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Zhang C, Xu M, Yang M, Liao A, Lv P, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu H, He Z. Efficient generation of cloned cats with altered coat colour by editing of the KIT gene. Theriogenology 2024; 222:54-65. [PMID: 38621344 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Coat colour largely determines the market demand for several cat breeds. The KIT proto-oncogene (KIT) gene is a key gene controlling melanoblast differentiation and melanogenesis. KIT mutations usually cause varied changes in coat colour in mammalian species. In this study, we used a pair of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to delete exon 17 of KIT in somatic cells isolated from two different Chinese Li Hua feline foetuses. Edited cells were used as donor nuclei for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate cloned embryos presenting an average cleavage rate exceeding 85%, and an average blastocyst formation rate exceeding 9.5%. 131 cloned embryos were transplanted into four surrogates, and all surrogates carried their pregnancies to term, and delivered 4.58% (6/131) alive cloned kittens, with 1.53% (2/131) being KIT-edited heterozygotes (KITD17/+). The KITD17/+ cats presented an obvious darkness reduction in the mackerel tabby coat. Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) of skin tissues indicated impaired proliferation and differentiation of melanoblasts caused by the lack of exon17 in feline KIT. To our knowledge, this is the first report on coat colour modification of cats through gene editing. The findings could facilitate further understanding of the regulatory role of KIT on feline coat colour and provide a basis for the breeding of cats with commercially desired coat colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Meina Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Alian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Peiru Lv
- Henan Liosio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Henan Liosio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, PR China.
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Qiu C, Liu X. Novel Germline KIT Variants in Families With Severe Piebaldism: Case Series and Literature Review. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25073. [PMID: 38887855 PMCID: PMC11252829 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital white forelock and depigmented patches, which is most commonly caused by deleterious variants in the KIT gene. METHODS Four KIT variants were identified in a piebaldism case series by whole-exome sequencing. Functional experiments, including in vitro minigene reporter assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were carried out to elucidate the pathogenicity of the variants. The genotype-phenotype correlation was summarized through extensive literature reviewing. RESULTS All the four cases had severe piebaldism presented with typical white forelock and diffuse depigmentation on the ventral trunk and limbs. Four germline variants at the tyrosine kinase (TK) domains of the KIT gene were identified: two novel variants c.1990+1G>A (p.Pro627_Gly664delinsArg) and c.2716T>C (p.Cys906Arg), and two known variants c.1879+1G>A (p.Gly592_Pro627delinsAla) and c.1747G>A (p.Glu583Lys). Both splicing variants caused exon skipping and inframe deletions in the TK1 domain. The missense variants resided at the TK1 and TK2 domains respectively impairing PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, the downstream of KIT. All severe cases were associated with variants in the TK domains, eliciting a major dominant-negative mechanism of the disease. CONCLUSION Our data expand the mutation spectrum of KIT, emphasized by a dominant-negative effect of variants in the critical TK domains in severe cases. We also share the experience of prenatal diagnosis and informed reproductive choices for the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Haiming Gao
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yunjing Zhao
- Department of Developmental PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chuang Qiu
- Department of OrthopedicsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Clinical GeneticsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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Lago JC, Ganzerla MD, Dias ALA, Savietto JP. The Influence of Blue Light Exposure on Reconstructed 3-Dimensional Skin Model: Molecular Changes and Gene Expression Profile. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100252. [PMID: 38328595 PMCID: PMC10848142 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have provided information about digital eye strain and the potential damage that blue light from digital devices can cause to the eyes. In this study, we analyzed the influence of blue light exposure on reconstructed 3-dimensional skin model using RNA sequencing to identify the expression of transcripts and abnormal events. Three-dimensional skin was exposed to visible light spectrum and isolated blue wavelength for 1, 2, and 4 hours to represent acute exposure and 1 hour over 4 sequential days to represent repeated exposure, respectively, in this in vitro model. We compared gene expression levels with those of unexposed control. Samples submitted to repeated exposure showed reduced AK2 and DDX47, whereas they showed increased PABPC3 gene expression, revealing a significantly negative impact. RT-PCR validation assay with exposed 3-dimensional skin compared with unexposed control regarding 1 and 4 days of incubation showed increased IL-6 signaling mechanism activation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene STAT3 gene expression, whereas it showed decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling mechanism activation, suggesting an influence on inflammatory pathways. We also demonstrate upregulated gene expression of KIT, MAPK2, and PI3KC in samples from exposed condition, corroborating previous findings related to pigmentation signaling stimuli. These results reveal, to our knowledge, previously unreported data that enable studies on molecular response correlation of in vitro digital blue light exposure and human skin studies.
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Fernandez IJ, Spagnolo F, Roncadi L, Molinari G, Marchioni D, Presutti L, Lucidi D. Primary mucosal melanoma of the larynx: systematic review of the literature and qualitative synthesis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:5535-5545. [PMID: 35913632 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary mucosal melanoma of the larynx (PLM) is a rare entity among head and neck cancers. Due to its rarity, clear protocols of management are not available. A deeper knowledge of the clinical and biological behaviour of PLM is strongly needed. METHODS According to PRISMA process, we searched through electronic databases case reports, case series and review articles providing relevant clinical data. The survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier survival curves, using disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) as endpoints. RESULTS 1074 articles were initially screened, of which 37 studies describing 44 PLM cases were selected and included in the analysis. Mean age was 59.7 years with a mean follow-up time of 25.4 months. The most common symptom at presentation was hoarseness (52%), while the most involved laryngeal subsite was supraglottic region (62%). Most patients presented with an advanced stage. Tumour (T) and node (N) status at presentation did not influence OS nor DFS, whereas distant metastases (M) status resulted significantly associated with the reduction of OS and DFS time (Mantel-Cox: p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). The laryngeal subsite and the type of surgery performed did not significantly impact on OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS Treatment for PLM remains debated. Surgery with safe margins is recommended due to the high rates of local recurrence. Systemic therapy is advised for metastatic disease. However, the prognosis remains poor even after radical resection or targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Javier Fernandez
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Spagnolo
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Roncadi
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Molinari
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Marchioni
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Presutti
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Lucidi
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
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c-Kit Induces Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells and Is a Promising Target for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158702. [PMID: 35955836 PMCID: PMC9369219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis and the absence of targeted therapy. c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is considered a molecular target for anticancer drugs. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) recognizing c-Kit are used for the treatment of c-Kit-expressing tumors. However, the expression, function, and therapeutic potential of c-Kit have been little explored in TNBC. Here, we studied the expression and effects of c-Kit in TNBC through in vitro and in silico analysis, and evaluated the response to TKIs targeting c-Kit. Analysis of TNBC cells showed the expression of functional c-Kit at the cell membrane. The stimulation of c-Kit with its ligand induced the activation of STAT3, Akt, and ERK1/2, increasing cell migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation or response to Doxorubicin. Analysis of public datasets showed that the expression of c-Kit in tumors was not associated with patient survival. Finally, TNBC cells were susceptible to TKIs, in particular the effect of Nilotinib was stronger than Doxorubicin in all cell lines. In conclusion, TNBC cells express functional c-Kit, which is a targetable molecule, and show a strong response to Nilotinib that may be considered a candidate drug for the treatment of TNBC.
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C. Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Activating mutations in RAS genes are the most common genetic driver of human cancers. Yet, drugging this small GTPase has proven extremely challenging and therapeutic strategies targeting these recurrent alterations have long had limited success. To circumvent this difficulty, research has focused on the molecular dissection of the RAS pathway to gain a more-precise mechanistic understanding of its regulation, with the hope to identify new pharmacological approaches. Here, we review the current knowledge on the (dys)regulation of the RAS pathway, using melanoma as a paradigm. We first present a map of the main proteins involved in the RAS pathway, highlighting recent insights into their molecular roles and diverse mechanisms of regulation. We then overview genetic data pertaining to RAS pathway alterations in melanoma, along with insight into other cancers, that inform the biological function of members of the pathway. Finally, we describe the clinical implications of RAS pathway dysregulation in melanoma, discuss past and current approaches aimed at drugging the RAS pathway, and outline future opportunities for therapeutic development. Summary: This Review describes the molecular regulation of the RAS pathway, presents the clinical consequences of its pathological activation in human cancer, and highlights recent advances towards its therapeutic inhibition, using melanoma as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Al Mahi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052 CNRS UMR5286, Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Ablain
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM U1052 CNRS UMR5286, Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, 69008 Lyon, France
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Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Jafari N, Mehdi M, Alavi F, Daraei M, Mohammadkhani N, Mueller AL, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Payandeh Z. Exosome application in tumorigenesis: diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:19. [PMID: 34982284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancer derived from genetic mutations in the melanocytes. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the efficiency of these strategies may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. Here, it has been proven that therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can improve the efficiency of melanoma therapies and also, cancer vaccines are another approach for the treatment of melanoma that has already improved clinical outcomes in these patients. The use of antibodies and gene vaccines provides a new perspective in melanoma treatment. Since the tumor microenvironment is another important factor for cancer progression and metastasis, in recent times, a mechanism has been identified to provide an opportunity for melanoma cells to communicate with remote cells. This mechanism is involved by a novel molecular structure, named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Depending on the functional status of origin cells, exosomes contain various cargos and different compositions. In this review, we presented recent progress of exosome applications in the treatment of melanoma. Different aspects of exosome therapy and ongoing efforts in this field will be discussed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fatemeh Alavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Daraei
- Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Takeda T, Tsubaki M, Kato N, Genno S, Ichimura E, Enomoto A, Imano M, Satou T, Nishida S. Sorafenib treatment of metastatic melanoma with c-Kit aberration reduces tumor growth and promotes survival. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:827. [PMID: 34691254 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are highly malignant tumors that readily metastasize and have poor prognosis. Targeted therapy is a cornerstone of treatment for patients with melanoma. Although c-Kit gene aberration has found in 5-10% of melanoma cases, research on c-Kit inhibitors for melanoma with c-Kit aberration have been disappointing. Sorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, whose targets include c-Kit, platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), VEGFR and RAF. The present study aimed to examine the effect of sorafenib on metastatic melanoma with c-Kit aberration. Cell viability was assessed via trypan blue assay. Migration and invasion were analyzed using cell culture inserts. The anti-metastatic effects and antitumour activity of sorafenib were determined in an in vivo model. Protein expression was detected via western blotting, and the expression of MMP and very late antigen (VLA) was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. It was identified that sorafenib decreased cell viability, migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, sorafenib inhibited metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, sorafenib inhibited c-Kit, PDGFR, VEGFR, B-Raf and c-Raf phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, sorafenib reduced the expression levels of MMPs and VLA. Importantly, there was a significant effect of sorafenib treatment on overall survival in mice. Collectively, this study suggests that sorafenib may serve as a novel therapeutic option for melanoma with c-Kit dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeda
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kato
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shuji Genno
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Eri Ichimura
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Aya Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Manganelli M, Guida S, Ferretta A, Pellacani G, Porcelli L, Azzariti A, Guida G. Behind the Scene: Exploiting MC1R in Skin Cancer Risk and Prevention. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 34356109 PMCID: PMC8305013 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent cancers of the skin in white populations. An increased risk in the development of skin cancers has been associated with the combination of several environmental factors (i.e., ultraviolet exposure) and genetic background, including melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) status. In the last few years, advances in the diagnosis of skin cancers provided a great impact on clinical practice. Despite these advances, NMSCs are still the most common malignancy in humans and melanoma still shows a rising incidence and a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. Efforts are required to underlie the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of melanoma and NMSCs, leading to an optimization of the management of affected patients. The clinical implications of the impact of germline MC1R variants in melanoma and NMSCs' risk, together with the additional risk conferred by somatic mutations in other peculiar genes, as well as the role of MC1R screening in skin cancers' prevention will be addressed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manganelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
- DMMT-Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Department of Surgical-Medical-Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant-Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
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Resistance to Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051115. [PMID: 33807778 PMCID: PMC7961479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. In 2021, 106,110 patients are projected to be diagnosed with melanoma, out of which 7180 are expected to die. Traditional methods like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not effective in the treatment of metastatic and advanced melanoma. Recent approaches to treat melanoma have focused on biomarkers that play significant roles in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival. Several FDA-approved molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed against genetic biomarkers whose overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or supplement to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic in comparison to traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance caused by mutations and activation of alternative mechanisms in melanoma tumors. Recent studies focus on understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these current therapies. Further research is needed for the development of better approaches to improve prognosis in melanoma patients. In this article, various melanoma biomarkers including BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K are described, and their potential mechanisms for drug resistance are discussed.
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Zhou S, Ouyang W, Zhang X, Liao L, Pi X, Yang R, Mei B, Xu H, Xiang S, Li J. UTRN inhibits melanoma growth by suppressing p38 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:88. [PMID: 33632212 PMCID: PMC7905598 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Utrophin (UTRN), as a tumor suppressor gene, is involved in various cancer progression. The function of UTRN in the melanoma process and the related molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Herein, we studied the function of UTRN in melanoma growth and the relevant molecular mechanisms. Methods Using the GEO database and UCSC Xena project, we compared the expression of UTRN in non-cancerous and melanoma tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, qRT-PCR and Western Blot (WB) were performed to evaluate UTRN expression in clinical samples. A total of 447 cases with UTRN expression data, patient characteristics and survival data were extracted from TCGA database and analyzed. After stable transduction and single cell cloning, the proliferation ability of A375 human melanoma cells was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK) and 5‑ethynyl‑2′‑deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays. GSEA was performed to predict the mechanism by which UTRN regulated melanoma growth. Then WB analysis was used to assess the protein expression levels of pathway signaling in overexpression (EXP) melanoma cells. Epac activator 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP was then used to evaluate the proliferation ability by activation of p38 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways. Results Data from GEO and UCSC Xena project indicated that UTRN expression was decreased in melanoma. Experiment on clinical samples further confirmed our finding. TCGA results showed that a reduced expression of UTRN in 447 melanoma samples was associated with advanced clinical characteristics (T stage, Clark level, ulceration), shorter survival time and poorer prognosis. In addition, up-regulated UTRN expression inhibited melanoma cell proliferation when compared to control group. MAPK signaling pathway was presented in both KEGG and BioCarta databases by using GSEA tool. WB results confirmed the down-regulated expression of p38, JNK1 and c-Jun in EXP group when compared to control group. Epac activator 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP treatment could partially rescue proliferation of tumor cells. Conclusion We have demonstrated that reduced UTRN predicted poorer prognosis and UTRN inhibited melanoma growth via p38 and JNK1/c-Jun pathways. Therefore, UTRN could serve as a tumor suppressor and novel prognostic biomarker for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 Lingnan Avenue North, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Lexi Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobing Pi
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 Lingnan Avenue North, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery and Skin Regeneration, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Baiqiang Mei
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaiyuan Xu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 Lingnan Avenue North, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Li J, Zhou J, Kai S, Wang C, Wang D, Jiang J. Functional and Clinical Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Subpopulations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:586415. [PMID: 33133170 PMCID: PMC7561438 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.586415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes are defined as T-lymphocytes that infiltrated into tumor tissues; however, their composition, clinical significance, and underlying mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent non-tumor tissues are still not completely understood. Herein, we collected marker genes of T cell subpopulations from a previous study and estimated their relative infiltrating levels in HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Specifically, the infiltrating levels of all the T cells were significantly reduced in HCC as compared with non-tumor tissues. Unsupervised clustering of the HCC samples by the T cell infiltrating levels revealed that the HCC samples could be clearly classified into two groups. The driver genes, including PTK2B, ATM, PIK3C2B, and KIT, and several CNAs were observed to be associated with reduced T cell infiltrating levels. Particularly, deletion of TP53 more frequently occurred in low T cell infiltration HCC samples and resulted in its downregulation and cell cycle progression, indicating that cell cycle progression was closely associated with reduced T cell infiltration. In contrast, for the samples with high infiltration T cells, its immune evasion might be regulated by the immune checkpoint regulators, such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA4. Moreover, Olaparib, one of the PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors might be therapeutic candidates for the samples from the two T cell infiltrating clusters. Clinically, the tumor-infiltrating levels of cytotoxic CD4 cell, Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cell, and exhausted CD8+ T cell might be used as predictors for vascular invasion, recurrence, and overall survival. Collectively, we systematically evaluated the clinical significance and potential molecular mechanisms of tumor-infiltrating T cell subpopulations in hepatocellular carcinoma, which might broaden our insights into the immunological features of HCC and provide potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuangshuang Kai
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Daijun Wang
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiying Jiang
- Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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14
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Jang MK, Mashima T, Seimiya H. Tankyrase Inhibitors Target Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells via AXIN-Dependent Downregulation of c-KIT Tyrosine Kinase. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:765-776. [PMID: 31907221 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) constitute heterogeneous cell subpopulations of a tumor. Although targeting CSCs is important for cancer eradication, no clinically approved drugs that target CSCs have been established. Tankyrase poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates and destabilizes AXIN, a negative regulator of β-catenin, and promotes β-catenin signaling. Here, we report that tankyrase inhibitors downregulate c-KIT tyrosine kinase and inhibit the growth of CD44-positive colorectal CSCs. c-KIT expression in CD44-positive subpopulations of colorectal cancer COLO-320DM cells is associated with their tumor-initiating potential in vivo Tankyrase inhibitors downregulate c-KIT expression in established cell lines, such as COLO-320DM and DLD-1, and colorectal cancer patient-derived cells. These effects of tankyrase inhibitors are caused by reducing the recruitment of SP1 transcription factor to the c-KIT gene promoter and depend on AXIN2 stabilization but not β-catenin downregulation. Whereas c-KIT knockdown inhibits the growth of CD44-positive COLO-320DM cells, c-KIT overexpression in DLD-1 cells confers resistance to tankyrase inhibitors. Combination of a low-dose tankyrase inhibitor and irinotecan significantly inhibited the growth of COLO-320DM tumors in a mouse xenograft model. These observations suggest that tankyrase inhibitors target c-KIT-positive colorectal CSCs and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Kyu Jang
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mashima
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Han Y, Gu Z, Wu J, Huang X, Zhou R, Shi C, Tao W, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhou G, Li J, Zhang Z, Sun S. Repurposing Ponatinib as a Potent Agent against KIT Mutant Melanomas. Theranostics 2019; 9:1952-1964. [PMID: 31037149 PMCID: PMC6485277 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mutations in KIT, a major cancer driver gene, are now considered as important drug targets for the treatment of melanomas arising from mucosal and acral tissues and from chronically sun-damaged sites. At present, imatinib is the only targeted drug for KIT-mutation-bearing melanomas that is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice guidelines. Patients with KIT mutations, however, are either insensitive or rapidly progress to imatinib insensitivity, which restricts its clinical use. Thus, effective inhibitors of KIT-mutation-bearing melanomas are urgently needed. Methods: A cohort of patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models and corresponding PDX-derived cells (PDCs) from patients with melanomas harboring KIT mutations (KITV560D, KITK642E and KITD816V) were established, characterized, and then used to test the in vitro and, subsequently, in vivo inhibitory effects of a panel of known KIT inhibitors. Results: Ponatinib was more potent than imatinib against cells bearing KIT mutations. In vivo drug efficacy evaluation experiments showed that ponatinib treatment caused much stronger inhibition of KIT-mutation-bearing melanomas than did imatinib. Mechanistically, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed a plausible atomic-level explanation for the observation that ponatinib has a higher affinity for the KITD816V mutant protein than does imatinib. Conclusions: Our study of KIT-mutation-and KITWT-bearing melanomas demonstrates that ponatinib is a far more potent inhibitor than is imatinib for KIT-mutation-bearing melanomas and thus underscores that ponatinib should be given priority consideration for the design of precision treatments for melanoma patients triaged to have KIT mutations. Moreover, our work provides a rationale for undertaking clinical trials to examine the repurposing of ponatinib, which is already approved for use in leukemia, for use in treating a large subset of melanoma patients.
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16
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Zuo YH, Han QB, Dong GT, Yue RQ, Ren XC, Liu JX, Liu L, Luo P, Zhou H. Panax ginseng Polysaccharide Protected H9c2 Cardiomyocyte From Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury Through Regulating Mitochondrial Metabolism and RISK Pathway. Front Physiol 2018; 9:699. [PMID: 29962955 PMCID: PMC6013582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been the major issue of public health. Panax ginseng (ginseng) has been verified as an effective traditional Chinese medicines and exerted cardioprotective effect. This study aimed to investigate the polysaccharide fraction of ginseng on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Ginseng was extracted by ethanol and fractionated by high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) and column separation. The cardioprotective effect was evaluated in H9c2 cardiomyocytes underwent H/R treatment. The cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial respiration were examined. Results: An acid polysaccharides fraction of ginseng (AP1) was identified the most effective fraction in protecting cardiomyocytes from H/R injury. AP1 restored the mitochondrial function by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), blocking the release of cytochrome C, and increasing the ATP generation and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, AP1 induced the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER) which further activated reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway. Finally, AP1 increased nitric oxide (NO) production and regulated endothelial function by increasing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression and decreasing inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in H/R injury. Conclusion: The results suggested that AP1 exerted a protective effect in myocardial H/R injury mainly through maintaining myocardial mitochondrial function, thereby inhibiting myocardial H/R caused apoptosis and increasing the expressions of GR and ER, which in turn mediated the activation of RISK pathway and eNOS-dependent mechanism to resist the reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Geng-Ting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Rui-Qi Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue-Cong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,International Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Oba J, Kim SH, Wang WL, Macedo MP, Carapeto F, McKean MA, Van Arnam J, Eterovic AK, Sen S, Kale CR, Yu X, Haymaker CL, Routbort M, Haydu LE, Bernatchez C, Lazar AJ, Grimm EA, Hong DS, Woodman SE. Targeting the HGF/MET Axis Counters Primary Resistance to KIT Inhibition in KIT-Mutant Melanoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30094412 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junna Oba
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Macedo
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Carapeto
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meredith A McKean
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Van Arnam
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agda K Eterovic
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shiraj Sen
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charuta R Kale
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xiaoxing Yu
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cara L Haymaker
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark Routbort
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauren E Haydu
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David S Hong
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott E Woodman
- Junna Oba, Sun-Hee Kim, Wei-Lien Wang, Mariana P. Macedo, Fernando Carapeto, Meredith A McKean, John Van Arnam, Agda K. Eterovic, Shiraj Sen, Charuta R. Kale, Xiaoxing Yu, Cara L. Haymaker, Mark Routbort, Lauren E. Haydu, Chantale Bernatchez, Alexander J. Lazar, Elizabeth A. Grimm, David S. Hong, and Scott E. Woodman, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Mariana P. Macedo, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martín-Gorgojo A, Nagore E. Melanoma Arising in a Melanocytic Nevus. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Posch C, Moslehi H, Sanlorenzo M, Green G, Vujic I, Panzer-Grümayer R, Rappersberger K, Ortiz-Urda S. Pharmacological inhibitors of c-KIT block mutant c-KIT mediated migration of melanocytes and melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45916-45925. [PMID: 27322141 PMCID: PMC5216770 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT (KIT) are frequent oncogenic alterations in melanoma and are predominantly detected in tumors of acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged skin. Research indicates that melanocytes with aberrant KIT signaling can be found in the distant periphery of the primary tumor; However, it is hitherto unknown whether KIT might confer a migratory advantage, thereby enabling genetically abnormal cells to populate a distal area. In this study, we investigated the role of mutant KIT in melanocyte- and melanoma cell migration using KIT mutant lines as well as genetically manipulated murine and primary human melanocytes. Our results revealed that melanocytes, stably transduced with mutant KIT closed a gap inflicted on cell monolayers faster than wild-type controls. Similarly, KIT mutant human melanoma lines were able to populate a larger area in a 3D in vitro skin model compared to KIT wild type and BRAF mutant lines. Genomic profiling revealed that genes associated with increased cell-dispersal of KIT mutant variants were linked to a statistically significant up-regulation of 60 migratory genes (z-score 1.334; p=0.0001). In addition, in vivo experiments harnessing a mouse xenograft model of early melanoma development demonstrated rapid lateral migration of KIT mutant cells compared to respective controls. The specific kinase inhibitors imatinib and nilotinib, could abrogate this migratory advantage in vitro and in vivo. Our work suggests that KIT inhibition might help to target migratory active, KIT mutant melanoma cells, thus representing a potential strategy to reduce spread and local recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria.,Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Homayoun Moslehi
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martina Sanlorenzo
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gary Green
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Igor Vujic
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klemens Rappersberger
- Department of Dermatology, The Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Ortiz-Urda
- Department of Dermatology, Mt. Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Yang J, Komatsubara KM, Carvajal RD. JAK-ing up the Response to KIT Inhibition. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:6-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Zhan Y, Guo J, Yang W, Goncalves C, Rzymski T, Dreas A, Żyłkiewicz E, Mikulski M, Brzózka K, Golas A, Kong Y, Ma M, Huang F, Huor B, Guo Q, da Silva SD, Torres J, Cai Y, Topisirovic I, Su J, Bijian K, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Huang S, Journe F, Ghanem GE, Miller WH, del Rincón SV. MNK1/2 inhibition limits oncogenicity and metastasis of KIT-mutant melanoma. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4179-4192. [PMID: 29035277 PMCID: PMC5663367 DOI: 10.1172/jci91258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma can be stratified into unique subtypes based on distinct pathologies. The acral/mucosal melanoma subtype is characterized by aberrant and constitutive activation of the proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase C-KIT, which drives tumorigenesis. Treatment of these melanoma patients with C-KIT inhibitors has proven challenging, prompting us to investigate the downstream effectors of the C-KIT receptor. We determined that C-KIT stimulates MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1/2), which phosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and render it oncogenic. Depletion of MNK1/2 in melanoma cells with oncogenic C-KIT inhibited cell migration and mRNA translation of the transcriptional repressor SNAI1 and the cell cycle gene CCNE1. This suggested that blocking MNK1/2 activity may inhibit tumor progression, at least in part, by blocking translation initiation of mRNAs encoding cell migration proteins. Moreover, we developed an MNK1/2 inhibitor (SEL201), and found that SEL201-treated KIT-mutant melanoma cells had lower oncogenicity and reduced metastatic ability. Clinically, tumors from melanoma patients harboring KIT mutations displayed a marked increase in MNK1 and phospho-eIF4E. Thus, our studies indicate that blocking MNK1/2 exerts potent antimelanoma effects and support blocking MNK1/2 as a potential strategy to treat patients positive for KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhan
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - William Yang
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Goncalves
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bonnie Huor
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qianyu Guo
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jose Torres
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yutian Cai
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghanem E. Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia V. del Rincón
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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TRPA1-FGFR2 binding event is a regulatory oncogenic driver modulated by miRNA-142-3p. Nat Commun 2017; 8:947. [PMID: 29038531 PMCID: PMC5643494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the ion channel TRPA1 is implicated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), where its role and mechanism of action remain unknown. We have previously established that the membrane receptor FGFR2 drives LUAD progression through aberrant protein–protein interactions mediated via its C-terminal proline-rich motif. Here we report that the N-terminal ankyrin repeats of TRPA1 directly bind to the C-terminal proline-rich motif of FGFR2 inducing the constitutive activation of the receptor, thereby prompting LUAD progression and metastasis. Furthermore, we show that upon metastasis to the brain, TRPA1 gets depleted, an effect triggered by the transfer of TRPA1-targeting exosomal microRNA (miRNA-142-3p) from brain astrocytes to cancer cells. This downregulation, in turn, inhibits TRPA1-mediated activation of FGFR2, hindering the metastatic process. Our study reveals a direct binding event and characterizes the role of TRPA1 ankyrin repeats in regulating FGFR2-driven oncogenic process; a mechanism that is hindered by miRNA-142-3p. TRPA1 has been reported to contribute lung cancer adenocarcinoma (LUAD), but the mechanisms are unclear. Here the authors propose that TRPA1/FGFR2 interaction is functional in LUAD and show that astrocytes oppose brain metastasis by mediating the downregulation of TRPA1 through exosome-delivered miRNA-142-3p.
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23
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Dong X, Han Y, Sun Z, Xu J. Actin Gamma 1, a new skin cancer pathogenic gene, identified by the biological feature‐based classification. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1406-1419. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqian Dong
- Pathology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Yingsheng Han
- Dermatology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Zhen Sun
- Gastroenterology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
| | - Junlong Xu
- Pathology DepartmentLiaocheng People's HospitalLiaochengChina
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24
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Neiswender JV, Kortum RL, Bourque C, Kasheta M, Zon LI, Morrison DK, Ceol CJ. KIT Suppresses BRAF V600E-Mutant Melanoma by Attenuating Oncogenic RAS/MAPK Signaling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5820-5830. [PMID: 28947418 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT promotes survival and migration of melanocytes during development, and excessive KIT activity hyperactivates the RAS/MAPK pathway and can drive formation of melanomas, most notably of rare melanomas that occur on volar and mucosal surfaces of the skin. The much larger fraction of melanomas that occur on sun-exposed skin is driven primarily by BRAF- or NRAS-activating mutations, but these melanomas exhibit a surprising loss of KIT expression, which raises the question of whether loss of KIT in these tumors facilitates tumorigenesis. To address this question, we introduced a kit(lf) mutation into a strain of Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E); p53(lf) melanoma-prone zebrafish. Melanoma onset was accelerated in kit(lf); Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E); p53(lf) fish. Tumors from kit(lf) animals were more invasive and had higher RAS/MAPK pathway activation. KIT knockdown also increased RAS/MAPK pathway activation in a BRAFV600E-mutant human melanoma cell line. We found that pathway stimulation upstream of BRAFV600E could paradoxically reduce signaling downstream of BRAFV600E, and wild-type BRAF was necessary for this effect, suggesting that its activation can dampen oncogenic BRAFV600E signaling. In vivo, expression of wild-type BRAF delayed melanoma onset, but only in a kit-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that KIT can activate signaling through wild-type RAF proteins, thus interfering with oncogenic BRAFV600E-driven melanoma formation. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5820-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Neiswender
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Caitlin Bourque
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Kasheta
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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25
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Martín-Gorgojo A, Nagore E. Melanoma Arising in a Melanocytic Nevus. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 109:123-132. [PMID: 28818288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of melanoma with a preexisting melanocytic nevus varies considerably between series, depending on whether the association is based on histological signs (4%-72%) or a clinically evident lesion (42%-85%). Histological association with a nevus correlates with favorable prognostic factors, whereas a clinical association correlates with unfavorable factors. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of nevus-associated melanoma from different perspectives: Whiteman's divergent pathway hypothesis for the development of cutaneous melanoma; and the factors involved in nevogenicity, including both the genetic and molecular factors involved in the development of the melanoma and its precursor lesions. Finally, a cumulative analysis of the 16 162 cases reported in the literature revealed that 29.8% of melanomas are histologically associated with a melanocytic nevus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martín-Gorgojo
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, España.
| | - E Nagore
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
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26
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Ma X, Wu Y, Zhang T, Song H, Jv H, Guo W, Ren G. The clinical significance of c-Kit mutations in metastatic oral mucosal melanoma in China. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82661-82673. [PMID: 29137292 PMCID: PMC5669918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Kit mutations are frequently detected in mucosal melanomas, but their clinical significance in metastatic oral mucosal melanomas (OMM) remains unclear. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and pathological features of metastatic OMMs with c-Kit mutations and the efficiency of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in treating metastatic OMMs. We found thatresidual primary lesion and neck lymph nodes could act as independent prognostic factors in metastatic OMM patients. c-Kit mutations were detected in 22 out of 139 (15.8%) metastatic OMM patients. Under chemotherapy, the overall survival (OS) of c-Kit mutant patients was significantly shorter than that of wild-type patients. The Ki67 expression was significantly higher in c-Kit mutant patients than in wild-type patients. In distant metastatic OMM patients with c-Kit mutations, the treatment with c-Kit inhibitor resulted in a better OS. In conclusion, residual primary lesion, cervical lymph nodes and c-Kit mutations act as adverse prognostic factors of metastatic OMMs. The Kit inhibitor imatinib could benefit metastatic OMM patients with c-Kit mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yunteng Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hao Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Houyu Jv
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guoxin Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
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27
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Feng R, Gong J, Wu L, Wang L, Zhang B, Liang G, Zheng H, Xiao H. MAPK and Hippo signaling pathways crosstalk via the RAF-1/MST-2 interaction in malignant melanoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1199-1205. [PMID: 28677804 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to expound on the interactions between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Hippo pathway members, and to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of melanoma tumorigenesis. Four melanoma cell lines (C32, HS695T, SK-MEL-28 and A375) were used in the present study. Western blotting was used to assess the expression levels of the MAPK and Hippo pathway effector proteins: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF-1); serine/threonine kinase 3 (STK3; also known as MST-2); yes-associated protein (YAP); and tafazzin (TAZ). Immunoprecipitation was used to identify interactions between the effector proteins of the Hippo and MAPK pathways. RAF-1 was knocked down in melanoma cells using siRNA transfection, and cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by the MTT, wound-healing and Transwell invasion assays, respectively. Additionally, the cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry 48 h after RAF-1 knockdown. We found that the expression levels of the four proteins were variable, and that the HS695T cells expressed the highest levels of RAF-1. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that RAF-1 bound to MST-2 in melanoma cells. Knockdown of RAF-1 inhibited the expression of YAP and TAZ, but did not affect MST-2 expression. Additionally, RAF-1 knockdown in melanoma cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis in these cells. Collectively, our results indicate that the RAF-1/MST-2 interaction may be a novel link between the MAPK and Hippo pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Gong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Huixia Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P.R. China
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28
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Deinlein T, Wolf IH, Rainer B, Kupsa R, Richtig E, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I. Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Multifocal Mucosal Melanoma of the Oral Cavity with Imatinib. Case Rep Oncol 2017; 10:558-563. [PMID: 28868012 PMCID: PMC5567067 DOI: 10.1159/000477563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal melanoma of the oral cavity is a rare entity and accounts for less than 1–3% of all melanomas. Contrary to cutaneous melanoma, primary oral melanoma more commonly harbors mutations in c-KIT. Methods A 64-year-old man presented with asymptomatic, multiple, brown-to-black macules in the oral cavity. A biopsy was taken and histopathology exhibited mucosal melanoma. In molecular analysis, a c-KIT mutation was proven and a CT scan revealed pulmonary metastases. Due to the multifocality of the lesions, the metastases, and the mutation status, a therapy with imatinib was initiated. Results After 1 year of therapy, progressive disease in the lung was noticed. Therefore, the therapy was switched to a PD-1 antagonist and a CTL-4 antibody. Conclusions Our case suggests that imatinib may be considered as first-line treatment for both locally advanced and distant primary multifocal oral melanoma, for which surgery or radiotherapy of the primary tumor is impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Deinlein
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid H Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Rainer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Romana Kupsa
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erika Richtig
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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29
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Cho J, Kim SY, Kim YJ, Sim MH, Kim ST, Kim NKD, Kim K, Park W, Kim JH, Jang KT, Lee J. Emergence of CTNNB1 mutation at acquired resistance to KIT inhibitor in metastatic melanoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1247-1252. [PMID: 28421416 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The KIT inhibitor, imatinib, has shown promising efficacy in patients with KIT-mutated melanoma; however, acquisition of resistance to imatinib occurs rapidly in the majority of patients. The mechanisms of acquired resistance to imatinib in melanoma remain unclear. METHODS We analyzed biopsy samples from paired baseline and post-treatment tumor lesions in one patient with KIT-mutated melanoma who had had an initial objective tumor regression in response to imatinib treatment followed by disease progression 8 months later. RESULTS Targeted deep sequencing from post-treatment biopsy samples detected an additional mutation in CTNNB1 (S33C) with original KIT L576P mutation. We examined the functional role of the additional CTNNB1 S33C mutation in resistance to imatinib indirectly using the Ba/F3 cell model. Ba/F3 cell lines transfected with both the L576P KIT mutation and the CTNNB1 S33C mutation demonstrated no growth inhibition despite imatinib treatment, whereas growth inhibition was observed in the Ba/F3 cell line transfected with the L576 KIT mutation alone. CONCLUSIONS We report the first identification of the emergence of a CTNNB1 mutation that can confer acquired resistance to imatinib. Further investigation into the causes of acquired resistance to imatinib will be essential to improve the prognosis for patients with KIT-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cho
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - S Y Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - M H Sim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - S T Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - N K D Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - K Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - W Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-T Jang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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30
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Potential therapeutic targets of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 391:125-140. [PMID: 28131904 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a cutaneous neoplastic growth of melanocytes with great potential to invade and metastasize, especially when not treated early and effectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which melanocytes lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal phenotypes. Mesenchymal protein expression increases the motility, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of melanoma. Many pathways play a role in promotion of mesenchymal protein expression including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and several others. Downstream effectors of these pathways induce expression of EMT transcription factors including Snail, Slug, Twist, and Zeb that promote repression of epithelial and induction of mesenchymal character. Emerging research has demonstrated that a variety of small molecule inhibitors as well as phytochemicals can influence the progression of EMT and may even reverse the process, inducing re-expression of epithelial markers. Phytochemicals are of particular interest as supplementary treatment options because of their relatively low toxicities and anti-EMT properties. Modulation of EMT signaling pathways using synthetic small molecules and phytochemicals is a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing the aggressive progression of metastatic melanoma. In this review, we discuss the emerging pathways and transcription factor targets that regulate EMT and evaluate potential synthetic small molecules and naturally occurring compounds that may reduce metastatic melanoma progression.
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31
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Tan J, Yang S, Shen P, Sun H, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wu B, Ji F, Yan J, Xue H, Zhou D. C-kit signaling promotes proliferation and invasion of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma in a murine model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27037-48. [PMID: 26356816 PMCID: PMC4694972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family often highly expressed in several mucinous carcinomas. In the present study, we established a murine model of colorectal mucinous adenocardinoma (CRMAC) by treating C57 mice [both wild type (WT) and loss-of-function c-kit mutant type (Wads-/-)] with AOM+DSS for 37 weeks and found that c-kit, a member of RTK family, clearly enhanced the tumor cell proliferation by decreasing p53 and increasing cyclin D1 through AKT pathway. Significantly, c-kit strongly promoted tumor cell invasiveness by increasing ETV4, which induced MMP7 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via ERK pathway. In vitro up- or down-regulating c-kit activation in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells further consolidated these results. In conclusion, our data suggested that the c-kit signaling obviously promoted proliferation and invasion of CRMAC. Therefore, targeting the c-kit signaling and its downstream molecules might provide the potential strategies for treatment of patients suffering from CRMAC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Ping Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Haimei Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Fengqing Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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Oliveira LCFD, Danilucci TM, Chaves-Neto AH, Campanelli AP, Silva TCCD, Oliveira SHP. Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulated by Stem Cell Factor-c-Kit Coordinate the Production of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Mediated by Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 3. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:401-11. [PMID: 27123814 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism involved in the stem cell factor (SCF)-induced production of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) in tracheal smooth muscle cells (tSMCs) and the signaling pathway involved in the process. tSMC primary cultures were stimulated with SCF and evaluated at 24 h. Cells treated with specific antibodies did not show any immunolabeling for cytokeratin or fibroblast activation protein, but were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the purity of the primary cell line. Western blot analysis showed constitutive phosphorylation of c-Kit, as well as increased total protein and phosphorylated c-Kit levels in tSMCs after SCF stimulation. Flow cytometry analysis also showed an increase in cell-surface c-Kit expression in the presence of SCF. SCF induced TGF-β mRNA expression in tSMCs, as well as the production of TGF-β1, CCL3, and FGF-2. Pretreatment with anti-CCL3 antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and partially inhibited FGF-2 production. On the other hand, anti-c-Kit antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and FGF-2 production. Thus, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 production were mediated by CCL3 production through c-Kit. Pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors showed that the effects mediated by SCF were involved with the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Development of inhibitors targeting CCL3 through MAPK activation could thus be an attractive strategy to inhibit tSMC activation during asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cezar Farias de Oliveira
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Taís Marolato Danilucci
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University-USP , Bauru, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Cardoso da Silva
- 3 Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, School of Medicine Veterinary of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
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Laugier F, Delyon J, André J, Bensussan A, Dumaz N. Hypoxia and MITF regulate KIT oncogenic properties in melanocytes. Oncogene 2016; 35:5070-7. [PMID: 26973244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KIT mutations are frequent in acral, mucosal and chronic sun-damage (CSD) melanoma, but little is known about the mechanisms driving the transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes into melanoma cells. We showed that exposition of melanocytes harboring the (L576P)KIT mutation to a hypoxic environment induced their transformation into malignant cells. Transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes showed downregulation of MITF expression characteristic of melanoma initiating cells (MICs). In agreement, these cells were able to form spheres in neural crest cell medium and low-adherence conditions, also a characteristic of MICs. Downregulation of MITF by RNA interference induced transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes in normoxia and acquisition of a MIC phenotype by these cells. Hence, low level of MITF cooperates with oncogenic KIT to transform melanocytes. Activation of the cAMP pathway in transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes stimulated MITF expression, and reduced cellular proliferation and sphere formation. These findings highlight the essential role of MITF in revealing the oncogenic activity of KIT in melanocytes and suggest that the cAMP pathway is a therapeutic target in KIT-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laugier
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J Delyon
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J André
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - A Bensussan
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - N Dumaz
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
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Weiss S, Hanniford D, Hernando E, Osman I. Revisiting determinants of prognosis in cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2015; 121:4108-23. [PMID: 26308244 PMCID: PMC4666819 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma is based on primary tumor thickness and the presence of ulceration, mitoses, lymph node spread, and distant metastases as determinants of prognosis. Although this cutaneous melanoma staging system has evolved over time to more accurately reflect patient prognosis, improvements are still needed, because current understanding of the particular factors (genetic mutation, expression alteration, host response, etc) that are critical for predicting patient outcomes is incomplete. Given the clinical and biologic heterogeneity of primary melanomas, new prognostic tools are needed to more precisely identify patients who are most likely to develop advanced disease. Such tools would affect clinical surveillance strategies and aid in patient selection for adjuvant therapy. The authors reviewed the literature on prognostic molecular and immunologic markers in primary cutaneous melanoma, their associations with clinicopathologic and survival outcomes, and their potential for incorporation into current staging models. Overall, the studies considered in this review did not define prognostic markers that could be readily incorporated into the current staging system. Therefore, efforts should be continued in these and other directions to maximize the likelihood of identifying clinically useful prognostic biomarkers for cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiss
- Department of Medical Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Douglas Hanniford
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Eva Hernando
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Iman Osman
- Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Carlino MS, Long GV, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Targeting oncogenic BRAF and aberrant MAPK activation in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:385-98. [PMID: 26358420 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF and MEK inhibitors, alone or in combination, are highly active in the 40% of patients with BRAF mutant metastatic melanoma. Despite this activity resistance often develops in patients treated with these agents. This review summarises the biology of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, with particular reference to the effects of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant melanoma. The clinical and molecular predictors of response and mechanisms of resistance are discussed in detail along with the biological rationale and evidence for future treatment strategies in both MAPK inhibitor naïve and resistant BRAF mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S Carlino
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
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Vajravelu BN, Hong KU, Al-Maqtari T, Cao P, Keith MCL, Wysoczynski M, Zhao J, Moore IV JB, Bolli R. C-Kit Promotes Growth and Migration of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells via the PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140798. [PMID: 26474484 PMCID: PMC4608800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent phase I clinical trial (SCIPIO) has shown that autologous c-kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) improve cardiac function and quality of life when transplanted into patients with ischemic heart disease. Although c-kit is widely used as a marker of resident CPCs, its role in the regulation of the cellular characteristics of CPCs remains unknown. We hypothesized that c-kit plays a role in the survival, growth, and migration of CPCs. To test this hypothesis, human CPCs were grown under stress conditions in the presence or absence of SCF, and the effects of SCF-mediated activation of c-kit on CPC survival/growth and migration were measured. SCF treatment led to a significant increase in cell survival and a reduction in cell death under serum depletion conditions. In addition, SCF significantly promoted CPC migration in vitro. Furthermore, the pro-survival and pro-migratory effects of SCF were augmented by c-kit overexpression and abrogated by c-kit inhibition with imatinib. Mechanistically, c-kit activation in CPCs led to activation of the PI3K and the MAPK pathways. With the use of specific inhibitors, we confirmed that the SCF/c-kit-dependent survival and chemotaxis of CPCs are dependent on both pathways. Taken together, our findings suggest that c-kit promotes the survival/growth and migration of human CPCs cultured ex vivo via the activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways. These results imply that the efficiency of CPC homing to the injury site as well as their survival after transplantation may be improved by modulating the activity of c-kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bathri N. Vajravelu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Kyung U. Hong
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Tareq Al-Maqtari
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. L. Keith
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - John Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Moore IV
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eliades P, Flaherty KT, Tsao H. Oncogene-directed small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:133-147. [PMID: 30190843 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achievements in cancer genetics and molecular biology have revolutionized the treatment options available for advanced melanoma. Patients with certain molecularly defined melanomas have been the most fortunate beneficiaries of recently US FDA-approved therapies that target aberrant MAPK pathway signaling, yet response rates and duration of response remain suboptimal. Furthermore, many patients harbor melanomas for which no approved targeted therapies currently exist. Since the approval of vemurafenib, a selective BRAF V600E inhibitor, in 2011, there has been a surge of preclinical and clinical studies aimed at developing novel targeted therapies for a wide range of molecularly defined melanomas. In this review, we will examine the present status and future potential of molecularly targeted therapies directed at the most significant oncogenic signaling pathways in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Eliades
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Tang YL, Fan YL, Jiang J, Li KD, Zheng M, Chen W, Ma XR, Geng N, Chen QM, Chen Y, Liang XH. C-kit induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and contributes to salivary adenoid cystic cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1491-501. [PMID: 24721839 PMCID: PMC4039226 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with salivary adenoid cystic cancer (ACC) progression and metastasis. Here, we report that ectopic overexpression of c-kit in ACC cell lines is sufficient for acquisition of mesenchymal traits, enhanced cell invasion, along with stem cell properties defined by the presence of a CD133+/CD44+ cell subpopulation. c-kit positively regulated expression of known EMT inducers, also activating TGF-β to contribute to EMT. c-kit itself was induced by TGF-β in ACC cell lines and required for TGF-β-induced EMT. Xenograft experiments showed that c-kit cooperated with oncogenic Ras to promote tumorigenesis in vivo. Finally, in human specimens of ACC, we found that c-kit was abnormally overexpressed and correlated with the prognosis of ACC. Our findings define an important function for c-kit in ACC progression by orchestrating EMT, and they implicate this gene product as a marker of poor prognosis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Strickland LR, Pal HC, Elmets CA, Afaq F. Targeting drivers of melanoma with synthetic small molecules and phytochemicals. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:20-35. [PMID: 25597784 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer, but it is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Traditional therapeutics and immunomodulatory agents have not shown much efficacy against metastatic melanoma. Agents that target the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling pathway - the BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib - have increased survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Further, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib has been shown to be superior to single agent therapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to these agents develops rapidly. Studies of additional agents and combinations targeting the MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PI3K), c-kit, and other signaling pathways are currently underway. Furthermore, studies of phytochemicals have yielded promising results against proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis by targeting signaling pathways with established roles in melanomagenesis. The relatively low toxicities of phytochemicals make their adjuvant use an attractive treatment option. The need for improved efficacy of current melanoma treatments calls for further investigation of each of these strategies. In this review, we will discuss synthetic small molecule inhibitors, combined therapies and current progress in the development of phytochemical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ray Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Harish Chandra Pal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Carlino MS, Todd JR, Rizos H. Resistance to c-Kit inhibitors in melanoma: insights for future therapies. Oncoscience 2014; 1:423-6. [PMID: 25594040 PMCID: PMC4284619 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit occur commonly in melanomas arising on mucosal membranes and acral skin. Clinical studies have demonstrated that selective inhibition of c-Kit is effective in treating patients with c-Kit mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but c-Kit inhibitor activity has been disappointing in c-Kit mutant melanoma patients. Activated c-Kit utilises phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling as the dominant effector of cell proliferation and survival with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade serving as an ancillary survival pathway. We confirmed that these pathways are re-activated in melanoma cells with acquired resistance to c-Kit inhibitors and that these resistant sublines remain sensitive to the concurrent inhibition of MAPK and PI3K signalling. These findings suggest that durable responses in c-Kit mutant melanoma may require combination therapies that selectively inhibit critical downstream proliferative and survival pathways. We also discuss the interaction between targeted therapies and anti-tumor immune responses and the need to consider immunotherapies in new combinatorial treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S Carlino
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia ; Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, New South Wales, Australia ; Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason R Todd
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia ; Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia ; Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, New South Wales, Australia ; Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Miller DM, Flaherty KT, Tsao H. Commentary: Molecular testing in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:863-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hodi FS, Corless CL, Giobbie-Hurder A, Fletcher JA, Zhu M, Marino-Enriquez A, Friedlander P, Gonzalez R, Weber JS, Gajewski TF, O'Day SJ, Kim KB, Lawrence D, Flaherty KT, Luke JJ, Collichio FA, Ernstoff MS, Heinrich MC, Beadling C, Zukotynski KA, Yap JT, Van den Abbeele AD, Demetri GD, Fisher DE. Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-damaged skin. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3182-90. [PMID: 23775962 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.47.7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Amplifications and mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene in subsets of melanomas provide therapeutic opportunities. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter phase II trial of imatinib in metastatic mucosal, acral, or chronically sun-damaged (CSD) melanoma with KIT amplifications and/or mutations. Patients received imatinib 400 mg once per day or 400 mg twice per day if there was no initial response. Dose reductions were permitted for treatment-related toxicities. Additional oncogene mutation screening was performed by mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were enrolled (24 evaluable). Eight patients (33%) had tumors with KIT mutations, 11 (46%) with KIT amplifications, and five (21%) with both. Median follow-up was 10.6 months (range, 3.7 to 27.1 months). Best overall response rate (BORR) was 29% (21% excluding nonconfirmed responses) with a two-stage 95% CI of 13% to 51%. BORR was significantly greater than the hypothesized null of 5% and statistically significantly different by mutation status (7 of 13 or 54% KIT mutated v 0% KIT amplified only). There were no statistical differences in rates of progression or survival by mutation status or by melanoma site. The overall disease control rate was 50% but varied significantly by KIT mutation status (77% mutated v 18% amplified). Four patients harbored pretreatment NRAS mutations, and one patient acquired increased KIT amplification after treatment. CONCLUSION Melanomas that arise on mucosal, acral, or CSD skin should be assessed for KIT mutations. Imatinib can be effective when tumors harbor KIT mutations, but not if KIT is amplified only. NRAS mutations and KIT copy number gain may be mechanisms of therapeutic resistance to imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stephen Hodi
- F. Stephen Hodi, Anita Giobbie-Hurder, Philip Friedlander, Jason J. Luke, Katherine A. Zukotynski, Jeffrey T. Yap, Annick D. Van den Abbeele, and George D. Demetri, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Jonathan A. Fletcher, Meijun Zhu, and Adrian Marino-Enriquez, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Donald Lawrence, Keith T. Flaherty, and David E. Fisher, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Christopher L. Corless, Michael C. Heinrich, and Carol Beadling, Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Philip Friedlander, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Rene Gonzalez, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Jeffrey S. Weber, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; Thomas F. Gajewski, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Steven J. O'Day, Beverly Hills Cancer Center, Beverly Hills, CA; Kevin B. Kim, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Frances A. Collichio, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and Marc S. Ernstoff, Geisel School of Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Hanover, NH
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Todd JR, Becker TM, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Secondary c-Kit mutations confer acquired resistance to RTK inhibitors in c-Kit mutant melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:518-26. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Todd
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
| | | | - Helen Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research; University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital; Westmead; NSW; Australia
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