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Venkatesh SS, Ganjgahi H, Palmer DS, Coley K, Linchangco GV, Hui Q, Wilson P, Ho YL, Cho K, Arumäe K, Wittemans LBL, Nellåker C, Vainik U, Sun YV, Holmes C, Lindgren CM, Nicholson G. Characterising the genetic architecture of changes in adiposity during adulthood using electronic health records. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5801. [PMID: 38987242 PMCID: PMC11237142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heritable disease, characterised by excess adiposity that is measured by body mass index (BMI). While over 1,000 genetic loci are associated with BMI, less is known about the genetic contribution to adiposity trajectories over adulthood. We derive adiposity-change phenotypes from 24.5 million primary-care health records in over 740,000 individuals in the UK Biobank, Million Veteran Program USA, and Estonian Biobank, to discover and validate the genetic architecture of adiposity trajectories. Using multiple BMI measurements over time increases power to identify genetic factors affecting baseline BMI by 14%. In the largest reported genome-wide study of adiposity-change in adulthood, we identify novel associations with BMI-change at six independent loci, including rs429358 (APOE missense variant). The SNP-based heritability of BMI-change (1.98%) is 9-fold lower than that of BMI. The modest genetic correlation between BMI-change and BMI (45.2%) indicates that genetic studies of longitudinal trajectories could uncover novel biology of quantitative traits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvida S Venkatesh
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Habib Ganjgahi
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Duncan S Palmer
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kayesha Coley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Gregorio V Linchangco
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Peter Wilson
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kadri Arumäe
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of McGill, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Chris Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Chodick G, Simchoni M, Jensen BW, Derazne E, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Landau R, Abramovich A, Afek A, Baker JL, Twig G. Heritability of Body Mass Index Among Familial Generations. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2419029. [PMID: 38941093 PMCID: PMC11214117 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Studies on the familial effects of body mass index (BMI) status have yielded a wide range of data on its heritability. Objective To assess the heritability of obesity by measuring the association between the BMIs of fathers, mothers, and their offspring at the same age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from population-wide mandatory medical screening before compulsory military service in Israel. The study included participants examined between January 1, 1986, and December 31, 2018, whose both parents had their BMI measurement taken at their own prerecruitment evaluation in the past. Data analysis was performed from May to December 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for offsprings' BMI and their mothers', fathers', and midparental BMI percentile (the mean of the mothers' and fathers' BMI cohort- and sex-specific BMI percentile) to estimate heritability. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of obesity compared with healthy BMI, according to parental BMI status. Results A total of 447 883 offspring (235 105 male [52.5%]; mean [SD] age, 17.09 [0.34] years) with both parents enrolled and measured for BMI at 17 years of age were enrolled in the study, yielding a total study population of 1 343 649 individuals. Overall, the correlation between midparental BMI percentile at 17 years of age and the offspring's BMI at 17 years of age was moderate (ρ = 0.386). Among female offspring, maternal-offspring BMI correlation (ρ = 0.329) was somewhat higher than the paternal-offspring BMI correlation (ρ = 0.266). Among trios in which both parents had a healthy BMI, the prevalence of overweight or obesity in offspring was 15.4%; this proportion increased to 76.6% when both parents had obesity and decreased to 3.3% when both parents had severe underweight. Compared with healthy weight, maternal (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 4.63-5.32), paternal (OR, 4.48; 95% CI, 4.26-4.72), and parental (OR, 6.44; 95% CI, 6.22-6.67) obesity (midparent BMI in the ≥95th percentile) at 17 years of age were associated with increased odds of obesity among offspring. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of military enrollees whose parents also underwent prerecruitment evaluations, the observed correlation between midparental and offspring BMI, coupled with a calculated narrow-sense heritability of 39%, suggested a substantive contribution of genetic factors to BMI variation at 17 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chodick
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Simchoni
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Britt Wang Jensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estela Derazne
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Regev Landau
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Arnon Afek
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Central Management, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jennifer Lyn Baker
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital–Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gilad Twig
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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E Y, Yang J, Shen Y, Quan X. Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Academic Burden: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Health among Chinese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4917. [PMID: 36981825 PMCID: PMC10049325 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the effects of physical activity, screen time, and academic burden on adolescent health in China and compare their effects by using the nationally representative sample data from the CEPS (China Educational Panel Survey) cross-section data. This paper first uses regression analysis to examine the relationship between physical activity, screen time, academic burden and health among Chinese adolescents. Then, this paper uses the clustering analysis the influence of physical activity, screen time, and academic burden on the health of Chinese adolescents. The empirical results show that: (1) along with exercise, helping with the housework also has a clear health-promoting effect on adolescents; (2) the time spent surfing the Internet or playing video games, and heavy studying or homework off campus have a negative effect on adolescents' self-rated health and mental health; (3) physical activity has the greatest impact on self-rated health, while screen time has the greatest impact on mental health, and academic burden is not the most important factor affecting adolescent health in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting E
- Department of Sociology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jianke Yang
- Department of Sociology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Sociology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Quan
- Department of Marxism, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Venkatesh SS, Ganjgahi H, Palmer DS, Coley K, Wittemans LBL, Nellaker C, Holmes C, Lindgren CM, Nicholson G. The genetic architecture of changes in adiposity during adulthood. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.09.23284364. [PMID: 36711652 PMCID: PMC9882550 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.23284364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a heritable disease, characterised by excess adiposity that is measured by body mass index (BMI). While over 1,000 genetic loci are associated with BMI, less is known about the genetic contribution to adiposity trajectories over adulthood. We derive adiposity-change phenotypes from 1.5 million primary-care health records in over 177,000 individuals in UK Biobank to study the genetic architecture of weight-change. Using multiple BMI measurements over time increases power to identify genetic factors affecting baseline BMI. In the largest reported genome-wide study of adiposity-change in adulthood, we identify novel associations with BMI-change at six independent loci, including rs429358 (a missense variant in APOE). The SNP-based heritability of BMI-change (1.98%) is 9-fold lower than that of BMI, and higher in women than in men. The modest genetic correlation between BMI-change and BMI (45.2%) indicates that genetic studies of longitudinal trajectories could uncover novel biology driving quantitative trait values in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvida S. Venkatesh
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Duncan S. Palmer
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kayesha Coley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Laura B. L. Wittemans
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Christoffer Nellaker
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Yudkovicz JJ, Minster RL, Barinas-Mitchell E, Christensen K, Feitosa M, Barker MS, Newman AB, Kuipers AL. Pleiotropic effects between cardiovascular disease risk factors and measures of cognitive and physical function in long-lived adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17980. [PMID: 34504188 PMCID: PMC8429644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovacular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among older adults and is often accompanied by functional decline. It is unclear what is driving this co-occurrence, but it may be behavioral, environmental and/or genetic. We used a family-based study to estimate the phenotypic and shared genetic correlation between CVD risk factors and physical and cognitive functional measures. Participants (n = 1,881) were from the Long Life Family Study, which enrolled families based on their exceptional longevity (sample mean age = 69.4 years, 44% female). Cardiovascular disease risk factors included carotid vessel measures [intima-media thickness and inter-adventitial diameter], obesity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference], and hypertension [systolic and diastolic blood pressures]. Function was measured in the physical [gait speed, grip strength, chair stand] and cognitive [digital symbol substitution test, retained and working memory, semantic fluency, and trail making tests] domains. We used SOLAR to estimate the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlation between each pair adjusting for age, age2, sex, field center, smoking, height, and weight. There were significant phenotypic correlations (range |0.05–0.22|) between CVD risk factors and physical and cognitive function (all P < 0.05). Most significant genetic correlations (range |0.21–0.62|) were between CVD risk factorsand cognitive function, although BMI and waist circumference had significant genetic correlation with gait speed and chair stand time (range |0.29–0.53|; all P < 0.05). These results suggest that CVD risk factors may share a common genetic-and thus, biologic-basis with both cognitive and physical function. This is particularly informative for research into the genetic determinants of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Yudkovicz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan L Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan S Barker
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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A targeted multi-omics approach reveals paraoxonase-1 as a determinant of obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:158. [PMID: 34389043 PMCID: PMC8360816 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The multifactorial nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cannot be explained solely by genetic factors. Recent evidence revealed that DNA methylation changes take place at proximal promoters within susceptibility genes. This emphasizes the need for integrating multiple data types to provide a better understanding of the disease’s pathogenesis. One such candidate gene is paraoxonase-1 (PON1). Substantial interindividual differences in PON1 are apparent and could influence disease risk later in life. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the different regulatory aspects of PON1 variability and to examine them in relation to the predisposition to obesity-associated fatty liver disease.
Results A targeted multi-omics approach was applied to investigate the interplay between PON1 genetic variants, promoter methylation, expression profile and enzymatic activity in an adult patient cohort with extensive metabolic and hepatic characterisation including liver biopsy. Alterations in PON1 status were shown to correlate with waist-to-hip ratio and relevant features of liver pathology. Particularly, the regulatory polymorphism rs705379:C > T was strongly associated with more severe liver disease. Multivariable data analysis furthermore indicated a significant association of combined genetic and epigenetic PON1 regulation. This identified relationship postulates a role for DNA methylation as a mediator between PON1 genetics and expression, which is believed to further influence liver disease progression via modifications in PON1 catalytic efficiency. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that vertical data-integration of genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms generated a more in-depth understanding of the molecular basis underlying the development of obesity-associated fatty liver disease. We gained novel insights into how NAFLD classification and outcome are orchestrated, which could not have been obtained by exclusively considering genetic variation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01142-1.
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Bouchard C. Genetics of Obesity: What We Have Learned Over Decades of Research. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:802-820. [PMID: 33899337 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a genetic component to human obesity that accounts for 40% to 50% of the variability in body weight status but that is lower among normal weight individuals (about 30%) and substantially higher in the subpopulation of individuals with obesity and severe obesity (about 60%-80%). The appreciation that heritability varies across classes of BMI represents an important advance. After controlling for BMI, ectopic fat and fat distribution traits are characterized by heritability levels ranging from 30% to 55%. Defects in at least 15 genes are the cause of monogenic obesity cases, resulting mostly from deficiencies in the leptin-melanocortin signaling pathway. Approximately two-thirds of the BMI heritability can be imputed to common DNA variants, whereas low-frequency and rare variants explain the remaining fraction. Diminishing allele effect size is observed as the number of obesity-associated variants expands, with most BMI-increasing or -decreasing alleles contributing only a few grams or less to body weight. Obesity-promoting alleles exert minimal effects in normal weight individuals but have larger effects in individuals with a proneness to obesity, suggesting a higher penetrance; however, it is not known whether these larger effect sizes precede obesity or are caused by an obese state. The obesity genetic risk is conditioned by thousands of DNA variants that make genetically based obesity prevention and treatment a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Copy number variant analysis and expression profiling of the olfactory receptor-rich 11q11 region in obesity predisposition. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100656. [PMID: 33145169 PMCID: PMC7596328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide copy number surveys associated chromosome 11q11 with obesity. As this is an olfactory receptor-rich region, we hypothesize that genetic variation in olfactory receptor genes might be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Multiplex Amplicon Quantification analysis was applied to screen for copy number variants at chromosome 11q11 in 627 patients with obesity and 330 healthy-weight individuals. A ± 80 kb deletion with an internally 1.3 kb retained segment was identified, covering the three olfactory receptor genes OR4C11, OR4P4, and OR4S2. A significant increase in copy number loss(es) was perceived in our patient cohort (MAF = 27%; p = 0.02). Gene expression profiling in metabolic relevant tissues was performed to evaluate the functional impact of the obesity susceptible locus. All three 11q11 genes were present in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue while no expression was perceived in the liver. These results support the 'metabolic system' hypothesis and imply that gene disruption of OR4C11, OR4P4, and OR4S2 will negatively influence energy metabolism, ultimately leading to fat accumulation and obesity. Our study thus demonstrates a role for structural variation within olfactory receptor-rich regions in complex diseases and defines the 11q11 deletion as a risk factor for obesity.
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Diels S, Vanden Berghe W, Van Hul W. Insights into the multifactorial causation of obesity by integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13019. [PMID: 32170999 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly heritable multifactorial disease that places an enormous burden on human health. Its increasing prevalence and the concomitant-reduced life expectancy has intensified the search for new analytical methods that can reduce the knowledge gap between genetic susceptibility and functional consequences of the disease pathology. Although the influence of genetics and epigenetics has been studied independently in the past, there is increasing evidence that genetic variants interact with environmental factors through epigenetic regulation. This suggests that a combined analysis of genetic and epigenetic variation may be more effective in characterizing the obesity phenotype. To date, limited genome-wide integrative analyses have been performed. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest findings, advantages, and challenges and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diels
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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O'Keefe P, Rodgers JL. A Simulation Study of Bootstrap Approaches to Estimate Confidence Intervals in DeFries-Fulker Regression Models (with Application to the Heritability of BMI Changes in the NLSY). Behav Genet 2020; 50:127-138. [PMID: 32040643 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-09993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The univariate bootstrap is a relatively recently developed version of the bootstrap (Lee and Rodgers in Psychol Methods 3(1): 91, 1998). DeFries-Fulker (DF) analysis is a regression model used to estimate parameters in behavioral genetic models (DeFries and Fulker in Behav Genet 15(5): 467-473, 1985). It is appealing for its simplicity; however, it violates certain regression assumptions such as homogeneity of variance and independence of errors that make calculation of standard errors and confidence intervals problematic. Methods have been developed to account for these issues (Kohler and Rodgers in Behav Genet 31(2): 179-191, 2001), however the univariate bootstrap represents a unique means of doing so that is presaged by suggestions from previous DF research (e.g., Cherny et al. in Behav Genet 22(2): 153-162, 1992). In the present study we use simulations to examine the performance of the univariate bootstrap in the context of DF analysis. We compare a number of possible bootstrap schemes as well as more traditional confidence interval methods. We follow up with an empirical demonstration, applying results of the simulation to models estimated to investigate changes in body mass index in adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Keefe
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Joseph Lee Rodgers
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Blomquist GE. Unpacking the heritability of body mass index and other ratios. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23289. [PMID: 31243841 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ratios of weight to height, especially body mass index (BMI = kg/m2 ), are often used in epidemiological and genetic studies of health, but the limitations of quantitative genetic analysis of ratios are not widely known. The heritability of these ratios can be closely approximated from a bivariate quantitative genetic model of weight and height which clarifies how BMI heritabilities change. METHODS I explored this bivariate approximation and alternative measures through simulated datasets fit with linear mixed models. Simulated data were based on published heritabilities and other statistics for BMI and related anthropometric dimensions from four human samples. RESULTS Inspection of the bivariate approximation and analysis of simulated data show the heritability of weight/height crucially depends on the phenotypic (rP ) and genetic correlations (rA ) between weight and height. Changes in these correlations can have dramatic effects on the heritability of BMI. For example, when rP ≪ rA heritability of BMI is reduced to 35-50% of its value when the correlations are equal. DISCUSSION Increasing adiposity likely decreases the phenotypic correlations more than the genetic correlation resulting in reduced heritability of the ratio. This contrasts with the commonly reported stability or increase of BMI heritability and implies it may result from increased genetic variance in weight in obesogenic environments. The bivariate model offers other advantages over ratios, including estimating the conditional genetic variance or heritability of weight that is unassociated with height, which may prove useful in quantitative and molecular genetic studies.
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Robinson MR, English G, Moser G, Lloyd-Jones LR, Triplett MA, Zhu Z, Nolte IM, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Snieder H, Esko T, Milani L, Mägi R, Metspalu A, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Ingelsson E, Johannesson M, Yang J, Cesarini D, Visscher PM. Genotype-covariate interaction effects and the heritability of adult body mass index. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1174-1181. [PMID: 28692066 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic, with major health and economic costs. Here we estimate heritability for body mass index (BMI) in 172,000 sibling pairs and 150,832 unrelated individuals and explore the contribution of genotype-covariate interaction effects at common SNP loci. We find evidence for genotype-age interaction (likelihood ratio test (LRT) = 73.58, degrees of freedom (df) = 1, P = 4.83 × 10-18), which contributed 8.1% (1.4% s.e.) to BMI variation. Across eight self-reported lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise, we find genotype-environment interaction only for smoking behavior (LRT = 19.70, P = 5.03 × 10-5 and LRT = 30.80, P = 1.42 × 10-8), which contributed 4.0% (0.8% s.e.) to BMI variation. Bayesian association analysis suggests that BMI is highly polygenic, with 75% of the SNP heritability attributable to loci that each explain <0.01% of the phenotypic variance. Our findings imply that substantially larger sample sizes across ages and lifestyles are required to understand the full genetic architecture of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey English
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerhard Moser
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke R Lloyd-Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcus A Triplett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Choh AC, Lee M, Kent JW, Diego VP, Johnson W, Curran JE, Dyer TD, Bellis C, Blangero J, Siervogel RM, Towne B, Demerath EW, Czerwinski SA. Gene-by-age effects on BMI from birth to adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:875-81. [PMID: 23794238 PMCID: PMC3883986 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome wide association studies have shown 32 loci to influence BMI in European-American adults but replication in other studies is inconsistent and may be attributed to gene-by-age effects. The aims of this study were to determine if the influence of the summed risk score of these 32 loci (GRS) on BMI differed across age from birth to 40 years, and to determine if additive genetic effects other than those in the GRS differed by age. METHODS Serial measures of BMI were calculated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 28 months, and 4, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 30, and 40 years for 1,176 (605 females, 571 males) European-American participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. SOLAR was used for genetic analyses. RESULTS GRS was significant (P < 0.05) at ages: 6, 9 months, 4-15 years, and 23-40 years. Remaining additive genetic effects independently influenced BMI (P < 5.3 × 10(-5) , 0.40 < h(2) < 0.76). Some genetic correlations between ages were not significant. Differential GRS effects did not retain significance after multiple comparisons adjustments. CONCLUSIONS While well-known BMI variants do not appear to have significant differential effects, other additive genes differ over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C. Choh
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Miryoung Lee
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vincent P. Diego
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - William Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Roger M. Siervogel
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Bradford Towne
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stefan A. Czerwinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Lifespan Health Research Center, Department of Community Health, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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Cuypers KF, Loos RJF, Kvaløy K, Kulle B, Romundstad P, Holmen TL. Obesity-susceptibility loci and their influence on adiposity-related traits in transition from adolescence to adulthood--the HUNT study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46912. [PMID: 23094032 PMCID: PMC3477114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity-susceptibility loci have been related to adiposity traits in adults and may affect body fat estimates in adolescence. There are indications that different sets of obesity-susceptibility loci influence level of and change in obesity-related traits from adolescence to adulthood. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether previously reported obesity-susceptible loci in adults influence adiposity traits in adolescence and change in BMI and waist circumference (WC) from adolescence into young adulthood. We also examined whether physical activity modifies the effects of these genetic loci on adiposity-related traits. METHODS Nine obesity-susceptibility variants were genotyped in 1 643 adolescents (13-19 years old) from the HUNT study, Norway, who were followed-up into young adulthood. Lifestyle was assessed using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were taken. The effects of genetic variants individually and combined in a genetic predisposition score (GPS) on obesity-related traits were studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally. A modifying effect of physical activity was tested. RESULTS The GPS was significantly associated to BMI (B: 0.046 SD/allele [0.020, 0.073], p = 0.001) in adolescence and in young adulthood (B: 0.041 SD/allele [0.015, 0.067], p = 0.002) as it was to waist circumference (WC). The GPS was not associated to change in BMI (p = 0.762) or WC (p = 0.726). We found no significant interaction effect between the GPS and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that obesity-susceptibility loci established in adults affect BMI and WC already in adolescence. However, an association with change in adiposity-related traits from adolescence to adulthood could not be verified for these loci. Neither could an attenuating effect of physical activity on the association between the obesity-susceptibility genes and body fat estimates be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad Frans Cuypers
- HUNT Research Center, Levanger, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Cai G, Cole SA, Tejero ME, Proffitt JM, Freeland-Graves JH, Blangero J, Comuzzie AG. Pleiotropic Effects of Genes for Insulin Resistance on Adiposity in Baboons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1766-72. [PMID: 15601971 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has suggested a genetic contribution to the development of insulin resistance and obesity. We hypothesized that the same genes influencing insulin resistance might also contribute to the variation in adiposity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 601 (200 male, 401 female) adult baboons (Papio hamadryas) from nine families with pedigrees ranging in size from 43 to 121 were used in this study. Plasma insulin, glucose, C-peptide, and adiponectin were analyzed, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) was calculated. Fat biopsies were collected from omental fat tissue, and triglyceride concentration per gram of fat tissue was determined. Body weight and length were measured, and BMI was derived. Univariate and bivariate quantitative genetic analyses were performed using SOLAR. RESULTS Insulin, glucose, C-peptide, and adiponectin levels, HOMA IR, triglyceride concentration of fat tissue, body weight, and BMI were all found to be significantly heritable, with heritabilities ranging from 0.15 to 0.80. Positive genetic correlations (r(G)s) were observed for HOMA IR with C-peptide (r(G) = 0.88 +/- 0.10, p = 0.01), triglyceride concentration in fat tissue (r(G) = 0.86 +/- 0.33, p = 0.02), weight (r(G) = 0.50 +/- 0.20, p = 0.03), and BMI (r(G) = 0.64 +/- 0.22, p = 0.02). DISCUSSION These results suggest that a set of genes contributing to insulin resistance also influence general and central adiposity phenotypes. Further genetic research in a larger sample size is needed to identify the common genes that constitute the genetic basis for the development of insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
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17
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Eguchi E, Iso H, Wada Y, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Tamakoshi A. Parental history and lifestyle behaviors in relation to mortality from stroke among Japanese men and women: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2012; 22:331-9. [PMID: 22790788 PMCID: PMC3798652 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the impact of parental history of stroke on stroke mortality, as well as the effect modification between lifestyle and stroke mortality, among Japanese. METHODS In this community-based, prospective cohort study, 22,763 men and 30,928 women aged 40 to 79 years with no history of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline (1988-1990) were followed through 2008. We examined the association between parental history of stroke and stroke mortality and estimated the impact of the combination of lifestyle and parental history on stroke mortality in offspring. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 15.9 years, there were 1502 stroke deaths. In both sexes, participants with a parental history of stroke had a higher risk of stroke mortality as compared with those without such a history. The respective multivariable hazard ratio (95% CI) and population attributable fraction were 1.28 (1.10-1.49) and 5.4% in men, 1.22 (1.04-1.43) and 4.3% in women, and 1.25 (1.12-1.40) and 4.8% in all participants, for offspring with a maternal and/or paternal history of stroke. There was an inverse association between healthy-lifestyle score and stroke mortality, irrespective of parental history of stroke. The overall multivariable hazard ratio for the highest (6-8) versus the lowest (0-3) score categories was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.43-0.72) for participants with a maternal and/or paternal history of stroke and 0.44 (0.36-0.53) for those without such a history. CONCLUSIONS Parental history of stroke was associated with stroke mortality in offspring. The inverse association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and stroke mortality, regardless of parental history, suggests that lifestyle modification is beneficial, even among individuals with a parental history of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Eguchi
- Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Heritability and genetic correlations explained by common SNPs for metabolic syndrome traits. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002637. [PMID: 22479213 PMCID: PMC3315484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a bivariate (multivariate) linear mixed-effects model to estimate the narrow-sense heritability (h2) and heritability explained by the common SNPs (hg2) for several metabolic syndrome (MetS) traits and the genetic correlation between pairs of traits for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) genome-wide association study (GWAS) population. MetS traits included body-mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting glucose (GLU), fasting insulin (INS), fasting trigylcerides (TG), and fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL). We found the percentage of h2 accounted for by common SNPs to be 58% of h2 for height, 41% for BMI, 46% for WHR, 30% for GLU, 39% for INS, 34% for TG, 25% for HDL, and 80% for SBP. We confirmed prior reports for height and BMI using the ARIC population and independently in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) population. We demonstrated that the multivariate model supported large genetic correlations between BMI and WHR and between TG and HDL. We also showed that the genetic correlations between the MetS traits are directly proportional to the phenotypic correlations. The narrow-sense heritability of a trait such as body-mass index is a measure of the variability of the trait between people that is accounted for by their additive genetic differences. Knowledge of these genetic differences provides insight into biological mechanisms and hence treatments for diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) survey a large set of genetic markers common to the population. They have identified several single markers that are associated with traits and diseases. However, these markers do not seem to account for all of the known narrow-sense heritability. Here we used a recently developed model to quantify the genetic information contained in GWAS for single traits and shared between traits. We specifically investigated metabolic syndrome traits that are associated with type 2 diabetes and heart disease, and we found that for the majority of these traits much of the previously unaccounted for heritability is contained within common markers surveyed in GWAS. We also computed the genetic correlation between traits, which is a measure of the genetic components shared by traits. We found that the genetic correlation between these traits could be predicted from their phenotypic correlation.
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Poveda A, Ibáñez ME, Rebato E. Heritability and genetic correlations of obesity-related phenotypes among Roma people. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:183-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.669794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Poveda
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),
Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Ma Eugenia Ibáñez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),
Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Esther Rebato
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),
Bilbao 48080, Spain
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Ng C, Corey PN, Young TK. Divergent body mass index trajectories between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians 1994-2009--an exploration of age, period, and cohort effects. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:170-6. [PMID: 22275122 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aboriginal Canadians have a high burden of obesity and obesity-related chronic conditions. Body mass index (BMI) trajectories from 1994 to 2009 were estimated for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians using self-reported height and weight data from the National Population Health Survey to explore age, period, and cohort effects of BMI change. METHODS Linear growth curve models were estimated for 311 Aboriginal and 10,967 non-Aboriginal respondents divided into five birth cohorts born in the 1940s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s. RESULTS Overall, Aboriginal Canadians experienced higher rates of BMI increase over the 14-year period. Rate of BMI increase was specifically higher for Aboriginal adults born in the 1960s and 1970s when compared with non-Aboriginal adults. At ages 25, 35, and 45, recent-born cohorts had consistently higher BMIs compared with earlier-born cohorts with magnitudes of differences typically larger in the Aboriginal population. Recent-born cohorts also exhibited steeper BMI trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Cohort effects may be responsible for the divergent BMI trajectories between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s. Aboriginal Canadians, particularly of more recent-born cohorts, experienced faster increases in BMI from 1994 to 2009 than non-Aboriginal Canadians, suggesting that prevalence of obesity will continue to rise in this population without intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Ng
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Elks CE, den Hoed M, Zhao JH, Sharp SJ, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Ong KK. Variability in the heritability of body mass index: a systematic review and meta-regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:29. [PMID: 22645519 PMCID: PMC3355836 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a major role of genetic factors in the determination of body mass index (BMI) comes from studies of related individuals. Despite consistent evidence for a heritable component of BMI, estimates of BMI heritability vary widely between studies and the reasons for this remain unclear. While some variation is natural due to differences between populations and settings, study design factors may also explain some of the heterogeneity. We performed a systematic review that identified 88 independent estimates of BMI heritability from twin studies (total 140,525 twins) and 27 estimates from family studies (42,968 family members). BMI heritability estimates from twin studies ranged from 0.47 to 0.90 (5th/50th/95th centiles: 0.58/0.75/0.87) and were generally higher than those from family studies (range: 0.24-0.81; 5th/50th/95th centiles: 0.25/0.46/0.68). Meta-regression of the results from twin studies showed that BMI heritability estimates were 0.07 (P = 0.001) higher in children than in adults; estimates increased with mean age among childhood studies (+0.012/year, P = 0.002), but decreased with mean age in adult studies (-0.002/year, P = 0.002). Heritability estimates derived from AE twin models (which assume no contribution of shared environment) were 0.12 higher than those from ACE models (P < 0.001), whilst lower estimates were associated with self reported versus DNA-based determination of zygosity (-0.04, P = 0.02), and with self reported versus measured BMI (-0.05, P = 0.03). Although the observed differences in heritability according to aspects of study design are relatively small, together, the above factors explained 47% of the heterogeneity in estimates of BMI heritability from twin studies. In summary, while some variation in BMI heritability is expected due to population-level differences, study design factors explained nearly half the heterogeneity reported in twin studies. The genetic contribution to BMI appears to vary with age and may have a greater influence during childhood than adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E. Elks
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceCambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- *Correspondence: Ken K. Ong, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. e-mail:
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Delahanty RJ, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Xiang YB, Long J, Cai Q, Wen W, Xu WH, Cai H, He J, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO. Association of obesity-related genetic variants with endometrial cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Genetics Study. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:1115-26. [PMID: 21976109 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-established risk factor for endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic malignancy. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic markers for obesity. The authors evaluated the association of obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with endometrial cancer using GWAS data from their recently completed study, the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Genetics Study, which comprised 832 endometrial cancer cases and 2,049 controls (1996-2005). Thirty-five SNPs previously associated with obesity or body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at a minimum significance level of ≤5 × 10(-7) in the US National Human Genome Research Institute's GWAS catalog (http://genome.gov/gwastudies) and representing 26 unique loci were evaluated by either direct genotyping or imputation. The authors found that for 22 of the 26 unique loci tested (84.6%), the BMI-associated risk variants were present at a higher frequency in cases than in population controls (P = 0.0003). Multiple regression analysis showed that 9 of 35 BMI-associated variants, representing 7 loci, were significantly associated (P ≤ 0.05) with the risk of endometrial cancer; for all but 1 SNP, the direction of association was consistent with that found for BMI. For consistent SNPs, the allelic odds ratios ranged from 1.15 to 1.29. These 7 loci are in the SEC16B/RASAL, TMEM18, MSRA, SOX6, MTCH2, FTO, and MC4R genes. The associations persisted after adjustment for BMI, suggesting that genetic markers of obesity provide value in addition to BMI in predicting endometrial cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Delahanty
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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Jacobsson JA, Almén MS, Benedict C, Hedberg LA, Michaëlsson K, Brooks S, Kullberg J, Axelsson T, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Fredriksson R, Lind L, Schiöth HB. Detailed analysis of variants in FTO in association with body composition in a cohort of 70-year-olds suggests a weakened effect among elderly. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20158. [PMID: 21637715 PMCID: PMC3103532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rs9939609 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the fat mass and obesity (FTO) gene has previously been associated with higher BMI levels in children and young adults. In contrast, this association was not found in elderly men. BMI is a measure of overweight in relation to the individuals' height, but offers no insight into the regional body fat composition or distribution. Objective To examine whether the FTO gene is associated with overweight and body composition-related phenotypes rather than BMI, we measured waist circumference, total fat mass, trunk fat mass, leg fat mass, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and daily energy intake in 985 humans (493 women) at the age of 70 years. In total, 733 SNPs located in the FTO gene were genotyped in order to examine whether rs9939609 alone or the other SNPs, or their combinations, are linked to obesity-related measures in elderly humans. Design Cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort. Results Neither a single SNP, such as rs9939609, nor a SNP combination was significantly linked to overweight, body composition-related measures, or daily energy intake in elderly humans. Of note, these observations hold both among men and women. Conclusions Due to the diversity of measurements included in the study, our findings strengthen the view that the effect of FTO on body composition appears to be less profound in later life compared to younger ages and that this is seemingly independent of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin A. Jacobsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Sällman Almén
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilia A. Hedberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samantha Brooks
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, Foster E, Hlatky MA, Hodgson JM, Kushner FG, Lauer MS, Shaw LJ, Smith SC, Taylor AJ, Weintraub WS, Wenger NK, Jacobs AK, Smith SC, Anderson JL, Albert N, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Guyton RA, Halperin JL, Hochman JS, Kushner FG, Nishimura R, Ohman EM, Page RL, Stevenson WG, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 56:e50-103. [PMID: 21144964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, Foster E, Hlatky MA, Hodgson JM, Kushner FG, Lauer MS, Shaw LJ, Smith SC, Taylor AJ, Weintraub WS, Wenger NK, Jacobs AK. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010; 122:e584-636. [PMID: 21098428 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3182051b4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Franco OH, Massaro JM, Civil J, Cobain MR, O'Malley B, D'Agostino RB. Trajectories of entering the metabolic syndrome: the framingham heart study. Circulation 2009; 120:1943-50. [PMID: 19884471 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.855817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the progression of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, the trajectories followed by individuals entering MetS, and the manner in which different trajectories predict cardiovascular disease and mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS Using data from 3078 participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (a cohort study) who attended examinations 4 (1987), 5 (1991), and 6 (1995), we evaluated the progression of MetS and its components. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the predictive ability of the presence of each component of the MetS on the subsequent development of MetS. Additionally, we examined the probability of developing cardiovascular disease or mortality (until 2007) by having specific combinations of 3 that diagnose MetS. The prevalence of MetS almost doubled in 10 years of follow-up. Hyperglycemia and central obesity experienced the highest increase. High blood pressure was most frequently present when a diagnosis of MetS occurred (77.3%), and the presence of central obesity conferred the highest risk of developing MetS (odds ratio, 4.75; 95% confidence interval, 3.78 to 5.98). Participants who entered the MetS having a combination of central obesity, high blood pressure, and hyperglycemia had a 2.36-fold (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.54 to 3.61) increase of incident cardiovascular events and a 3-fold (hazard ratio, 3.09, 95% confidence interval, 1.93 to 4.94) increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Particular trajectories and combinations of factors on entering the MetS confer higher risks of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in the general population and among those with MetS. Intense efforts are required to identify populations with these particular combinations and to provide them with adequate treatment at early stages of disease.
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Parikh NI, Hwang SJ, Ingelsson E, Benjamin EJ, Fox CS, Vasan RS, Murabito JM. Breastfeeding in infancy and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Med 2009; 122:656-63.e1. [PMID: 19559168 PMCID: PMC2704490 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health recommendations advocate breastfeeding in infancy as a means to reduce obesity in later life. Several prior studies relating breastfeeding to cardiovascular risk factors have been limited by lack of adjustment for maternal and participant confounding factors. METHODS We ascertained breastfeeding history via questionnaire from mothers enrolled in the Framingham Offspring Study. In their young to middle-aged adult children enrolled in the Framingham Third Generation, we examined the relations between maternal breastfeeding history (yes, no) and cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. We applied generalized estimating equations to account for sibling correlations and adjusted for maternal and participant lifestyle, education, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS In Third Generation participants (n = 962, mean age = 41 years, 54% were women), 26% of their mothers reported breastfeeding. Compared with non-breastfed individuals, breastfed adult participants had lower multivariable-adjusted BMI (26.1 kg/m2 vs 26.9 kg/m2, P = .04) and higher HDL cholesterol levels (HDL 56.6 mg/dL vs 53.7 mg/dL, P = .01). On additional adjustment for BMI, the association between breastfeeding and HDL cholesterol was attenuated (P = .09). Breastfeeding was not associated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, or diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding in infancy is inversely associated with adult BMI and positively associated with HDL cholesterol. Associations between breastfeeding and BMI may mediate the association between breastfeeding and HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha I Parikh
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass, USA
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Cohen-Cole E, Fletcher JM. Is obesity contagious? Social networks vs. environmental factors in the obesity epidemic. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2008; 27:1382-7. [PMID: 18571258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This note's aim is to investigate the sensitivity of Christakis and Fowler's claim [Christakis, N., Fowler, J., 2007. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. The New England Journal of Medicine 357, 370-379] that obesity has spread through social networks. It is well known in the economics literature that failure to include contextual effects can lead to spurious inference on "social network effects." We replicate the NEJM results using their specification and a complementary dataset. We find that point estimates of the "social network effect" are reduced and become statistically indistinguishable from zero once standard econometric techniques are implemented. We further note the presence of estimation bias resulting from use of an incorrectly specified dynamic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Cohen-Cole
- Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 600 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW These last months, the wave of genome-wide association scans finally reached the shores of body weight and obesity complex trait. In parallel, thanks to the increasing sequencing and genotyping capacities, large studies on rare mutations can now be carried out. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, I tried to cover the most recent findings in genome-wide association analyses, the outcome of conclusions subsequently not replicated, and the weight of rare mutations with strong effects on common obesity. The strongest predictor of obesity, FTO, is responsible for 1% of the total heritability, and results from other genome-wide scans do not provide, so far, any clue of other variants of this effect size. Thus, monogenic obesity studies might well reinstall the importance of rare nonsynonymous mutations of already known genes, especially melanocortin-4 receptor gene, in the general population. Nevertheless, additional genome-wide association analyses and replication are expected to confirm these first intuitions. SUMMARY Initial results both support the common variant-common disease hypothesis because at least one such variant exists in FTO, and also tone down its importance because such variants may be fewer than expected. Moreover, having a polymorphism associated with body weight is clearly not the end but rather the beginning of a long search for the gene function and pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dina
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
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Hjelmborg JVB, Fagnani C, Silventoinen K, McGue M, Korkeila M, Christensen K, Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Genetic influences on growth traits of BMI: a longitudinal study of adult twins. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:847-52. [PMID: 18239571 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the interplay between genetic factors influencing baseline level and changes in BMI in adulthood. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A longitudinal twin study of the cohort of Finnish twins (N = 10,556 twin individuals) aged 20-46 years at baseline was conducted and followed up 15 years. Data on weight and height were obtained from mailed surveys in 1975, 1981, and 1990. RESULTS Latent growth models revealed a substantial genetic influence on BMI level at baseline in males and females (heritability (h(2)) 80% (95% confidence interval 0.79-0.80) for males and h(2) = 82% (0.81, 0.84) for females) and a moderate-to-high influence on rate of change in BMI (h(2) = 58% (0.50, 0.69) for males and h(2) = 64% (0.58, 0.69) for females). Only very weak evidence for genetic pleiotropy was observed; the genetic correlation between baseline and rate of change in BMI was very modest (-0.070 (-0.13, -0.068) for males and 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) for females. DISCUSSION Our population-based results provide a basis for identifying genetic variants for change in BMI, in particular weight gain. Furthermore, they demonstrate for the first time that such genetic variants for change in BMI are likely to be different from those affecting level of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob v B Hjelmborg
- Statistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Lango H, Weedon MN. What will whole genome searches for susceptibility genes for common complex disease offer to clinical practice? J Intern Med 2008; 263:16-27. [PMID: 18088250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the developed world the majority of disease results from common, but complex disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cancer. Genetic variation explains a large proportion of an individual's risk of developing these diseases; however, success in identifying the particular gene variants involved has been limited. Recent advances in high-throughput genotyping technology, and a better understanding of the genetic architecture of complex disease has led to the development of genome-wide association studies (GWA), which are providing novel and important insights into disease processes. The results from these studies could be of substantial clinical importance in the relatively near future. In this review, we present some recent, exciting findings from studies that have used the GWA approach, and discuss the clinical application of identifying disease susceptibility genes and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lango
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Franz CE, Grant MD, Jacobson KC, Kremen WS, Eisen SA, Xian H, Romeis J, Thompson-Brenner H, Lyons MJ. Genetics of body mass stability and risk for chronic disease: a 28-year longitudinal study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2007; 10:537-45. [PMID: 17708694 DOI: 10.1375/twin.10.4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to body mass index (BMI) over approximately 28 years. Participants were 693 male, predominantly middle-class, twins (355 monozygotic, 338 dizygotic) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The phenotypic correlation between age 20 and age 48 BMI was 0.52; the genetic correlation was 0.60. Most of the remaining variance at both times was accounted for by nonshared environmental factors. Since genetic factors are not perfectly correlated, this indicates that other genes affect BMI at one or both time points, leaving room for further exploration of the genetics of body mass stability. Mean BMI increased significantly from 22.7 (normal) to 27.8 (overweight). Overweight BMI at age 20 predicted midlife adult onset diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 4.62, 95% CI 1.91 to 11.18), but not hypertension. Depending on one's vantage point, the results indicate elements of both stability and change in BMI. Very similar phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed over a similar time period in a WW II twin sample, but without the substantial mean increase in BMI. It seems unlikely that different genes influence BMI in the two cohorts. Therefore, we argue that nonshared environmental factors are probably primarily responsible for the secular increase in midlife BMI. Our results also provide prospective evidence that early excess BMI may have serious long-term health consequences, and that this risk is not limited to minorities or adults of lower socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States of America.
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Hart Sailors ML, Folsom AR, Ballantyne CM, Hoelscher DM, Jackson AS, Linda Kao WH, Pankow JS, Bray MS. Genetic variation and decreased risk for obesity in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9:548-57. [PMID: 17587397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of variation in the leptin [LEP (19A>G)] and melanocortin-4 receptor [MC4R (V103I)] genes on obesity-related traits in 13 405 African-American (AA) and white participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. METHODS We tested the association between the single-locus and multilocus genotypes and obesity-related measures [body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist-hip ratio, waist circumference and leptin levels], adjusted for age, physical activity level, smoking status, diabetic status, prevalence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke or transient ischaemic attack. RESULTS AA and white female carriers of the MC4R I103 allele exhibited significantly lower BW than non-carriers of this allele (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively). AA female carriers of both the LEP A19 allele and the MC4R I103 allele were 63% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.18-0.78)] less likely to be obese, and white female carriers of the same two alleles were 46% [OR = 0.54, 95% CI (0.32-0.91)] less likely to be obese, than non-carriers of the variant alleles. Female carriers of both the LEP A19 and MC4R I103 alleles had significantly lower BW (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.05) and plasma leptin (p < 0.01) than the non-carriers of both the alleles. Carriers of the two variant alleles had lower BMI over the 9-year course of the ARIC study and significantly lower weight gain from age 25 years. No significant joint effect of these two variants was observed in males. CONCLUSION These results suggest that variation within the LEP and MC4R genes is associated with reduced risk for obesity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hart Sailors
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Peter I, Huggins GS, Shearman AM, Pollak A, Schmid CH, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Patten RD, Karas RH, Housman DE, Mendelsohn ME, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Age-related changes in echocardiographic measurements: association with variation in the estrogen receptor-alpha gene. Hypertension 2007; 49:1000-6. [PMID: 17372038 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.106.083790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) mass and other LV measures have been shown to be heritable. In this study we hypothesized that functional variation in the gene coding for estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1), known for mediating the effect of estrogens on myocardium, is associated with age-related changes in LV structure. Four genetic markers (ESR1 TA repeat; rs2077647, or +30T>C; rs2234693, or PvuII; and rs9340799, or XbaI) were genotyped in 847 unrelated individuals (488 women) from the Framingham Offspring Study, who attended 2 examination cycles 16 years apart (mean ages at first examination: 43+/-9 years; at follow-up: 59+/-9 years). ANCOVA was used to assess the association of polymorphisms and their haplotypes with cross-sectional measurements and longitudinal changes in LV mass, wall thickness, end-diastolic and end-systolic internal diameter, and fractional shortening after adjustment for factors known to influence these variables. Changes over time were detected for all of the LV measurements (P ranging from <0.0001 to 0.02), except for fractional shortening in men. The SS genotype of the ESR1 TA repeat polymorphism in the promoter region was associated with longitudinal changes in LV mass and LV wall thickness (P ranging from 0.0006 to 0.01). Moreover, the TA[S]-+30[T]-PvuII[T]-XbaI[A] haplotype (frequency: 47.5%) was associated with greater LV changes as compared with the TA[L]-+30[C]-PvuII[C]-XbaI[G] haplotype (frequency: 31.8%). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that common ESR1 polymorphisms are significantly associated with age-related changes in LV structure. Understanding the mechanisms predisposing to unfavorable LV remodeling of the heart with advancing age may aid in the discovery of new therapeutic targets for the prevention of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Peter
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Reis VM, Machado JV, Fortes MS, Fernandes PR, Silva AJ, Dantas PS, Filho JF. Evidence for Higher Heritability of Somatotype Compared to Body Mass Index in Female Twins. J Physiol Anthropol 2007; 26:9-14. [PMID: 17283387 DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of genetics on human physique and obesity has been addressed by the literature. Evidence for heritability of anthropometric characteristics has been previously described, mainly for the body mass index (BMI). However, few studies have investigated the influence of genetics on the Heath-Carter somatotype. The aim of the present study was to assess the heritability of BMI and somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy) in a group of female monozygotic and dizygotic twins from childhood to early adulthood. A total of 28 females aged from 7 to 19 years old were studied. The group included 5 monozygotic and 9 dizygotic pairs of twins. The heritability was assessed by the twin method (h(2)). The anthropometric measures and somatotype were assessed using standard validated procedures. Significant differences between monozygotic and dizygotic pairs of twins were found for height, endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy, and the heritability for these measures was high (h(2) between 0.88 and 0.97). No significant differences were found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins for weight, and the BMI and the heritability indexes were lower for these measures (respectively 0.42 and 0.52). The results of the present study have indicated that the somatotype may be more sensible to genetic influences than the BMI in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Machado Reis
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Apartadao, Villa Real, Portugal.
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Czerwinski SA, Lee M, Choh AC, Wurzbacher K, Demerath EW, Towne B, Siervogel RM. Genetic factors in physical growth and development and their relationship to subsequent health outcomes. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19:684-91. [PMID: 17636528 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal physical growth during childhood is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, few studies have examined whether there are shared genetic effects between aspects of child growth and later health outcomes. In this study, we estimate the influence of genetic factors on growth in stature during childhood and determine whether there are pleiotropic effects of genes influencing both childhood growth and later adult health outcomes using familial data. Serial stature data (i.e., birth through adulthood) from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used to derive stature growth parameters. Adult health outcome data for each participant were available for at least one visit after age 30 years. Maximum likelihood-based variance component methods were used to determine the heritability of each parameter and to examine the relationships between growth parameters and adult health outcomes by estimating genetic correlations between the traits. Heritability estimates for the growth parameters are generally high and statistically significant ranging in magnitude from 0.65-0.98. Heritabilities for adult health outcomes are also significant ranging from 0.31-0.98. Results of the phenotypic correlation analysis show that stature growth parameters are significantly related to several adult health outcomes including stature, weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, percent body fat, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass in the arms and legs, and total body bone mass. Results of the genetic correlation analysis reveal some evidence of common genetic pathways underlying certain aspects of growth and adult health outcomes including body composition and blood pressure variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Czerwinski
- Department of Community Health, Lifespan Health Research Center, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45420, USA.
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Yashin AI, Akushevich IV, Arbeev KG, Akushevich L, Ukraintseva SV, Kulminski A. Insights on aging and exceptional longevity from longitudinal data: novel findings from the Framingham Heart Study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:363-374. [PMID: 17895962 PMCID: PMC1994150 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Age trajectories of physiological indices contain important information about aging-related changes in the human organism and therefore may help us understand human longevity. The goal of this study is to investigate whether shapes of such trajectories earlier in life affect the residual life span distribution. We used longitudinal limited access data from seven physiological indices and life spans of respective individuals collected in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). These include: diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), body mass index (BMI), serum cholesterol (SCH), blood glucose (BG), hematocrit (HC), and pulse rate (PR). We developed a method for assigning individuals to groups of potentially long-lived (PLL) and potentially medium-lived (PML) groups using age trajectories of physiological indices at the age interval between 40 and 60 years. The analysis shows that the longevity of individuals who survived to age of 65 depends on the behavior of the physiological indices between 40 and 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli I. Yashin
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
| | - Igor V. Akushevich
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
| | - Konstantin G. Arbeev
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
| | - Lucy Akushevich
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
| | - Svetlana V. Ukraintseva
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
| | - Aliaksandr Kulminski
- Center for Demographic Studies, Duke University, 2117 Campus Drive, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708-0408 USA
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Cecil JE, Watt P, Palmer CN, Hetherington M. Energy balance and food intake: the role of PPARgamma gene polymorphisms. Physiol Behav 2006; 88:227-33. [PMID: 16777151 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating energy balance involve complex interactions between genetic, environmental and behavioural (learnt and intrinsic) factors. Genotype may drive the partitioning of energy metabolism and predispose to site-specific adiposity, culminating in a state of energy imbalance. One candidate gene with a direct link to adiposity is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene. PPARG is a cell nuclear receptor expressed almost exclusively in adipose tissue that regulates adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. PPARgamma appears to be a key regulator of energy balance, with polymorphisms on the PPARG gene linked to obesity and effects on body composition. Our research has confirmed an association between the pro12ala allele and reduced incidence of obesity in pre-pubertal children and there are strong associations between genetic variation at the PPARG locus and percentage body fat. Moreover, our evidence suggests that PPARG C-681G and pro12ala polymorphisms display opposing effects in terms of growth phenotype, with pro12Ala associated with deficient energy utilisation, leading to reduced growth and the G-681 variant associated with accelerated growth compared with wildtypes. Common differences in this gene have also been associated with variations in body weight in response to dietary macronutrients. Preliminary evidence suggests that PPARG variants may even be involved in the control of short term energy compensation. Taken together these data suggest that the role of PPARG is varied and complex, influencing fat deposition and growth velocity early in life, with potential impact in the control of energy intake and appetite regulation, and could provide a key target for future research and anti-obesity agents.
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Gunter MJ, Leitzmann MF. Obesity and colorectal cancer: epidemiology, mechanisms and candidate genes. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:145-56. [PMID: 16426829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of energy homeostasis is associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Epidemiological data have consistently demonstrated a positive relation between increased body size and colorectal malignancy, whereas mechanistic studies have sought to uncover obesity-related carcinogenic pathways. The phenomenon of "insulin resistance" or the impaired ability to normalize plasma glucose levels has formed the core of these pathways, but other mechanisms have also been advanced. Obesity-induced insulin resistance leads to elevated levels of plasma insulin, glucose and fatty acids. Exposure of the colonocyte to heightened concentrations of insulin may induce a mitogenic effect within these cells, whereas exposure to glucose and fatty acids may induce metabolic perturbations, alterations in cell signaling pathways and oxidative stress. The importance of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity has recently been highlighted and may represent an additional mechanism linking increased adiposity to colorectal carcinogenesis. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology of body size and colorectal neoplasia and outlines current knowledge of putative mechanisms advanced to explain this relation. Family based studies have shown that the propensity to become obese is heritable, but this is only manifest in conditions of excess energy intake over expenditure. Inheritance of a genetic profile that predisposes to increased body size may also be predictive of colorectal cancer. Genomewide scans, linkage studies and candidate gene investigations have highlighted more than 400 chromosomal regions that may harbor variants that predispose to increased body size. The genetics underlying the pathogenesis of obesity are likely to be complex, but variants in a range of different genes have already been associated with increased body size and insulin resistance. These include genes encoding elements of insulin signaling, adipocyte metabolism and differentiation, and regulation of energy expenditure. A number of investigators have begun to study genetic variants within these pathways in relation to colorectal neoplasia, but at present data remain limited to a handful of studies. These pathways will be discussed with particular reference to genetic polymorphisms that have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Gunter
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Mora S, Yanek LR, Moy TF, Fallin MD, Becker LC, Becker DM. Interaction of Body Mass Index and Framingham Risk Score in Predicting Incident Coronary Disease in Families. Circulation 2005; 111:1871-6. [PMID: 15837938 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000161956.75255.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Siblings of individuals with premature coronary heart disease (CHD) have a marked excess risk of CHD risk factors and premature CHD. The impact of body mass index (BMI) on incident CHD in these families and the extent to which it may be mediated by associated risk factors are unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high BMI on incident CHD in white and black families with premature CHD and to estimate the heritability of BMI.
Methods and Results—
Risk factors, BMI, and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) were assessed at baseline and incident CHD was determined prospectively in 827 apparently healthy siblings of probands with premature CHD aged <60 years. During a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 13.3% of siblings had incident CHD events. Event rates were higher in obese and overweight siblings than in those with normal weight (15.3% and 16.0% versus 8.1%, respectively;
P
=0.01). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses demonstrated the independent prognostic value of BMI when added to FRS (
P
=0.02). A marked interaction between obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m
2
) and high FRS (>20%) was seen for incident CHD (
P
for interaction=0.008), with an adjusted hazard ratio compared with low-FRS/normal-weight siblings of 14.63 (95% CI, 6.40 to 33.44;
P
<0.0001). BMI heritability (h
2
) was moderate for whites and low for blacks (52% and 29%, respectively).
Conclusions—
High BMI contributed independently and significantly to incident CHD, beginning in the overweight range, and was most notable for obese siblings with a high-risk FRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Mora
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave East, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Burke V, Beilin LJ, Simmer K, Oddy WH, Blake KV, Doherty D, Kendall GE, Newnham JP, Landau LI, Stanley FJ. Predictors of body mass index and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in Australian children: a prospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:15-23. [PMID: 15314630 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of body mass index (BMI) at the age of 8 y in a prospective study of Australian children. DESIGN Longitudinal survey of a cohort of Australian children followed from the 16th week of gestation to 8 y. SUBJECTS In total, 741 boys and 689 girls who attended the survey as 8 y olds. MEASUREMENTS Weight and height, blood pressure measured by automated oscillometry, fasting blood lipids and glucose. Questionnaire assessment of activity and diet. RESULTS Proportions of overweight including obesity in boys and girls were, respectively, 22 and 25% at 1 y, 14 and 14% at 3 y, 13 and 18% at 5 y and 15 and 20% at 8 y. At the age of 1, 3, 6 and 8 y, children with overweight including obesity showed significantly more adverse cardiovascular risk factors. Blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher by 2/3 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) at 1 y, 3/2 mmHg at 3 y, 4/2 mmHg at 5 y and 6/2 mmHg at 8 y; HDL was significantly lower (P=0.002) by 8% and triglycerides were significantly higher by 27% (P<0.001). In multivariate regression, BMI at the age of 8 y was significantly predicted positively by birth weight, mother's BMI and hours spent in watching television at the time of the survey of 6 y olds. Mothers being ex-smokers or non smokers and children being 'slightly active' and 'active' negatively predicted BMI in 8 y olds. In a subset of 298 children with information about fathers, paternal BMI was an additional independent predictor. Maternal or paternal overweight including obesity each independently increased risk of overweight including obesity at the age of 8 y three-fold. A food factor with consumption of cereals and breads as the major components derived from a Food Frequency Questionnaire in a subset of 340 children was also an independent negative predictor of BMI in multivariate models. CONCLUSION The increasing rate of overweight including obesity, particularly in girls, is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk factors very early in life. Improvement of health-related behaviours within the family and a focus on promotion of activity in children should be priorities in achieving weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burke
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia.
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Zdravkovic S, Wienke A, Pedersen NL, Marenberg ME, Yashin AI, de Faire U. Genetic influences on CHD-death and the impact of known risk factors: comparison of two frailty models. Behav Genet 2005; 34:585-92. [PMID: 15520515 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-004-5586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of some recognized risk factors on genetic influences for coronary heart disease (CHD) needs further clarification. The aim of the present study was therefore to study the impact of known risk factors on genetic influences for CHD-death. Both twin (correlated gamma-frailty) and non-twin models (univariate gamma-frailty) were utilized and compared regarding their suitability for genetic analyses. The study population consisted of twins born in Sweden between 1886 and 1925. As expected, our findings indicate that genetic influences are important for CHD-death. Inclusion of risk factors in the twin-model increased heritability estimates, primarily due to a substantial reduction in non-shared environmental variances. The genetic influences for CHD-death are only marginally mediated through the risk factors among males, but more so among females. Although the outcome phenotype used in the present study is not behavioral, the analyses demonstrate the potential of frailty models for quantitative genetic analyses of categorical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Zdravkovic
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Large prospective studies show a significant association with obesity for several cancers, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the evidence of a causal link as 'sufficient' for cancers of the colon, female breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, kidney (renal cell), and esophagus (adenocarcinoma). These data, and the rising worldwide trend in obesity, suggest that overeating may be the largest avoidable cause of cancer in nonsmokers. Few obese people are successful in long-term weight reduction, and thus there is little direct evidence regarding the impact of weight reduction on cancer risk. If the correlation between obesity and cancer mortality is entirely causal, we estimate that overweight and obesity now account for one in seven of cancer deaths in men and one in five in women in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia E Calle
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Bastarrachea RA, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG. Genómica de la regulación del peso corporal: mecanismos moleculares que predisponen a la obesidad. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 123:104-17. [PMID: 15225477 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide public health problem which affects millions of people. Substantial progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of energy homeostasis over the past few years. The fact that obesity is under strong genetic control has been well established. Twin, adoption and family studies have shown that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Human monogenic obesity is rare in large populations. The most common form of obesity is considered to be a polygenic disorder. New treatments are currently required for this common metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes. The identification of physiological and biochemical factors that underlie the metabolic disturbances observed in obesity is a key step in developing better therapeutic outcomes. The discovery of new genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of such a disease is critical to this process. However, identification of genes that contribute to the risk of developing the disease represents a significant challenge since obesity is a complex disease with many genetic and environmental causes. A number of diverse approaches have been used to discover and validate potential new genes for obesity. To date, DNA-based approaches using candidate genes and genome-wide linkage analysis have not had a great success in identifying genomic regions or genes involved in the development of these diseases. Recent advances in the ability to evaluate linkage analysis data from large family pedigrees (using variance components-based linkage analysis) show great promise in robustly identifying genomic regions associated with the development of obesity. Studying rare mutations in humans and animal models has provided fundamental insight into a complex physiological process, and has complemented population-based studies that seek to reveal primary causes. Remarkable progress has been made in both fronts and the pace of advance is likely to accelerate as functional genomics and the human genome project expand and mature. Approaches based on Mendelian and quantitative genetics may well converge, and ultimately lead to more rational and selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Bastarrachea
- Department of Genetics, Auxology and Metabolism Working Group, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Lin J, Hinrichs A, Suarez BK. Are there mappable genes for family resemblance for the magnitude of intra-individual variation in systolic blood pressure? BMC Genet 2003; 4 Suppl 1:S11. [PMID: 14975079 PMCID: PMC1866445 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-s1-s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic regulation of variation in intra-individual fluctuations in systolic blood pressure over time is poorly understood. Analysis of the magnitude of the average fluctuation of a person's systolic blood pressure around his or her age-adjusted trend line, however, shows moderate, albeit significant, family resemblance in Cohort 1 of the Framingham Heart Study. To determine whether genomic regions affecting this phenotype could be identified, we pursued a "model-free" multipoint quantitative linkage analysis. Results Two different linkage methods revealed multiple nominally significant signals, two to four of which are "replicated" in Cohort 2. When both cohorts are assembled into extended pedigrees, three linkage signals remain nominally significant by one or both methods. Conclusion Any or all of the genomic regions in the vicinity of D5S1456, D11S2359, and D20S470 may contain elements that regulate systolic blood pressure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Hinrichs
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian K Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
During the past several decades, there has been an explosion in the prevalence of obesity. Since our genes have not changed appreciably during that time, it stands to reason that the present epidemic is caused by our pervasive obesigenic environment, in which excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity conspire with one another. Despite an obesigenic environment, humans have great variability in their susceptibility to obesity, which is determined in large part by genetics. Current evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility to human obesity is the result of multiple genes, each with a modest effect, that inter-act with each other and with environmental provocations. Elucidation of obesity susceptibility genes through genome-wide and candidate gene approaches provides great promise in ultimately determining the genetic underpinnings of obesity. Further research will translate these new insights on the pathophysiological basis of obesity into new medications and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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