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Yang Y, Yuan S, Liu Q, Li F, Dong Y, Dong B, Zou Z, Ma J, Baker JS, Li X, Liang W. Meeting 24-Hour Movement and Dietary Guidelines: Prevalence, Correlates and Association with Weight Status among Children and Adolescents: A National Cross-Sectional Study in China. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142822. [PMID: 35889779 PMCID: PMC9317649 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
China is confronted with a “double burden” of underweight and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of meeting 24 h movement and dietary guidelines among Chinese children and adolescents. Further, the study aimed to examine the association of meeting 24 h movement and dietary guidelines with weight status in Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 34,887 Chinese children and adolescents were involved. Only 2.1% of participants met the 24 h movement guidelines. Compared to those who met all three 24 h movement guidelines, those who only met the sleep duration guideline was significantly associated with a higher risk of underweight (p < 0.05), and those who only met the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or screen time guidelines were significantly associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity (p < 0.05). Compared with those meeting the dietary guidelines, those who did not meet the soft drink intake guideline had a significantly lower risk of underweight (p < 0.05), those who did not meet the fruit intake guideline had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (p < 0.05), and those who did not meet the milk intake guideline showed a significantly higher risk of overweight/obesity (p < 0.001). These findings indicate a significant association between meeting the 24 h movement and dietary guidelines and weight status among Chinese children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Shuqian Yuan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Feifei Li
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (F.L.); (J.S.B.)
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (F.L.); (J.S.B.)
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianxiong Li
- School of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liang
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (F.L.); (J.S.B.)
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (X.L.); (W.L.)
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Consumption of milk and dairy products in Iranian population; barriers and facilitators. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Clark DC, Cifelli CJ, Pikosky MA. Growth and Development of Preschool Children (12-60 Months): A Review of the Effect of Dairy Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3556. [PMID: 33233555 PMCID: PMC7699766 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition in young children is a global health issue. The ability to meet energy and nutrient needs during this critical stage of development is necessary, not only to achieve physical and mental potential but also socio-economic achievement later in life. Given ongoing discussions regarding optimization of dietary patterns to support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations, it is important to identify foods/food groups that have shown efficacy in reducing the negative impacts of undernutrition in young children. This narrative review addresses the impact of dairy intake, with a focus on linear growth, cognitive development and weight gain in early childhood (12-60 months). The impact of country economic status is also examined, to help elucidate regional specific recommendations and/or future research needs. Overall, the body of research addressing this age group is somewhat limited. Based on the data available, there is a positive association between dairy intake and linear growth. The impact of milk or dairy products on cognitive development is less clear due to a lack of evidence and is a gap in the literature that should be addressed. Regarding the impact on body weight, the majority of evidence suggests there is either no association or an inverse association between milk intake by preschool children on overweight and obesity later in life. This evidence is exclusively in high income countries, however, so additional work in lower income countries may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Clark
- Bovina Mountain Consulting LLC, Englewood, FL 34223, USA;
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Leung YS, Lee JJW, Lai MMP, Kwok CKM, Chong KC. Association between obesity, common chronic diseases and health promoting lifestyle profiles in Hong Kong adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1624. [PMID: 33115451 PMCID: PMC7594285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent surveys revealed that the health status of many people from Hong Kong is far from ideal. Although non-communicable diseases are largely preventable, few relevant health promotion and disease prevention programs are available. Thus, we assessed the health indicators of Chinese adults in Hong Kong to investigate the relationship between obesity, common chronic diseases, and health-promoting lifestyle profiles to provide inspirations for decision makers in formulating targeted disease prevention and health management programs. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a data set of 270 community-dwelling Hong Kong adults who were within the eligible age range between 18 and 80 years without eye diseases that affect retinal photographs. The study exposure variable, health-promoting lifestyle profiles, was measured using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) questionnaire. The primary outcome variable, obesity, was defined using body mass index and waist-hip ratio. The secondary study outcome, estimated chronic diseases, including of anemia, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, were estimated using automatic retinal image analysis from the retinal images. Data were analyzed using tests of proportion, the independent sample t-tests, Welch’s t-test, and binary logistic regression models. Results All HPLP-II subscales had positive responses (≥ 2.5). Significant differences were noted between men and women in the health responsibility and nutrition subscales (Health Responsibility: p = 0.059; Nutrition: p = 0.067). Regression models revealed that nutrition (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.41; p = 0.017), physical activity (AOR = 0.50; p = 0.015), interpersonal relations (AOR = 2.14; p = 0.016), and stress management (AOR = 2.07; p 0.038) were associated with obesity; while spiritual growth (AOR = 0.24; p = 0.077) and interpersonal relations (AOR = 5.06; p 0.069) were associated with estimated chronic kidney disease. Conclusions Improving health behaviors may control or alleviate the prevalence of obesity and chronic kidney disease. These findings could arouse concern about lifestyle behaviors and promote self-assessment of health-promoting lifestyles to the general public. The study also provided new insights into the relationship between the HPLP-II and other common chronic diseases that warrant further study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-020-09726-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sin Leung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Jock Wai Lee
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria Ming Po Lai
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chole Kei Ming Kwok
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Wrotniak BH, Georger L, Hill DL, Zemel BS, Stettler N. Association of dairy intake with weight change in adolescents undergoing obesity treatment. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 41:338-345. [PMID: 29659918 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dairy products in obesity treatment for adolescents is unclear. The study purpose was to assess the association between dairy intake and changes in BMI z-score (zBMI) during adolescent obesity treatment. METHODS Observational study nested within a randomized control trial. Linear mixed-effects regression models were adjusted for important non-lifestyle factors then further adjusted for dietary and physical activity variables. In total, 91 adolescents were studied. RESULTS Each serving of total dairy (β = -0.0054, P < 0.01), unflavored milk (β = -0.012, P < 0.01), reduced fat (β = -0.0078, P < 0.05), and low fat/fat-free products (β = -0.0149, P < 0.01) was associated with a decrease in zBMI over 12 months. These associations were no longer significant after adjustment for other dietary and physical activity factors. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake was inversely associated with intake of total dairy (β = -0.186, P = 0.001), unflavored milk (β = -0.115, P = 0.003) and low fat/fat-free dairy (β = -0.125, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intakes of total dairy, unflavored milk, reduced fat dairy and low fat/fat-free dairy products are associated with improved obesity treatment outcomes among adolescents. This could be due to co-occurring healthy lifestyle behaviors or to replacement of other food and beverages associated with obesity, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, by dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Wrotniak
- The Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,D'Youville College, 320 Porter Avenue, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas L Hill
- The Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Babette S Zemel
- The Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Stettler
- The Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Lewin Group (NS), Falls Church, VA, USA
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White MJ, Armstrong SC, Kay MC, Perrin EM, Skinner A. Associations between milk fat content and obesity, 1999 to 2016. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12612. [PMID: 31905266 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between milk fat content and body mass index (BMI) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if milk fat content is associated with obesity in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS We used repeated cross sections of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999 to 2016. Using logistic regression, we measured associations between first milk consumed after formula/breast milk (whole, 2%, 1%, or fat-free) and weight status (≥85th to <95th BMI percentile, overweight; ≥95th BMI percentile, obesity) among children 2 to 6 years (n = 8367). We also assessed associations between current milk type and weight status among those 2 to 20 years of age (n = 26 750). RESULTS Children 2 to 6 years with obesity were less likely to have been weaned to whole milk versus healthy weight children (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60-0.98; P = .031). Individuals 2 to 20 years with overweight or obesity were less likely to drink whole milk as their current milk and more likely to drink fat-free or 1% milk compared with healthy weight children. CONCLUSIONS Whole milk consumers are less likely to have obesity. It is unclear whether this relationship is causal or a reflection of United States Department of Agriculture recommendations. Further examination of the factors that influence milk choice among diverse cohorts would lend clarity to this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J White
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sarah C Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Community and Family Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Melissa C Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Global Digital Health Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Asheley Skinner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Associations between Dairy Intake, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Spanish Schoolchildren: The Cuenca Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122940. [PMID: 31817012 PMCID: PMC6950103 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-fat dairy has been traditionally associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, recent evidence shows that the amount of dairy intake might have a beneficial effect over these pathologies, regardless of their fat content. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the intake of dairy products (including milk with different fat contents) with both adiposity and serum lipid concentration, adjusted by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), in Spanish schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study of 1088 children, aged 8 to 11 years, was conducted in which anthropometric variables (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass percentage (FM%) and fat mass index (FMI)), blood lipid profile, and dairy intake (using a food frequency questionnaire), and CRF (through a 20-m shuttle run test) were measured. Results showed that children with lower BMI, WC, FM%, and FMI had higher whole-fat milk intake and lower skimmed and semi-skimmed milk intake than children with higher BMI, WC, FM%, and FMI. Children with normal levels of triglycerides and high density lipoproteins (HLD) cholesterol consumed more whole-fat milk and less reduced-fat milk than children with dyslipidemic patterns. These relationships persisted after adjustment for CRF. Our findings suggest that full-fat milk intake should be promoted in children without obesity or high cardiometabolic risk.
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Marangoni F, Pellegrino L, Verduci E, Ghiselli A, Bernabei R, Calvani R, Cetin I, Giampietro M, Perticone F, Piretta L, Giacco R, La Vecchia C, Brandi ML, Ballardini D, Banderali G, Bellentani S, Canzone G, Cricelli C, Faggiano P, Ferrara N, Flachi E, Gonnelli S, Macca C, Magni P, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Miniello VL, Origo C, Pietrantonio F, Silvestri P, Stella R, Strazzullo P, Troiano E, Poli A. Cow's Milk Consumption and Health: A Health Professional's Guide. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:197-208. [PMID: 30247998 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1491016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most recent scientific evidence supports the consumption of cow's milk and dairy products as part of a balanced diet. However, these days, the public and practicing physicans are exposed to a stream of inconsistent (and often misleading) information regarding the relationship between cow's milk intake and health in the lay press and in the media. The purpose of this article, in this context, is to facilitate doctor-patient communication on this topic, providing physicians with a series of structured answers to frequently asked patient questions. The answers range from milk and milk-derived products' nutritional function across the life span, to their relationship with diseases such as osteoporosis and cancer, to lactose intolerance and milk allergy, and have been prepared by a panel of experts from the Italian medical and nutritional scientific community. When consumed according to appropriate national guidelines, milk and its derivatives contribute essential micro- and macronutrients to the diet, especially in infancy and childhood where bone mass growth is in a critical phase. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests potentially protective effects of milk against overweight, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, while no clear data suggest a significant association between milk intake and cancer. Overall, current scientific literature suggests that an appropriate consumption of milk and its derivatives, according to available nutritional guidelines, may be beneficial across all age groups, with the exception of specific medical conditions such as lactose intolerance or milk protein allergy. Key teaching points: Milk and its derivatives contribute essential micro and macronutrients to the diet, when consumed according to appropriate national guidelines, especially in infancy and childhood where bone mass growth is in a critical phase. Preliminary evidence suggests potentially protective effects of milk against overweight, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease No clear data are available about the association between milk intake and cancer. Current scientific literature suggests that an appropriate consumption of milk and its derivatives may be beneficial at all ages, with the exception of specific medical conditions such as lactose intolerance or milk protein allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Pellegrino
- b Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- c Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital , ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano and SIP-Italian Society of Pediatrics , Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiselli
- d CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Roma and SISA-Italian Society of Nutritional Science , Roma , Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- e Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Roma , Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- e Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Roma , Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- f Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences , Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Vittore Buzzi , Milano , Italy
| | | | - Francesco Perticone
- h Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Vittore Buzzi , Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro and SIMI-Italian Society of Internal Medicine , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Luca Piretta
- i Alimentary Science and Human Nutrition, Università Campus Biomedico , Roma , Italy
| | - Rosalba Giacco
- j Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino and SID - Italian Diabetes Society , Avellino , Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- k Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Banderali
- n Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital , ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano and SINUPE-Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition , Milano , Italy
| | - Stefano Bellentani
- o SIGE-Italian Society of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy , Modena , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Canzone
- p Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit , San Cimino Hospital, Termini Imerese and SIGO-Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Termini Imerese , Italy
| | | | - Pompilio Faggiano
- r Cardiology Division , Spedali Civili and University of Brescia and GICR-Italian Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation , Brescia , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- s Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' and SIGG-Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Naples , Italy
| | - Evelina Flachi
- t SIPREC-Italian Society for Cardiovascular Prevention , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Gonnelli
- u Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience , University of Siena and SIOMMS-Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases , Siena , Italy
| | - Claudio Macca
- v Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit , Spedali Civili Brescia and ADI - Italian Association of Dietetics , Brescia , Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- w Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano and SISA-Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis , Milano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marelli
- x Department of Diabetology Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition , ASST di Vimercate and AMD - Italian Association of Diabetologists , Vimercate , Italy
| | - Walter Marrocco
- y FIMMG-Italian Federation of General Medicine Doctors and SIMPeSV-Italian Society of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine , Rome , Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- z Department of Paediatrics , University of Bari and SIPPS-Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics , Bari , Italy
| | - Carlo Origo
- aa Department of Pediatric Orthoaedics , A.O. SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria and SITOP-Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Alessandria , Italy
| | - Filomena Pietrantonio
- ab Internal Medicine Unit , - H2-Albano Hospital Center, ASL Roma 6, Roma and FADOI-Federation of the Associations of Internist Hospital Managers , Manerbio , Italy
| | - Paolo Silvestri
- ac Interventional Cardiology-CCU Department , G. Rummo Hospital, Benevento and ANMCO-Italian National Association of Hospital Cardiologists , Benevento , Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- ad SNaMID-National Interdisciplinary Medical Society Primary Care , Milan , Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- ae Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples and SINU-Italian Society of Human Nutrition , Napoli , Italy
| | | | - Andrea Poli
- a NFI-Nutrition Foundation of Italy , Milano , Italy
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Ling J, Zahry NR, Wasilevich E, Robbins LB. Dietary Intake Among Head Start Preschooler-caregiver Dyads. J Pediatr Nurs 2018; 42:65-72. [PMID: 30219301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Head Start preschooler-caregiver dyad's dietary intake and factors influencing dietary intake. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional, correlational design was used. Height and weight were measured. Caregivers completed an online survey assessing demographics, dietary intake, feeding practices, and psychosocial factors. RESULTS Seventy dyads, recruited from two urban Head Start centers in the Midwestern U.S., participated. The mean age for preschoolers and caregivers was 3.90 (63% female) and 28.97 years (94% female), respectively. About 43% of preschoolers and 81% of caregivers were overweight/obese. Sixty-seven percent of caregivers, but only 9% of preschoolers, met the fruit/vegetable (F/V) recommendation. Preschoolers' F/V intake was not significantly correlated with their caregivers' F/V intake after adjusting for demographics and psychosocial factors (B = 0.05, p = .607). Caregiver race (B = -0.71, p = .05), nutrition knowledge (B = -0.35, p = .017), perceived caregiver weight (B = -0.85, p = .035), perceived child weight (B = 1.09, p = .029), and concerns of preschoolers' weight (B = 0.79, p = .004) were significantly correlated with preschoolers' F/V intake, after adjusting for demographics, caregiver F/V intake, and other psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate the critical need to improve preschoolers' dietary intake and the important influence of caregivers on their preschoolers' dietary intake. Given the few limitations of the study (e.g., small sample size, food frequency questionnaire), interpretation and application of the study's findings warrant caution. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Pediatric practitioners and researchers need to design effective programs to improve low-income Head Start preschoolers' dietary intake, thereby helping to curb the current childhood obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Ling
- Michigan State University, College of Nursing, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Nagwan R Zahry
- Michigan State University, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, USA.
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Marsh S, Jiang Y, Carter K, Wall C. Evaluation of a Free Milk in Schools Program in New Zealand: Effects on Children's Milk Consumption and Anthropometrics. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:596-604. [PMID: 29992602 PMCID: PMC6175117 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While dietary sources of calcium are important for bone health, the intake of milk and milk products decreases as children get older. A free milk in schools program may mitigate this decrease in milk consumption. We evaluated the Fonterra Milk for schools program (a free milk initiative) by determining changes in children's milk consumption and anthropometric measures over a 2-year period. METHODS The evaluation was conducted in children aged 7-9 years in a representative sample of primary schools participating in the free milk program, in Auckland, New Zealand. The primary outcome was the proportion of children meeting the New Zealand guidelines for dairy and milk product consumption over 7 days (≥2 servings per day). Changes in anthropometric measures were also assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Nine schools (N = 511 children) participated in the evaluation. The proportion of children meeting the New Zealand guidelines for milk and milk product consumption over 7 days increased significantly from baseline to 2 years' follow-up (72% vs 94%; p < .001). Body mass index z scores did not change significantly between baseline and 2 years' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The Fonterra Milk for Schools initiative appears to be an effective way of increasing milk/milk product consumption behaviors in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marsh
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Yannan Jiang
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Karen Carter
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Clare Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Changes in eating behavior and plasma leptin in children with obesity participating in a family-centered lifestyle intervention. Appetite 2018; 125:81-89. [PMID: 29410008 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of childhood obesity lifestyle interventions are to positively change body composition, however it is unknown if interventions also modulate factors that are related to energy intake. This study aimed to examine changes in eating behaviors and plasma leptin concentrations in overweight and obese children participating in a 1-year family-centered lifestyle intervention. Interventions were based on Canadian diet and physical activity (PA) guidelines. Children were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: Control (Ctrl; no intervention), Standard treatment (StnTx: 2 servings milk and alternatives/day (d), 3x/wk weight-bearing PA), or Modified treatment (ModTx: 4 servings milk and alternatives/day; daily weight-bearing PA). Study visits occurred every 3-months for 1-y; interventions were held once a month for 6-months with one follow-up visit at 8-months. Ctrl received counselling after 1-y. Caregivers completed the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) and reported on diet and activity. Plasma leptin were measured from morning fasted blood samples. Seventy-eight children (mean age 7.8 ± 0.8 y; mean BMI 24.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2) participated; 94% completed the study. Compared to baseline, at 6-months StnTx reduced Emotional Overeating and Desire to Drink scores (p < 0.05) while Food Responsiveness scores were reduced in both StnTx and ModTx (p < 0.05). At 1-year, scores for Desire to Drink in StnTx remained reduced compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Plasma leptin concentrations were significantly lower in ModTx at 6-months compared to baseline (p < 0.05). This study resulted in intervention groups favorably changing eating behaviors, supporting the use family-centered lifestyle interventions using Canadian diet and PA recommendations for children with obesity.
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Marabujo T, Ramos E, Lopes C. Dairy products and total calcium intake at 13 years of age and its association with obesity at 21 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:541-547. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lu L, Xun P, Wan Y, He K, Cai W. Long-term association between dairy consumption and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:414-23. [PMID: 26862005 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Data from small-scale, short-term, clinical trials suggest a beneficial effect of dairy consumption on the risk of childhood obesity; however, the long-term association is unclear. Therefore, we aim to examine the longitudinal association between dairy consumption and the risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. SUBJECTS/METHODS Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE through March 2015. Additional studies were retrieved via Google Scholar or a hand review of the reference lists from relevant articles. Pooled associations of interest were estimated by using a random-effects model. The heterogeneity for each pooled analysis was evaluated by I(2) statistic as well as by Cochran's Q test. Publication bias was assessed by using both Egger's and Begg's tests. RESULTS Ten studies comprising 46,011 children and adolescents with an average 3-year follow-up were included. As compared with those who were in the lowest group of dairy consumption, children in the highest intake group were 38% less likely to have childhood overweight/obesity (pooled odds ratio (OR)=0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.80). With each 1 serving/day increment in dairy consumption, the percentage of body fat was reduced by 0.65% (β=0.65; 95% CI: -1.35, 0.06; P=0.07), and the risk of overweight/obesity was 13% lower (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS Accumulated evidence from prospective cohort studies suggests that dairy consumption is inversely and longitudinally associated with the risk of childhood overweight/obesity. Further studies are warranted to examine the types of dairy products in relation to the risk of childhood overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - P Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - K He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - W Cai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Voráčová J, Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Kalman M. Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15888-99. [PMID: 26694428 PMCID: PMC4690964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many children skip breakfast, consume soft drinks/sweets and do not eat the recommended amounts of fruit and vegetables. Poor eating habits in children tend to be carried over into adulthood. The changes in eating behaviours of Czech 11-, 13- and 15-year-old children were examined by frequency of breakfast (on weekdays and weekends), fruit, vegetable, sweet and soft drink consumption using data obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Logistic regression was used to analyze changes in eating behaviours. The findings showed a significant increase (only in girls, p ≤ 0.001) in prevalence of breakfast consumption (on weekdays) and a decrease in daily consumption of soft drinks (in boys and girls, p ≤ 0.001), sweets (in boys and girls, p ≤ 0.01) and fruit (in boys, p ≤ 0.01; in girls, p ≤ 0.001) between 2002 and 2014. Daily vegetable and breakfast on weekends consumption remained statistically unchanged over time. More frequent daily fruit, vegetable and breakfast (on weekends) consumption was reported by girls and younger children, whereas daily soft drink intake was more prevalent in boys and older children. There is a need for re-evaluation of current policies and new initiatives to improve the eating habits of Czech children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Voráčová
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik Sigmund
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Sigmundová
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Kalman
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
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15
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Social support and dairy products intake among adolescents: a study from Iran. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1078. [PMID: 26493841 PMCID: PMC4619222 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate daily milk and dairy products intake seems to an important for adolescents' health. This study aimed to identify the high-risk group adolescents who did not meet the recommended daily serving milk and dairy products and indeed to find out associated factors relating to their nutrition behaviors. METHODS This cross sectional study was carried out on 7th grade students, in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. An anonymous self-administrated questionnaire including items on perceived social support, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors was administered. In addition a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) measuring daily milk products serving intake as a main outcome measure was completed for each respondent. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between milk and dairy products consumption and independents variables. RESULTS In all 402 students (51.5 % female) participated in the study. The mean age of students was 12.9 (SD = 0.49) years. The average daily intake of milk and dairy products was 1.64 (SD = 0.78) servings per day. Overall 14.2 % of adolescents (18.8 % of girls, and 9.2 % of boys, p = 0.006) reported consumption of the recommended daily milk and dairy products serving per day. The results indicated that gender boys (OR for boys = 2.41, 95 % CI = 1.25-4.67), mother age (OR for age group 40-55 years = 2.52, 95 % CI = 1.18-5.38), poor perceived emotional family support, (OR = 1.10, 95 % CI = 1.05-3.61), and poor perceived practical family support (OR = 2.04, 95 % CI = 1.18-4.17) were the most significant contributing factors to low level milk and dairy products intake in adolescents. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that adolescents did not take the recommended daily amount of milk and dairy products and this appeared to be strongly related to low perceived family support. To achieve the recommended daily milk and dairy products serving consumption, family involvements in any programs that specifically address emotional and practical support for promoting daily milk and dairy products intake among adolescents are suggested.
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Mehrabani S, Safavi SM, Mehrabani S, Asemi M, Feizi A, Bellissimo N, Salehi-Abargouei A. Effects of low-fat milk consumption at breakfast on satiety and short-term energy intake in 10- to 12-year-old obese boys. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1389-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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DeBoer MD, Agard HE, Scharf RJ. Milk intake, height and body mass index in preschool children. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:460-5. [PMID: 25512962 PMCID: PMC5596452 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate links between the volume of milk consumed and weight and height status in children aged 4 and 5 years. DESIGN We analysed data from 8950 children followed up as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, Birth cohort, a nationally representative cohort of children. We used linear and logistic regression to assess associations of daily servings of milk intake at age 4 years with z-scores of body mass index (BMI), height and weight-for-height at 4 and 5 years, adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and type of milk consumed. RESULTS Among children who drank milk at age 4 years, higher milk consumption was associated with higher z-scores of BMI, height and weight-for-height at 4 years (all p<0.05). This corresponded to differences between children drinking <1 and ≥4 milk servings daily of approximately 1 cm in height and 0.15 kg in weight. By age 5 years, only the association with height remained significant (p<0.001). At 4 years, children drinking ≥3 servings of milk daily were more likely to be overweight/obese (BMI≥85th percentile) than those drinking 0.5-2 servings of milk daily (adjusted OR 1.16 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.32) p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of children at age 4 years, the volume of milk consumed was associated with higher weight status and taller stature, while at 5 years, higher milk consumption continued to be associated with taller stature. Given higher odds of overweight/obesity with milk consumption ≥3 servings daily, this study supports current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations that pre-school children consume two milk servings daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. DeBoer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Phone: 434-924-9833, Fax: 434-924-9181,
| | - Hannah E. Agard
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Rebecca J. Scharf
- Division of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Davies MA, Terhorst L, Nakonechny AJ, Skukla N, El Saadawi G. The development and effectiveness of a health information website designed to improve parents' self-efficacy in managing risk for obesity in preschoolers. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2014; 19:316-30. [PMID: 25160030 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of web-based information on parental self-efficacy in managing obesity risk in preschoolers. DESIGN AND METHODS The project included a literature review and the development and field testing of an information website that presented information on how to manage nine obesity risk factors for childhood obesity. RESULTS Parents stated that they had no problems using the website, and 69% reported improved self-efficacy on at least two risk factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Many parents access the Internet to obtain health information. A website that offers practical information on managing childhood obesity risk factors is a valuable resource for obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A Davies
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bigornia SJ, LaValley MP, Moore LL, Northstone K, Emmett P, Ness AR, Newby PK. Dairy intakes at age 10 years do not adversely affect risk of excess adiposity at 13 years. J Nutr 2014; 144:1081-90. [PMID: 24744312 PMCID: PMC4056647 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.183640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of an association between milk intake and childhood adiposity remains inconsistent, with few data available regarding the effects of the amount of dairy fat consumed. This study examined the relation between dairy consumption (total, full, and reduced fat) at age 10 y on risk of excess adiposity at age 13 y in participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 2455). Intakes were assessed by 3-d dietary records. Total body fat mass (TBFM) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was examined at 13 y. Outcomes included excess TBFM (top quintile of TBFM), overweight, and change in body mass index (BMI). The highest vs. lowest quartile of total dairy consumers (g/d) at age 10 y did not have an increased risk of excess TBFM (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.16; P-trend = 0.28) or overweight (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.15; P = 0.24) at age 13 y. Children in the highest quartile of full-fat dairy intakes vs. those in the lowest quartile had a reduced risk of excess TBFM (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.00; P = 0.04) and a suggestion of a reduction in overweight (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.40, 1.06; P = 0.19) at age 13 y. Furthermore, the highest vs. lowest consumers of full-fat products had smaller gains in BMI during follow-up [2.5 kg/m² (95% CI: 2.2, 2.7) vs. 2.8 kg/m² (95% CI: 2.5, 3.0); P < 0.01]. Associations with reduced-fat dairy consumption did not attain statistical significance. In this study, dairy consumption was not related to excess fat accumulation during late childhood. Estimates had wide confidence limits but generally showed inverse relations between dairy intakes and risk of excess adiposity. Additional prospective research is warranted to confirm the effects of dairy intake on obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn L. Moore
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Andy R. Ness
- School of Social and Community Medicine and,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; and
| | - P. K. Newby
- Department of Pediatrics,,Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Departments of,Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;,Program in Gastronomy, Culinary Arts, and Wine Studies, Boston University Metropolitan College, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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20
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Dror DK. Dairy consumption and pre-school, school-age and adolescent obesity in developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2014; 15:516-27. [PMID: 24655317 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity, the primary health problem affecting children in developed countries, has been attributed in part to changes in dietary patterns. Secular trends suggest a decrease in childhood dairy consumption coinciding with the rise in obesity prevalence. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to consider evidence of associations between dairy intake and adiposity in pre-schoolers, school-age children and adolescents in developed countries. Of 36 studies included in the systematic review, sufficient data for effect size estimation and inclusion in the meta-analysis were obtained from 22 studies. No significant association was found between dairy intake and adiposity in the aggregated data, although statistical heterogeneity was high (I(2) = 0.72). Among adolescents, however, dairy intake was inversely associated with adiposity (effect size -0.26, [-0.38, -0.14], P < 0.0001). Effect size was not predicted by exposure variable (milk vs. dairy), study design, statistical methods, outcome variables or sex. Interpretation of results was complicated by variability in study methods and insufficient adjustment for relevant confounders, particularly dietary reporting accuracy, sweetened beverage intake and pubertal development. Despite limitations, available data suggest a neutral effect of dairy intake on adiposity during early and middle childhood and a modestly protective effect in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Dror
- Allen Laboratory, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, California, USA
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21
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Hasnain SR, Singer MR, Bradlee ML, Moore LL. Beverage intake in early childhood and change in body fat from preschool to adolescence. Child Obes 2014; 10:42-9. [PMID: 24450382 PMCID: PMC3922282 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is closely associated with adult obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This study's aim was to determine the effects of beverage intake patterns on body composition from early childhood into adolescence in the Framingham Children's Study. METHODS Multiple sets of 3-day records were used to assess diet over 12 years, beginning in 1987, in 103 non-Hispanic white boys and girls. BMI, waist circumference, and four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal) were measured yearly. Percent body fat was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at end of follow-up. Analysis of covariance and longitudinal mixed modeling were used to control for potential confounding by age, baseline body fat, percent of energy from fat, television/video viewing time, other beverage intakes not included in exposure group, mother's education, and BMI. RESULTS Children with the lowest milk intakes in early childhood had 7.4% more body fat in later adolescence than those with higher intakes (30.0% body fat in tertile 1 vs. 22.6% in tertile 3; p=0.0095). Fruit and vegetable juice was similarly protective-those in the highest tertile of fruit and vegetable juice intake during childhood had an 8.0-cm smaller waist circumference at 15-17 years of age, compared with those in the lowest tertile (p=0.0328). There was no relation between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and percent body fat (p=0.9296) or other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that adequate intakes of milk and fruit and vegetable juice may reduce the risk of excess body fat in later childhood and adolescence. Further, modest intakes of SSBs in early childhood may not adversely affect body fat change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ridda Hasnain
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Martha R. Singer
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - M. Loring Bradlee
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Lynn L. Moore
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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22
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Dror DK, Allen LH. Dairy product intake in children and adolescents in developed countries: trends, nutritional contribution, and a review of association with health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:68-81. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna K Dror
- Allen Laboratory; US Department of Agriculure, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center; Davis California USA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Allen Laboratory; US Department of Agriculure, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center; Davis California USA
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Govindan M, Gurm R, Mohan S, Kline-Rogers E, Corriveau N, Goldberg C, Durussel-Weston J, Eagle KA, Jackson EA. Gender differences in physiologic markers and health behaviors associated with childhood obesity. Pediatrics 2013; 132:468-74. [PMID: 23940242 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated gender-related differences in body composition, physical activity, and diet. This observational study assesses gender variance in independent predictors for obesity to determine targeted areas for intervention. METHODS Data from 1714 sixth-grade students enrolled in Project Healthy Schools were compared by using health behaviors and physiologic markers (lipids, random glucose, blood pressure, and resting and recovery heart rates). Students were stratified by gender and obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile by age and gender). Physiologic markers and behaviors were compared by using χ(2) analysis. Univariate associations with P < .10 were included in a stepwise logistic regression model to determine independent predictors for obesity by gender. RESULTS Nonobese students (both boys and girls) showed significantly healthier physiologic parameters compared with their obese counterparts. Two behaviors independently correlated with obesity in both boys and girls: regularly eating school lunches (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.64; OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00-1.62, respectively) and watching ≥2 hours of television per day (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32; OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.34, respectively). Vigorous physical activity and involvement in school sports teams appeared to be protective against obesity in boys (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.98; OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64-0.94, respectively), whereas milk consumption appeared protective in girls (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Among middle-school children, we observed gender-related differences in factors associated with obesity. Additional research is warranted to determine the beneficial impact of improving school lunches and decreasing screen time, while improving our understanding of gender-related differences in milk consumption and physical activities in relation to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgen Govindan
- Michigan Cardiovascular Research and Reporting Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Pate RR, O'Neill JR, Liese AD, Janz KF, Granberg EM, Colabianchi N, Harsha DW, Condrasky MM, O'Neil PM, Lau EY, Taverno Ross SE. Factors associated with development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents: a review of prospective studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14:645-58. [PMID: 23601571 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine the factors that predict the development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents. Medline, Web of Science and PubMed were searched to identify prospective cohort studies that evaluated the association between several variables (e.g. physical activity, sedentary behaviour, dietary intake and genetic, physiological, social cognitive, family and peer, school and community factors) and the development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents (5-18 years). Sixty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There is evidence to support the association between genetic factors and low physical activity with excessive fatness in children and adolescents. Current studies yielded mixed evidence for the contribution of sedentary behaviour, dietary intake, physiological biomarkers, family factors and the community physical activity environment. No conclusions could be drawn about social cognitive factors, peer factors, school nutrition and physical activity environments, and the community nutrition environment. There is a dearth of longitudinal evidence that examines specific factors contributing to the development of excessive fatness in childhood and adolescence. Given that childhood obesity is a worldwide public health concern, the field can benefit from large-scale, long-term prospective studies that use state-of-the-art measures in a diverse sample of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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The role of dairy products and milk in adolescent obesity: evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52575. [PMID: 23285099 PMCID: PMC3527590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies, mainly from Western populations, suggest dairy consumption is inversely associated with adiposity. However, in these populations the intake range is limited and both diet and obesity may share social patterning. Evidence from non-Western developed settings with different social patterning, is valuable in distinguishing whether observed associations are biologically mediated or socially confounded. Objective To examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption with adolescent obesity. Methods We used multivariable linear regression models to examine the associations of milk or other dairy product consumption, obtained from a food frequency questionnaire, at 11 years with body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 13 years and waist hip ratio (WHR) at 11 years, in 5,968 adolescents from a Chinese birth cohort, comprising 88% of births in April and May 1997. We used multiple imputation for missing exposures and confounders. Results Only 65.7% regularly consumed milk and 72.4% other dairy products. Milk and other dairy product consumption was positively associated with socio-economic position but not with BMI z-score or WHR, with or without adjustment for sex, mother’s birthplace, parental education, physical activity and other food consumption. Conclusions The lack of association of milk and other dairy product consumption with adiposity in a non-Western setting was not consistent with the majority of evidence from Western settings. Observed anti-obesigenic effects in Western settings may be due to socially patterned confounding.
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Baird DL, Syrette J, Hendrie GA, Riley MD, Bowen J, Noakes M. Dairy food intake of Australian children and adolescents 2-16 years of age: 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15:2060-73. [PMID: 22583653 PMCID: PMC10271862 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dairy food consumption is important for Australian children as it contributes key nutrients such as protein and Ca. The aim of the present paper is to describe dietary intake from dairy foods for Australian children aged 2-16 years in 2007. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a quota-sampled survey using population-weighted, 1 d (24 h) dietary recall data. SETTING Australian national survey conducted from February to August 2007. SUBJECTS Children (n 4487) aged 2-16 years. RESULTS Most Australian children consumed dairy foods (84-98 %), with the proportion consuming tending to decrease with age and males consuming significantly more than females from the age of 4 years. Milk was the most commonly consumed dairy food (58-88 %) and consumed in the greatest amount (243-384 g/d). Most children consumed regular-fat dairy products. The contribution of dairy foods to total energy intake decreased with age; from 22 % of total energy at age 2-3 years to 11 % at age 14-16 years. This trend was similar for all nutrients analysed. Dairy food intake peaked between 06.00 and 10.00 hours (typical breakfast hours) corresponding with the peak in dairy Ca intake. Australian children (older than 4 years) did not reach recommendations for dairy food intake, consuming ≤2 servings/d. CONCLUSIONS The under-consumption of dairy foods by Australian children has important implications for intake of key nutrients and should be addressed by multiple strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Baird
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide BC, South Australia, Australia.
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Baxter SD, Paxton-Aiken AE, Tebbs JM, Royer JA, Guinn CH, Finney CJ. Secondary analyses of data from 4 studies with fourth-grade children show that sex, race, amounts eaten of standardized portions, and energy content given in trades explain the positive relationship between body mass index and energy intake at school-provided meals. Nutr Res 2012; 32:659-68. [PMID: 23084638 PMCID: PMC3479430 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Results from a 2012 article showed a positive relationship between children's body mass index (BMI) and energy intake at school-provided meals. To help explain that positive relationship, secondary analyses investigated (1) whether the relationship differed by sex and race and (2) the relationship between BMI and 6 aspects of school-provided meals--amounts eaten of standardized portions, energy content given in trades, energy intake received in trades, energy intake from flavored milk, energy intake from a la carte ice cream, and breakfast type. Data were from 4 studies conducted 1 per school year (1999-2000 to 2002-2003). Fourth-grade children (n = 328; 50% female; 54% black) from 13 schools total were observed eating school-provided breakfast and lunch on 1 to 3 days per child for 1178 total meals (50% breakfast). Children were weighed and measured. Marginal regression models were fit using BMI as the dependent variable. For purpose 1, independent variables were energy intake at school-provided meals, sex, race, age, and study; additional models included interaction terms involving energy intake and sex/race. For purpose 2, independent variables were the 6 aspects of school-provided meals, sex, race, age, and study. The relationship between BMI and energy intake at school-provided meals differed by sex (P < .0001; stronger for females) and race (P = .0063; stronger for black children). BMI was positively related to amounts eaten of standardized portions (P < .0001) and negatively related to energy content given in trades (P = .0052). Explaining the positive relationship between BMI and energy intake at school-provided meals may contribute to school-based obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Domel Baxter
- Institute for Families in Society, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Al Junaibi A, Abdulle A, Sabri S, Hag-Ali M, Nagelkerke N. The prevalence and potential determinants of obesity among school children and adolescents in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:68-74. [PMID: 22890490 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and determinants of obesity in childhood and adolescence and their association with blood pressure (BP) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). DESIGN A cross-sectional population-representative study. SUBJECTS A total of 1541 students (grades 1-12; aged 6-19 years) were randomly selected from 246 schools (50% male). Anthropometric and demographic variables were measured, and CDC criteria were used to classify children's weights. RESULTS A total of 1440 (93%) students provided complete results. Crude prevalences were: 7.6% underweight, 14.7% overweight and 18.9% obesity. Further analyses were restricted to UAE nationals (n=1035), of whom these figures were: 8.3% underweight (females 6.5%, males 10.1%; P=0.06), 14.2% overweight (females 16.7%, males 11.6%; P<0.01), 19.8% obesity (females 18.1%, males 21.4%; P=0.09). Obesity significantly (P<0.001) increased with age. The majority (61.3%) of students had body mass index (BMI) percentiles above the 50th CDC percentile. Stepwise linear regression of BMI percentile on age, sex, dairy consumption, exercise and family income showed a significant (P<0.01) positive association with age and lack of dairy consumption, but not exercise and income. BP significantly (P<0.01) increased with BMI percentile. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of childhood obesity is high across the age spectrum in the UAE. Older age, male sex, lack of dairy intake and higher parental BMI, are independent determinants of childhood obesity in this population. Higher BMI percentile is associated with a higher BP. Prevention strategies should focus on younger children, particularly children of obese parents. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate trends and the impact of childhood obesity on the risk of non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al Junaibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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The association between dairy food intake and the incidence of diabetes in Australia: the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:339-45. [PMID: 22672923 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have suggested that dairy food may reduce the risk of obesity and metabolic abnormalities but few have been able to conclusively demonstrate that it reduces the risk of diabetes. The aim of the present analysis was to investigate if dairy food intake independently reduces the risk of diabetes. DESIGN The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) is a national, population-based, prospective survey conducted over 5 years. Baseline measurements included a 121-item FFQ, anthropometrics and an oral glucose tolerance test. SETTING Forty-two randomly selected clusters across Australia. SUBJECTS Adults aged ≥25 years who participated in the baseline survey and returned to follow-up 5 years later. RESULTS A total of 5582 participants with complete data were eligible for analysis, 209 of whom had incident diabetes. Compared with men in the first tertile of dairy food intake, men in the third tertile had a significantly reduced risk of developing diabetes after adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake, family history of diabetes, education, physical activity, smoking status, fasting serum TAG and HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and hip circumference (OR = 0·53, 95 % CI 0·29, 0·96; P = 0·033). A similar non-significant association was observed in women. CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns that incorporate high intakes of dairy food may reduce the risk of diabetes among men. Further investigation into the relationship between dairy food intake and diabetes needs to be undertaken to fully understand the potential mechanism of this observation.
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El-Merhie N, Sabry I, Balbaa M. Effect of calcium treatment on blood parameters, gonadal development and the structure of bone in immature female rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:219-27. [PMID: 22139999 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential nutrient required for critical biological functions. Calcium supplementation is to be evaluated using immature female rats. The present study focused on some blood parameters, gonadal development and bone structure. Forty immature female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal-sized groups (80 g average body weight) to receive calcium chloride dihydrate (group I: control; groups II, III and IV: received 20 mg, 40 mg and 60 mg per kg body weight, respectively) for 5 weeks. Rats were decapitated, and their trunk blood was sampled for biochemical assays. Cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and calcium were measured. Gonadal and bone structure were histologically evaluated. Results revealed that treatment of developing female rats with three calcium doses used have no marked effect on the serum calcium and cholesterol levels. However, serum triglyceride level and body weight gain are significantly decreased in rats treated with all of the three calcium doses. Serum glucose level showed a marked increase in animals treated with the higher calcium doses. Moreover, observable histological alterations are recognized in the ovaries. Bones of the experimental animals also showed morphological alterations. These results suggest that increasing calcium supplementation decreases triglycerides and percentage body weight gain and positively affects the bone and gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia El-Merhie
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Association between dairy product intake and abdominal obesity in Azorean adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:830-5. [PMID: 22434052 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have reported an inverse association between dairy product (DP) consumption and weight or fat mass loss. OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to assess the association between DP intake and abdominal obesity (AO) among Azorean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study was a cross-sectional analysis. A total of 903 adolescents (370 boys) aged 15-16 years was evaluated. Anthropometric measurements were collected (weight, height and waist circumference (WC)) and McCarthy's cut-points were used to categorize WC. AO was defined when WC was ≥90th percentile. Adolescent food intake was assessed using a self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and DP intake was categorized in <2 and ≥2 servings/day. Data were analyzed separately for girls and boys, and logistical regression was used to estimate the association between DPs and AO adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of AO was 54.9% (boys: 32.1% and girls: 70.7%, P<0.001). For boys and girls, DP consumption was 2.3±1.9 and 2.1±1.6 servings/day (P=0.185), respectively. In both genders, the proportion of adolescents with WC <90th percentile was higher among individuals who reported a dairy intake of <2 servings/day compared with those with an intake <2 servings/day (boys: 71% vs 65% and girls: 36% vs 24%, P<0.05). After adjustments for confounders, two or more DP servings per day were a negative predictor of AO (odds ratio, 0.217; 95% confidence interval, 0.075-0.633) only in boys. CONCLUSION We found a protective association between DP intake and AO only in boys.
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te Velde SJ, van Nassau F, Uijtdewilligen L, van Stralen MM, Cardon G, De Craemer M, Manios Y, Brug J, Chinapaw MJM. Energy balance-related behaviours associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children: a systematic review of prospective studies. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 1:56-74. [PMID: 22309065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current review aimed to systematically identify dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours in preschool children (4-6 years of age) that are prospectively related to overweight or obesity later in childhood. Prospective studies published between January 1990 and June 2010 were selected from searches in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. Studies examining the prospective association between at least one relevant behaviour measured during preschool period (children aged 4-6 years at baseline) in relation to at least one anthropometric measurement at follow-up (age <18 years) were included. Harvest plots were used to summarize the results and draw conclusions from the evidence. Of the 8,718 retrieved papers, 23 papers reporting on 15 different study samples were included in this review. Strong evidence was found for an inverse association between total physical activity and overweight. Moderate evidence was observed for a positive association between television viewing and overweight. Because of the heterogeneity in the assessed dietary behaviours, insufficient evidence was found for an association between dietary intake or specific dietary behaviours and overweight. These results suggest that interventions aiming to prevent overweight among preschool children should focus on promotion of total physical activity and limitation of screen time and that further research is needed to establish whether and which dietary behaviours are important for obesity prevention in this age group. However, despite the lack of evidence for dietary behaviours from the present review, future interventions may already target specific dietary behaviours that are highly prevalent and for which there a clear rationale as well as preliminary evidence that these behaviours are associated with overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J te Velde
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Effect of dairy consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The effect of dairy consumption on blood pressure in mid-childhood: CAPS cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:652-7. [PMID: 22234043 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES It has been postulated that a higher dairy consumption may affect blood pressure regulation. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dairy consumption and blood pressure in mid-childhood. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects (n = 335) were participants of a birth cohort at high risk of asthma with information on diet at 18 months and blood pressure at 8 years. Multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of dairy consumption (serves) and micronutrient intakes (mg). In a subgroup of children (n = 201), dietary intake was also measured at approximately 9 years. RESULTS Children in the highest quintile of dairy consumption at 18 months had lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 8 years (2.5 mm Hg, P=0.046 and 1.9 mm Hg, P = 0.047, respectively) than those in the lowest quintiles. SBP was lowest among children in the highest quintiles of calcium, magnesium and potassium intakes. Significant negative linear trends were observed between SBP and intakes of dairy serves, calcium, magnesium and potassium. Furthermore, SBP and DBP were lowest in the group of children that consumed at least two dairy serves at both 18 months and the follow-up dietary data collection at 9 years, compared with all other children (SBP 98.7 vs 101.0 mm Hg, P = 0.07; and DBP 56.5 vs 59.3 mm Hg, P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION These results are consistent with a protective effect of dairy consumption in childhood on blood pressure at age 8 years.
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Abstract
Discussions and debates have recently emerged on the potential positive and negative effects of cow's milk in the paediatric community, also under the pressure of public opinion. The negative effects of cow's-milk consumption seem to be limited to iron status up to 9 to 12 months; then no negative effects are observed, provided that cow's milk, up to a maximum daily intake of 500 mL, is adequately complemented with iron-enriched foods. Lactose intolerance can be easily managed and up to 250 mL/day of milk can be consumed. Allergy to cow's-milk proteins is usually transient. Atopic children may independently be at risk for poor growth, and the contribution of dairy nutrients to their diet should be considered. The connection of cow's milk to autistic spectrum disorders is lacking, and even a cause-effect relation with type 1 diabetes mellitus has not been established because many factors may concur. Although it is true that cow's milk stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 and may affect linear growth, association with chronic degenerative, noncommunicable diseases has not been established. Finally, fat-reduced milk, if needed, should be considered after 24 to 36 months. Cow's milk represents a major source of high nutritional quality protein as well as of calcium. Moreover, it has growth-promoting effects independent of specific compounds. Its protein and fat composition, together with the micronutrient content, is suggestive of a functional food, whose positive effects are emphasised by regular consumption, particularly under conditions of diets poor in some limiting nutrients, although in industrialised countries cow's milk's optimal daily intake should be around 500 mL, adequately complemented with other relevant nutrients.
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Noel SE, Ness AR, Northstone K, Emmett P, Newby PK. Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat in children from ages 10 to 13 years. J Nutr 2011; 141:2035-41. [PMID: 21940511 PMCID: PMC3192461 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.143420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies report conflicting results for the relationship between milk intake and adiposity in children. We examined prospective and cross-sectional associations between milk intake and percent body fat among 2245 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Cross-sectional analyses were performed at age 13 y between total, full-fat, and reduced-fat milk intake assessed using 3-d dietary records and body fat from DXA. Prospective analyses were conducted between milk intakes at age 10 y and body fat at 11 and 13 y. Models were adjusted for age, sex, height, physical activity, pubertal status, maternal BMI, maternal education, and intakes of total fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, 100% fruit juice, and ready-to-eat cereals; baseline BMI was added to prospective models. Subset analyses were performed for those with plausible dietary intakes. Mean milk consumption at 10 and 13 y was (mean ± SD) 0.90 ± 0.73 and 0.85 ± 0.78 servings/d [1 serving = 8 oz of milk (244 g of plain and 250 g flavored milk)], respectively. Cross-sectional results indicated an inverse association between full-fat milk intake and body fat [β = -0.47 (95% CI = -0.76, -0.19); P = 0.001]. Milk intake at age 10 y was inversely associated with body fat at 11 y [β = -0.16 g/d (95%CI = -0.28, -0.04); P = 0.01], but not among those with plausible dietary intakes, suggesting that this association was influenced by dietary measurement errors. Milk intake was not associated with body fat at age 13 y after adjustment. Although our prospective results corroborate other findings of a null associations between milk intake and adiposity, our inconsistent findings across analyses suggest further investigation is needed to clarify the relation, and accounting for dietary reporting errors is an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E. Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kate Northstone
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Pauline Emmett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - P. K. Newby
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bucholz EM, Desai MM, Rosenthal MS. Dietary intake in Head Start vs non-Head Start preschool-aged children: results from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:1021-30. [PMID: 21703380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary intakes of children enrolled in Head Start programs differ from those of children not attending preschool or children in non-Head Start programs. DESIGN Using data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, low-income, 3- to 5-year-old children were categorized into one of four preschool groups: Head Start (n=184), non-Head Start (n=189), past preschool (n=193), and no preschool (n=384). Total nutrient intakes were calculated using 24-hour parental recalls. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Mean macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were compared across groups and the percentage of children not meeting Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between preschool group and likelihood of not meeting dietary guidelines. RESULTS Many children did not meet the RDA for folate (20.5%), vitamin A (39.7%), vitamin E (79.7%), calcium (40.2%), iron (28.8%), and potassium (90.8%). Compared with the other preschool groups, Head Start children had lower mean protein, saturated fat, riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorous intakes. The greatest differences in intake were observed between Head Start participants and no-preschool children. Multivariate analyses demonstrated an association between Head Start and inadequate intake of protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, and selenium. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other low-income children, those in Head Start programs appear to be at greater risk for not meeting the RDA for several key vitamins and minerals. These differences in diet quality may present an opportunity for Head Start programs to enhance nutrition in this student population.
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Louie JCY, Flood VM, Hector DJ, Rangan AM, Gill TP. Dairy consumption and overweight and obesity: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev 2011; 12:e582-92. [PMID: 21521450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive literature search was undertaken to examine the relationship between dairy consumption and overweight/obesity in prospective cohort studies. A literature search from 1980 through to April 2010 was conducted. Nineteen cohort studies met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Of the 19 cohort studies, 10 were among children and adolescents (aged 2 to 14 years, n = 53 to 12,829, follow-up 8 months to 10 years) and nine among adults (aged 18 to 75 years, n = 248 to 42,696, follow-up 2 years to 12 years). A range of dairy food exposure measures were used. Eight studies (three out of 10 studies involving children and five out of nine studies involving adults) showed a protective association against increasing weight gain (measured in various ways); one reported a significant protective association only among men who were initially overweight; seven reported no effect; one reported an increased risk (among children), and two reported both a decreased and increased risk, depending on the dairy food type. The evidence from prospective cohort studies for a protective effect of dairy consumption on risk of overweight and obesity is suggestive but not consistent, making firm conclusions difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Y Louie
- Cluster for Public Health Nutrition, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Matthews VL, Wien M, Sabaté J. The risk of child and adolescent overweight is related to types of food consumed. Nutr J 2011; 10:71. [PMID: 21702912 PMCID: PMC3130644 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims To investigate the association between the risk of overweight and the consumption of food groups in children and adolescents. Methods We studied 1764 healthy children and adolescents (age 6-19y) attending 16 Seventh-Day Adventist schools and 13 public schools using a 106-item non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from the late 1980 Child-Adolescent Blood Pressure Study. Logistic regression models were used to compute the risk of overweight according to consumption of grains, nuts, vegetables, fruits, meats/fish/eggs, dairy, and, low nutrient-dense foods (LNDF). Results The frequency of consumption of grains, nuts, vegetables and LNDF were inversely related to the risk of being overweight and dairy increased the risk. Specifically, the odds ratio (95% CI) for children in the highest quartile or tertile of consumption compared with the lowest quartile or tertile were as follows: grains 0.59(0.41-0.83); nuts 0.60(0.43-0.85); vegetables 0.67(0.48-0.94); LNDF 0.43(0.29-0.63); and, dairy 1.36(0.97, 1.92). Conclusion The regular intake of specific plant foods may prevent overweight among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichuda L Matthews
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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Role of dietary factors and food habits in the development of childhood obesity: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52:662-9. [PMID: 21593641 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This Comment by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition aims to provide a summary of the role of nutrition-related factors on obesity prevention in children ages 2 to 18 years. This Comment emphasizes that dietary interventions should be incorporated into a multidisciplinary strategy for obesity prevention. No single nutrient has been unequivocally associated with the development of obesity. Methodological limitations in study design and the complex nature of obesity must be taken into account when interpreting the association with reported dietary factors. Energy intake should be individually determined, taking into account energy expenditure and growth. Preferential intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates and limiting the ingestion of rapidly absorbed carbohydrates and simple sugars should be promoted. No specific recommendations for macronutrient intakes to prevent obesity can be made. Plant foods can be used as the main food contributors to a well-balanced diet with adequate monitoring of nutrient intake. Plain water should be promoted as the main source of fluids for children instead of sugar-sweetened beverages. Children should eat at least 4 meals, including breakfast, every day. Regular family meals should be encouraged. Regular consumption of fast food with large portion sizes and high energy density should be avoided. Healthy food options should be promoted for snacking. Food portion sizes should be appropriate for age and body size. Nutrition and lifestyle education aimed at the prevention of obesity should be included in the routine care of children by health care professionals.
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O’Neil CE, Zanovec M, Nicklas TA, Cho SS. Presweetened and Nonpresweetened Ready-to-Eat Cereals at Breakfast Are Associated With Improved Nutrient Intake but Not With Increased Body Weight of Children and Adolescents. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827610395476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared nutrient intake and body weight measures in children 4 to 8 (n = 1480) and 9 to 13 (n = 1790), and adolescents 14 to 18 years of age (n = 1826) participating in 1999-2002 NHANES and consuming a presweetened ready-to-eat cereal (PSRTEC), a non-PSRTEC (NPSRTEC), or other breakfast (OB). Sample weights were applied, and logistic regression identified differences among breakfast consumption groups controlling for appropriate covariates. Breakfast type varied by the above-mentioned age groups: 34% (n = 507), 33% (n = 593), and 23% (n = 416) consumed PSRTEC, respectively; 12% (n = 178), 9% (n = 165), and 8% (n = 144), respectively, consumed NPSRTEC; and 54% (n = 795), 58% (n = 1032), and 69% (n = 1266), respectively, consumed OBs. RTEC consumers had significantly higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and B12, folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc than OB consumers. In children 4 to 8 years old and 9 to 13 years old, added sugars (103.3 ± 2.6 and 111.3 ± 3.0 g) were highest in PSRTEC consumers. Fiber intake was highest in NPSRTEC (4-8 and 9-13 years of age) consumers (14.3 ± 0.4 and 14.7 ± 0.7 g) and lowest in 14- to 18-year-old OB consumers (11.9 ± 0.3 g). Weight measures were not higher in either group of RTEC consumers compared with OB consumers. Data suggest that RTEC contribute a high level of nutrients to the diet, and PSRTEC is not associated with higher body weight in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. O’Neil
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CEO, MZ), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (TAN), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
| | - Michael Zanovec
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CEO, MZ), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (TAN), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
| | - Theresa A. Nicklas
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CEO, MZ), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (TAN), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
| | - Susan S. Cho
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CEO, MZ), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (TAN), NutraSource, Inc, Clarksville, Maryland
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Spence LA, Cifelli CJ, Miller GD. The Role of Dairy Products in Healthy Weight and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2011; 7:40-49. [PMID: 22299005 PMCID: PMC3267168 DOI: 10.2174/157340111794941111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are major public health concerns with approximately 32% and 17% of U.S. children aged 2 – 19 being classified as overweight or obese, respectively. While the cause of overweight and obesity is multi-factorial, changes in eating habits and physical activity patterns have been proposed as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic. For example, the displacement of nutrient rich foods and beverages with non-nutrient dense items may be influencing childhood obesity. Many children do not consume the recommended servings of the Food Groups to Encourage, i.e. low-fat and fat-free dairy foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains identified by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans which results in low intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin E. While attention has focused primarily on reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure for weight maintenance, a promising beneficial role for dairy products in weight management has emerged. Most research has focused on adults, but there is evidence in children and adolescents indicating either a beneficial or neutral effect of dairy food consumption on body weight or body composition. The current review provides and assessment of the scientific evidence on the effects of dairy food consumption on body weight and body composition in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Spence
- American Dietetic Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Noel SE, Mattocks C, Emmett P, Riddoch CJ, Ness AR, Newby PK. Use of accelerometer data in prediction equations for capturing implausible dietary intakes in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:1436-45. [PMID: 20881064 PMCID: PMC2980968 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reporting errors have been quantified in epidemiologic studies by comparing reported intakes with predicted energy requirements (pERs). Several studies lacking measures of physical activity level (PAL) assigned low-active levels to obtain pERs. OBJECTIVE We applied objective physical activity measures to current methods to quantify dietary reporting errors and compared associations with anthropometric and dietary variables among plausible and implausible reporters. DESIGN This study included 2868 adolescents with an average age of 13 y. Three-day dietary records, accelerometers, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to assess diet, activity, and body composition, respectively. Three variations of physical activity coefficients were used: 1) assigning low physical activity coefficients (PA(low)), 2) calculating PAL values (PA(PAL)), and 3) applying minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA(MVPA)). RESULTS Of the total participants, 51.5%, 51.8%, and 37.1% of the PA(low), PA(PAL), and PA(MVPA) groups, respectively, were classified as underreporters, and 40.8%, 37.9%, and 42.4% of the respective groups were classified as plausible reporters. Underreporters had a higher body mass index, body fat, and waist circumference than did plausible reporters (P < 0.001 for all). Overreporters had a lower weight and body fat than did plausible reporters (P < 0.001 for all). Underreporters reported lower dairy and calcium intakes than did plausible reporters; the results were attenuated with adjustment for total energy. CONCLUSION Accounting for objective physical activity measures to quantify reporting errors resulted in different and potentially more reasonable proportions of implausible reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wiley AS. Dairy and milk consumption and child growth: Is BMI involved? An analysis of NHANES 1999-2004. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:517-25. [PMID: 20155844 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are unique among mammals in that many consume cow's milk or other dairy products well beyond the traditional age of weaning. Milk provides various nutrients and bioactive molecules to support growth and development, and the question arises as to whether this dietary behavior influences growth parameters. There is evidence that milk makes positive contributions to growth in height, but its associations with other aspects of body size, such as body mass index (BMI), are not well-established. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2004 and multivariate regression analysis were used to test the hypothesis that milk (g) or total dairy product consumption (kJ) is associated with higher BMI percentile among US White, Black, and Mexican-American children of age 2-4 years (n = 1,493) and 5-10 years (n = 2,526). Younger children in the highest quartile of dairy intake had higher BMIs (beta = 7.5-8.0; P < 0.01) than those in the lowest two quartiles. Controlling for energy intake eliminated differences between QIV and QI. Among children of 5-10 years of age dairy intake had no relationship to BMI. Young children in the highest quartile of milk intake had higher BMIs than all lower quartiles (beta = 7.1-12.8; beta = 6.3-11.8 in energy-controlled models; P < 0.05). Among children of 5-10 years of age, those in QIV for milk intake had higher BMIs than those in QII (beta = 8.3; beta = 7.1 in energy-controlled model; P < 0.01). Controlling for total protein or calcium did not change the results. Milk had more consistent positive associations with BMI than did dairy products, and these were strongest among children of 2-4 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Wiley
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, USA.
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Almon R, Patterson E, Nilsson TK, Engfeldt P, Sjöström M. Body fat and dairy product intake in lactase persistent and non-persistent children and adolescents. Food Nutr Res 2010; 54:5141. [PMID: 20585563 PMCID: PMC2887755 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactase non-persistent (LNP) individuals may be lactose intolerant and therefore on a more restricted diet concerning milk and milk products compared to lactase persistent (LP) individuals. This may have an impact on body fat mass. Objective This study examines if LP and LNP children and adolescents, defined by genotyping for the LCT-13910 C > T polymorphism, differ from each other with regard to milk and milk product intake, and measures of body fat mass. Design Children (n=298, mean age 9.6 years) and adolescents (n=386, mean age 15.6 years), belonging to the Swedish part of the European Youth Heart Study, were genotyped for the LCT-13910 C > T polymorphism. Dietary intakes of reduced and full-fat dairy varieties were determined. Results LNP (CC genotype) subjects consumed less milk, soured milk and yoghurt compared to LP (CT/TT genotype) subjects (p<0.001). Subsequent partitioning for age group attenuated this observation (p=0.002 for children and p=0.023 in adolescents). Six subjects were reported by parents to be ‘lactose intolerant’, none of whom were LNP. LNP children and adolescents consumed significantly less reduced fat milk and milk products than LP children and adolescents (p=0.009 for children and p=0.001 for adolescents). Conclusions We conclude that LP is linked to an overall higher milk and dairy intake, but is not linked to higher body fat mass in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Almon
- Family Medicine Research Centre, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis disease and its extent in childhood correlate positively with established risk factors, namely obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The safety and efficacy of some dietary interventions to modulate risk factors in childhood are documented by an increasing body of evidence. The present review analyzes nutritional and nutraceutical current strategies addressed to modify some risk factors of atherosclerosis in childhood. In particular, studies concerning nutrients such as fibers, omega-3-fatty acids, vitamin D, antioxidants, and calcium have been evaluated. An overall analysis suggests that some nutraceuticals might represent an attractive tool to lower the development of atherosclerotic-related cardiovascular complication in children. Nevertheless, at this moment, due to the methodological weakness that characterizes the majority of the analyzed studies, nutrients or supplements should not be considered as a therapeutic tool potentially usable for clinical purpose in children at risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Prospective association between milk intake and adiposity in preschool-aged children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:563-70. [PMID: 20338282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the quantity and type of milk (whole, reduced fat, or 1%/nonfat) consumed at age 2 years is associated with adiposity at age 3 years. DESIGN We assessed milk and dairy intake at age 2 years with food frequency questionnaires completed by mothers. Our primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)), z score and overweight at age 3 years, defined as BMI for age and sex >or=85th percentile. SUBJECTS/SETTING Eight-hundred and fifty-two preschool-aged children in the prospective US cohort Project Viva. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal BMI and education, paternal BMI, and child age, sex, race/ethnicity, intake of energy, nondairy beverages, television viewing, and BMI z score at age 2 years were used. RESULTS At age 2 years, mean milk intake was 2.6 (standard deviation 1.2) servings per day. Higher intake of whole milk at age 2, but not reduced-fat milk, was associated with a slightly lower BMI z score (-0.09 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.16 to -0.01]) at age 3 years; when restricted to children with a normal BMI (5th to <85th percentile) at age 2 years, the association was null (-0.05 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.13 to 0.02]). Intake of milk at age 2 years, whether full- or reduced-fat, was not associated with risk of incident overweight at age 3 years. Neither total milk nor total dairy intake at age 2 years was associated with BMI z score or incident overweight at age 3 years. CONCLUSION Neither consuming more dairy products, nor switching from whole milk to reduced-fat milk at age 2 years, appears likely to prevent overweight in early childhood.
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Parks EP, Kumanyika S, Stettler N. Practical application of the nutrition recommendations for the prevention and treatment of obesity in pediatric primary care. Pediatr Ann 2010; 39:147-53. [PMID: 20302246 DOI: 10.3928/00904481-20100223-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Astrup A, Chaput JP, Gilbert JA, Lorenzen JK. Dairy beverages and energy balance. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:67-75. [PMID: 20152844 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High dairy intakes have been associated with lower rates of obesity in observational studies, but mechanisms to explain the association are lacking. A high intake of dairy protein reduces spontaneous food intake and may be one important mechanism, but more specific effects of dairy calcium seem to exist. We have found that high versus low calcium intakes from dairy products had no effect on 24-h energy expenditure or substrate oxidation rates, but fecal fat excretion increased approximately 2.5-fold on the high-calcium diets. In a meta-analysis of intervention studies we found that increasing dairy calcium intake by 1200mg/day resulted in increased fecal fat excretion by 5.2 (1.6-8.8) g/day. Newer research shows that humans possess taste receptors for calcium in the gastrointestinal tract and that signaling may be linked to appetite regulation. A new line of evidence suggests that an inadequate calcium intake during an energy restricted weight loss program may trigger hunger and impair compliance to the diet. These mechanisms may be part of the explanation for the protective effects of dairy products with regard to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Qureshi MM, Singer MR, Moore LL. A cross-sectional study of food group intake and C-reactive protein among children. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:40. [PMID: 19822004 PMCID: PMC2770558 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of sub-clinical inflammation, is a predictor of future cardiovascular diseases. Dietary habits affect serum CRP level however the relationship between consumption of individual food groups and CRP levels has not been established. METHODS This study was designed to explore the relation between food intake and CRP levels in children using data from the cross-sectional 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. CRP level was classified as low, average or high (<1.0, 1.0-3.0, and >3.0 mg/L, respectively). Adjusted mean daily intakes of dairy, grains, fruit, vegetables, and meat/other proteins in each CRP category were estimated using multivariate analysis of covariance modeling. The effect modification by age (5-11 years vs. 12-16 years), gender and race/ethnicity was explored. We examined whether total or central body fat (using BMI Z-scores and waist circumference) explained any of the observed associations. RESULTS A total of 4,010 children and adolescents had complete information on diet, CRP and all covariates of interest and were included in the analyses. Individuals with high CRP levels had significantly lower intake of grains (p < 0.001) and vegetables (p = 0.0002). Selected individual food subgroups (e.g., fluid milk and "citrus, melon and berry" consumption) were more strongly associated with lower CRP than were their respective major food groups. Consumption of meat/other proteins did not influence CRP levels. The addition of body composition variables to the models attenuated the results for all food groups to varying degrees. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents with higher CRP levels had significantly lower intakes of grains and vegetables. The associations between selected childhood dietary patterns and CRP levels seem largely mediated through effects on body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mustafa Qureshi
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Harrison Court, 761 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Martha R Singer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Harrison Court, 761 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lynn L Moore
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Harrison Court, 761 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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