Lactotransferrin acts as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by repressing AKT through multiple mechanisms

Novel prognostic biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma unveiled by mega-data bioinformatics analysis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage with a high incidence rate in Southeast Asia and Southeast China. However, the limited availability of NPC patient survival data in public databases has resulted in less rigorous studies examining the prediction of NPC survival through construction of Kaplan-Meier curves. These studies have primarily relied on small samples of NPC patients with progression-free survival (PFS) information or data from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) studies almost without NPC patients. Thus, we coanalyzed RNA expression profiles in eleven datasets (46 normal (control) vs 160 tumor (NPC)) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and survival data provided by Jun Ma from Sun Yat-sen University. Then, differential analysis, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and network analysis were performed using STRING database. After that, 2142 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 3857 downregulated DEGs were screened. Twenty-five of them were identified as hub genes, which were enriched in several pathways (cilium movement, extracellular matrix structural constituent, homologous recombination and cell cycle). Utilizing the comprehensive dataset we amassed from GEO database, we conducted a survival analysis of DEGs and subsequently constructed survival models. Seven DEGs (RASGRP2, MOCOS, TTC9, ARHGAP4, DPM3, CD37, and CD72) were identified and closely related to the survival prognosis of NPC. Finally, qRT-PCR, WB and IHC were performed to confirm the elevated expression of RASGRP2 and the decreased expression of TTC9, CD37, DPM3 and ARHGAP4, consistent with the DEG analysis. Conclusively, our findings provide insights into the novel prognostic biomarkers of NPC by mega-data bioinformatics analysis, which suggests that they may serve special targets in the treatment of NPC.

Bioinformation Analysis of Differential Expression Proteins in Different Processes of COVID-19

COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease whose progression has been associated with multiple factors. From SARS-CoV-2 infection to death, biomarkers capable of predicting different disease processes are needed to help us further understand the molecular progression of COVID-19 disease. The aim is to find differentially expressed proteins that are associated with the progression of COVID-19 disease or can be potential biomarkers, and to provide a reference for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 occurrence, progression, and treatment. Data-independent Acquisition (DIA) proteomics to obtain sample protein expression data, using R language screening differentially expressed proteins. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes analysis was performed on differential proteins and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen key proteins. A total of 47 differentially expressed proteins were obtained from COVID-19 incubation patients and healthy population (L/H), mainly enriched in platelet-related functions, and complement and coagulation cascade reaction pathways, such as platelet degranulation and platelet aggregation. A total of 42 differential proteins were obtained in clinical and latent phase patients (C/L), also mainly enriched in platelet-related functions and in complement and coagulation cascade reactions, platelet activation pathways. A total of 10 differential proteins were screened in recovery and clinical phase patients (R/C), mostly immune-related proteins. The differentially expressed proteins in different stages of COVID-19 are mostly closely associated with coagulation, and key differential proteins, such as FGA, FGB, FGG, ACTB, PFN1, VCL, SERPZNCL, APOC3, LTF, and DEFA1, have the potential to be used as early diagnostic markers.

Leukaemia exposure alters the transcriptional profile and function of BCR::ABL1 negative macrophages in the bone marrow niche

Macrophages are fundamental cells of the innate immune system that support normal haematopoiesis and play roles in both anti-cancer immunity and tumour progression. Here we use a chimeric mouse model of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and human bone marrow (BM) derived macrophages to study the impact of the dysregulated BM microenvironment on bystander macrophages. Utilising single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) negative macrophages we reveal unique subpopulations of immature macrophages residing in the CML BM microenvironment. CML exposed macrophages separate from their normal counterparts by reduced expression of the surface marker CD36, which significantly reduces clearance of apoptotic cells. We uncover aberrant production of CML-secreted factors, including the immune modulatory protein lactotransferrin (LTF), that suppresses efferocytosis, phagocytosis, and CD36 surface expression in BM macrophages, indicating that the elevated secretion of LTF is, at least partially responsible for the supressed clearance function of Ph- macrophages.

Ferroptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: from pathogenesis to treatment

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignant tumor worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery and postoperative chemoradiotherapy have largely reduced the recurrence and fatality rates for most HNSCCs. Nonetheless, these therapeutic approaches result in poor prognoses owing to severe adverse reactions and the development of drug resistance. Ferroptosis is a kind of programmed cell death which is non-apoptotic. Ferroptosis of tumor cells can inhibit tumor development. Ferroptosis involves various biomolecules and signaling pathways, whose expressions can be adjusted to modulate the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis. As a tool in the fight against cancer, the activation of ferroptosis is a treatment that has received much attention in recent years. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in HNSCC is an essential strategy with therapeutic potential. The most important thing to treat HNSCC is to choose the appropriate treatment method. In this review, we discuss the molecular and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis, analyze the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in the inhibition and immunity against HNSCC, and explore the therapeutic strategy for inducing ferroptosis in HNSCC including drug therapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, nanotherapy and comprehensive treatment. We find ferroptosis provides a new target for HNSCC treatment.

Targeting ferroptosis in gastric cancer: Strategies and opportunities

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death morphologically, genetically, and biochemically distinct from other cell death pathways and characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides and oxidative damage. It is now understood that ferroptosis plays an essential role in various biological processes, especially in the metabolism of iron, lipids, and amino acids. Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide with low early diagnosis rates and high metastasis rates, accounting for its relatively poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is commonly used to treat GC, drug resistance often leads to poor therapeutic outcomes. In the last several years, extensive research on ferroptosis has highlighted its significant potential in GC therapy, providing a promising strategy to address drug resistance associated with standard cancer therapies. In this review, we offer an extensive summary of the key regulatory factors related to the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis. Various inducers and inhibitors specifically targeting ferroptosis are uncovered. Additionally, we explore the prospective applications and outcomes of these agents in the field of GC therapy, emphasizing their capacity to improve the outcomes of this patient population.

Effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis on vaginal radiotherapy for gynecological cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (L.del) on vaginal microbiota (VM) dysbiosis and vaginal radiation injury in gynecologic cancer patients. The inhibitory effects of L.del on cervical cancer cells were also studied in vitro. Gynecologic cancer patients receiving radiotherapy were randomized into control and L.del intervention groups. The control group received radiotherapy, while the intervention group received radiotherapy and L.del intervention (1 capsule/day placed into the deep vagina from the first day of radiotherapy until the end of treatment). Vaginal swab samples were collected on the first day pre-treatment and the last day post-treatment. DNA from 54 patients was extracted and assessed by the 16S rRNA sequencing method. Radiotherapy resulted in vaginal microbiome dysbiosis characterized by increased phylogenetic diversity and increased abundance of Brevundimonas, Streptococcus and Prevotella, but a decreased abundance of Lactobacillus. Level 2 vaginal radiation injury was positively associated with the abundance of Brevundimonas and gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. Administration of L.del attenuated the reduction of Lactobacillus while also inhibiting the abundance of Streptococcus and Prevotella, thereby ameliorating radiotherapy-related vaginal microbiota dysbiosis. CLD inhibited the in vitro proliferation of SiHa cells by altering the expression of BCL2, HPV16-E6, HPV16-E7, IL6, MAP7, BAX, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and LTF. In conclusion, L. del application can alleviate radiation-induced vaginal dysbiosis and restore Lactobacillus dominance of the vaginal microbiome. Moreover, CLD was found to inhibit cell growth and promote the apoptosis of SiHa cells in vitro. The registration number for this clinical trial is ChiCTR1900021784.

Proteogenomic landscape of gastric adenocarcinoma peritoneal metastases

Advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) often leads to peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) and is associated with very poor outcome. Here we report the comprehensive proteogenomic study of ascites derived cells from a prospective GAC cohort (n = 26 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, PC). A total of 16,449 proteins were detected from whole cell extracts (TCEs). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering resulted in three distinct groups that reflected extent of enrichment in tumor cells. Integrated analysis revealed enriched biological pathways and notably, some druggable targets (cancer-testis antigens, kinases, and receptors) that could be exploited to develop effective therapies and/or tumor stratifications. Systematic comparison of expression levels of proteins and mRNAs revealed special expression patterns of key therapeutics target notably high mRNA and low protein expression of HAVCR2 (TIM-3), and low mRNA but high protein expression of cancer-testis antigens CTAGE1 and CTNNA2. These results inform strategies to target GAC vulnerabilities.

Clinical Significance of Serum Iron Metabolism-Related Markers in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

It is known that iron metabolism is dysregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, a meaningful assessment of the iron metabolic status in cancer patient is still under debate. This study aims to evaluate the status of iron metabolism, as well as to explore the correlation between those related serum markers and clinicopathological features of patients with NPC.

METHODS

Peripheral blood was collected from 191 pretreatment NPC patients and 191 healthy controls. The red blood cell parameters, plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load, serum iron (SI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTFR), ferritin, and hepcidin were quantitatively detected.

RESULTS

The mean levels of hemoglobin and red blood cell count in the NPC group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while no statistical differences in mean MCV were found between the two groups. Median levels of SI, TIBC, transferrin, and hepcidin were significantly lower in the NPC group than in the control group. Compared to patients with the T1-T2 classification, patients with the T3-T4 classification exhibited significantly lower expression levels of SI and TIBC. Serum levels of ferritin and sTFR were significantly higher in patients with M1 classification than those with M0 classification. The EBV DNA load was associated with serum levels of sTFR and hepcidin.

CONCLUSION

NPC patients had functional iron deficiency. The degree of iron deficiency was related to the tumor burden and metastasis of NPC. EBV might be involved in the regulation of iron metabolism in the host.

Time to Kill and Time to Heal: The Multifaceted Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferricin in Host Defense

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19.

Expression Profiles of CDKN2A, MDM2, E2F2 and LTF Genes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most commonly detected neoplasms worldwide. Not all mechanisms associated with cell cycle disturbances are known in OSCC. Examples of genes involved in the control of the cell cycle are CDKN2A, MDM2, E2F2 and LTF. The aim of this study was to examine the possible association between CDKN2A, MDM2, E2F2 and LTF mRNA expression and influence on clinical variables.

METHODS

The study group consisted of 88 Polish patients. The gene expression levels were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

RESULTS

We found no statistically significant differences in the expression level of CDKN2A, MDM2, E2F2 and LTF genes in tumour samples compared to margin samples. No association was found between the gene expression levels and clinical parameters, except E2F2. The patients with G2 tumours had a significantly higher gene expression level of E2F2 than patients with low-grade G1 tumours.

CONCLUSIONS

We have not demonstrated that a change in expression profiles of genes has a significant impact on the pathogenesis of OSCC. It may also be useful to conduct further studies on the use of E2F2 expression profile changes as a factor to describe the invasiveness and dynamics of OSCC development.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and mRNA Expression of LTF in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancers worldwide. LTF arrests the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle. This study is the first that has aimed to determine the possible association between the LTF polymorphisms (rs2073495, rs1126478, rs34827868, rs1042073, rs4637321, rs2239692 and rs10865941), the mRNA LTF expression, the risk of OSCC and the influence on the TNM staging and histological grading. This study was composed of 176 Polish patients, including 88 subjects diagnosed with OSCC and 88 healthy individuals. QuantStudio Design and Analysis Software v1.5.1 was used for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and mRNA LTF expression. The G/G genotype of rs2073495 and the G/G genotype of rs4637321 were linked, with an increased risk of OSCC. There were no significant influences between the TNM staging and the histological grading and the LTF genotype. We found no statistically significant dissimilarities in the expression level of LTF genes in the tumour and margin specimens. No association was found between the gene expression levels, the other parameters or LTF polymorphisms in the tumour and margin samples. In conclusion, rs2073495 and rs4637321 polymorphisms may affect the risk of OSCC. These results should be validated on larger and different cohorts to better comprehend the role of the LTF gene in OSCC.

Albumin fusion with human lactoferrin shows enhanced inhibition of cancer cell migration

The fusion of human serum albumin (HSA) with human lactoferrin (hLF) (designated as hLF-HSA) has improved the pharmacokinetic properties and anti-proliferative activities of hLF against cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the anti-migratory activities of hLF and hLF-HSA against the human lung adenocarcinoma PC-14 cell line using wound healing and Boyden chamber assays. Despite the unexpected hLF-induced migration, hLF-HSA clearly demonstrated the complete inhibition of PC-14 cell migration. To examine the mechanism underlying the enhanced PC-14 cell migration by hLF alone but suppressed migration by hLF-HSA, we focused on the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of endopeptidases because MMPs are often reported to play important roles in facilitating the migration and metastasis of cancer cells. Furthermore, hLF is a transactivator of MMP1 transcription. As expected, treatment of cells with hLF and hLF-HSA led to the upregulation and downregulation of MMP1, respectively. In contrast, MMP9 expression levels, which are often associated with cancer migration, were unchanged in the presence of either protein. An MMP inhibitor attenuated hLF-induced migration of PC-14 cells. Therefore, specific enhancement and suppression of MMP1 expression by hLF and hLF-HSA have been implicated as causes of a marked increase and decrease in PC-14 cell migration, respectively. In conclusion, the fusion of HSA with hLF (hLF-HSA) promoted its anti-migratory effects against cancer cells. Therefore, hLF-HSA is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate based on its improved anti-migratory activity towards cancer cells.

An integrative bioinformatics investigation and experimental validation of critically involved genes in high-grade gliomas

Background

Lack of knowledge around underlying mechanisms of gliomas mandates intense research efforts to improve the disease outcomes. Identification of high-grade gliomas pathogenesis which is known for poor prognosis and low survival is of particular importance. Distinguishing the differentially expressed genes is one of the core approaches to clarify the causative factors.

Methods

Microarray datasets of the treatment-naïve gliomas were provided from the Gene Expression Omnibus considering the similar platform and batch effect removal. Interacting recovery of the top differentially expressed genes was performed on the STRING and Cytoscape platforms. Kaplan–Meier analysis was piloted using RNA sequencing data and the survival rate of glioma patients was checked considering selected genes. To validate the bioinformatics results, the gene expression was elucidated by real-time RT-qPCR in a series of low and high-grade fresh tumor samples.

Results

We identified 323 up-regulated and 253 down-regulated genes. The top 20 network analysis indicated that PTX3, TIMP1, CHI3L1, LTF and IGFBP3 comprise a crucial role in gliomas progression. The survival was inversely linked to the levels of all selected genes. Further analysis of RNA sequencing data indicated a significant increase in all five genes in high-grade tumors. Among them, PTX3, TIMP1 and LTF did not show any change in low-grade versus controls. Real-time RT-qPCR confirmed the in-silico results and revealed significantly higher expression of selected genes in high-grade samples compared to low-grade.

Conclusions

Our results highlighted the role of PTX3 and TIMP1 which were previously considered in glioma tumorigenesis as well as LTF as a new potential biomarker.

PI3K/AKT Signaling Tips the Balance of Cytoskeletal Forces for Cancer Progression

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays essential roles in multiple cellular processes, which include cell growth, survival, metabolism, and motility. In response to internal and external stimuli, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway co-opts other signaling pathways, cellular components, and cytoskeletal proteins to reshape individual cells. The cytoskeletal network comprises three main components, which are namely the microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Collectively, they are essential for many fundamental structures and cellular processes. In cancer, aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade and alteration of cytoskeletal structures have been observed to be highly prevalent, and eventually contribute to many cancer hallmarks. Due to their critical roles in tumor progression, pharmacological agents targeting PI3K/AKT, along with cytoskeletal components, have been developed for better intervention strategies against cancer. In our review, we first discuss existing evidence in-depth and then build on recent advances to propose new directions for therapeutic intervention.

Changes in Whey Proteome between Mediterranean and Murrah Buffalo Colostrum and Mature Milk Reflect Their Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Value

Milk represents an integrated meal for newborns; its whey protein is rich in many health beneficial components and proteins. The current study aimed to investigate the differences between colostrum and mature milk from Mediterranean and Murrah buffaloes using labeled proteomics and bioinformatics tools. In the current work, LC-MS/MS analysis led to identification of 780 proteins from which 638 were shared among three independent TMT experiments. The significantly changed proteins between the studied types were analyzed using gene ontology enrichment and KEGG pathways, and their interactions were generated using STRING database. Results indicated that immunological, muscular development and function, blood coagulation, heme related, neuronal, translation, metabolic process, and binding proteins were the main terms. Overall, colostrum showed higher levels of immunoglobulins, myosins, actin, neurofascin, syntaxins, thyroglobulins, and RNA-binding proteins, reflecting its importance in the development and activity of immunological, muscular, cardiac, neuronal, and thyroid systems, while lactoferrin and ferritin were increased in mature milk, highlighting its role in iron storage and hemoglobin formation.

Plasmalemmal V-ATPase as a Potential Biomarker for Lactoferrin-Based Anticancer Therapy

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a milk-derived protein with well-recognized potential as a therapeutic agent against a wide variety of cancers. This natural protein exhibits health-promoting effects and has several interesting features, including its selectivity towards cancer cells, good tolerability in humans, worldwide availability, and holding a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. To prompt the rational clinical application of this promising anticancer compound, previous works aimed to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying its selective anticancer activity, where plasmalemmal V-ATPase was identified as an Lf target in cancer cells. V-ATPase is a proton pump critical for cellular homeostasis that migrates to the plasma membrane of highly metastatic cancer cells contributing to the acidity of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells were found to be susceptible to Lf only when this proton pump is present at the plasma membrane. Plasmalemmal V-ATPase can thus be an excellent biomarker for driving treatment decisions and forecasting clinical outcomes of Lf-based anticancer strategies. Future research endeavors should thus seek to validate this biomarker by thorough preclinical and clinical studies, as well as to develop effective methods for its detection under clinical settings.

Unraveling unique and common cell type-specific mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme persists to be an enigmatic distress in neuro-oncology. Its untethering capacity to thrive in a confined microenvironment, metastasize intracranially, and remain resistant to the systemic treatments, renders this tumour incurable. The glial cell type specificity in GBM remains exploratory. In our study, we aimed to address this problem by studying the GBM at the cell type level in the brain. The cellular makeup of this tumour is composed of genetically altered glial cells which include astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cell, newly formed oligodendrocyte and myelinating oligodendrocyte. We extracted cell type-specific solid tumour as well as recurrent solid tumour glioma genes, and studied their functional networks and contribution towards gliomagenesis. We identified the principal transcription factors that are found to be regulating vital tumorigenic processes. We also assessed the protein-protein interaction networks at their domain level to get a more microscopic view of the structural and functional operations that transpire in these cells. This yielded the eminent protein regulators exhibiting their regulation in signaling pathways. Overall, our study unveiled regulatory mechanisms in glioma cell types that can be targeted for a more efficient glioma therapy.

Proteomic Profiling Differentiates Lymphoma Patients with and without Concurrent Myeloproliferative Neoplasia

Simple Summary

Patients are diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) and lymphoma more frequently in the population than expected, which has led to the hypothesis that the two malignancies may, in some cases, be pathogenetically related. In this study, lymphoma patients with and without MPN show subtle but important differences in the protein expression that enables the clustering of the lymphomas, thus indicating the differences at the molecular level between the lymphoma malignancies with and without MPN, and strengthening the hypothesis that the lymphoma and MPN may be biologically related.

Abstract

Myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) and lymphoma are regarded as distinct diseases with different pathogeneses. However, patients that are diagnosed with both malignancies occur more frequently in the population than expected. This has led to the hypothesis that the two malignancies may, in some cases, be pathogenetically related. Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach, we show that pre-treatment lymphoma samples from patients with both MPN and lymphoma, either angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (MPN-AITL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (MPN-DLBCL), show differences in protein expression compared with reference AITL or DLBCL samples from patients without MPN. A distinct clustering of samples from patients with and without MPN was evident for both AITL and DLBCL. Regarding MPN-AITL, a pathway analysis revealed disturbances of cellular respiration as well as oxidative metabolism, and an immunohistochemical evaluation further demonstrated the differential expression of citrate synthase and DNAJA2 protein (p = 0.007 and p = 0.015). Interestingly, IDH2 protein also showed differential expression in the MPN-AITL patients, which contributes to the growing evidence of this protein’s role in both myeloid neoplasia and AITL. In MPN-DLBCL, the disturbed pathways included a significant downregulation of protein synthesis as well as a perturbation of signal transduction. These results imply an underlying disturbance of tumor molecular biology, and in turn an alternative pathogenesis for tumors in these patients with both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies.

Meta-Analysis illustrates possible role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue injury in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer of epithelial origin with a high incidence in certain populations. While NPC has a high remission rate with concomitant chemoradiation, recurrences are frequent, and the downstream morbidity of treatment is significant. Thus, it is imperative to find alternative therapies.

Methods

We employed a Search Tag Analyze Resource (STARGEO) platform to conduct a meta-analysis using the National Center for Biotechnology’s (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to define NPC pathogenesis. We identified 111 tumor samples and 43 healthy nasopharyngeal epithelium samples from NPC public patient data. We analyzed associated signatures in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), restricting genes that showed statistical significance (p<0.05) and an absolute experimental log ratio greater than 0.15 between disease and control samples.

Results

Our meta-analysis identified activation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tissue injury in NPC tissue. Additionally, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and SB203580 were the top upstream regulators. Tumorigenesis-related genes such as homeobox A10 (HOXA10) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX-2) as well as those associated with extracellular matrix degradation, such as matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 (MMP-1, MMP-3) were also upregulated. Decreased expression of genes that encode proteins associated with maintaining healthy nasal respiratory epithelium structural integrity, including sentan-cilia apical structure protein (SNTN) and lactotransferrin (LTF) was documented. Importantly, we found that etanercept inhibits targets upregulated in NPC and LPS induction, such as MMP-1, PTGS2, and possibly MMP-3.

Conclusions

Our analysis illustrates that nasal epithelial barrier dysregulation and maladaptive immune responses are key components of NPC pathogenesis along with LPS-induced tissue damage.

Prognostic signatures and potential pathogenesis of eRNAs-related genes in colon adenocarcinoma

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a subclass of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have a wide effect in human tumors. However, the systematic analysis of potential functions of eRNAs-related genes (eRGs) in colon cancer (CC) remains unexplored. In this study, a total of 8231 eRGs including 6236 protein-coding genes and 1995 lncRNAs were identified in CC based on the multiple resources. These eRGs showed higher expression level and stability compared to other genes. What's more, the functions of these eRGs were closely related to cancer. Then a prognostic prediction model with 12 eRGs signatures were obtained for colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients. ROC curves showed the AUCs were 0.81, 0.77, and 0.78 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival prediction, respectively. And the prognostic model also manifested good performance in the validation datasets. Besides, the expression levels of two prognostic signatures, TMEM220 and LRRN2, were verified to be significantly lower in CC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues (p < .05). Finally, the distinct molecular features were characterized between the high- and low-risk group through multiomics analysis including DNA mutation and methylation. Our results show eRGs signatures based prognostic model has high accuracy and may provide innovative biomarkers in COAD.

Cross-link between ferroptosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: New approach to radiotherapy sensitization

Ferroptosis is a recently discovered special type of regulated cell death that is strongly associated with both homeostasis maintenance and cancer development. Previous studies have indicated that a number of small-molecular agents inducing ferroptosis have great potential in the treatment of different types of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, prostate and head and neck cancer. However, the role of ferroptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has remained to be fully determined. To the best of our knowledge, no review of the currently available studies on this subject has been published to date. The metabolism and expression of specific genes that regulate ferroptosis may represent a promising radiosensitization target in cancer treatment. The aim of the present review was to describe the cross-link between ferroptosis and NPC and to discuss the potential value of regulators and the possible mechanism underlying the role of ferroptosis in the radiosensitization of NPC, in the hope that linking the mechanism of ferroptosis with the development of NPC will accelerate the development of novel ferroptosis-based targets and radiotherapy strategies in NPC.

Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Evasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor of the nasopharynx mainly characterized by geographic distribution and EBV infection. Metabolic reprogramming, one of the cancer hallmarks, has been frequently reported in NPCs to adapt to internal energy demands and external environmental pressures. Inevitably, the metabolic reprogramming within the tumor cell will lead to a decreased pH value and diverse nutritional supplements in the tumor-infiltrating micro-environment incorporating immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Accumulated evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming derived from NPC cells may facilitate cancer progression and immunosuppression by cell-cell communications with their surrounding immune cells. This review presents the dysregulated metabolism processes, including glucose, fatty acid, amino acid, nucleotide metabolism, and their mutual interactions in NPC. Moreover, the potential connections between reprogrammed metabolism, tumor immunity, and associated therapy would be discussed in this review. Accordingly, the development of targets on the interactions between metabolic reprogramming and immune cells may provide assistances to overcome the current treatment resistance in NPC patients.

Lactoferrin may inhibit the development of cancer via its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory activities (Review)

Lactoferrin (Lf) is secreted by ectodermal tissue and has a structure similar to that of transferrin. Although Lf seems to be multifunctional, its main function is related to the natural defense system of mammals. The present review aims to highlight the major actions of Lf, including the regulation of cell growth, the inhibition of toxic compound formation, the removal of harmful free radicals and its important role in immune response regulation. Moreover, Lf has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer and anti‑inflammatory activities. In addition, the use of Lf for functionalization of drug nanocarriers, with emphasis on tumor‑targeted drug delivery, is illustrated. Such effects serve as an important theoretical basis for its future development and application. In neurodegenerative diseases and the brains of elderly people, Lf expression is markedly upregulated. Lf may exert an anti‑inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl free radicals. Through its antioxidant properties, Lf can prevent DNA damage, thereby preventing tumor formation in the central nervous system. In addition, Lf specifically activates the p53 tumor suppressor gene.

Inhibitory Effect of Garcinol on Obesity-Exacerbated, Colitis-Mediated Colon Carcinogenesis

SCOPE

Epidemiological studies show a consistent and compelling association between the risk of colorectal cancer development and obesity, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. Evidence is mounting that colorectal cancer can be prevented by nutritional supplements, such as phytochemicals. Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative, is widely present in Garcinia plants. This study investigates the potential role of garcinol supplementation in ameliorating obesity-induced colon cancer development.

METHODS AND RESULTS

An animal model to investigate the effect of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity on promoting colitis-associated colon cancer (AOM (azoxymethane)/DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced) is designed. The results show that HFD can promote colitis-associated colon cancer as compared to an AOM/DSS group without the intervention of obesity, and supplementing with 0.05% garcinol in the diet can significantly ameliorate obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis. The results also reveals that the microbiota composition of each group is significantly different and clustered. The most representative genera are Alistipes, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcus. The RNA-sequencing results show that the administration of garcinol can regulate genes and improve obesity-promoting colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis.

CONCLUSION

The study results suggest that garcinol can prevent obesity-promoted colorectal cancer, and these findings provide important niches for the future development of garcinol as functional foods or adjuvant therapeutic agents.

Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes Located on Short Arm of the Chromosome 3 as Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

DNA methylation, the most common epigenetic alteration, has been proven to play important roles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Numerous tumor suppressor genes located on the chromosome 3p, particularly in the region of 3p21, are frequently methylated in NPC, thus suggesting great potential for diagnosis of NPC. In this review, we summarize recent findings of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3 that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression, based on previous studies related to the hypermethylation of these target genes. Better understanding will allow us to design further experiments to establish a potential test for diagnosis of NPC, as well as bring about methylated therapies to improve the treatment of NPC.

SWATH-MS Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Deer Antler from Two Regenerating and Mineralizing Sections

Simple Summary

Deer antler is a unique and astonishing case of annual regeneration in mammalians. Several studies have pointed out the potential for use of velvet antler extract as a nutraceutical supplement, among others, because of its anti-cancer activity. The study of antler regeneration and growth allow us to identify the main proteins and regulatory pathways involved in cell differentiation and regeneration. For this purpose, two sections of antlers (tips and middle sections) using ribs as controls were analyzed from a proteomic point of view. A total of 259 proteins mainly associated with antioxidant mechanisms and Wnt signalling pathways could be responsible for deer antler regeneration and these proteins may be linked to human health benefits. Further studies should be focused on discovering which proteins from velvet antler extracts are associated with these beneficial effects.

Abstract

Antlers are the only organ in the mammalian body that regenerates each year. They can reach growth rates of 1–3 cm/day in length and create more than 20 cm²/day of skin in the antler tips (their growth centers). Previous proteomic studies regarding antlers have focused on antler growth centers (tips) compared to the standard bone to detect the proteins involved in tissue growth. However, proteins of cell differentiation and regeneration will be more accurately detected considering more growing tissues. Thus, we set out to compare proteins expressed in antler tips (the highest metabolism rate and cell differentiation) vs. middle sections (moderate cell growth involving bone calcification), using ribs as controls. Samples were obtained in mid-June with antlers’ phenology corresponding to the middle of their growth period. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified 259 differentially abundant proteins mainly associated with antioxidant metabolic mechanisms, protein formation and Wnt signalling pathway, meanwhile, the mid antler section was linked to blood proteins. The high metabolic rate and subsequent risk of oxidative stress also seem to have resulted in strong antioxidant mechanisms. These results suggest that redox regulation of proteins is a key factor in the model of deer antler regeneration.

Potential Protective Protein Components of Cow's Milk against Certain Tumor Entities

Milk and dairy products, especially from cow's milk, play a major role in the daily human diet. It is therefore hardly surprising that the subject of milk is being extensively researched and that many effects of individual milk components have been characterized as a result. With the wealth of results available today, the influence of milk on the development of various types of cancer and, in particular, its often protective effects have been shown both in vitro and in vivo and in the evaluation of large-scale cohort and case-control studies. Various caseins, diverse whey proteins such as α-lactalbumin (α-LA), bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (BAMLET), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), or bovine serum albumin (BSA), and numerous milk fat components, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), or butyrate, as well as calcium and other protein components such as lactoferrin (Lf), lactoferricin (Lfcin), and casomorphines, show antitumor or cytotoxic effects on cells from different tumor entities. With regard to a balanced and health-promoting diet, milk consumption plays a major role in a global context. This work provides an overview of what is known about the antitumoral properties of proteins derived from cow's milk and their modes of action.

Decitabine inhibits the proliferation of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia molt4 cells and promotes apoptosis partly by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a highly aggressive hematological cancer; however, there is a lack of effective chemotherapeutic or targeted drugs for the treatment of T-ALL. Decitabine is a DNA demethylation agent but it has not been used for T-ALL treatment. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of decitabine on T-ALL molt4 cells and determine its regulatory role in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Molt4 cells were stimulated with decitabine in vitro, after which cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were performed to assess cell viability. Subcellular morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Expression levels of phosphate and tension homology (PTEN), genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the corresponding downstream genes were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results showed that decitabine induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation and arrested molt4 cells in the G₂ phase. Following decitabine intervention, an increase in the number of lipid droplets, autophagosomes and mitochondrial damage was observed. At concentrations of 1 and 10 µM, decitabine downregulated the expression of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6 and eukaryotic initiating factor 4E-binding protein 1, which in turn upregulated PTEN expression; however, 50 µM decitabine downregulated PTEN levels. Overall, these results demonstrated that decitabine reduced the viability of molt4 cells partly by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway via PTEN, especially at low decitabine concentrations.

Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Gene Expression Profiles and Networks in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare but highly aggressive tumor that is predominantly encountered in Southeast Asia and China in particular. Aside from radiotherapy, no effective therapy that specifically treats NPC is available, including targeted drugs. Finding more sensitive biomarkers is important for new drug discovery and for evaluating patient prognosis.

Methods

mRNA expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE53819, GSE64634, and GSE40290) were selected. After all samples in each dataset were subjected to quality control using principal component analyses, the qualified samples were used for additional analyses. The genes that were significantly expressed in each dataset were intersected to identify the most significant of these. Gene functional enrichment analyses were performed on these genes, using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. The protein–protein interaction network of selected genes was analyzed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. Significantly, differentially expressed genes were further verified with two RNA-seq datasets (GSE68799 and GSE12452), as well as in clinical samples.

Results

In all, 34 (8 upregulated genes and 26 downregulated) genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed. The immune response and the regulation of cell proliferation were the most enriched biological GO terms. Using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), the genes MMP1, AQP9, and TNFAIP6 were detected to be upregulated, and FAM3D, CR2, and LTF were downregulated in NPC tissue samples.

Conclusion

This study provides information on the genes that may be involved in the development of NPC and suggests possible druggable targets and biomarkers for diagnosing and evaluating the prognosis of NPC.

Lactoferrin, a multi-functional glycoprotein: Active therapeutic, drug nanocarrier & targeting ligand

Recent progress in protein-based nanomedicine, inspired by the success of Abraxane® albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticles, have resulted in novel therapeutics used for treatment of challenging diseases like cancer and viral infections. However, absence of specific drug targeting, poor pharmacokinetics, premature drug release, and off-target toxicity are still formidable challenges in the clinic. Therefore, alternative protein-based nanomedicines were developed to overcome those challenges. In this regard, lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein of transferrin family, offers a promising biodegradable well tolerated material that could be exploited both as an active therapeutic and drug nanocarrier. This review highlights the major pharmacological actions of Lf including anti-cancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory actions. Delivery technologies of Lf to improve its pries and enhance its efficacy were also reviewed. Moreover, different nano-engineering strategies used for fabrication of drug-loaded Lf nanocarriers were discussed. In addition, the use of Lf for functionalization of drug nanocarriers with emphasis on tumor-targeted drug delivery was illustrated. Besides its wide application in oncology nano-therapeutics, we discussed the recent advances of Lf-based nanocarriers as efficient platforms for delivery of anti-parkinsonian, anti-Alzheimer, anti-viral drugs, immunomodulatory and bone engineering applications.

Co-Expression Network Analysis Identified LTF in Association with Metastasis Risk and Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objective

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal cancer in adults. The 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced ccRCC is less than 30%. Lack of potential biomarkers for treatment and prognosis is a limitation for early diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.

Methods

We collected microarray profiles of 39 ccRCC and matched normal samples to identify differential expression genes (DEGs). Then, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was constructed to identify gene modules associated with the metastasis in ccRCC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA, https://www.proteinatlas.org/) database were used for verification set. Finally, we used biological experiments to preliminary investigate the impact of LTF on the tumor biological behavior of ccRCC, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis.

Results

A total of 15 genetic modules were identified, and the light-green module is considered the most relevant to tumor metastasis. (P = 0.02, R² = −0.4). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was performed to identify the hub nodes in the light-green module. Finally, combining the results of PPI, WGCNA and DEGs, lactotransferrin (LTF) gene was regarded as “real” hub genes for cancer metastasis risk. LTF was subsequently validated using the TCGA database. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the expression of LTF in ccRCC tumor tissue was significantly lower than that in normal tissue based on the HPA database. Intriguingly, patients with low expression of LTF had lower survival rates (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49–0.89, P = 0.0067), the expression level of the sample was negatively correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.0385), and patients with low expression of LTF gene were more likely to have distant metastasis (P = 0.038). Overexpression of LTF inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted apoptosis of human ccRCC cells in vitro.

Conclusion

LTF might be a novel prognostic biomarker for ccRCC.

Phase Separation of Epstein-Barr Virus EBNA2 and Its Coactivator EBNALP Controls Gene Expression

Biological macromolecule condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have been discovered in recent years to be prevalent in biology. These condensates are involved in diverse processes, including the regulation of gene expression. LLPS of proteins have been found in animal, plant, and bacterial species but have scarcely been identified in viral proteins. Here, we discovered that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA2 and EBNALP form nuclear puncta that exhibit properties of liquid-like condensates (or droplets), which are enriched in superenhancers of MYC and Runx3. EBNA2 and EBNALP are transcription factors, and the expression of their target genes is suppressed by chemicals that perturb LLPS. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of EBNA2 and EBNALP can form phase-separated droplets, and specific proline residues of EBNA2 and EBNALP contribute to droplet formation. These findings offer a foundation for understanding the mechanism by which LLPS, previously determined to be related to the organization of P bodies, membraneless organelles, nucleolus homeostasis, and cell signaling, plays a key role in EBV-host interactions and is involved in regulating host gene expression. This work suggests a novel anti-EBV strategy where developing appropriate drugs of interfering LLPS can be used to destroy the function of the EBV's transcription factors.IMPORTANCE Protein condensates can be assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process involving the concentration of molecules in a confined liquid-like compartment. LLPS allows for the compartmentalization and sequestration of materials and can be harnessed as a sensitive strategy for responding to small changes in the environment. This study identified the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins EBNA2 and EBNALP, which mediate virus and cellular gene transcription, as transcription factors that can form liquid-like condensates at superenhancer sites of MYC and Runx3. This study discovered the first identified LLPS of EBV proteins and emphasized the importance of LLPS in controlling host gene expression.

14-3-3 targets keratin intermediate filaments to mechanically sensitive cell-cell contacts

Intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeletal networks simultaneously support mechanical integrity and influence signal transduction pathways. Marked remodeling of the keratin IF network accompanies collective cellular morphogenetic movements that occur during early embryonic development in the frog Xenopus laevis. While this reorganization of keratin is initiated by force transduction on cell–cell contacts mediated by C-cadherin, the mechanism by which keratin filament reorganization occurs remains poorly understood. In this work, we demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins regulate keratin reorganization dynamics in embryonic mesendoderm cells from Xenopus gastrula. 14-3-3 colocalizes with keratin filaments near cell–cell junctions in migrating mesendoderm. Coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analyses indicate 14-3-3 is associated with Keratin 19 (K19) in the whole embryo and, more specifically, mesendoderm tissue. Inhibition of 14-3-3 results in both the decreased exchange of keratin subunits into filaments and blocks keratin filament recruitment toward cell–cell contacts. Synthetically coupling 14-3-3 to K19 through a unique fusion construct conversely induces the localization of this keratin population to the region of cell–cell contacts. Taken together, these findings indicate that 14-3-3 acts on keratin IFs and is involved in their reorganization to sites of cell adhesion.

Novel fucoidan based bioactive targeted nanoparticles from Undaria Pinnatifida for treatment of pancreatic cancer

Fucoidan is a marine polymer extracted from diverse types of brown algae. This polysaccharide showed great potential towards treatment of different types of cancer. In this study, the activity of fucoidan extracted from Undaria Pinnatifida was investigated against pancreatic cancer (one of the most life-threatening cancers). Then, in an attempt to enhance the polymer's activity against cancer cells, conversion the polymer solution to nanoparticles was suggested to enhance its delivery through pancreatic cancer surrounding stroma. Novel fucoidan based nanoparticles were elaborated by polyelectrolyte interaction with the positively charged, active targeting ligand lactoferrin. The formulation was optimized through the interplay between different factors. Effect of fucoidan solution along with its blank nanoparticles was tested on the viability of pancreatic cancer cells and its migration and invasion abilities. Results confirmed the cytotoxic ability of fucoidan against pancreatic cancer. IC50 value decreased by 2.3 folds when the polymer was converted to nanoparticles. The prepared nanosystems showed an enhanced ability to prevent pancreatic cancer cells' migration and invasion. Results suggested the potential of using these nanoparticles as bioactive dual-targeted system either blank or loaded with different anticancer agents for treatment for pancreatic cancer.

Circulating miR-214-3p predicts nasopharyngeal carcinoma recurrence or metastasis

BACKGROUND

Due to the remarkably stable form in the bloodstream, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are indicated as promising novel minimally invasive biomarkers in many cancers. However, available data of miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are relatively limited.

METHODS

Based on the GEO database and previous published reports, 21 dysregulated miRNAs were selected for screening via microarray analysis (20 NPC samples vs 10 controls). Dysregulated miRNAs were then detected and verified by the method of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in the training and validation sets. The candidate miR-214-3p was then evaluated in the evaluation set, including the association between miR-214-3p and clinicopathological characteristics, dynamic changes in NPC patients and the predictive value for NPC recurrence or metastasis.

RESULTS

Seven miRNAs were significantly altered in comparison with healthy controls by microarray analysis. MiR-214-3p was the most significantly expressed in training and validation sets by qRT-PCR. Plasma miR-214-3p expressions were significantly associated with UICC stages and NPC recurrence or metastasis. Plasma miR-214-3p expressions showed a gradual decrease during the follow-up after treatment in NPC patients. Patients with recurrence or metastasis were always accompanied with higher levels of plasma miR-214-3p at the same time point. High pretreatment miR-214-3p expression (≥3.12) was significantly associated with NPC recurrence or metastasis by log-rank test using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis (P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Circulating miR-214-3p can serve as a noninvasive biomarker for the prediction of recurrence or metastasis in NPC patients.

Lactoferrin CpG Island Hypermethylation and Decoupling of mRNA and Protein Expression in the Early Stages of Prostate Carcinogenesis

Lactoferrin (LTF) is an iron-binding protein canonically known for its innate and adaptive immune functions. LTF may also act as a tumor suppressor with antiproliferative action. LTF is inactivated genetically or epigenetically in various cancers, and a CpG island spanning the transcriptional start site of LTF is hypermethylated in prostate cancer cell lines. We, therefore, hypothesized that LTF expression is silenced via CpG island hypermethylation in the early stages of prostate tumorigenesis carcinogenesis. Targeted methylation analysis was performed using a combination of methylated-DNA precipitation and methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and laser-capture microdissection followed by bisulfite sequencing on DNA isolated from prostate tissue samples, including both primary and metastatic disease. LTF mRNA in situ hybridization and LTF protein immunohistochemistry were also performed. We report that the LTF CpG island is frequently and densely methylated in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary prostate carcinoma, and metastases. We further report a decoupling of lactoferrin mRNA and protein expression, including in lesions where LTF mRNA has presumably been silenced via CpG island methylation. We conclude that LTF mRNA expression is silenced in prostate tumorigenesis via hypermethylation, supporting a role for LTF as a prostate cancer tumor suppressor gene. Likewise, the frequency at which the LTF CpG island is methylated across samples suggests it is an important and conserved step in prostate cancer initiation.

Lactoferrin deficiency induces a pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment through recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice

Lactoferrin, an innate immunity molecule, is involved in anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor activities. We previously reported that lactoferrin is downregulated in specimens of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and negatively associated with tumor progression and metastasis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the relationship between lactoferrin and the pro-metastatic microenvironment has not been reported yet. Here, by using the lactoferrin knockout mouse, we found that lactoferrin deficiency facilitated melanoma cells metastasizing to lungs, through recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the lungs. Mechanistic studies showed that in the lung microenvironment of the lactoferrin knockout mice, the TLR9 signaling was the most repressed signaling. Lactoferrin can induce MDSCs differentiation and apoptosis, as well as upregulate TLR9 expression. TLR9 agonist or lactoferrin treatment can rescue this phenotype in the tumor metastasis mouse model. Our results suggest a protective role of lactoferrin in cancer metastasis, along with a deficiency in certain components of the innate immune system, may lead to a pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment.

microRNA-613 exerts anti-angiogenic effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through inactivating the AKT signaling pathway by down-regulating FN1

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease highly sensitive to radiotherapy with the unclear etiology. However, the specific effects of microRNA-613 (miR-613) on NPC still remain elusive. Therefore, the present study probes into the underlying mechanism of miR-613 in NPC via AKT signaling pathway by regulating Fibronectin 1 (FN1).

Methods: First, microarray analysis was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regulatory miRs associated with NPC. Next, miR-613 and FN1 expression in NPC cells was determined, followed by verification of target relationship between miR-613 and FN1. With NPC cells exposed to miR-613 mimic, si-FN1 and LY294002 (inhibitor of AKT signaling pathway), the regulatory effects of miR-613 on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and angiogenesis of NPC cells were detected with ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bcl-2/Bax), Cleaved-caspase3, matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) expression measured. Then, tumorigenesis and MVD were determined after Xenograft in nude mice.

Results: FN1 modulated by miR-613 was critical for NPC via the AKT signaling pathway. NPC cells exhibited down-regulated miR-613 and up-regulated FN1. Besides, miR-613 was verified to target FN1. Moreover, overexpressed miR-613, silenced FN1 or LY294002 treatment suppressed proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis in NPC cells, which was indicated by reduced expression of AKT, mTOR, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and CD31 as well as decreased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and increased expression of Cleaved-caspase3. Furthermore, cell apoptosis was promoted and tumorigenesis and MVD in nude mice were inhibited with overexpression of miR-613, silenced FN1 or LY294002 treatment.

Conclusion: Taken together, miR-613 inhibits angiogenesis in NPC cells through inactivating FN1-dependent AKT signaling pathway.

EPH receptor A2 governs a feedback loop that activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer

The erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (EPH) receptor A2 (EphA2) belongs to the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases. EphA2 is highly correlated with the formation of many solid tumors and has been linked to the dysregulation of signaling pathways that promote tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as angiogenesis. Deregulation of Wnt signaling is implicated in many forms of human disease including gastric cancer. We previously reported that EphA2 promotes the epithelial–mesenchymal transition through Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer. Herein, we present a novel mechanism by which EphA2 regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. EphA2 acts as a receptor for Wnt ligands and recruits Axin1 to the plasma membrane by directly binding Dvl2. The EphA2-Dvl2/Axin1 interaction was enhanced by Wnt3a treatment, suggesting that EphA2 acts as a functional receptor for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and plays a vital role in downstream signaling. We showed that Dvl2 mediates the EphA2-Axin1 interaction by binding to the tyrosine kinase domain of EphA2. We propose that EphA2/Dvl2/Axin1 forms a complex that destabilizes the β-catenin destruction complex and allows β-catenin to translocate to the nucleus and initiate the transcription of c-MYC, the primary Wnt signaling target gene. Intriguingly, c-MYC could bind directly to the EphA2 and Wnt1 promoter to enhance their transcription. The entire process formed an EphA2-mediated feed-forward loop. A small molecular inhibitor of EphA2 potently inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo, including gastric cancer patient–derived xenografts. Thus, our data identify EphA2 as an excellent candidate for gastric cancer therapy.

Human lactoferrin induces asthmatic symptoms in NC/Nga mice

Lactoferrin in commercial supplements is known to exert anti‐viral and anti‐allergic effects. However, this is the first study to evaluate the induction of allergic airway inflammation in NC/Nga mice. Human lactoferrin was administered intraperitoneally with aluminum oxide for sensitization. Five days later, lactoferrin was inoculated intranasally for 5 days, and then on the 12th day, the single inoculation of lactoferrin intranasally was performed as a challenge. On the 13th day, airway hypersensitivity was assessed (AHR), a bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) cell analysis was conducted, serum IgE and serum lactoferrin‐specific IgG and IgE levels as well as the mRNA expression levels of cytokines and chemokines in the lung were measured, and a histopathological analysis of the lung was performed. Human lactoferrin increased AHR, the number of eosinophils in BALF, serum lactoferrin‐specific IgG levels, and the mRNA levels of IL‐13, eotaxin 1, and eotaxin 2. Moreover, the accumulation of inflammatory cells around the bronchus and the immunohistochemical localization of arginase I and human lactoferrin were detected. Collectively, these results indicate that human lactoferrin induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. Therefore, the commercial use of human lactoferrin in supplements warrants more intensive study.

TUSC2 Immunogene Therapy Synergizes with Anti-PD-1 through Enhanced Proliferation and Infiltration of Natural Killer Cells in Syngeneic Kras-Mutant Mouse Lung Cancer Models

Expression of the multikinase inhibitor encoded by the tumor suppressor gene TUSC2 (also known as FUS1) is lost or decreased in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). TUSC2 delivered systemically by nanovesicles has mediated tumor regression in clinical trials. Because of the role of TUSC2 in regulating immune cells, we assessed TUSC2 efficacy on antitumor immune responses alone and in combination with anti-PD-1 in two Kras-mutant syngeneic mouse lung cancer models. TUSC2 alone significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with anti-PD-1. When combined, this effect was significantly enhanced, and correlated with a pronounced increases in circulating and splenic natural killer (NK) cells and CD8⁺ T cells, and a decrease in regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T-cell checkpoint receptors PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3. TUSC2 combined with anti-PD-1 induced tumor infiltrating more than NK and CD8⁺ T cells and fewer MDSCs and Tregs than each agent alone, both in subcutaneous tumor and in lung metastases. NK-cell depletion abrogated the antitumor effect and Th1-mediated immune response of this combination, indicating that NK cells mediate TUSC2/anti-PD-1 synergy. Release of IL15 and IL18 cytokines and expression of the IL15Rα chain and IL18R1 were associated with NK-cell activation by TUSC2. Immune response-related gene expression in the tumor microenvironment was altered by combination treatment. These data provide a rationale for immunogene therapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade in the treatment of NSCLC. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(2); 163-77. ©2018 AACR.

Tumor Trp53 status and genotype affect the bone marrow microenvironment in acute myeloid leukemia

The genetic heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the variable responses of individual patients to therapy suggest that different AML genotypes may influence the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in different ways. We performed gene expression profiling of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) isolated from normal C57BL/6 mice or mice inoculated with syngeneic murine leukemia cells carrying different human AML genotypes, developed in mice with Trp53 wild-type or nullgenetic backgrounds. We identified a set of genes whose expression in BM-MSC was modulated by all four AML genotypes tested. In addition, there were sets of differentially-expressed genes in AML-exposed BM-MSC that were unique to the particular AML genotype or Trp53 status. Our findings support the hypothesis that leukemia cells alter the transcriptome of surrounding BM stromal cells, in both common and genotype-specific ways. These changes are likely to be advantageous to AML cells, affecting disease progression and response to chemotherapy, and suggest opportunities for stroma-targeting therapy, including those based on AML genotype.

Intermediate Filaments at the Junction of Mechanotransduction, Migration, and Development

Mechanically induced signal transduction has an essential role in development. Cells actively transduce and respond to mechanical signals and their internal architecture must manage the associated forces while also being dynamically responsive. With unique assembly-disassembly dynamics and physical properties, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments play an important role in regulating cell shape and mechanical integrity. While this function has been recognized and appreciated for more than 30 years, continually emerging data also demonstrate important roles of intermediate filaments in cell signal transduction. In this review, with a particular focus on keratins and vimentin, the relationship between the physical state of intermediate filaments and their role in mechanotransduction signaling is illustrated through a survey of current literature. Association with adhesion receptors such as cadherins and integrins provides a critical interface through which intermediate filaments are exposed to forces from a cell's environment. As a consequence, these cytoskeletal networks are posttranslationally modified, remodeled and reorganized with direct impacts on local signal transduction events and cell migratory behaviors important to development. We propose that intermediate filaments provide an opportune platform for cells to both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transduction.