.1, Oos-MIF-1.2 and Oos-MIF-2. Oos-MIF-2 is only distantly related to Oos-MIF-1s, but has higher sequence similarity with the Caenorhabditis elegans MIF2. Oos-MIF-1.1 and Oos-MIF-1.2 are similar (93%) and thus collectively referred to as Oos-MIF-1 when characterised with immunoassays. Recombinant Oos-MIF-1.1 (rOos-MIF-1.1) is catalytically active as a tautomerase. A mutation (rOos-MIF-1.1P1G) or duplication of Pro1 residue (rOos-MIF-1.1P1+P) resulted in reduced oligomerisation and loss of tautomerase activity. The tautomerase activity of rOos-MIF-1.1 was only partially inhibited by ISO-1 but was abrogated by a rOos-MIF-1.1-specific antibody. Oos-MIF-1 was detected in all developmental stages of O. ostertagi, with higher levels in the adult stage; it was also detected in adult worm excretory/secretory product. Oos-MIF-1 was localised to the hypodermis/muscle, reproductive tract and intestine, but not to the cuticle. rOos-MIF-1.1, but not rOos-MIF-1.1P1G, was able to specifically bind to human CD74, a MIF cell surface receptor, with an affinity comparable with human MIF. Immunostaining indicated that macrophages were able to internalise rOos-MIF-1.1, further supporting receptor-mediated transportation. Herein we also show that rOos-MIF-1.1 inhibited migration of bovine macrophages and restored glucocorticoid-suppressed, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α and IL-8 in human and/or bovine macrophages. Given its dual role in self-regulation and molecular mimicry, this secreted parasite protein warrants investigation as a vaccine candidate against O. ostertagi infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggang Qu
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Shangdong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Binzhou City, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Raymond Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dante Zarlenga
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shangdong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Binzhou City, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Oh M, Kasthuri SR, Wan Q, Bathige SDNK, Whang I, Lim BS, Jung HB, Oh MJ, Jung SJ, Kim SY, Lee J. Characterization of MIF family proteins: MIF and DDT from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:458-468. [PMID: 23688964 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic molecule playing vital roles in various signaling cascades, including cell proliferation, and activation of immune responses against infections. It is well known as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity. In this study, we have rescued and characterized two members of the MIF family, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (OfMIF) and D-Dopachrome tautomerase (OfDDT) from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. The deduced OfMIF and OfDDT protein sequences revealed the presence of the catalytic oxidoreductase (CXXC), motif. They also possessed highly conserved proline (P(2)) and lysine residues (K(33)), responsible for their isomerase and tautomerase functions. Rock bream MIF and DDT homologues shared higher identity with fish homologues and also with mammals and occupied a distinct position in the phylogenetic tree, depicting their evolutionary conservation. The spatial expression analysis revealed the highest expression of both OfMIF and OfDDT in liver, while portraying constitutive expression in other tissues. The recombinant proteins purified using the Escherichia coli system revealed potent oxidoreductase activity against insulin with both dithiothreitol and glutathione as reducing agents. Stimulation of rock bream head kidney cells with recombinant OfMIF and OfDDT proteins induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These results together suggest their involvement in rock bream immune defense and this study on the novel MIF family member DDT from rock bream will pave the way for further studies of this homologue in other teleosts and delineate its multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Oh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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MIF intersubunit disulfide mutant antagonist supports activation of CD74 by endogenous MIF trimer at physiologic concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10994-9. [PMID: 23776208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221817110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine. In addition to its known receptor-mediated biological activities, MIF possesses a catalytic site of unknown function between subunits of a homotrimer. Each subunit contributes three β-strands to adjacent subunits to form a core seven-stranded β-sheet for each monomer. MIF monomers, dimers, or trimers have been reported, but the active form that binds and activates the MIF receptor (CD74) is still a matter of debate. A cysteine mutant (N110C) that covalently locks MIF into a trimer by forming a disulfide with Cys-80 of an adjacent subunit is used to study this issue. Partial catalytic activity and receptor binding to CD74 are retained by N110C (locked trimer), but there is no cellular signaling. Wild-type MIF-induced cellular signaling, in vivo lung neutrophil accumulation, and alveolar permeability are inhibited with a fivefold excess of N110C. NMR and size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering reveal that N110C can form a higher-order oligomer in equilibrium with a single locked trimer. The X-ray structure confirms a local conformational change that disrupts the subunit interface and results in global changes responsible for the oligomeric form. The structure also confirms these changes are consistent for the partial catalytic and receptor binding activities. The absence of any potential monomer and the retention of partial catalytic and receptor binding activities despite changes in conformation (and dynamics) in the mutant support an endogenous MIF trimer that binds and activates CD74 at nanomolar concentrations. This conclusion has implications for therapeutic development.
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Palud A, Marciniak C, Montaigne D, Marechal X, Ballot C, Hassoun SM, Decoster B, Neviere R, Lancel S. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibition is deleterious for high-fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58718. [PMID: 23536817 PMCID: PMC3594150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Development of metabolic syndrome is associated with impaired cardiac performance, mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory cytokine increase, such as the macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF. Depending on conditions, MIF may exert both beneficial and deleterious effects on the myocardium. Therefore, we tested whether pharmacological inhibition of MIF prevented or worsened metabolic syndrome-induced myocardial dysfunction. Methods and Results C57BL/6J mice were fed for ten weeks with 60% fat-enriched diet (HFD) or normal diet (ND). MIF inhibition was obtained by injecting mice twice a week with ISO-1, for three consecutive weeks. Then, triglycerides, cholesterol, fat mass, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, ex vivo cardiac contractility, animal energetic substrate utilization assessed by indirect calorimetry and mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis were evaluated. HFD led to fat mass increase, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. ISO-1 did not alter these parameters. However, MIF inhibition was responsible for HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction worsening. Mouse capacity to increase oxygen consumption in response to exercise was reduced in HFD compared to ND, and further diminished in ISO-1-treated HFD group. Mitochondrial respiration was reduced in HFD mice, treated or not with ISO-1. Compared to ND, mitochondrial biogenesis signaling was upregulated in the HFD as demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA amount and PGC-1α expression. However, this increase in biogenesis was blocked by ISO-1 treatment. Conclusion MIF inhibition achieved by ISO-1 was responsible for a reduction in HFD-induced mitochondrial biogenesis signaling that could explain majored cardiac dysfunction observed in HFD mice treated with MIF inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Palud
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
| | | | - David Montaigne
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Marechal
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Ballot
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Remi Neviere
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
| | - Steve Lancel
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Nishihira J. Molecular function of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and a novel therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1271:53-7. [PMID: 23050964 PMCID: PMC3485673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a unique protein that participates in inflammation, immune responses, and cell growth. An array of in vitro and in vivo experiments has demonstrated that MIF is profoundly involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Blockade of MIF bioactivities by either neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies or antagonists prevents inflammatory cytokine cascade, which strongly suggests that an anti-MIF therapeutic strategy is feasible for treatment of IBD. Recently, we developed a new therapeutic approach for IBD by administration of antisense MIF oligonucleotides in conjugation with schizophyllan (SPG), a member of the glucan family. SPG specifically binds Dectin-1 expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and the antisense MIF/SPG complex is incorporated into the cells. In in vivo experiments of colitis models in mice, we found that intraperitoneal administration of the complex ameliorated the clinical signs of colitis and improved the histological scores. This novel therapy designed to knock down the MIF production in APCs is expected to be clinically applicable for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishihira
- Department of Medical Management and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Characterization of molecular determinants of the conformational stability of macrophage migration inhibitory factor: leucine 46 hydrophobic pocket. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45024. [PMID: 23028743 PMCID: PMC3448610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a key mediator of inflammatory responses and innate immunity and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The oligomerization of MIF, more specifically trimer formation, is essential for its keto-enol tautomerase activity and probably mediates several of its interactions and biological activities, including its binding to its receptor CD74 and activation of certain signaling pathways. Therefore, understanding the molecular factors governing the oligomerization of MIF and the role of quaternary structure in modulating its structural stability and multifunctional properties is crucial for understanding the function of MIF in health and disease. Herein, we describe highly conserved intersubunit interactions involving the hydrophobic packing of the side chain of Leu46 onto the β-strand β3 of one monomer within a hydrophobic pocket from the adjacent monomer constituted by residues Arg11, Val14, Phe18, Leu19, Val39, His40, Val41, Val42, and Pro43. To elucidate the structural significance of these intersubunit interactions and their relative contribution to MIF’s trimerization, structural stability and catalytic activity, we generated three point mutations where Leu46 was replaced by glycine (L46G), alanine (L46A) and phenylalanine (L46F), and their structural properties, stability, oligomerization state, and catalytic activity were characterized using a battery of biophysical methods and X-ray crystallography. Our findings provide new insights into the role of the Leu46 hydrophobic pocket in stabilizing the conformational state of MIF in solution. Disrupting the Leu46 hydrophobic interaction perturbs the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein but has no effect on its oligomerization state.
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Brain miffed by macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:139573. [PMID: 22973314 PMCID: PMC3438795 DOI: 10.1155/2012/139573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine which also exhibits enzymatic properties like oxidoreductase and tautomerase. MIF plays a pivotal role in innate and acquired immunity as well as in the neuroendocrine axis. Since it is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, neoangiogenesis, and cancer, MIF and its signaling components are considered suitable targets for therapeutic intervention in several fields of medicine. In neurodegenerative and neurooncological diseases, MIF is a highly relevant, but still a hardly investigated mediator. MIF operates via intracellular protein-protein interaction as well as in CD74/CXCR2/CXCR4 receptor-mediated pathways to regulate essential cellular systems such as redox balance, HIF-1, and p53-mediated senescence and apoptosis as well as multiple signaling pathways. Acting as an endogenous glucocorticoid antagonist, MIF thus represents a relevant resistance gene in brain tumor therapies. Alongside this dual action, a functional homolog-annotated D-dopachrome tautomerase/MIF-2 has been uncovered utilizing the same cell surface receptor signaling cascade as MIF. Here we review MIF actions with respect to redox regulation in apoptosis and in tumor growth as well as its extracellular function with a focus on its potential role in brain diseases. We consider the possibility of MIF targeting in neurodegenerative processes and brain tumors by novel MIF-neutralizing approaches.
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Tyndall JDA, Lue H, Rutledge MT, Bernhagen J, Hampton MB, Wilbanks SM. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor covalently complexed with phenethyl isothiocyanate. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:999-1002. [PMID: 22949182 PMCID: PMC3433185 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is irreversibly inhibited via covalent modification by phenethyl isothiocyanate, a naturally occurring compound with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The structure of the modified protein obtained from X-ray diffraction data to 1.64 Å resolution is presented. The inhibitor sits within a deep hydrophobic pocket between subunits of the homotrimer and is highly ordered. The secondary structure of macrophage migratory inhibitory factor is unchanged by this modification, but there are significant rearrangements, including of the side-chain position of Tyr37 and the main chain of residues 31-34. These changes may explain the decreased binding of the modified protein to the receptor CD74. Together with the pocket, the areas of conformational change define specific targets for the design of more selective and potent inhibitors as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hongqi Lue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Malcolm T. Rutledge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jurgen Bernhagen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sigurd M. Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Merk M, Mitchell RA, Endres S, Bucala R. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family. Cytokine 2012; 59:10-7. [PMID: 22507380 PMCID: PMC3367028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) is a newly described cytokine and a member of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein superfamily. MIF is a broadly expressed pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates both the innate and the adaptive immune response. MIF activates the MAP kinase cascade, modulates cell migration, and counter-acts the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids. For many cell types, MIF also acts as an important survival or anti-apoptotic factor. Circulating MIF levels are elevated in the serum in different infectious and autoimmune diseases, and neutralization of the MIF protein via antibodies or small molecule antagonists improves the outcome in numerous animal models of human disease. Recently, a detailed investigation of the biological role of the closely homologous protein D-DT, which is encoded by a gene adjacent to MIF, revealed an overlapping functional spectrum with MIF. The D-DT protein also is present in most tissues and circulates in serum at similar concentrations as MIF. D-DT binds the MIF cell surface receptor complex, CD74/CD44, with high affinity and induces similar cell signaling and effector functions. Furthermore, an analysis of the signaling properties of the two proteins showed that they work cooperatively, and that neutralization of D-DT in vivo significantly decreases inflammation. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between MIF and D-DT, which we propose to designate "MIF-2", and discuss the implication of D-DT/MIF-2 expression for MIF-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Merk
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
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Wasiel AA, Baas BJ, Zandvoort E, Quax WJ, Poelarends GJ. Dehalogenation of an Anthropogenic Compound by an Engineered Variant of the Mouse Cytokine Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1270-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cho Y, Vermeire JJ, Merkel JS, Leng L, Du X, Bucala R, Cappello M, Lolis E. Drug repositioning and pharmacophore identification in the discovery of hookworm MIF inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1089-101. [PMID: 21944748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The screening of bioactive compound libraries can be an effective approach for repositioning FDA-approved drugs or discovering new pharmacophores. Hookworms are blood-feeding, intestinal nematode parasites that infect up to 600 million people worldwide. Vaccination with recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (rAceMIF) provided partial protection from disease, thus establishing a "proof-of-concept" for targeting AceMIF to prevent or treat infection. A high-throughput screen (HTS) against rAceMIF identified six AceMIF-specific inhibitors. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sodium meclofenamate, could be tested in an animal model to assess the therapeutic efficacy in treating hookworm disease. Furosemide, an FDA-approved diuretic, exhibited submicromolar inhibition of rAceMIF tautomerase activity. Structure-activity relationships of a pharmacophore based on furosemide included one analog that binds similarly to the active site, yet does not inhibit the Na-K-Cl symporter (NKCC1) responsible for diuretic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsang Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kerschbaumer RJ, Rieger M, Völkel D, Le Roy D, Roger T, Garbaraviciene J, Boehncke WH, Müllberg J, Hoet RM, Wood CR, Antoine G, Thiele M, Savidis-Dacho H, Dockal M, Ehrlich H, Calandra T, Scheiflinger F. Neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by fully human antibodies correlates with their specificity for the β-sheet structure of MIF. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7446-55. [PMID: 22238348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for a variety of diseases. A diverse panel of fully human anti-MIF antibodies was generated by selection from a phage display library and extensively analyzed in vitro. Epitope mapping studies identified antibodies specific for linear as well as structural epitopes. Experimental animal studies revealed that only those antibodies binding epitopes within amino acids 50-68 or 86-102 of the MIF molecule exerted protective effects in models of sepsis or contact hypersensitivity. Within the MIF protein, these two binding regions form a β-sheet structure that includes the MIF oxidoreductase motif. We therefore conclude that this β-sheet structure is a crucial region for MIF activity and a promising target for anti-MIF antibody therapy.
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Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis, pneumonia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and cancer. To inhibit the enzymatic and biologic activities of MIF, we and others have developed small-molecule MIF inhibitors. Most MIF inhibitors bind within the hydrophobic pocket that contains highly conserved amino acids known to be essential for MIF's proinflammatory activity. The best characterized of these small-molecule MIF inhibitors, (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) has been validated in scores of laboratories worldwide. Like neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies, ISO-1 significantly improves survival and reduces disease progression and/or severity in multiple murine models where MIF is implicated. This MIF inhibitor, its derivatives and other MIF-targeted compounds show great promise for future testing in disease states where increased MIF activity has been discovered.
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46
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Thyroxine is a potential endogenous antagonist of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8224-7. [PMID: 21536912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017624108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally low plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones during sepsis often occur in the absence of thyroidal illness; however, the mechanisms involved in the "euthyroid sick syndrome" remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized interaction between the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)) and the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), together with its clinical relevance in sepsis. We found that in both patients with severe sepsis, and our rodent model, low plasma T(4) concentrations were inversely correlated with plasma MIF concentrations. The MIF molecule contains a hydrophobic pocket that is important for many of its proinflammatory activities. Binding of L-T(4) (or its hormonally inert isomer D-T(4)) significantly, and dose-dependently, inhibited the catalytic activity of this pocket. Moreover, administration of exogenous D-T(4) significantly improved survival in mice with severe sepsis. To examine the specificity of the MIFT(4) interaction, wild-type and MIF knockout mice were subjected to the carrageenan-air pouch model of inflammation and then treated with D-T(4) or vehicle. D-T(4) significantly inhibited leukocyte infiltration in wild-type mice but not in MIF knockout mice, providing evidence that in vivo T(4) may influence MIF-mediated inflammatory responses via inhibition of its hydrophobic proinflammatory pocket. These findings demonstrate a new physiological role for T(4) as a natural inhibitor of MIF proinflammatory activity. The data may also, in part, explain the low plasma T(4) concentrations in critically ill, euthyroid patients and suggest that targeting the imbalance between MIF and T(4) may be beneficial in improving outcome from sepsis.
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Kimura H, Sato Y, Tajima Y, Suzuki H, Yukitake H, Imaeda T, Kajino M, Oki H, Takizawa M, Tanida S. BTZO-1, a cardioprotective agent, reveals that macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates ARE-mediated gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:1282-94. [PMID: 21168764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a screening program to discover therapeutic drugs for heart diseases, we identified BTZO-1, a 1,3-benzothiazin-4-one derivative, which activated antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene expression and suppressed oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro. An active BTZO-1 derivative for ARE-activation protected heart tissue during ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which is known to protect cells from oxidative insult, was identified as a specific BTZO-1-binding protein. BTZO-1 binds to MIF with a K(d) of 68.6 nM, and its binding required the intact N-terminal Pro1. MIF, in the presence of BTZO-1, activated the glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit (GST Ya) gene ARE, whereas reduction of cellular MIF protein levels by siRNA suppressed BTZO-1-induced GST Ya expression. These results suggest that BTZO-1 activates the GST Ya gene ARE by interacting with MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhide Kimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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Leng L, Chen L, Fan J, Greven D, Arjona A, Du X, Austin D, Kashgarian M, Yin Z, Huang XR, Lan HY, Lolis E, Nikolic-Paterson D, Bucala R. A small-molecule macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonist protects against glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 and MRL/lpr mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:527-38. [PMID: 21106847 PMCID: PMC3124407 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity leads to the activation of innate effector pathways, proinflammatory cytokine production, and end-organ injury. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream activator of the innate response that mediates the recruitment and retention of monocytes via CD74 and associated chemokine receptors, and it has a role in the maintenance of B lymphocytes. High-expression MIF alleles also are associated with end-organ damage in different autoimmune diseases. We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), an orally bioavailable MIF antagonist, in two distinct models of systemic lupus erythematosus: the NZB/NZW F1 and the MRL/lpr mouse strains. ISO-1, like anti-MIF, inhibited the interaction between MIF and its receptor, CD74, and in each model of disease, it reduced functional and histological indices of glomerulonephritis, CD74(+) and CXCR4(+) leukocyte recruitment, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. Neither autoantibody production nor T and B cell activation were significantly affected, pointing to the specificity of MIF antagonism in reducing excessive proinflammatory responses. These data highlight the feasibility of targeting the MIF-MIF receptor interaction by small-molecule antagonism and support the therapeutic value of downregulating MIF-dependent pathways of tissue damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Juan Fan
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Alvaro Arjona
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - David Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Zhinan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Xiao R. Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Y. Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Center, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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49
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Wasiel AA, Rozeboom HJ, Hauke D, Baas BJ, Zandvoort E, Quax WJ, Thunnissen AMWH, Poelarends GJ. Structural and functional characterization of a macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologue from the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus . Biochemistry 2010; 49:7572-81. [PMID: 20715791 DOI: 10.1021/bi1008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional mammalian cytokine, which exhibits tautomerase and oxidoreductase activity. MIF homologues with pairwise sequence identities to human MIF ranging from 31% to 41% have been detected in various cyanobacteria. The gene encoding the MIF homologue from the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus strain MIT9313 has been cloned and the corresponding protein (PmMIF) overproduced, purified, and subjected to functional and structural characterization. Kinetic and (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies show that PmMIF tautomerizes phenylenolpyruvate and (p-hydroxyphenyl)enolpyruvate at low levels. The N-terminal proline of PmMIF is critical for these reactions because the P1A mutant has strongly reduced tautomerase activities. PmMIF shows high structural homology with mammalian MIFs as revealed by a crystal structure of PmMIF at 1.63 A resolution. MIF contains a Cys-X-X-Cys motif that mediates oxidoreductase activity, which is lacking from PmMIF. Engineering of the motif into PmMIF did not result in oxidoreductase activity but increased the tautomerase activity 8-fold. The shared tautomerase activities and the conservation of the beta-alpha-beta structural fold and key functional groups suggest that eukaryotic MIFs and cyanobacterial PmMIF are related by divergent evolution from a common ancestor. While several MIF homologues have been identified in eukaryotic parasites, where they are thought to play a role in modulating the host immune response, PmMIF is the first nonparasitic, bacterial MIF-like protein characterized in detail. This work sets the stage for future studies which could address the question whether a MIF-like protein from a free-living bacterium possesses immunostimulatory features similar to those of mammalian MIFs and MIF-like proteins found in parasitic nematodes and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Wasiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Carpy JMA, Haasbroek PP, Oliver DW. Design of agents interacting with immunoregulating proteins: Potential inhibitors of the phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity catalysed by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030211005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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