The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer

Interplay between microbial-derived GABA and host GABA receptor signaling collectively influence the tumorigenic function of GABA in colon cancer

Although classically recognized as a neurotransmitter, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) has also been identified in colonic tumors. Moreover, the gut microbiome represents another potential source of GABA. Both GABAA and GABAB receptors have been implicated in contributing to the effects of GABA in colorectal cancer, with both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions identified. However, their subunit composition is often overlooked. Studies to date have not addressed whether the GABA-producing potential of the microbiome changes over the course of colon tumor development or whether receptor subunit expression patterns are altered in colon cancer. Therefore, we investigated the clusters of orthologous group frequencies of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in feces from two murine models of colon cancer and found that the frequency of microbial GAD was significantly decreased early in the tumorigenic process. We also determined that microbial-derived GABA inhibited proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro and that this effect of GABA on SW480 cells involved both GABAA and GABAB receptors. GABA also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced proliferation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in these cells. Gene expression correlations were assessed using the "Cancer Exploration" suite of the TIMER2.0 web tool and identified that GABA receptor subunits were differentially expressed in human colon cancer. Moreover, GABAA receptor subunits were predominantly positively associated with PGE2 synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-6. Collectively, these data demonstrate decreased potential of the microbiome to produce GABA during tumorigenesis, a novel anti-tumorigenic pathway for GABA, and that GABA receptor subunit expression adds a further layer of complexity to GABAergic signaling in colon cancer.

Arachidonic acid metabolism as a novel pathogenic factor in gastrointestinal cancers

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a major global health burden, representing 20% of all cancer diagnoses and 22.5% of global cancer-related deaths. Their aggressive nature and resistance to treatment pose a significant challenge, with late-stage survival rates below 15% at five years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to delve deeper into the mechanisms of gastrointestinal cancer progression and optimize treatment strategies. Increasing evidence highlights the active involvement of abnormal arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in various cancers. AA is a fatty acid mainly metabolized into diverse bioactive compounds by three enzymes: cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Abnormal AA metabolism and altered levels of its metabolites may play a pivotal role in the development of GI cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review highlights a unique perspective by focusing on the abnormal metabolism of AA and its involvement in GI cancers. We summarize the latest advancements in understanding AA metabolism in GI cancers, outlining changes in AA levels and their potential role in liver, colorectal, pancreatic, esophageal, gastric, and gallbladder cancers. Moreover, we also explore the potential of targeting abnormal AA metabolism for future therapies, considering the current need to explore AA metabolism in GI cancers and outlining promising avenues for further research. Ultimately, such investigations aim to improve treatment options for patients with GI cancers and pave the way for better cancer management in this area.

Unlocking the potential of flavonoids: Natural solutions in the fight against colon cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, underscoring the importance of understanding the diverse molecular and genetic underpinnings of CRC to improve its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review delves into the adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis model, emphasizing the "APC-KRAS-TP53" signature events in CRC development. CRC is categorized into four consensus molecular subtypes, each characterized by unique genetic alterations and responses to therapy, illustrating its complexity and heterogeneity. Furthermore, we explore the role of chronic inflammation and the gut microbiome in CRC progression, emphasizing the potential of targeting these factors for prevention and treatment. This review discusses the impact of dietary carcinogens and lifestyle factors and the critical role of early detection in improving outcomes, and also examines conventional chemotherapy options for CRC and associated challenges. There is significant focus on the therapeutic potential of flavonoids for CRC management, discussing various types of flavonoids, their sources, and mechanisms of action, including their antioxidant properties, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. This article presents evidence of the synergistic effects of flavonoids with conventional cancer therapies and their role in modulating the gut microbiome and immune response, thereby offering new avenues for CRC treatment. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to CRC research and treatment, incorporating insights from genetic, molecular, and lifestyle factors. Further research is needed on the preventive and therapeutic potential of natural compounds, such as flavonoids, in CRC, underscoring the need for personalized and targeted treatment strategies.

β-hydroxybutyrate restrains colitis-associated tumorigenesis by inhibiting HIF-1α-mediated angiogenesis

Decreased levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a lipid metabolic intermediate known to slow the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), have been observed in the colon mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In particular, patients with recurrent IBD present an increased risk of developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The role and molecular mechanism of BHB in the inflammatory and carcinogenic process of CAC remains unclear. Here, the anti-tumor effect of BHB was investigated in the Azoxymethane (AOM)/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced CAC model and tumor organoids derivatives. The underlying mechanisms were studied using transcriptome and non-target metabolomic assay and further validated in colon tumor cell lineage CT26 in vitro. The tumor tissues and the nearby non-malignant tissues from colon cancer patients were collected to measure the expression levels of ketogenic enzymes. The exogenous BHB supplement lightened tumor burden and angiogenesis in the CAC model. Notably, transcriptome analysis revealed that BHB effectively decreased the expression of VEGFA in the CAC tumor mucosa. In vitro, BHB directly reduced VEGFA expression in hypoxic-treated CT26 cells by targeting transcriptional factor HIF-1α. Conversely, the deletion of HIF-1α largely reversed the inhibitory effect of BHB on CAC tumorigenesis. Additionally, decreased expression of ketogenesis-related enzymes in tumor tissues were associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with colon cancer. In summary, BHB carries out anti-angiogenic activity in CAC by regulating HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling. These findings emphasize the role of BHB in CAC and may provide novel perspectives for the prevention and treatment of colonic tumors.

Inflammation and cancer: friend or foe?

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of pathologies like neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, since tumor development and chronic inflammation are linked, sharing common signaling pathways. At least 20% of breast and colorectal cancers are associated with chronic inflammation triggered by infections, irritants, or autoimmune diseases. Obesity, chronic inflammation, and cancer interconnection underscore the importance of population-based interventions in maintaining healthy body weight, to disrupt this axis. Given that the dietary inflammatory index is correlated with an increased risk of cancer, adopting an anti-inflammatory diet supplemented with nutraceuticals may be useful for cancer prevention. Natural products and their derivatives offer promising antitumor activity with favorable adverse effect profiles; however, the development of natural bioactive drugs is challenging due to their variability and complexity, requiring rigorous research processes. It has been shown that combining anti-inflammatory products, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and statins, with plant-derived products demonstrate clinical utility as accessible adjuvants to traditional therapeutic approaches, with known safety profiles. Pharmacological approaches targeting multiple proteins involved in inflammation and cancer pathogenesis emerge as a particularly promising option. Given the systemic and multifactorial nature of inflammation, comprehensive strategies are essential for long term success in cancer therapy. To gain insights into carcinogenic phenomena and discover diagnostic or clinically relevant biomarkers, is pivotal to understand genetic variability, environmental exposure, dietary habits, and TME composition, to establish therapeutic approaches based on molecular and genetic analysis. Furthermore, the use of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid, and prostamide-type compounds as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the role of specific etiological agents and mediators contributing to persistent inflammatory reactions in tumor development. It explores potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment, emphasizing the urgent need for cost-effective approaches to address cancer-associated inflammation.

The Role of Wheatgrass in Colorectal Cancer: A Review of the Current Evidence

The etiology of colon cancer is either genetic in nature or results from inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; nevertheless, dietary habits play a crucial role in the disease. Wheatgrass is a dietary supplement that is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants which contribute to health promotion in cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, blood diseases, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as in several types of cancers, such as oral squamous cell cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), the prospect that wheatgrass possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, and its use as an adjunctive therapy, have been minimally investigated and evidence is still limited. In this review, we compiled the available evidence pertaining to wheatgrass and its likely impact on CRC, described the pathways of inflammation in which wheatgrass could possibly play a role, and identified future research needs on the subject.

Exploration of isoxazole analogs: Synthesis, COX inhibition, anticancer screening, 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, and molecular modeling

In this study, a new series of Isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and characterized via HRMS, 1H-, 13CAPT-NMR, and MicroED. The findings revealed that nearly all of the synthesized derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both COX enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 nM to 3.87 μM. Specifically, MYM1 demonstrated the highest efficacy among the compounds tested against the COX-1, displaying an IC50 value of 4.1 nM. The results showed that 5 compounds possess high COX-2 isozyme inhibitory effects with IC50 value in range 0.24-1.30 μM with COX-2 selectivity indexes (2.51-6.13), among these compounds MYM4 has the lowest IC50 value against COX-2, with selectivity index around 4. Intriguingly, this compound displayed significant antiproliferative effects against CaCo-2, Hep3B, and HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 10.22, 4.84, and 1.57 μM, respectively, which was nearly comparable to that of doxorubicin. Compound MYM4 showed low cytotoxic activities on normal cell lines LX-2 and Hek293t with IC50 values 20.01 and 216.97 μM respectively, with safer values than doxorubicin. Furthermore, compound MYM4 was able to induce the apoptosis, suppress the colonization of both HeLa and HepG2 cells. Additionally, the induction of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be the mechanism underlying the apoptotic effect and the cytotoxic activity of the compound. In the 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model, results revealed that MYM4 compound hampered the spheroid formation capacity of Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells. Moreover, the molecular docking of MYM4 compound revealed a high affinity for the COX2 enzyme, with energy scores (S) -7.45 kcal/mol, which were comparable to celecoxib (S) -8.40 kcal/mol. Collectively, these findings position MYM4 as a promising pharmacological candidate as COX inhibitor and anticancer agent.

MRGPRB2/X2 and the analogous effects of its agonist and antagonist in DSS-induced colitis in mice

The mast cell receptor Mrgprb2, a mouse orthologue of human Mrgprx2, is known as an inflammatory receptor and its elevated expression is associated with various diseases such as ulcerative colitis. We aimed to elucidate the role of Mrgprb2/x2 and the effect of its ligands on a chemically induced murine colitis model. We showed that in Mrgprb2-/- mice, there is a differential regulation of cytokine releases in the blood plasma and severe colonic damages after DSS treatment. Unexpectedly, we demonstrated that known Mrgprb2/x2 agonists (peptide P17, P17 analogues and CST-14) and antagonist (GE1111) similarly increased the survival rate of WT mice subjected to 4% DSS-induced colitis, ameliorated the colonic damages of 2.5% DSS-induced colitis, restored major protein mRNA expression involved in colon integrity, reduced CD68+ and F4/80+ immune cell infiltration and restored cytokine levels. Collectively, our findings highlight the eminent role of Mrpgrb2/x2 in conferring a beneficial effect in the colitis model, and this significance is demonstrated by the heightened severity of colitis with altered cytokine releases and inflammatory immune cell infiltration observed in the Mrgprb2 knockout mice. Elevated expression of Mrgprb2 in WT colitis murine models may represent the organism's adaptive protective mechanism since Mrgprb2 knockout results in severe colitis. On the other hand, both agonist and antagonist of Mrgprb2 analogously mitigated the severity of colitis in DSS-induced colitis model by altering Mrgprb2 expression, immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine releases.

Protease-activated receptor 2 drives migration in a colon cancer cell line but not in noncancerous human epithelial cells

The inflamed mucosa contains a complex assortment of proteases that may participate in wound healing or the development of inflammation-associated colon cancer. We sought to determine the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epithelial wound healing in both untransformed and transformed colonic epithelial cells. Monolayers of primary epithelial cells derived from organoids cultivated from patient colonic biopsies and of the T84 colon cancer cell line were grown to confluence, wounded in the presence of a selective PAR2-activating peptide, and healing was visualized by live cell microscopy. Inhibitors of various signaling molecules were used to assess the relevant pathways responsible for wound healing. Activation of PAR2 induced an enhanced wound-healing response in T84 cells but not primary cells. The PAR2-enhanced wound-healing response was associated with the development of lamellipodia in cells at the wound edge, consistent with sheet migration. The response to PAR2 activation in T84 cells was completely dependent on Src kinase activity and partially dependent on Rac1 activity. The Src-associated signaling molecules, focal adhesion kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor, which typically mediate wound-healing responses, were not involved in the PAR2 response. Experiments repeated in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ revealed a synergistically enhanced PAR2 wound-healing response in T84s but not primary cells. The epithelial response to proteases may be different between primary and cancer cells and is accentuated in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings have implications for understanding epithelial restitution in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammation-associated colon cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances wound healing in the T84 colon cancer cell line, but not in primary cells derived from patient biopsies, an effect that is synergistically enhanced in the presence of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFNγ.

Ferulic Acid Derivatives Ameliorate Intestine Barrier Destruction by Alleviating Inflammatory Responses in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic disorder affecting the colon and rectum, involves the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines causing damage to tight junctions (TJ) in the intestinal epithelial cells and chronic inflammation. The current mainstay of treatment, sulfasalazine, often causes adverse effects, thereby necessitating the exploration of alternative herbal medicines with fewer side effects. Portulaca oleracea L. (P. oleracea), a traditional medicinal herb, contains feruloyl amide compounds. We synthesized new compounds by conjugating ferulic acid (FA) with (±)-octopamine. Our study focused on novel FA derivatives that demonstrate protective effects against the intestinal epithelial barrier and inflammatory responses. In lipopolysaccharide-induced cells, C1 and C1a inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators. In Caco-2 cells, these compounds maintained the TJ protein expression, thereby demonstrating their protective effects on the epithelial barrier. In a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced IBD, a treatment with these compounds ameliorated features including a body weight reduction, colon shortening, an increased disease activity index, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, C1a demonstrated greater efficacy than C1 at the same concentration. These findings suggest that the novel FA derivative (C1a) effectively alleviates clinical signs and inflammatory mediators in IBD, making these compounds potential candidates as natural medicines for the treatment of IBD.

A network pharmacological approach for the identification of potential therapeutic targets of Brahmi Nei - a complex traditional Siddha formulation

Brahmi Nei (BN), a traditional Indian polyherbal formulation has been described in classical texts for the treatment of anxiety and depression, as well as to fortify the immune system. The individual herbs of BN have been used for treatment of wide range of disorders including cognition, inflammation, skin ailments and cancer etc., This diverse basket of therapeutic activity suggests that BN may possess therapeutic benefits to other disorders. So, the present study aims to identify the potential therapeutic targets of BN using a network pharmacological approach to comprehend the multi target action of its multiple phytoconstituents. We have employed Randić Index for the first time to calculate the contribution score of module segregated targets towards diseases. Our results suggests that BN targets could also be effective in other diseases such as lysosomal storage disorders, respiratory disorders etc., apart from neurological disorders. The key targets with highest topological measures of Targets-(Pathway)-Targets network were identified as potential therapeutic targets of BN. And the top hit target PTGS2, a gene encoding for cyclooxygenase-2 was further evaluated using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and in vitro studies. Our findings open up new therapeutic facets for BN that can be explored systematically in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Structural characteristics of steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide and its bioactivity on colitis via improving the intestinal barrier and modifying the gut microbiota

Steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema has been commonly used clinically for its gaining effect, whose main active ingredient is a polysaccharide. A water-soluble polysaccharide named PSP-W-1 was isolated from steamed Polygonatum cyrtonema. PSP-W-1 was characterized as a galactan having a backbone consisting predominately of 1,4-β-linked Galp branched at the C-6 position by T-β-linked Galp with a molecular weight of 14.4 kDa. PSP-W-1 could inhibit the overproduction of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators (iNOS, IL-6, COX-2) in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice. Oral administration of PSP-W-1 dramatically alleviated colonic pathological damage, repaired the intestinal barrier (occludin and ZO-1) and regulated the intestinal microbiota by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia UCG-014, while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella to alleviate colitis symptoms. Overall, our findings suggest that PSP-W-1 might be a therapeutic option for both the prevention and treatment of colitis.

Optimizing aspirin dose for colorectal cancer patients through deep phenotyping using novel biomarkers of drug action

Background: Low-dose aspirin's mechanism of action for preventing colorectal cancer (CRC) is still debated, and the optimal dose remains uncertain. We aimed to optimize the aspirin dose for cancer prevention in CRC patients through deep phenotyping using innovative biomarkers for aspirin's action. Methods: We conducted a Phase II, open-label clinical trial in 34 CRC patients of both sexes randomized to receive enteric-coated aspirin 100 mg/d, 100 mg/BID, or 300 mg/d for 3 ± 1 weeks. Biomarkers were evaluated in blood, urine, and colorectal biopsies at baseline and after dosing with aspirin. Novel biomarkers of aspirin action were assessed in platelets and colorectal tissues using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify the extent of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 acetylation at Serine 529 and Serine 516, respectively. Results: All aspirin doses caused comparable % acetylation of platelet COX-1 at Serine 529 associated with similar profound inhibition of platelet-dependent thromboxane (TX)A2 generation ex vivo (serum TXB2) and in vivo (urinary TXM). TXB2 was significantly reduced in CRC tissue by aspirin 300 mg/d and 100 mg/BID, associated with comparable % acetylation of COX-1. Differently, 100 mg/day showed a lower % acetylation of COX-1 in CRC tissue and no significant reduction of TXB2. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 biosynthesis in colorectal tumors and in vivo (urinary PGEM) remained unaffected by any dose of aspirin associated with the variable and low extent of COX-2 acetylation at Serine 516 in tumor tissue. Increased expression of tumor-promoting genes like VIM (vimentin) and TWIST1 (Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1) vs. baseline was detected with 100 mg/d of aspirin but not with the other two higher doses. Conclusion: In CRC patients, aspirin 300 mg/d or 100 mg/BID had comparable antiplatelet effects to aspirin 100 mg/d, indicating similar inhibition of the platelet's contribution to cancer. However, aspirin 300 mg/d and 100 mg/BID can have additional anticancer effects by inhibiting cancerous tissue's TXA2 biosynthesis associated with a restraining impact on tumor-promoting gene expression. EUDRACT number: 2018-002101-65. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03957902.

Microencapsulation as a Protective Strategy for Sialylated Immunoglobulin G: Efficacy in Alleviating Symptoms of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice and Potential Mechanisms

Sialylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a vital glycoprotein in breast milk with the ability to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium in gut microbiota and relieve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms in vitro. Here, it was found that the microcapsules with sialylated IgG could protect and release sialylated IgG with its structure and function in the intestine. Furthermore, the sialylated IgG microcapsules alleviated the clinical symptoms (body weight, feed quantity, and colon length loss), decreased disease activity index score, suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and MCP-1) and endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and enhanced the intestinal mucosal barrier (Claudin1, Muc2, Occludin, and ZO-1) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Additionally, the sialylated IgG microcapsules improved the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of critical microbe Bifidobacterium bifidum and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Correlation analysis indicated that the key microbes were strongly correlated with pro-inflammatory factors, clinical symptoms, tight junction protein, and SCFAs. These findings suggest that the sialylated IgG microcapsules have the potential to be used as a novel therapeutic approach for treating IBD.

Rofecoxib derivatives as NIR fluorescent probes for mitochondrial viscosity and in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder for which the underlying causes remain largely unknown. Therefore, the development of imaging agents capable of detecting biomarkers associated with this disease is crucial. Dual-functional probes are particularly important as they can track two biomarkers at the same time and examine their interaction. Herein, Two red-emissive dual-functional fluorescent probes, RC-1 and RA-2, have been designed and synthesized based on the Rofecoxib scaffold. When probes (RC-1 and RA-2) are in viscous media or bound to Aβ aggregates, there is a dramatic enhancement in fluorescence emission due to the constraint of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer effect (TICT). RC-1 with ideal blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability enables visualization of Aβ plaques in vivo AD mice. These results suggest that RC-1 and RA-2 have the potential to serve as powerful fluorescence imaging agents for Aβ and mitochondria-related pathology in AD.

COX-2 inhibitor delivery system aiming intestinal inflammatory disorders

Selective COX-2 inhibitors such as etoricoxib (ETX) are potentially indicated for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disorders. However, their systemic administration provokes some off-site secondary effects, decreasing the desirable local effectiveness. To circumvent such limitations, herein an ETX delivery system based on electrospun fibrous meshes (eFMs) was proposed. ETX at different concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mg mL-1) was loaded into eFMs, which not affect the morphology and the mechanical properties of this drug delivery system (DDS). The ETX showed a burst release within the first 12 h, followed by a faster release until 36 h, gradually decreasing over time. Importantly, the ETX studied concentrations were not toxic to human colonic cells (i.e. epithelial and fibroblast). Moreover, the DDS loading the highest concentration of ETX, when tested with stimulated human macrophages, promoted a reduction of PGE2, IL-8 and TNF-α secretion. Therefore, the proposed DDS may constitute a safe and efficient treatment of colorectal diseases promoted by inflammatory disorders associated with COX-2.

Recent Advancements in Refashioning of NSAIDs and their Derivatives as Anticancer Candidates

Inflammation is critical to the formation and development of tumors and is closely associated with cancer. Therefore, addressing inflammation and the mediators that contribute to the inflammatory process may be a useful strategy for both cancer prevention and treatment. Tumor predisposition can be attributed to inflammation. It has been demonstrated that NSAIDs can modify the tumor microenvironment by enhancing apoptosis and chemosensitivity and reducing cell migration. There has been a recent rise in interest in drug repositioning or repurposing because the development of innovative medications is expensive, timeconsuming, and presents a considerable obstacle to drug discovery. Repurposing drugs is crucial for the quicker and less expensive development of anticancer medicines, according to an increasing amount of research. This review summarizes the antiproliferative activity of derivatives of NSAIDs such as Diclofenac, Etodolac, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, Tolmetin, and Sulindac, published between 2017 and 2023. Their mechanism of action and structural activity relationships (SARs) were also discussed to set the path for potential future repositioning of NSAIDs for clinical deployment in the treatment of cancer.

Biooriented Synthesis of Ibuprofen-Clubbed Novel Bis-Schiff Base Derivatives as Potential Hits for Malignant Glioma: In Vitro Anticancer Activity and In Silico Approach

This research work is based on the synthesis of bis-Schiff base derivatives of the commercially available ibuprofen drug in outstanding yields through multistep reactions. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the help of modern spectroscopic techniques including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity using a normal human embryonic kidney HEK293 cell and U87-malignant glioma (ATCC-HTB-14) as a cancer cell line. All of the synthesized compounds among the series exhibited excellent to less antiproliferative activity having IC50 values ranging from 5.75 ± 0.43 to 150.45 ± 0.20 μM. Among them, compound 5e (IC50 = 5.75 ± 0.43 μM) was found as the most potent antiprolifarative agent, while 5f, 5b, 5a, 5n, 5r, 5s, 5g, 5q, 5i, and 5j exhibited good activity with IC50 values from 24.17 ± 0.46 to 43.71 ± 0.07 μM. These findings suggest that these cells (HEK293) are less cytotoxic to the activities of compounds and increase the cancer cell death in brain, while the lower cytotoxicity of the potent compounds in noncancerous cells suggests that these derivatives will provide promising treatment for patients suffering from brain cancer. The results of the docking study exposed a promising affinity of the active compounds toward casein kinase-2 enzyme, which shows green signal for cancer treatment.

Umbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential

Umbelliferone (UMB), known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, or skimmetine, is a naturally occurring coumarin in the plant kingdom, mainly from the Umbelliferae family that possesses a wide variety of pharmacological properties. In addition, the use of nanoparticles containing umbelliferone may improve anti-inflammatory or anticancer therapy. Also, its derivatives are endowed with great potential for therapeutic applications due to their broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiproliferative effects. Moreover, 7-hydroxycoumarin ligands have been implemented to develop 7-hydroxycoumarin-based metal complexes with improved pharmacological activity. Besides therapeutic applications, umbelliferone analogues have been designed as fluorescent probes for the detection of biologically important species, such as enzymes, lysosomes, and endosomes, or for monitoring cell processes and protein functions as well various diseases caused by an excess of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, 7-hydroxy-based chemosensors may serve as a highly selective tool for Al3+ and Hg2+ detection in biological systems. This review is devoted to a summary of the research on umbelliferone and its synthetic derivatives in terms of biological and pharmaceutical properties, especially those reported in the literature during the period of 2017-2023. Future potential applications of umbelliferone and its synthetic derivatives are presented.

Identification of omega-3 oxylipins in human milk-derived extracellular vesicles with pro-resolutive actions in gastrointestinal inflammation

Introduction

Premature infants (PIs) are at risk of suffering necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and infants consuming human milk (HM) show a lower incidence than infants receiving formula. The composition of HM has been studied in depth, but the lipid content of HM-derived small extracellular vesicles (HM sEVs) remains unexplored. Identifying these molecules and their biological effects has potential for the treatment of intestinal disorders in PIs and could contribute to the development of HM-based fortified formulas.

Methods

We isolated HM sEVs from HM samples and analyzed their oxylipin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which revealed the presence of anti-inflammatory oxylipins. We then examined the efficacy of a mixture of these oxylipins in combating inflammation and fibrosis, in vitro and in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Results

HM-related sEVs contained higher concentrations of oxylipins derived from docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. Three anti-inflammatory oxylipins, 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and 19,20-DiHDPA (ω3 OXLP), demonstrated similar efficacy to HM sEVs in preventing cell injury, inducing re-epithelialization, mitigating fibrosis, and modulating immune responses. Both ω3 OXLP and HM sEVs effectively reduced inflammation in IBD-model mice, preventing colon shortening, infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue fibrosis.

Discussion

Incorporating this unique cocktail of oxylipins into fortified milk formulas might reduce the risk of NEC in PIs and also provide immunological and neurodevelopmental support.

The Leptospermum scoparium (Mānuka)-Specific Nectar and Honey Compound 3,6,7-Trimethyllumazine (LepteridineTM) That Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) Activity

3,6,7-trimethyllumazine (Lepteridine™) is a newly discovered natural pteridine derivative unique to Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) nectar and honey, with no previously reported biological activity. Pteridine derivative-based medicines, such as methotrexate, are used to treat auto-immune and inflammatory diseases, and Mānuka honey reportedly possesses anti-inflammatory properties and is used topically as a wound dressing. MMP-9 is a potential candidate protein target as it is upregulated in recalcitrant wounds and intestinal inflammation. Using gelatin zymography, 40 μg/mL LepteridineTM inhibited the gelatinase activities of both pro- (22%, p < 0.0001) and activated (59%, p < 0.01) MMP-9 forms. By comparison, LepteridineTM exerted modest (~10%) inhibition against a chromogenic peptide substrate and no effect against a fluorogenic peptide substrate. These findings suggest that LepteridineTM may not interact within the catalytic domain of MMP-9 and exerts a negligible effect on the active site hydrolysis of small soluble peptide substrates. Instead, the findings implicate fibronectin II domain interactions by LepteridineTM which impair gelatinase activity, possibly through perturbed tethering of MMP-9 to the gelatin matrix. Molecular modelling analyses were equivocal over interactions at the S1' pocket versus the fibronectin II domain, while molecular dynamic calculations indicated rapid exchange kinetics. No significant degradation of synthetic or natural LepteridineTM in Mānuka honey occurred during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. MMP-9 regulates skin and gastrointestinal inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix remodelling. These results potentially implicate LepteridineTM bioactivity in Mānuka honey's reported beneficial effects on wound healing via topical application and anti-inflammatory actions in gastrointestinal disorder models via oral consumption.

Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Immunity and Intestinal Maturation in Suckling Rats

Microbiota-host communication is primarily achieved by secreted factors that can penetrate the mucosal surface, such as extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs). The EVs released by the gut microbiota have been extensively studied in cellular and experimental models of human diseases. However, little is known about their in vivo effects in early life, specifically regarding immune and intestinal maturation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily administration of EVs from probiotic and commensal E. coli strains in healthy suckling rats during the first 16 days of life. On days 8 and 16, we assessed various intestinal and systemic variables in relation to animal growth, humoral and cellular immunity, epithelial barrier maturation, and intestinal architecture. On day 16, animals given probiotic/microbiota EVs exhibited higher levels of plasma IgG, IgA, and IgM and a greater proportion of Tc, NK, and NKT cells in the spleen. In the small intestine, EVs increased the villi area and modulated the expression of genes related to immune function, inflammation, and intestinal permeability, shifting towards an anti-inflammatory and barrier protective profile from day 8. In conclusion, interventions involving probiotic/microbiota EVs may represent a safe postbiotic strategy to stimulate immunity and intestinal maturation in early life.

Plausible Protective Role of Encephalartos villosus Extract in Acetic-Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory ailment of the intestine associated with the upregulation of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we aimed to assess the consequences of Encephalartos villosus (EV) Lem extract on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC. Rats were randomly classified into five groups, as follows: control, AA, AA + mesalazine, AA + EV (50 mg/kg), and AA + EV (100 mg/kg) groups. EV (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and mesalzine (100 mg/kg) were administered orally for 14 days before the induction of UC. On the last day of the experiment, colitis was provoked via the intra-rectal delivery of 3% AA. Then, after 24 h, the rats were sacrificed and their colon tissues were isolated and inspected. Interestingly, EV pretreatment substantially (p < 0.05) reduced the elevated colon weight/length ratio and ulcer area and normalized the histological changes and immunohistochemical features. In addition, EV efficiently reduced the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GS-PX) and catalase (CAT). EV (100 mg/kg) resulted in a downregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and occludin expression levels. Concerning the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, EV reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) and inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels. It also decreased caspase-3 levels. Our results indicate that the oral intake of EV improves AA-induced colitis in rats through its antioxidative effects and the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the restoration of mucosal integrity. Consequently, EV may be an efficient therapeutic candidate for UC.

Activated platelets facilitate hematogenous metastasis of breast cancer by modulating the PDGFR-β/COX-2 axis

Platelets have been widely recognized as a bona fide mediator of malignant diseases, and they play significant roles in influencing various aspects of tumor progression. Paracrine interactions between platelets and tumor cells have been implicated in promoting the dissemination of malignant cells to distant sites. However, the underlying mechanisms of the platelet-tumor cell interactions for promoting hematogenous metastasis are not yet fully understood. We found that activated platelets with high expression of CD36 were prone to release a plethora of growth factors and cytokines, including high levels of PDGF-B, compared to resting platelets. PDGF-B activated the PDGFR-β/COX-2 signaling cascade, which elevated an array of pro-inflammatory factors levels, thereby aggravating tumor metastasis. The collective administration of CD36 inhibitor and COX-2 inhibitor resolved the interactions between platelets and tumor cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that targeting the crosstalk between platelets and tumor cells offers potential therapeutic strategies for inhibiting tumor metastasis.

Thromboxane biosynthesis in cancer patients and its inhibition by aspirin: a sub-study of the Add-Aspirin trial

BACKGROUND

Pre-clinical models demonstrate that platelet activation is involved in the spread of malignancy. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing whether aspirin, which inhibits platelet activation, can prevent or delay metastases.

METHODS

Urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (U-TXM), a biomarker of in vivo platelet activation, was measured after radical cancer therapy and correlated with patient demographics, tumour type, recent treatment, and aspirin use (100 mg, 300 mg or placebo daily) using multivariable linear regression models with log-transformed values.

RESULTS

In total, 716 patients (breast 260, colorectal 192, gastro-oesophageal 53, prostate 211) median age 61 years, 50% male were studied. Baseline median U-TXM were breast 782; colorectal 1060; gastro-oesophageal 1675 and prostate 826 pg/mg creatinine; higher than healthy individuals (~500 pg/mg creatinine). Higher levels were associated with raised body mass index, inflammatory markers, and in the colorectal and gastro-oesophageal participants compared to breast participants (P < 0.001) independent of other baseline characteristics. Aspirin 100 mg daily decreased U-TXM similarly across all tumour types (median reductions: 77-82%). Aspirin 300 mg daily provided no additional suppression of U-TXM compared with 100 mg.

CONCLUSIONS

Persistently increased thromboxane biosynthesis was detected after radical cancer therapy, particularly in colorectal and gastro-oesophageal patients. Thromboxane biosynthesis should be explored further as a biomarker of active malignancy and may identify patients likely to benefit from aspirin.

A Combination of Polymethoxyflavones from Citrus sinensis and Prenylflavonoids from Humulus lupulus Counteracts IL-1β-Induced Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Dysfunction via a Modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2 Activation

We here investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of a polymethoxylated flavone-containing fraction (PMFF) from Citrus sinensis and of a prenylflavonoid-containing one (PFF) from Humulus lupulus, either alone or in combination (MIX). To this end, an in vitro model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of differentiated, interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated Caco-2 cells, was employed. We demonstrated that non-cytotoxic concentrations of either PMFF or PFF or MIX reduced nitric oxide (NO) production while PFF and MIX, but not PMFF, also inhibited prostaglandin E2 release. Coherently, MIX suppressed both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression besides NF-κB activation. Moreover, MIX increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, heme oxygenase-1 expression, restoring GSH and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) levels. Remarkably, these effects with MIX were stronger than those produced by PMFF or PFF alone. Noteworthy, nobiletin (NOB) and xanthohumol (XTM), two of the most represented phytochemicals in PMFF and PFF, respectively, synergistically inhibited RONs production. Overall, our results demonstrate that MIX enhances the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the individual fractions in a model of IBD, via a mechanism involving modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling. Synergistic interactions between NOB and XTM emerge as a relevant aspect underlying this evidence.

The cyclooxygenase-expressing mesenchyme resists intestinal epithelial injury by paracrine signaling

Paracrine signals play pivotal roles in organ homeostasis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play a key role in regulating epithelium homeostasis in the intestine while their paracrine effects are poorly characterized. Here, we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secreted by cyclooxygenase (COX)-expressing MSCs as a vital factor to maintain the intestinal mucosal barrier. We found that MSCs-induced organoid swelling through paracrine effect in vitro, a process due to enhanced water adsorption and is mediated by the COX-PGE2-EP4 axis. To further explore the regulatory effect of this axis on the intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo, we established the conditional knockout mouse model to specifically delete COX in MSCs and found that PGE2 reduction downregulated the gene Muc2 and induced a gastric metaplasia-like phenotype. Moreover, PGE2 defects increased the susceptibility of intestinal epithelium to colitis. Our study uncovers the paracrine signaling of COX-expressing MSCs in intestinal mucosal barrier maintenance, providing a basis for understanding the role of mesenchymal cells in the pathophysiological function of the intestine.

Dual Blockade of EP2 and EP4 Signaling is Required for Optimal Immune Activation and Antitumor Activity Against Prostaglandin-Expressing Tumors

While the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in promoting malignant progression is well established, how to optimally block the activity of PGE2 signaling remains to be demonstrated. Clinical trials with prostaglandin pathway targeted agents have shown activity but without sufficient significance or dose-limiting toxicities that have prevented approval. PGE2 signals through four receptors (EP1-4) to modulate tumor progression. EP2 and EP4 signaling exacerbates tumor pathology and is immunosuppressive through potentiating cAMP production. EP1 and EP3 signaling has the opposite effect through increasing IP3 and decreasing cAMP. Using available small-molecule antagonists of single EP receptors, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib, or a novel dual EP2/EP4 antagonist generated in this investigation, we tested which approach to block PGE2 signaling optimally restored immunologic activity in mouse and human immune cells and antitumor activity in syngeneic, spontaneous, and xenograft tumor models. We found that dual antagonism of EP2 and EP4 together significantly enhanced the activation of PGE2-suppressed mouse and human monocytes and CD8+ T cells in vitro as compared with single EP antagonists. CD8+ T-cell activation was dampened by single EP1 and EP3 antagonists. Dual EP2/EP4 PGE2 receptor antagonists increased tumor microenvironment lymphocyte infiltration and significantly reduced disease burden in multiple tumor models, including in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)min+/- spontaneous colorectal tumor model, compared with celecoxib. These results support a hypothesis that redundancy of EP2 and EP4 receptor signaling necessitates a therapeutic strategy of dual blockade of EP2 and EP4. Here we describe TPST-1495, a first-in-class orally available small-molecule dual EP2/EP4 antagonist.

Significance

Prostaglandin (PGE2) drives tumor progression but the pathway has not been effectively drugged. We demonstrate significantly enhanced immunologic potency and antitumor activity through blockade of EP2 and EP4 PGE2 receptor signaling together with a single molecule.

Increasing Dietary Nutrient Levels Modulates Colon Immune Adaptation and Alleviates Inflammation in the Epithelial Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein I (Hnrnp I) Knockout Mice

SCOPE

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (HNRNP I) is an RNA-binding protein essential for neonatal immune adaptation by downregulating interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. TLR-mediated NF-κB is associated with chronic inflammation, including the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, dietary protein intake is one of the major concerns for individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study aims to investigate the effects of a protein-enriched diet on intestinal inflammation and immune responses in a mouse model with aberrant NF-κB signaling in the colon.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A transgenic mouse model with intestinal-epithelial-cell (IEC) specific Hnrnp I knocked out was used to investigate the effects of protein intake on the immune system in the colon. A control diet (CON) and a nutrient-dense modified diet (MOD) were fed to both the wild-type (WT) and the knockout (KO) male mice for 14 weeks. Inflammatory markers and colonic immune responses were examined, with gene expression and protein expression levels analyzed. IEC-specific Hnrnp I knocked out mice had significantly increased expression of the active NF-κB subunit, P65, in their colons. There was a concomitant induction of mRNA expression of Il1β, Il6, Cxcl1, and Ccl2. The number of CD4⁺ T cells in the distal colon was also increased in the KO mice. The results confirmed that KO mice had pro-inflammatory responses with aberrant NF-κB signaling in the colon. Importantly, increased nutrient density in their diets attenuated colon inflammation by decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing P65 translocation, downregulating IRAK1, and limiting the number of CD4⁺ T cells recruited in Hnrnp I KO mice colon.

CONCLUSION

A diet with increased nutrient density relieved the inflammation induced by knockout of Hnrnp I, attributable partially to the reduced expression of inflammatory and immune-modulating cytokines in the mouse distal colon.

Effect of PTGES3 on the Prognosis and Immune Regulation in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background

PTGES3 is upregulated in multiple cancer types and promotes tumorigenesis and progression. However, the clinical outcome and immune regulation of PTGES3 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the expression level and prognostic value of PTGES3 and its correlation with potential immunotherapy in LUAD.

Methods

All data were obtained from several databases, including the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Firstly, gene and protein expression of PTGES3 were analyzed using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), R software, Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Thereafter, survival analysis was conducted using the R software, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2), and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. In addition, gene alteration and mutation analyses were conducted using the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cBioPortal) and Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) databases. The molecular mechanisms associated with PTGES3 were assessed via Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), GeneMANIA, GEPIA2, and R software. Lastly, the role of PTGES3 in immune regulation in LUAD was investigated using TIMER, Tumor-Immune System Interaction Database (TISIDB), and SangerBox.

Results

The gene and protein expression of PTGES3 were elevated in LUAD tissues and compared to the normal tissues, and the high expression of PTGES3 was correlated with cancer stage and tumor grade. Survival analysis revealed that overexpression of PTGES3 was associated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients. Moreover, gene alteration and mutation analysis revealed the occurrence of several types of PTGES3 gene alterations in LUAD. Moreover, co-expression analysis and cross-analysis revealed that three genes, including CACYBP, HNRNPC, and TCP1, were correlated and interacted with PTGES3. Functional analysis of these genes revealed that PTGES3 was primarily enriched in oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, we found that PTGES3 participated in a complex immune regulation network in LUAD.

Conclusion

The current study indicated the crucial role of PTGES3 in LUAD prognosis and immune regulation. Altogether, our results suggested that PTGES3 could serve as a promising therapeutic and prognosis biomarker for the LUAD.

Fluorinated Benzofuran and Dihydrobenzofuran as Anti-Inflammatory and Potential Anticancer Agents

Benzofuran and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds are heterocycles of high value in medicinal chemistry and drug synthesis. Targeting inflammation in cancer associated with chronic inflammation is a promising therapy. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives in macrophages and in the air pouch model of inflammation, as well as their anticancer effects in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT116. Six of the nine compounds suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation by inhibiting the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and decreased the secretion of the tested inflammatory mediators. Their IC₅₀ values ranged from 1.2 to 9.04 µM for interleukin-6; from 1.5 to 19.3 µM for Chemokine (C-C) Ligand 2; from 2.4 to 5.2 µM for nitric oxide; and from 1.1 to 20.5 µM for prostaglandin E₂. Three novel synthesized benzofuran compounds significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase activity. Most of these compounds showed anti-inflammatory effects in the zymosan-induced air pouch model. Because inflammation may lead to tumorigenesis, we tested the effects of these compounds on the proliferation and apoptosis of HCT116. Two compounds with difluorine, bromine, and ester or carboxylic acid groups inhibited the proliferation by approximately 70%. Inhibition of the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and concentration-dependent cleavage of PARP-1, as well as DNA fragmentation by approximately 80%, were described. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship suggested that the biological effects of benzofuran derivatives are enhanced in the presence of fluorine, bromine, hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl groups. In conclusion, the designed fluorinated benzofuran and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives are efficient anti-inflammatory agents, with a promising anticancer effect and a combinatory treatment in inflammation and tumorigenesis in cancer microenvironments.

Platinum(IV) Derivatives of [Pt(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)] with Diclofenac Ligands in the Axial Positions: A New Class of Potent Multi-action Agents Exhibiting Selectivity to Cancer Cells

The platinum(II) complex [Pt(1S,2S-diaminocyclohexane)(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)]²⁺ (Pt^II56MeSS, 1) exhibits high potency across numerous cancer cell lines acting by a multimodal mechanism. However, 1 also displays side toxicity and in vivo activity; all details of its mechanism of action are not entirely clear. Here, we describe the synthesis and biological properties of new platinum(IV) prodrugs that combine 1 with one or two axially coordinated molecules of diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory cancer-selective drug. The results suggest that these Pt(IV) complexes exhibit mechanisms of action typical for Pt(II) complex 1 and DCF, simultaneously. The presence of DCF ligand(s) in the Pt(IV) complexes promotes the antiproliferative activity and selectivity of 1 by inhibiting lactate transporters, resulting in blockage of the glycolytic process and impairment of mitochondrial potential. Additionally, the investigated Pt(IV) complexes selectively induce cell death in cancer cells, and the Pt(IV) complexes containing DCF ligands induce hallmarks of immunogenic cell death in cancer cells.

Targeting Store-Operated Calcium Entry Regulates the Inflammation-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells

Persistent challenges complicating the treatment of breast cancer remain, despite some recent undeniable successes. Sufficient evidence currently exists demonstrating the crucial role of inflammation, characterized by the enhanced activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the COX-2/PGE2 pathway, in the migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) pathway was shown to be essential for the TLR4 activity and COX-2 expression in immune cells such as macrophages and microglia. However, whether SOCE influences inflammatory signaling and the inflammation-induced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells is still unknown. Thus, the current study intended to delineate the role of SOCE in the TLR4-induced inflammation, migration, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. To this end, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate TLR4, BTP2 to inhibit SOCE, and Thapsigargin to induce SOCE. Following these treatments, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the proliferation and migration rates of the MDA-MB-231 cells and the expression of several inflammatory and oncogenic genes, including COX-2, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF. Different techniques were used to achieve the aims of this study, including qRT-PCR, Western blotting, ELISA, MTT, and wound healing assays. This study shows that SOCE inhibition using BTP2 suppressed the LPS-induced migration and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Additionally, treatment with LPS caused approximately six- and three-fold increases in COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively, compared to the controls. The LPS-induced elevations in the COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were suppressed by BTP2 to the control levels. In addition to its effect on COX-2, BTP2 also suppressed the LPS-induced productions of PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF. Conversely, SOCE induction using Thapsigargin enhanced the LPS-induced inflammation, migration, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence for the potentially important role of SOCE in inflammation-induced breast cancer progression processes. Thus, we argue that the current study may provide novel targets for designing new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of breast cancer.

In-silico studies on wild orange (Citrus macroptera Mont.) compounds against COVID-19 pro-inflammation targets

One-fifth of COVID-19 patients suffer a severe course of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; however, the specific causes remain unclear. Despite numerous papers that have been flooded in different scientific journals clear clinical picture of COVID-19 aftermath persists to remain fuzzy. The survivors of severe COVID-19infection having defeated the virus are just the starting of an uncharted recovery path. Currently, there is no drug available that is safe to consume to combat this pandemic. However, researchers still struggling to find specific therapeutic solutions. The present study employed an in silico approach to assessing the inhibitory potential of the phytochemicals obtained from GC-MS analysis of Citrus macroptera against inflammatory proteins like COX-2, NMDAR and VCAM-1 which remains in a hyperactive state even after a patient is fully cured of this deadly mRNA virus. An extensive molecular docking investigation of the phyto-compounds at the active binding pockets of the inflammatory proteins revealed the promising inhibitory potential of the phytochemicals. Reasonable physicochemical attributes of the compounds following Lipinski's rule of five, VEBER and PAINS analysis further established them as potential therapeutic candidates against aforesaid inflammatory proteins. MM-GBSA binding free energy estimation revealed that Limonene was the most promising candidate displaying the highest binding efficacy with the concerned VCAM-1 protein included in the present analysis. An interesting finding is the phytochemicals exhibited better binding energy scores with the concerned COX-2, VCAM-1 and NMDA receptor proteins than the conventional drugs that are specifically targeted against them. Our in silico results suggest that all the natural phyto-compounds derived from C. macroptera could be employed in Post covid inflammation complexities after appropriate pre-clinical and clinical trials for further scientific validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Biomarkers of Response to Low-Dose Aspirin in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients

BACKGROUND

The results of Aspirin prevention of colorectal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are controversial.

METHODS

We conducted a biomarker-based clinical study in eight FAP patients treated with enteric-coated low-dose Aspirin (100 mg daily for three months) to explore whether the drug targets mainly platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or affects extraplatelet cellular sources expressing COX-isozymes and/or off-target effects in colorectal adenomas.

RESULTS

In FAP patients, low-dose Aspirin-acetylated platelet COX-1 at Serine529 (>70%) was associated with an almost complete inhibition of platelet thromboxane (TX) B₂ generation ex vivo (serum TXB₂). However, enhanced residual urinary 11-dehydro-TXB₂ and urinary PGEM, primary metabolites of TXA₂ and prostaglandin (PG)E₂, respectively, were detected in association with incomplete acetylation of COX-1 in normal colorectal biopsies and adenomas. Proteomics of adenomas showed that Aspirin significantly modulated only eight proteins. The upregulation of vimentin and downregulation of HBB (hemoglobin subunit beta) distinguished two groups with high vs. low residual 11-dehydro-TXB₂ levels, possibly identifying the nonresponders and responders to Aspirin.

CONCLUSIONS

Although low-dose Aspirin appropriately inhibited the platelet, persistently high systemic TXA₂ and PGE₂ biosynthesis were found, plausibly for a marginal inhibitory effect on prostanoid biosynthesis in the colorectum. Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in FAP can involve blocking the effects of TXA₂ and PGE₂ signaling with receptor antagonists.

Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Gene Expression in the Inflammogenesis of Colorectal Cancer: Correlated Expression of EGFR, JAK STAT and Src Genes, and a Natural Antisense Transcript, RP11-C67.2.2

We examined the expression of major inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-1, 2 (COX1, COX2), arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), and arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase activating protein (ALOX5AP) among 469 tumor specimens of colorectal cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Among 411 specimens without mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, the mean expression of each of the inflammatory genes ranked above the 80th percentile, and the overall mean cyclooxygenase expression (COX1+COX2) ranked in the upper 99th percentile of all genes. Similar levels were observed for 58 cases with MMR mutations. Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding r = 0.70 were observed between COX and LOX mRNA levels with genes of major cell-signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis (Src, JAK STAT, MAPK, PI3K). We observed a novel association (r = 0.78) between ALOX5 expression and a natural antisense transcript (NAT), RP11-67C2.2, a long non-coding mRNA gene, 462 base pairs in length that is located within the terminal intron of the ALOX5 gene on chromosome 10q11.21. Tumor-promoting genes highly correlated with the expression of COX1, COX2, ALOX5 and ALOX5AP are known to increase mitogenesis, mutagenesis, angiogenesis, cell survival, immunosuppression and metastasis in the inflammogenesis of colorectal cancer. These genes and the novel NAT, RP1167C2.2 are potential molecular targets for chemoprevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.

The calcium-sensing receptor modulates the prostaglandin E2 pathway in intestinal inflammation

Introduction: The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway is one of the main mediators of intestinal inflammation. As activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) induces expression of inflammatory markers in the colon, we assessed the impact of the CaSR on the PGE2 pathway regulation in colon cancer cells and the colon in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results: We treated CaSR-transfected HT29 and Caco-2 colon cancer cell lines with different orthosteric ligands or modulators of the CaSR and measured gene expression and PGE2 levels. In CaSR-transfected HT29CaSR-GFP and Caco-2CaSR-GFP cells, the orthosteric CaSR ligand spermine and the positive allosteric CaSR modulator NPS R-568 both induced an inflammatory state as measured by IL-8 gene expression and significantly increased the expression of the PGE2 pathway key enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and/or prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (PGES-1). Inhibition of the CaSR with the calcilytic NPS 2143 abolished the spermine- and NPS R-568-induced pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, we observed cell-line specific responses as e.g. PGES-1 expression was affected only in HT29CaSR-GFP but not in Caco-2CaSR-GFP cells. Other genes involved in the PGE2 pathway (COX-1, or the PGE2 receptors) were not responsive to the treatment. None of the studied genes were affected by any CaSR agonist in GFP-only transfected HT29GFP and Caco-2GFP cells, indicating that the observed gene-inducing effects of spermine and R-568 were indeed mediated by the CaSR. In vivo, we had previously determined that treatment with the clinically approved calcimimetic cinacalcet worsened symptoms in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. In the colons of these mice, cinacalcet significantly induced gene expression of PGES-2 and the EP3 receptor, but not COX-2; while NPS 2143 increased the expression of the PGE2-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Importantly, neither treatment had any effect on the colons of non-DSS treated mice. Discussion: Overall, we show that activation of the CaSR induces the PGE2 pathway, albeit with differing effects in vitro and in vivo. This may be due to the different microenvironment in vivo compared to in vitro, specifically the presence of a CaSR-responsive immune system. Since calcilytics inhibit ligand-mediated CaSR signaling, they may be considered for novel therapies against inflammatory bowel disease.

EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL IRRADIATION IN MICE MODEL OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Inflammatory bowel diseases could be diagnosed in major measure by diagnostic imaging; however, radiation exposure in the intestine may also contribute to the progression of these pathologies. To better understand the impact of radiation in the presence of bowel disease, we administered dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to C57BL/6 mice to induce colitis and exposed to radiation at abdominal area. We observed that abdominal irradiation (13 Gy) aggravates the DSS-induced decrease in survival rate (0%), body weight (74.54 ± 3.59%) and colon length (4.98 ± 0.14 cm). Additionally, abdominal irradiation markedly increased in colonic inflammation levels (3.16 ± 0.16) compared with that of DSS-induced sham mice. Furthermore, abdominal irradiation also increased the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (13.10 folds), interleukin-6 (48.83 folds) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (42.97 folds). We conclude that abdominal irradiation aggravates the detrimental effects of DSS-induced colitis in mice, which might be a useful guideline for inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects intestinal epithelial cells from palmitate-induced lipotoxicity

CONTEXT

Increased free fatty acids (FFAs) levels, typical in obesity condition, can contribute to systemic lipotoxicity and inflammation adversely influencing Inflammatory Bowel Disease development and progression. Anthocyanins possess health promoting properties mainly associated to the induction of Nrf2-regulated cytoprotective proteins.

OBJECTIVE

Using a novel experimental model, we evaluated the in vitro intracellular mechanisms involved in FFAs modulation of intestinal epithelial lipotoxicity and the protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in Caco-2 cells.

RESULTS

Caco-2 exposed to palmitic acid (PA) in the serosal (basolateral) side showed a combined state of epithelial inflammation, inducing NF-κB pathway and downstream cytokines, that was reverted by C3G apical pre-treatment. In addition, PA altered intracellular redox status and induced reactive oxygen species that were reduced by C3G via the redox-sensitive Nrf2 signalling.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Results suggest that anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins, mediated by Nrf2, could represent an interesting tool for intestinal inflammatory disorders.

Imatinib mitigates experimentally-induced ulcerative colitis: Possible contribution of NF-kB/JAK2/STAT3/COX2 signaling pathway

RATIONALE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by recurrent inflammation, damage, and alteration of the large intestine's mucosal and submucosal surfaces. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib) on experimentally induced UC in rats via acetic acid (AA).

METHODS

Male rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, AA, AA + imatinib (10 mg/kg), and AA + imatinib (20 mg/kg). Imatinib (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) was orally supplied by oral syringe for one week before induction of UC. On the eighth day, Rats received enemas containing a 4 % solution of acetic acid to induce colitis. One day after inducing colitis, rats were euthanized and their colons were subjected to morphological, biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Imatinib pretreatment significantly decreased macroscopic and histological damage scores, decreased disease activity index as well as colon mass index. In addition, imatinib successfully lowered the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in colonic tissues and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and glutathione content (GSH). Imatinib also reduced colonic levels of inflammatory interleukins (IL-23, IL-17, IL-6), JAK2 and STAT3. Furthermore, imatinib suppressed nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB/p65) level, and COX2 expression in colonic tissues.

SIGNIFICANCE

Imatinib may be a viable therapy option for UC as it halts the interaction network of NF-kB/JAK2/STAT3/COX2 signaling pathway.

The interaction between intestinal bacterial metabolites and phosphatase and tensin homolog in autism spectrum disorder

Intestinal bacteria-associated para-cresyl sulfate (pCS) and 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS) are elevated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both metabolites can induce ASD-like behaviors in mice, but the molecular mechanisms are not known. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a susceptibility gene for ASD. The present study investigated the relation between pCS and 4EPS and PTEN in ASD in a valproic acid (VPA)-induced murine ASD model and an in vitro LPS-activated microglial model. The VPA-induced intestinal inflammation and compromised permeability in the distal ileum was not associated with changes of PTEN expression and phosphorylation. In contrast, VPA reduced PTEN expression in the hippocampus of mice. In vitro results show that pCS and 4EPS reduced PTEN expression and derailed innate immune response of BV2 microglial cells. The PTEN inhibitor VO-OHpic did not affect innate immune response of microglial cells. In conclusion, PTEN does not play a role in intestinal inflammation and compromised permeability in VPA-induced murine model for ASD. Although pCS and 4EPS reduced PTEN expression in microglial cells, PTEN is not involved in the pCS and 4EPS-induced derailed innate immune response of microglial cells. Further studies are needed to investigate the possible involvement of reduced PTEN expression in the ASD brain regarding synapse function and neuronal connectivity.

Helixor-M Suppresses Immunostimulatory Activity through TLR4-Dependent NF-κB Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells

Inflammation causes a protective immune response, which can be observed by examining the inflammatory responses of macrophages. Macrophages release various immunostimulatory factors when destroying external pathogens. We induced lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, to determine whether Helixor-M can cause immuno-suppression. Helixor-M is known to have anticancer and immune effects. However, an indicator that regulates immunity has not been clearly confirmed. To this end, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted to confirm Helixor-M was not cytotoxic. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, immunofluorescence assay confirmed the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65, a representative inflammatory pathway. Helixor-M was found to be non-cytotoxic, induce the NF-κB pathway, and reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). We found Helixor-M affected the PI3K/AKT/JNK pathway. Therefore, we confirmed Helixor-M acts as an anti-inflammatory agent through NF-κB, TLR4 and PI3K inhibition and that it could be an effective immunosuppressive drug.

Essential oils of Psidium cattleianum Sabine leaves and flowers: Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities

Introduction: Psidium cattleianum Sabine is a Brazilian native shrub cultivated for its edible fruit araçá (strawberry guava). P. cattleianum is recognized for health and food applications, although the essential oils (EOs) from the Egyptian inhabitant are not fully explored. The current study investigated the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of EOs from P. cattleianum leaves and flowers. Materials and methods: The EOs were obtained by three different methods viz; the conventional hydro-distillation, microwave assisted hydro-distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction, while their analysis was accomplished using GC/MS. The derived EOs were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity in the 5-lipoxygenase, COX-1, and COX-2 enzyme based assays, while the anticancer potential was deduced from MTT cytotoxic assay, cell cycle, and western blotting analysis. Results and discussion: Among other methods, supercritical fluid extraction offered the highest EO yield, 0.62% (leaves) and 1.4% (flowers). GC/MS identified β-caryophyllene and α-humulene in both organs with high but variable percentages. The leaves demonstrated strong activity in inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50 2.38), while the flowers, in inhibiting COX-2 (IC50 2.575). Moreover, the leaves showed potent, selective cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells (IC50 5.32) via apoptosis by modulating the p53/Bax/Bcl2 axis. The deduced activities are possible due to the synergism between the volatile components that endorses P. cattleianum leaves' EOs in the management of breast cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Phenolic Phytochemicals for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo Studies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed and second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Limitations with existing treatment regimens have demanded the search for better treatment options. Different phytochemicals with promising anti-CRC activities have been reported, with the molecular mechanism of actions still emerging. This review aims to summarize recent progress on the study of natural phenolic compounds in ameliorating CRC using in vivo models. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reporting and Meta-Analysis. Information on the relevant topic was gathered by searching the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases using keywords, such as "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic compounds", "colorectal cancer" AND "polyphenol", "colorectal cancer" AND "phenolic acids", "colorectal cancer" AND "flavonoids", "colorectal cancer" AND "stilbene", and "colorectal cancer" AND "lignan" from the reputed peer-reviewed journals published over the last 20 years. Publications that incorporated in vivo experimental designs and produced statistically significant results were considered for this review. Many of these polyphenols demonstrate anti-CRC activities by inhibiting key cellular factors. This inhibition has been demonstrated by antiapoptotic effects, antiproliferative effects, or by upregulating factors responsible for cell cycle arrest or cell death in various in vivo CRC models. Numerous studies from independent laboratories have highlighted different plant phenolic compounds for their anti-CRC activities. While promising anti-CRC activity in many of these agents has created interest in this area, in-depth mechanistic and well-designed clinical studies are needed to support the therapeutic use of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

Taurine alleviates ochratoxin A-induced pyroptosis in PK-15 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which can cause multiple toxicological effects, especially nephrotoxicity in animals and humans. Taurine is an essential amino acid with various biological functions such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. However, the protective effect of taurine on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and pyroptosis had not been reported. Our results showed that OTA exposure induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in PK-15 cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increased mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and decreased mRNA levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4). In addition, OTA treatment induced pyroptosis by increasing the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins NLRP3, GSDMD, Caspase-1 P20, ASC, Pro-caspase-1, and IL-1β. Meanwhile, taurine could alleviate OTA-induced pyroptosis and cytotoxicity, as well as reduce ROS level, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA levels, and increase the mRNA levels of the antioxidant enzyme in PK-15 cells. Taken together, taurine alleviated OTA-induced pyroptosis in PK-15 cells by inhibiting ROS generation and altering the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby attenuating its nephrotoxicity.

A reversible SRC-relayed COX2 inflammatory program drives resistance to BRAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAFV600E colorectal tumors

BRAF^V600E mutation confers a poor prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) despite combinatorial targeted therapies based on the latest understanding of signaling circuitry. To identify parallel resistance mechanisms induced by BRAF-MEK-EGFR co-targeting, we used a high-throughput kinase activity mapping platform. Here we show that SRC kinases are systematically activated in BRAF^V600E CRC following targeted inhibition of BRAF ± EGFR and that coordinated targeting of SRC with BRAF ± EGFR increases treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. SRC drives resistance to BRAF ± EGFR targeted therapy independently of ERK signaling by inducing transcriptional reprogramming through β-catenin (CTNNB1). The EGFR-independent compensatory activation of SRC kinases is mediated by an autocrine prostaglandin E₂ loop that can be blocked with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors. Co-targeting of COX2 with BRAF + EGFR promotes durable suppression of tumor growth in patient-derived tumor xenograft models. COX2 inhibition represents a drug-repurposing strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance in BRAF^V600E CRC.

Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.

Novel tryptanthrin derivatives with benzenesulfonamide substituents: Design, synthesis, and anti-inflammatory evaluation

Herein, two series of tryptanthrin derivatives with benzenesulfonamide substituents were designed and synthesized to discover novel anti-inflammatory agents. The anti-inflammatory activities of all derivatives were screened by evaluating their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Among them, compound 8j exhibited the best NO inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 1.25 ± 0.21 μM), with no obvious toxicity. Further evaluation showed that 8j could also significantly reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β, IC₅₀ = 8.48 ± 0.23 μM) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, IC₅₀ = 11.53 ± 0.35 μM) and downregulate the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. Reverse docking of 8j suggested p38α as the molecular target, which is a well-known crucial player in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway that controls the transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators. Cellular thermal shift assay showed that 8j efficiently stabilized p38α in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Western blot showed that inflammatory response was inhibited by 8j through inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38α and MK2 in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, In vivo studies showed that 8j could significantly ameliorate the degree of foot swelling and knee joint pathology in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats and reduce levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum, achieving the effect of protecting synovial tissue and ameliorating arthritis. These findings suggested that 8j may be a promising compound for further development of anti-inflammatory agents.

Neuropeptide W Exhibits Preventive and Therapeutic Effects on Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis via Modulation of the Cyclooxygenase Enzyme System

BACKGROUND

The novel peptide neuropeptide W (NPW) was originally shown to function in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the putative preventive and therapeutic effects of NPW on colitis-associated oxidative injury and the underlying mechanisms for its action.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats in the acute colitis groups received NPW (0.5, 1 or 5 µg/kg/day) injections prior to induction of colitis with acetic acid, while the chronic colitis groups were treated after the induction of colitis. In both acute and chronic colitis (CC) groups, treatments were continued for 5 days and the rats were decapitated at the 24th hour of the last injections and colon tissues were collected for assessments.

RESULTS

NPW pretreatment given for 5 days before colitis induction, as well as treating rats with NPW during the 5-day course of CC, abolished colonic lipid peroxidation. NPW treatment prevented colitis-induced reduction in blood flow, diminished neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. NPW pretreatment only at the higher dose reduced colonic edema and microscopic score and preserved colonic glutathione stores. Elevations in cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity and COX-1 protein level during the acute phase of colitis as well as reduction in COX-2 were all reversed with NPW pretreatment. In contrast, NPW treatment was effective in reducing the elevated COX-2 concentration during the chronic phase.

CONCLUSIONS

NPW alleviates acetic acid-induced oxidative colonic injury in rats through the upregulation of colonic blood flow as well as the inhibition of COX-2 protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Anti-inflammatory effect and signaling mechanism of 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mouse model

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used for food and applied in Ayurvedic medicine in India for thousands of years. With a reputation for strong anti-inflammatory properties, it has been used for to treat colds, migraines, nausea, arthritis, and high blood pressure in China and Southeast Asia. The physiological activity of ginger is attributed to its functional components, including gingerol and shogaol, and their derivatives.

Aim of the study

We aimed to investigate the effects of 8- and 10-shogaol and their bioactive signaling mechanisms in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. The anti-colitis efficacy of 6-, 8-, and 10-derivatives of gingerol and shogaol was comparatively analyzed.

Materials and methods

Colitis was induced by providing mice with drinking water containing 5% DSS (w/v) for 8 days. The 6-, 8-, and 10-derivatives of gingerol and shogaol were orally administered for two weeks at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Changes in body weight and disease activity index were measured. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX-2, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB were analyzed using ELISA, PCR, or western blotting. Mucin expression and mRNA levels were measured using alcian blue staining and PCR, respectively. The tight-junction-associated proteins occludin and ZO-1 were assessed using immunohistological staining.

Results

The 6-, 8-, and 10-derivatives of gingerol and shogaol exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-κB signaling. Among the compounds administered, 10-shogaol was the most effective against DSS-induced inflammation. Comparative analysis of the chemical structure showed that shogaol, a dehydrated analog of gingerol, was more effective. 6- and 10-shogaol showed similar effects on DSS-induced morphological changes in the colonic mucus layer, mucin expression, and tight junction proteins.

Conclusions

6-, 8-, and 10-Gingerol and 6-, 8-, and 10-shogaol significantly improved the clinical symptoms and intestinal epithelial barrier damage in DSS-induced colitis in mice. The derivatives effectively inhibited DSS-induced inflammation through the regulation of NF-κB signaling. Moreover, 10-shogaol showed the most potent anti-inflammatory effect among the six compounds used in this study. The results indicate that 8- and 10-shogaol, both main ingredients in ginger, may serve as therapeutic candidates for the treatment of colitis.