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Noone J, Rochfort KD, O'Sullivan F, O'Gorman DJ. SIRT4 is a regulator of human skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism influencing inner and outer mitochondrial membrane-mediated fusion. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110931. [PMID: 37858614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mitochondrial phenotype, governed by the balance of fusion-fission, is a key determinant of energy metabolism. The inner and outer mitochondrial membrane (IMM) fusion proteins optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and Mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2) play an important role in this process. Recent evidence also shows that Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4), located within the mitochondria, is involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. The purpose of this study was to determine if SIRT4 expression regulates inner and outer mitochondrial-mediated fusion and substrate utilization within differentiated human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC). MATERIAL AND METHODS SIRT4 expression was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection in differentiated HSkMC. Following knockdown, mitochondrial respiration was determined by high-resolution respirometry (HRR) using the Oroboros Oxygraph O2k. Live cell confocal microscopy, quantified using the Mitochondrial Network Analysis (MiNA) toolset, was used to examine mitochondrial morphological change. This was further examined through the measurement of key metabolic and mitochondrial morphological regulators (mRNA and protein) induced by knockdown. RESULTS SIRT4 knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in LEAK respiration, potentially explained by a decrease in ANT1 protein expression. Knockdown further increased oxidative phosphorylation and protein expression of key regulators of fatty acid metabolism. Quantitative analysis of live confocal imaging of fluorescently labelled mitochondria following SIRT4 knockdown supported the role SIRT4 plays in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology, as emphasized by an increase in mitochondrial network branches and junctions. Measurement of key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics illustrated a significant increase in mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, OPA1 respectively, indicative of an increase in mitochondrial size. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of a direct relationship between the mitochondrial phenotype and substrate oxidation in HSkMC. We identify SIRT4 as a key protagonist of energy metabolism via its regulation of IMM and OMM fusion proteins, OPA1 and Mfn1. SIRT4 knockdown increases mitochondrial capacity to oxidize fatty acids, decreasing LEAK respiration and further increasing mitochondrial elongation via its regulation of mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- 3U Diabetes Partnership, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O'Sullivan
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals
| | - Donal J O'Gorman
- 3U Diabetes Partnership, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals.
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2
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Bajpeyi S, Apaflo JN, Rosas V, Sepulveda-Rivera K, Varela-Ramirez A, Covington JD, Galgani JE, Ravussin E. Effect of an acute long-duration exercise bout on skeletal muscle lipid droplet morphology, GLUT 4 protein, and perilipin protein expression. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2771-2778. [PMID: 37368137 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smaller lipid droplet morphology and GLUT 4 protein expression have been associated with greater muscle oxidative capacity and glucose uptake, respectively. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an acute long-duration exercise bout on skeletal muscle lipid droplet morphology, GLUT4, perilipin 3, and perilipin 5 expressions. METHODS Twenty healthy men (age 24.0 ± 1.0 years, BMI 23.6 ± 0.4 kg/m2) were recruited for the study. The participants were subjected to an acute bout of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO2max until they reached a total energy expenditure of 650 kcal. The study was conducted after an overnight fast. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before and immediately after exercise for immunohistochemical analysis to determine lipid, perilipin 3, perilipin 5, and GLUT4 protein contents while GLUT 4 mRNA was quantified using RT-qPCR. RESULTS Lipid droplet size decreased whereas total intramyocellular lipid content tended to reduce (p = 0.07) after an acute bout of endurance exercise. The density of smaller lipid droplets in the peripheral sarcoplasmic region significantly increased (0.584 ± 0.04 to 0.638 ± 0.08 AU; p = 0.01) while larger lipid droplets significantly decreased (p < 0.05). GLUT4 mRNA tended to increase (p = 0.05). There were no significant changes in GLUT 4, perilipin 3, and perilipin 5 protein levels. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that exercise may impact metabolism by enhancing the quantity of smaller lipid droplets over larger lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
| | - Jehu N Apaflo
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Victoria Rosas
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Keisha Sepulveda-Rivera
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- The Cellular Characterization and Biorepository (CCB) Core Facility, Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Covington
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jose E Galgani
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Wang Z, Li Q, Hao Y, Wang Z, Yang H, Liu J, Wang J. Protective effect of 5-heptadecylresorcinol against obesity-associated skeletal muscle dysfunction by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis via the activation of SIRT3/PGC-1α signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1317-1365. [PMID: 35217911 PMCID: PMC9132876 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
After a short historical account, and a discussion of Hill and Meyerhof’s theory of the energetics of muscular exercise, we analyse steady-state rest and exercise as the condition wherein coupling of respiration to metabolism is most perfect. The quantitative relationships show that the homeostatic equilibrium, centred around arterial pH of 7.4 and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure of 40 mmHg, is attained when the ratio of alveolar ventilation to carbon dioxide flow (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{V}}_{A}/{\dot{V}}_{R}{CO}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙A/V˙RCO2) is − 21.6. Several combinations, exploited during exercise, of pertinent respiratory variables are compatible with this equilibrium, allowing adjustment of oxygen flow to oxygen demand without its alteration. During exercise transients, the balance is broken, but the coupling of respiration to metabolism is preserved when, as during moderate exercise, the respiratory system responds faster than the metabolic pathways. At higher exercise intensities, early blood lactate accumulation suggests that the coupling of respiration to metabolism is transiently broken, to be re-established when, at steady state, blood lactate stabilizes at higher levels than resting. In the severe exercise domain, coupling cannot be re-established, so that anaerobic lactic metabolism also contributes to sustain energy demand, lactate concentration goes up and arterial pH falls continuously. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\dot{V}}_{A}/{\dot{V}}_{R}{CO}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙A/V˙RCO2 decreases below − 21.6, because of ensuing hyperventilation, while lactate keeps being accumulated, so that exercise is rapidly interrupted. The most extreme rupture of the homeostatic equilibrium occurs during breath-holding, because oxygen flow from ambient air to mitochondria is interrupted. No coupling at all is possible between respiration and metabolism in this case.
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5
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King WT, Axelrod CL, Zunica ER, Noland RC, Davuluri G, Fujioka H, Tandler B, Pergola K, Hermann GE, Rogers RC, López-Domènech S, Dantas WS, Stadler K, Hoppel CL, Kirwan JP. Dynamin-related protein 1 regulates substrate oxidation in skeletal muscle by stabilizing cellular and mitochondrial calcium dynamics. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101196. [PMID: 34529976 PMCID: PMC8498465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo continuous cycles of fission and fusion to promote inheritance, regulate quality control, and mitigate organelle stress. More recently, this process of mitochondrial dynamics has been demonstrated to be highly sensitive to nutrient supply, ultimately conferring bioenergetic plasticity to the organelle. However, whether regulators of mitochondrial dynamics play a causative role in nutrient regulation remains unclear. In this study, we generated a cellular loss-of-function model for dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), the primary regulator of outer membrane mitochondrial fission. Loss of DRP1 (shDRP1) resulted in extensive ultrastructural and functional remodeling of mitochondria, characterized by pleomorphic enlargement, increased electron density of the matrix, and defective NADH and succinate oxidation. Despite increased mitochondrial size and volume, shDRP1 cells exhibited reduced cellular glucose uptake and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Untargeted transcriptomic profiling revealed severe downregulation of genes required for cellular and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, which was coupled to loss of ATP-stimulated calcium flux and impaired substrate oxidation stimulated by exogenous calcium. The insights obtained herein suggest that DRP1 regulates substrate oxidation by altering whole-cell and mitochondrial calcium dynamics. These findings are relevant to the targetability of mitochondrial fission and have clinical relevance in the identification of treatments for fission-related pathologies such as hereditary neuropathies, inborn errors in metabolism, cancer, and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. King
- Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher L. Axelrod
- Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth R.M. Zunica
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert C. Noland
- Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gangarao Davuluri
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Electron Microscope Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bernard Tandler
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn Pergola
- Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerlinda E. Hermann
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard C. Rogers
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sandra López-Domènech
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,University Hospital Dr. Peset, Fisabio, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wagner S. Dantas
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Disease, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charles L. Hoppel
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,For correspondence: John P. Kirwan
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6
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Galgani JE, Fernández-Verdejo R. Pathophysiological role of metabolic flexibility on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13131. [PMID: 32815226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids among others are oxidized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These fuels are supplied from the environment (through food intake) and internal depots (through lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and proteolysis) at different rates throughout the day. Complex adaptive systems permit to accommodate fuel oxidation according to fuel availability. This capacity of a cell, tissue, or organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability is defined as metabolic flexibility (MetF). There are conditions, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity, in which MetF seems to be impaired. The observation that those conditions are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction has set the basis to propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic inflexibility, and metabolic health. We here highlight the evidence about the notion that MetF influences metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Castro-Sepulveda M, Jannas-Vela S, Fernández-Verdejo R, Ávalos-Allele D, Tapia G, Villagrán C, Quezada N, Zbinden-Foncea H. Relative lipid oxidation associates directly with mitochondrial fusion phenotype and mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum interactions in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E848-E855. [PMID: 32369416 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances in skeletal muscle lipid oxidation might induce ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle lipid oxidation have not been fully determined. We aimed to determine whether there was an association between relative whole body lipid oxidation and mitochondrial size or mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum interactions in the skeletal muscle. Twelve healthy men were included [mean (standard deviation), 24.7 (1.5) yr old, 24.4 (2.6) kg/m2]. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was used to estimate relative lipid oxidation at rest and during exercise (50% maximal oxygen consumption, 600 kcal expended). A skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine mitochondrial size and mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum interactions (≤50 nm of distance between organelles). Protein levels of fusion/fission regulators were measured in skeletal muscle by Western blot. Resting RQ and exercise RQ associated inversely with intermyofibrillar mitochondrial size (r = -0.66 and r = -0.60, respectively, P < 0.05). Resting RQ also associated inversely with the percentage of intermyofibrillar mitochondria-sarcoplasmic reticulum interactions (r = -0.62, P = 0.03). Finally, intermyofibrillar mitochondrial size associated inversely with lipid droplet density (r = -0.66, P = 0.01) but directly with mitochondria fusion-to-fission ratio (r = 0.61, P = 0.03). Our results show that whole body lipid oxidation is associated with skeletal muscle intermyofibrillar mitochondrial size, fusion phenotype, and mitochondria-sarcoplasmic-reticulum interactions in nondiabetic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Ávalos-Allele
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - German Tapia
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Villagrán
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Quezada
- Departamento de Cirugía Digestiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Farrash W, Brook M, Crossland H, Phillips BE, Cegielski J, Wilkinson DJ, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Cleasby M, Atherton PJ. Impacts of rat hindlimb Fndc5/irisin overexpression on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E943-E955. [PMID: 32369414 PMCID: PMC7311674 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myokines, such as irisin, have been purported to exert physiological effects on skeletal muscle in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of in vivo fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (Fndc5)/irisin upregulation in muscle. Overexpression (OE) of Fndc5 in rat hindlimb muscle was achieved by in vivo electrotransfer, i.e., bilateral injections of Fndc5 harboring vectors for OE rats (n = 8) and empty vector for control rats (n = 8). Seven days later, a bolus of D2O (7.2 mL/kg) was administered via oral gavage to quantify muscle protein synthesis. After an overnight fast, on day 9, 2-deoxy-d-glucose-6-phosphate (2-DG6P; 6 mg/kg) was provided during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (2 g/kg) to assess glucose handling. Animals were euthanized, musculus tibialis cranialis muscles and subcutaneous fat (inguinal) were harvested, and metabolic and molecular effects were evaluated. Muscle Fndc5 mRNA increased with OE (~2-fold; P = 0.014), leading to increased circulating irisin (1.5 ± 0.9 to 3.5 ± 1.2 ng/mL; P = 0.049). OE had no effect on protein anabolism or mitochondrial biogenesis; however, muscle glycogen was increased, along with glycogen synthase 1 gene expression (P = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). In addition to an increase in glycogen synthase activation in OE (P = 0.03), there was a tendency toward increased glucose transporter 4 protein (P = 0.09). However, glucose uptake (accumulation of 2-DG6P) was identical. Irisin elicited no endocrine effect on mitochondrial biogenesis or uncoupling proteins in white adipose tissue. Hindlimb overexpression led to physiological increases in Fndc5/irisin. However, our data indicate limited short-term impacts of irisin in relation to muscle anabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose uptake, or adipose remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Farrash
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Brook
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - H Crossland
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - B E Phillips
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - J Cegielski
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - D J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - D Constantin-Teodosiu
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - P L Greenhaff
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - K Smith
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - M Cleasby
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P J Atherton
- Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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Arad AD, Basile AJ, Albu J, DiMenna FJ. No Influence of Overweight/Obesity on Exercise Lipid Oxidation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051614. [PMID: 32120832 PMCID: PMC7084725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to lean counterparts, overweight/obese individuals rely less on lipid during fasting. This deficiency has been implicated in the association between overweight/obesity and blunted insulin signaling via elevated intramuscular triglycerides. However, the capacity for overweight/obese individuals to use lipid during exercise is unclear. This review was conducted to formulate a consensus regarding the influence of overweight/obesity on exercise lipid use. PubMed, ProQuest, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Articles were included if they presented original research on the influence of overweight/obesity on exercise fuel use in generally healthy sedentary adults. Articles were excluded if they assessed older adults, individuals with chronic disease, and/or exercise limitations or physically-active individuals. The search identified 1205 articles with 729 considered for inclusion after duplicate removal. Once titles, abstracts, and/or manuscripts were assessed, 24 articles were included. The preponderance of evidence from these articles indicates that overweight/obese individuals rely on lipid to a similar extent during exercise. However, conflicting findings were found in eight articles due to the outcome measure cited, participant characteristics other than overweight/obesity and characteristics of the exercise bout(s). We also identified factors other than body fatness which can influence exercise lipid oxidation that should be controlled in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor D. Arad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.D.A.); (A.J.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Anthony J. Basile
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.D.A.); (A.J.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Jeanine Albu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.D.A.); (A.J.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Fred J. DiMenna
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.D.A.); (A.J.B.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Fernández-Verdejo R, Bajpeyi S, Ravussin E, Galgani JE. Metabolic flexibility to lipid availability during exercise is enhanced in individuals with high insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E715-E722. [PMID: 29870678 PMCID: PMC6230709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00126.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility to lipid (MetFlex-lip) is the capacity to adapt lipid oxidation to lipid availability. Hypothetically, impaired MetFlex-lip in skeletal muscle induces accumulation of lipid metabolites that interfere with insulin signaling. Our aim was to compare MetFlex-lip during exercise in subjects with low (Low_IS) vs. high (High_IS) insulin sensitivity. Twenty healthy men were designated as Low_IS or High_IS on the basis of the median of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index. Groups had similar age, body mass index, and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Subjects cycled at 50% V̇o2max until expending 650 kcal. Adaptation in lipid oxidation was calculated as the drop in respiratory quotient (RQ) at the end of exercise vs. the maximum RQ (ΔRQ). Lipid availability was calculated as the increase in circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) at the end of exercise vs. the minimum NEFA (ΔNEFA). ΔRQ as a function of ΔNEFA was used to determine MetFlex-lip. On average, RQ and circulating NEFA changed similarly in both groups. However, ΔRQ correlated with ΔNEFA in High_IS ( r = -0.83, P < 0.01) but not in Low_IS ( r = -0.25, P = 0.48) subjects. Thus the slope of the ΔRQ vs. ΔNEFA relationship was steeper in High_IS vs. Low_IS subjects (-0.139 ± 0.03 vs. -0.025 ± 0.03 RQ·mmol-1·l-1, respectively; P < 0.05), with similar intercepts. We conclude that in subjects with High_IS lipid-to-carbohydrate oxidation ratio adapts to the increased circulating NEFA availability during exercise. Such MetFlex-lip appears impaired in subjects with Low_IS. Whether a cause-effect relationship exists between impaired MetFlex-lip and low insulin sensitivity remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - José E Galgani
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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11
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Hong J, Jia Y, Pan S, Jia L, Li H, Han Z, Cai D, Zhao R. Butyrate alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity through activation of adiponectin-mediated pathway and stimulation of mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle of mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56071-56082. [PMID: 27528227 PMCID: PMC5302897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of butyrate can prevent diet-induced obesity through increasing mitochondrial function in mice, yet the up-stream signaling pathway remains elusive. In this study, weaned mice were divided into two groups, fed control (CON) and high-fat diet (HF, 45% energy from fat), respectively, for 8 weeks. HF-induced obese mice, maintained on HF diet, were then divided into two groups; HFB group was gavaged with 80 mg sodium butyrate (SB) per mice every other day for 10 days, while the HF group received vehicle. It was shown that five gavage doses of SB significantly alleviated HF diet-induced obesity and restored plasma glucose, insulin and leptin to control levels. Muscle contents of ADP and AMP were significantly increased, which was associated with enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and up-regulated expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and uncoupling proteins, UCP2 and UCP3 in the skeletal muscle. SB significantly enhanced the expression of adiponectin receptors (adipoR1/2) and AMP kinase (AMPK), while diminished the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Higher H3K9Ac, a gene activation histone mark, was detected on the promoter of Adipor1/2, Ucp2 and Ucp3 genes that were activated in the muscle of SB-treated obese mice. Our results indicate that short-term oral administration of SB can alleviate diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice through activation of adiponectin-mediated pathway and stimulation of mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shifeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Demin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
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12
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Bajpeyi S, Covington JD, Taylor EM, Stewart LK, Galgani JE, Henagan TM. Skeletal Muscle PGC1α -1 Nucleosome Position and -260 nt DNA Methylation Determine Exercise Response and Prevent Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Men. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2190-2199. [PMID: 28398573 PMCID: PMC5505213 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise has been shown to improve lipid oxidation and increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, two features that have shown dependence on increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). It is also hypothesized that exercise-related alterations in PGC1α expression occur through epigenetic regulation of nucleosome positioning in association with differential DNA methylation status within the PGC1α promoter. In this study, we show that when primary human myotubes from obese patients with type 2 diabetes are exposed to lipolytic stimulus (palmitate, forskolin, inomycin) in vitro, nucleosome occupancy surrounding the -260 nucleotide (nt) region, a known regulatory DNA methylation site, is reduced. This finding is reproduced in vivo in the vastus lateralis from 11 healthy males after a single, long endurance exercise bout in which participants expended 650 kcal. Additionally, we show a significant positive correlation between fold change of PGC1α messenger RNA expression and -1 nucleosome repositioning away from the -260 nt methylation site in skeletal muscle tissue following exercise. Finally, we found that when exercise participants are divided into high and low responders based on the -260 nt methylation status, the -1 nucleosome is repositioned away from the regulatory -260 nt methylation site in high responders, those exhibiting a significant decrease in -260 nt methylation, but not in low responders. Additionally, high but not low responders showed a significant decrease in intramyocellular lipid content after exercise. These findings suggest a potential target for epigenetic modification of the PGC1α promoter to stimulate the therapeutic effects of endurance exercise in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Bajpeyi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Jeffrey D. Covington
- Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Erin M. Taylor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Laura K. Stewart
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639
| | - Jose E. Galgani
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Tara M. Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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13
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Covington JD, Tam CS, Bajpeyi S, Galgani JE, Noland RC, Smith SR, Redman LM, Ravussin E. Myokine Expression in Muscle and Myotubes in Response to Exercise Stimulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:384-90. [PMID: 26460627 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myokines have been shown to affect muscle physiology and exert systemic effects. We endeavored to investigate a panel of myokine mRNA expression after a single exercise bout (studies 1 and 2) to measure myokine mRNA in primary human myotubes in an in vitro exercise model (study 2). METHODS Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from 20 healthy males (age, 24.0 ± 4.5 yr; BMI, 23.6 ± 1.8 kg·m)(-2) before and after a single exercise bout (650 kcal at 50% V˙O2max). Primary myotubes from active and sedentary male donors were treated with a pharmacological cocktail (palmitate, forskolin, and ionomycin (PFI)) to mimic exercise-stimulated contractions in vitro. RESULTS Interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), leukocyte-inducing factor, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA levels increased approximately 10-fold after a single exercise bout (all P < 0.001), whereas myostatin levels decreased (P < 0.05). Key correlations between myokine expression and parameters of muscle and whole-body physiology were found: myostatin versus skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity (r = -0.69, P < 0.001), V˙O2max (r = -0.64, P = 0.002) and the percentage of Type I fibers (r = -0.55, P = 0.01); IL-6 versus the RER (r = 0.45, P = 0.04), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0.44, P = 0.05), and serum lactate (r = 0.50, P = 0.02). Myokine expressions in myotubes from sedentary donors for CTGF and myostatin decreased, whereas IL-6 and IL-8 increased after PFI treatment. In myotubes from active donors, myokine expression increased for IL-6, CTGF, and myostatin but decreased for IL-8 after PFI treatment. CONCLUSION These data offer insight into the differences in regulation of myokine expression and their possible physiologic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Covington
- 1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; 2School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA; 3The Charles Perkins Centre and The School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA; 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas in El Paso, El Paso, TX; and 5School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, CHILE
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14
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Covington JD, Noland RC, Hebert RC, Masinter BS, Smith SR, Rustan AC, Ravussin E, Bajpeyi S. Perilipin 3 Differentially Regulates Skeletal Muscle Lipid Oxidation in Active, Sedentary, and Type 2 Diabetic Males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3683-92. [PMID: 26171795 PMCID: PMC4596049 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of perilipin 3 (PLIN3) on lipid oxidation is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to 1) determine whether skeletal muscle PLIN3 protein content is associated with lipid oxidation in humans, 2) understand the role of PLIN3 in lipid oxidation by knocking down PLIN3 protein content in primary human myotubes, and 3) compare PLIN3 content and its role in lipid oxidation in human primary skeletal muscle cultures established from sedentary, healthy lean (leans), type 2 diabetic (T2D), and physically active donors. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION This was a clinical investigation of 29 healthy, normoglycemic males and a cross-sectional study using primary human myotubes from five leans, four T2D, and four active donors. Energy expenditure, whole-body lipid oxidation, PLIN3 protein content in skeletal muscle tissue, and ex vivo muscle palmitate oxidation were measured. Myotubes underwent lipolytic stimulation (palmitate, forskolin, inomycin [PFI] cocktail), treatment with brefeldin A (BFA), and knockdown of PLIN3 using siRNA. SETTING Experiments were performed in a Biomedical Research Institute. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Protein content, 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ), and ex vivo/in vitro lipid oxidations. RESULTS PLIN3 protein content was associated with 24-h RQ (r = -0.44; P = .02) and skeletal muscle-specific ex vivo palmitate oxidation (r = 0.61; P = .02). PLIN3 knockdown showed drastic reductions in lipid oxidation in myotubes from leans. Lipolytic stimulation increased PLIN3 protein in cells from leans over T2Ds with little expression in active participants. Furthermore, treatment with BFA, known to inhibit coatomers that associate with PLIN3, reduced lipid oxidation in cells from lean and T2D, but not in active participants. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression of PLIN3 and BFA sensitivity may explain differential lipid oxidation efficiency in skeletal muscle among these cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Covington
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Robert C Noland
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - R Caitlin Hebert
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Blaine S Masinter
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Steven R Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (J.D.C., R.C.N., R.C.H., B.S.M., E.R., S.B.), Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (J.D.C.), School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes (S.R.S.), Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Winter Park, Florida 32789; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (A.C.R.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
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15
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Costford SR, Castro-Alves J, Chan KL, Bailey LJ, Woo M, Belsham DD, Brumell JH, Klip A. Mice lacking NOX2 are hyperphagic and store fat preferentially in the liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1341-53. [PMID: 24760992 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00089.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity and high-fat feeding lead to infiltration of immune cells into metabolic tissues, promoting inflammation and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that macrophages from mice lacking NOX2 (Cybb), an essential component of the NADPH oxidase complex highly expressed in immune cells and associated with their inflammatory response, would be less inflammatory and that these mice would be protected from the development of high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from NOX2 knockout (NOX2-KO) mice expressed lower levels of inflammatory markers (Nos2, Il6); however, NOX2-KO mice were hyperphagic and gained more weight than wild-type (WT) mice when fed either a chow or a high-fat (HF) diet. Surprisingly, NOX2-KO mice stored less lipid in epididymal white adipose tissue but more lipid in liver and had higher indexes of liver inflammation and macrophage infiltration than WT mice. Contrary to our hypothesis, HF-fed NOX2-KO mice were hyperinsulinemic and more insulin resistant than HF-fed WT mice, likely as a result of their higher hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In summary, NOX2 depletion promoted hyperphagia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation with either normal or high-fat feeding, exacerbating insulin resistance. We propose that NOX2 participates in food intake control and lipid distribution in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Appetite Regulation
- Appetitive Behavior
- Behavior, Animal
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Fatty Liver/complications
- Fatty Liver/etiology
- Hyperphagia/immunology
- Hyperphagia/metabolism
- Hyperphagia/pathology
- Hyperphagia/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Castro-Alves
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenny L Chan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liane J Bailey
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John H Brumell
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Skeletal muscle perilipin 3 and coatomer proteins are increased following exercise and are associated with fat oxidation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91675. [PMID: 24632837 PMCID: PMC3954790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet-associated proteins such as perilipin 3 (PLIN3) and coatomer GTPase proteins (GBF1, ARF1, Sec23a, and ARFRP1) are expressed in skeletal muscle but little is known so far as to their regulation of lipolysis. We aimed here to explore the effects of lipolytic stimulation in vitro in primary human myotubes as well as in vivo following an acute exercise bout. In vitro lipolytic stimulation by epinephrine (100 μM) or by a lipolytic cocktail (30 μM palmitate, 4 μM forskolin, and 0.5 μM ionomycin, PFI) resulted in increases in PLIN3 protein content. Coatomer GTPases such as GBF1, ARF1, Sec23a, and ARFRP1 also increased in response to lipolytic stimuli. Furthermore, a long duration endurance exercise bout (20 males; age 24.0±4.5 y; BMI 23.6±1.8 kg/m2) increased PLIN3 protein in human skeletal muscle (p = 0.03) in proportion to ex vivo palmitate oxidation (r = 0.45, p = 0.04) and whole body in vivo fat oxidation (r = 0.52, p = 0.03). Protein content of ARF1 was increased (p = 0.04) while mRNA expression was increased for several other coatomers (GBF1, ARF1, and Sec23a, all p<0.05). These data provide novel observational insight into the possible relationships between lipolysis and PLIN3 along with these coatomoer GTPase proteins in human skeletal muscle.
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17
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Taylor EM, Jones AD, Henagan TM. A Review of Mitochondrial-derived Fatty Acids in Epigenetic Regulation of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-4. [PMID: 25364776 DOI: 10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, the leading metabolic disease, is characterized by insulin resistance and is associated with obesity. The onset of type 2 diabetes is largely due to environmental inputs, such as high dietary fat content and decreased levels of exercise. Insulin resistance resulting from high fat diet is associated with skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to alterations in lipid accumulation and specific species of intracellular fatty acids; whereas, exercise training augments insulin resistance while improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and producing beneficial fatty acid profiles. Additionally, high fat diets and exercise alter epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, to produce differences in metabolic gene expression that are associated with insulin resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that short chain fatty acids that act as histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent and ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the potential of mitochondrial-derived fatty acids, especially short chain fatty acids, to epigenetically regulate obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Taylor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Aarin D Jones
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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18
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Influence of lipolysis and fatty acid availability on fuel selection during exercise. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:583-91. [PMID: 24338384 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of substrate availability on fuel selection during exercise. Eight endurance-trained male cyclists performed 90-min exercise at 70% of their maximal oxygen uptake in a cross-over design, either in rested condition (CON) or the day after 2-h exercise practised at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (EX). Subjects were given a sucrose load (0.75 g kg(-1) body weight) 45 min after the beginning of the 90-min exercise test. Lipolysis was measured in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAT) by microdialysis and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry. Lipid oxidation increased during exercise and tended to decrease during sucrose ingestion in both conditions. Lipid oxidation was higher during the whole experimental period in the EX group (p = 0.004). Interestingly, fuel selection, assessed by the change in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), was increased in the EX session (p = 0.002). This was paralleled by a higher rate of SCAT lipolysis reflected by dialysate glycerol, plasma glycerol, and fatty acids (FA) levels (p < 0.001). Of note, we observed a significant relationship between whole-body fat oxidation and dialysate glycerol in both sessions (r (2) = 0.33, p = 0.02). In conclusion, this study highlights the limiting role of lipolysis and plasma FA availability to whole-body fat oxidation during exercise in endurance-trained subjects. This study shows that adipose tissue lipolysis is a determinant of fuel selection during exercise in healthy subjects.
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19
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van de Weijer T, Sparks LM, Phielix E, Meex RC, van Herpen NA, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Relationships between mitochondrial function and metabolic flexibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51648. [PMID: 23418416 PMCID: PMC3572106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and metabolic inflexibility have been implicated in the etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet their interrelationship remains speculative. We investigated these interrelationships in a group of T2D and obese normoglycemic control subjects. Methods 49 non-insulin dependent male T2D patients and 54 male control subjects were enrolled, and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. A muscle biopsy was taken and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) was measured. In vivo mitochondrial function was measured by PCr recovery in 30 T2D patients and 31 control subjects. Results Fasting NEFA levels were significantly elevated in T2D patients compared with controls, but IMCL was not different. Mitochondrial function in T2D patients was compromised by 12.5% (p<0.01). Whole body glucose disposal (WGD) was higher at baseline and lower after insulin stimulation. Metabolic flexibility (ΔRER) was lower in the type 2 diabetic patients (0.050±0.033 vs. 0.093±0.050, p<0.01). Mitochondrial function was the sole predictor of basal respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (R2 = 0.18, p<0.05); whereas WGD predicted both insulin-stimulated RER (R2 = 0.29, p<0.001) and metabolic flexibility (R2 = 0.40, p<0.001). Conclusions These results indicate that defects in skeletal muscle in vivo mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetic patients are only reflected in basal substrate oxidation and highlight the importance of glucose disposal rate as a determinant of substrate utilization in response to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Marie Sparks
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Carla Meex
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Noud Antonius van Herpen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Karel C. Hesselink
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Bettina Schrauwen-Hinderling
- School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Gerdle B, Forsgren MF, Bengtsson A, Leinhard OD, Sören B, Karlsson A, Brandejsky V, Lund E, Lundberg P. Decreased muscle concentrations of ATP and PCR in the quadriceps muscle of fibromyalgia patients--a 31P-MRS study. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1205-15. [PMID: 23364928 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Fibromyalgia (FMS) has a prevalence of approximately 2% in the population. Central alterations have been described in FMS, but there is not consensus with respect to the role of peripheral factors for the maintenance of FMS. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) has been used to investigate the metabolism of phosphagens in muscles of FMS patients, but the results in the literature are not in consensus. The aim was to investigate the quantitative content of phosphagens and pH in resting quadriceps muscle of patients with FMS (n = 19) and in healthy controls (CONTROLS; n = 14) using (31) P-MRS. It was also investigated whether the concentrations of these substances correlated with measures of pain and/or physical capacity. RESULTS Significantly lower concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatinine (PCr; 28-29% lower) were found in FMS. No significant group differences existed with respect to inorganic phosphate (Pi), Pi/PCr and pH. The quadriceps muscle fat content was significantly higher in FMS than in CONTROLS [FMS: 9.0 ± 0.5% vs. CONTROLS 6.6 ± 0.6%; (mean ± standard error); P = 0.005]. FMS had significantly lower hand and leg capacity according to specific physical test, but there were no group differences in body mass index, subjective activity level and in aerobic fitness. In FMS, the specific physical capacity in the leg and the hand correlated positively with the concentrations of ATP and PCr; no significant correlations were found with pain intensities. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in intramuscular ATP, PCr and fat content in FMS probably reflect a combination of inactivity related to pain and dysfunction of muscle mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gerdle
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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