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Yao L, Zhu X, Shan Y, Zhang L, Yao J, Xiong H. Recent Progress in Anti-Tumor Nanodrugs Based on Tumor Microenvironment Redox Regulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310018. [PMID: 38269480 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The growth state of tumor cells is strictly affected by the specific abnormal redox status of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, redox reactions at the biological level are also central and fundamental to essential energy metabolism reactions in tumors. Accordingly, anti-tumor nanodrugs targeting the disruption of this abnormal redox homeostasis have become one of the hot spots in the field of nanodrugs research due to the effectiveness of TME modulation and anti-tumor efficiency mediated by redox interference. This review discusses the latest research results of nanodrugs in anti-tumor therapy, which regulate the levels of oxidants or reductants in TME through a variety of therapeutic strategies, ultimately breaking the original "stable" redox state of the TME and promoting tumor cell death. With the gradual deepening of study on the redox state of TME and the vigorous development of nanomaterials, it is expected that more anti-tumor nano drugs based on tumor redox microenvironment regulation will be designed and even applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
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Smiles WJ, Catalano L, Stefan VE, Weber DD, Kofler B. Metabolic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101771. [PMID: 37414143 PMCID: PMC10362370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a paediatric malignancy of incredibly complex aetiology. Oncogenic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma has conventionally focussed on transduction through the well-characterised PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, in which the latter has been implicated in treatment resistance. The discovery of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK as a target of genetic alterations in cases of familial and sporadic neuroblastoma, was a breakthrough in the understanding of the complex genetic heterogeneity of neuroblastoma. However, despite progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of ALK, treatment resistance frequently arises and appears to be a feature of the disease. Moreover, since the identification of ALK, several additional protein kinases, including the PIM and Aurora kinases, have emerged not only as drivers of the disease phenotype, but also as promising druggable targets. This is particularly the case for Aurora-A, given its intimate engagement with MYCN, a driver oncogene of aggressive neuroblastoma previously considered 'undruggable.' SCOPE OF REVIEW Aided by significant advances in structural biology and a broader understanding of the mechanisms of protein kinase function and regulation, we comprehensively outline the role of protein kinase signalling, emphasising ALK, PIM and Aurora in neuroblastoma, their respective metabolic outputs, and broader implications for targeted therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite massively divergent regulatory mechanisms, ALK, PIM and Aurora kinases all obtain significant roles in cellular glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism and neuroblastoma progression, and in several instances are implicated in treatment resistance. While metabolism of neuroblastoma tends to display hallmarks of the glycolytic "Warburg effect," aggressive, in particular MYCN-amplified tumours, retain functional mitochondrial metabolism, allowing for survival and proliferation under nutrient stress. Future strategies employing specific kinase inhibitors as part of the treatment regimen should consider combinatorial attempts at interfering with tumour metabolism, either through metabolic pathway inhibitors, or by dietary means, with a view to abolish metabolic flexibility that endows cancerous cells with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria E Stefan
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela D Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Liu Y, Wan Y, Yi J, Zhang L, Cheng W. GPX4: The hub of lipid oxidation, ferroptosis, disease and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188890. [PMID: 37001616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) moonlights as structural protein and antioxidase that powerfully inhibits lipid oxidation. In the past years, it is considered as a key regulator of ferroptosis, which takes role in the lipid and amine acid metabolism and influences the cell aging, oncogenesis, and cell death. More and more evidences show that targeting GPX4-induced ferroptosis is a promising strategy for disease therapy, especially cancer treatment. In view of these, we generalize the function of GPX4 and regulatory mechanism between GPX4 and ferroptosis, discuss its roles in the disease pathology, and focus on the recent advances of disease therapeutic potential.
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Mung KL, Meinander A, Koskinen PJ. PIM
kinases phosphorylate lactate dehydrogenase A at serine 161 and suppress its nuclear ubiquitination. FEBS J 2022; 290:2489-2502. [PMID: 36239424 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is a glycolytic enzyme catalysing the reversible conversion of pyruvate to lactate. It has been implicated as a substrate for PIM kinases, yet the relevant target sites and functional consequences of phosphorylation have remained unknown. Here, we show that all three PIM family members can phosphorylate LDHA at serine 161. When we investigated the physiological consequences of this phosphorylation in PC3 prostate cancer and MCF7 breast cancer cells, we noticed that it suppressed ubiquitin-mediated degradation of nuclear LDHA and promoted interactions between LDHA and 14-3-3 proteins. By contrast, in CRISPR/Cas9-edited knock-out cells lacking all three PIM family members, ubiquitination of nuclear LDHA was dramatically increased followed by its decreased expression. Our data suggest that PIM kinases support nuclear LDHA expression and activities by promoting phosphorylation-dependent interactions of LDHA with 14-3-3ε, which shields nuclear LDHA from ubiquitin-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, BioCity Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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5
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Phosphorylation of PFKFB4 by PIM2 promotes anaerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in endometriosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:790. [PMID: 36109523 PMCID: PMC9477845 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis (EM) is one of the vanquished wonted causes of chronic pelvic sting in women and is closely associated with infertility. The long-term, complex, systemic, and post-treatment recurrence of EM wreaks havoc on women's quality of life. Extensive metabolic reprogramming (aerobic glycolysis, glucose overweening intake, and high lactate production) and cancer-like changes have been found in EM, which bears striking similarities to tumorigenesis. The key glycolysis regulator PFKFB4 is overexpressed in EM. However, the mechanism of PFKFB4 in EM remains unknown. We found that PFKFB4 was upregulated and was closely related to the progression of EM. We identified focus PIM2 as a new pioneering adjoin protein of PFKFB4. Vigorous biochemical methods were used to confirm that PIM2 phosphorylated site Thr140 of PFKFB4. PIM2 also could enhance PFKFB4 protein expression through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, PIM2 expression was really corresponding prevalent with PFKFB4 in endometriosis in vivo. Importantly, phosphorylation of PFKFB4 on Thr140 by PIM2 promoted EM glycolysis and cell growth. Our study demonstrates that PIM2 mediates PFKFB4 Thr140 phosphorylation thus regulating glycolysis and EM progression. We illustrated a new mechanism that PIM2 simulated a central upstream partnership in the regulation of PFKFB4, and reveal a novel means of PIM2-PFKFB4 setting EM growth. Our research provided new theoretical support for further clarifying the reprogramming of EM glucose metabolism, and provided new clues for exploring non-contraceptive treatments for EM.
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Mung KL, Eccleshall WB, Santio NM, Rivero-Müller A, Koskinen PJ. PIM kinases inhibit AMPK activation and promote tumorigenicity by phosphorylating LKB1. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:68. [PMID: 34193159 PMCID: PMC8247201 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncogenic PIM kinases and the tumor-suppressive LKB1 kinase have both been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism, albeit in opposite directions. Here we investigated whether these kinases interact with each other to influence AMPK activation and tumorigenic growth of prostate and breast cancer cells. METHODS We first determined how PIM and LKB1 kinases affect AMPK phosphorylation levels. We then used in vitro kinase assays to demonstrate that LKB1 is phosphorylated by PIM kinases, and site-directed mutagenesis to identify the PIM target sites in LKB1. The cellular functions of PIM and LKB1 kinases were evaluated using either pan-PIM inhibitors or CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing, with which all three PIM family members and/or LKB1 were knocked out from PC3 prostate and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. In addition to cell proliferation assays, we examined the effects of PIM and/or LKB1 loss on tumor growth using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenograft model. RESULTS We provide both genetic and pharmacological evidence to demonstrate that inhibition of PIM expression or activity increases phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 in both PC3 and MCF7 cells, but not in their derivatives lacking LKB1. This is explained by our observation that all three PIM family kinases can phosphorylate LKB1 at Ser334. Wild-type LKB1, but not its phosphodeficient derivative, can restore PIM inhibitor-induced AMPK phosphorylation in LKB1 knock-out cells. In the CAM model, loss of LKB1 enhances tumorigenicity of PC3 xenografts, while cells lacking both LKB1 and PIMs exhibit slower proliferation rates and form smaller tumors. CONCLUSION PIM kinases are novel negative regulators of LKB1 that affect AMPK activity in an LKB1-dependent fashion. The impairment of cell proliferation and tumor growth in cells lacking both LKB1 and PIMs indicates that these kinases possess a shared signaling role in the context of cancer. These data also suggest that PIM inhibitors may be a rational therapeutic option for LKB1-deficient tumors. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Long Mung
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - William B Eccleshall
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering/Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina M Santio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering/Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Päivi J Koskinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500, Turku, Finland.
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7
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Wen QL, Yi HQ, Yang K, Yin CT, Yin WJ, Xiang FY, Bao M, Shuai J, Song YW, Ge MH, Zhu X. Role of oncogene PIM-1 in the development and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Involvement of oxidative stress. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111144. [PMID: 33383107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of PIM-1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in vitro and investigate the relationship between PIM-1 and redox proteins (NOX4, SOD2, and GPX2) at the tissue and cellular levels. As a PIM-1 inhibitor, SGI-1776 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and induced an increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in two PTC cell lines (BCPAP and TPC-1). The expressions of PIM-1, SOD2 and GPX2 were downregulated after siNOX4 exposure. Immunohistochemistry in 120 PTC patients showed that all four proteins exhibited higher expression levels in PTC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. PIM-1 expression was related to NOX4, SOD2, and GPX2 expressions. The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis showed the significant correlation between the expression of NOX4 and PIM-1. Our results demonstrated that PIM-1 played an important oncogenic role in PTC carcinogenesis that may be related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Liang Wen
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - He-Qing Yi
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Tian Yin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Yin
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fang-Yue Xiang
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Miao Bao
- Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China.
| | - Jing Shuai
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Song
- Stomatology College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hua Ge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China; Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Yoon YJ, Kwon BM. Cinnamomum cassia, apoptosis, STAT3 inactivation and reactive oxygen species in cancer studies. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Toth RK, Warfel NA. Targeting PIM Kinases to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:3-10. [PMID: 33303645 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression and the onset of therapeutic resistance are often the results of uncontrolled activation of survival kinases. The proviral integration for the Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are oncogenic serine/threonine kinases that regulate tumorigenesis by phosphorylating a wide range of substrates that control cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Because of their broad impact on cellular processes that facilitate progression and metastasis in many cancer types, it has become clear that the activation of PIM kinases is a significant driver of resistance to various types of anticancer therapies. As a result, efforts to target PIM kinases for anticancer therapy have intensified in recent years. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of PIM has the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of standard and targeted therapies. This review focuses on the signaling pathways through which PIM kinases promote cancer progression and resistance to therapy, as well as highlights biological contexts and promising strategies to exploit PIM as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Toth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Noel A Warfel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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10
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Blum L, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Grünweller A, Schiffmann S. Natural antiviral compound silvestrol modulates human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6988-6999. [PMID: 32374474 PMCID: PMC7267175 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of infections with viruses like Sars‐CoV‐2, Ebola virus and Zika virus lead to major global health and economic problems because of limited treatment options. Therefore, new antiviral drug candidates are urgently needed. The promising new antiviral drug candidate silvestrol effectively inhibited replication of Corona‐, Ebola‐, Zika‐, Picorna‐, Hepatis E and Chikungunya viruses. Besides a direct impact on pathogens, modulation of the host immune system provides an additional facet to antiviral drug development because suitable immune modulation can boost innate defence mechanisms against the pathogens. In the present study, silvestrol down‐regulated several pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, CCL2, CCL18) and increased TNF‐α during differentiation and activation of M1‐macrophages, suggesting that the effects of silvestrol might cancel each other out. However, silvestrol amplified the anti‐inflammatory potential of M2‐macrophages by increasing expression of anti‐inflammatory surface markers CD206, TREM2 and reducing release of pro‐inflammatory IL‐8 and CCL2. The differentiation of dendritic cells in the presence of silvestrol is characterized by down‐regulation of several surface markers and cytokines indicating that differentiation is impaired by silvestrol. In conclusion, silvestrol influences the inflammatory status of immune cells depending on the cell type and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Aziz AUR, Farid S, Qin K, Wang H, Liu B. Regulation of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism by interaction of PIM kinases and insulin receptor substrates. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:129-138. [PMID: 30270668 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1498903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is caused by various environmental and genetic factors leading to a number of serious health issues. Due to its multifactorial origin, molecular characterization may provide better tools for its effective treatment. On molecular level, dysregulation of signaling pathway by insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) is one of the most common reasons of this disease. IRSs are regulated by >50 serine/threonine kinases, which may have positive or negative effects on insulin sensitivity. Among these serine/threonine kinases, PIM kinases have garnered much attention as they not only affect insulin sensitivity by phosphorylating IRSs directly and/or indirectly but also alter the activities of their downstream molecules like PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. In this review, interactions of PIM kinases with IRSs and their downstream proteins and their action mechanism in the regulation of insulin resistance are elaborated. Furthermore, this review offers fundamental understandings of the role of PIM kinases in this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Sumbal Farid
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Kairong Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Hanqin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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12
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Chauhan SS, Toth RK, Jensen CC, Casillas AL, Kashatus DF, Warfel NA. PIM kinases alter mitochondrial dynamics and chemosensitivity in lung cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:2597-2611. [PMID: 31992853 PMCID: PMC7545584 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy represents a major obstacle to the successful treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The goal of this study was to determine how PIM kinases impact mitochondrial dynamics, ROS production, and response to chemotherapy in lung cancer. Live-cell imaging and microscopy were used to determine the effect of PIM loss or inhibition on mitochondrial phenotype and ROS. Inhibition of PIM kinases caused excessive mitochondrial fission and significant upregulation of mitochondrial superoxide, increasing intracellular ROS. Mechanistically, we define a signaling axis linking PIM1 to Drp1 and mitochondrial fission in lung cancer. PIM inhibition significantly increased the protein levels and mitochondrial localization of Drp1, causing marked fragmentation of mitochondria. An inverse correlation between PIM1 and Drp1 was confirmed in NSCLC patient samples. Inhibition of PIM sensitized NSCLC cells to chemotherapy and produced a synergistic antitumor response in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy verified that PIM inhibitors promote mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in vivo. These data improve our knowledge about how PIM1 regulates mitochondria and provide justification for combining PIM inhibition with chemotherapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailender S Chauhan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel K Toth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Corbin C Jensen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrea L Casillas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Noel A Warfel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Levy Cancer Center, Rm 0977, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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13
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Ye Z, Liu W, Zhuo Q, Hu Q, Liu M, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Fan G, Xu W, Ji S, Yu X, Qin Y, Xu X. Ferroptosis: Final destination for cancer? Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12761. [PMID: 32100402 PMCID: PMC7106955 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently defined, non‐apoptotic, regulated cell death (RCD) process that comprises abnormal metabolism of cellular lipid oxides catalysed by iron ions or iron‐containing enzymes. In this process, a variety of inducers destroy the cell redox balance and produce a large number of lipid peroxidation products, eventually triggering cell death. However, in terms of morphology, biochemistry and genetics, ferroptosis is quite different from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy‐dependent cell death and other RCD processes. A growing number of studies suggest that the relationship between ferroptosis and cancer is extremely complicated and that ferroptosis promises to be a novel approach for the cancer treatment. This article primarily focuses on the mechanism of ferroptosis and discusses the potential application of ferroptosis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Zhuo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqing Sun
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixiong Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Malone T, Schäfer L, Simon N, Heavey S, Cuffe S, Finn S, Moore G, Gately K. Current perspectives on targeting PIM kinases to overcome mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107454. [PMID: 31836451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PIM kinases are a class of serine/threonine kinases that play a role in several of the hallmarks of cancer including cell cycle progression, metabolism, inflammation and immune evasion. Their constitutively active nature and unique catalytic structure has led them to be an attractive anticancer target through the use of small molecule inhibitors. This review highlights the enhanced activity of PIM kinases in cancer that can be driven by hypoxia in the tumour microenvironment and the important role that aberrant PIM kinase activity plays in resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapies and targeted therapies. We highlight an interaction of PIM kinases with numerous major oncogenic players, including but not limited to, stabilisation of p53, synergism with c-Myc, and notable parallel signalling with PI3K/Akt. We provide a comprehensive overview of PIM kinase's role as an escape mechanism to targeted therapies including PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, MET inhibitors, anti-HER2/EGFR treatments and the immunosuppressant rapamycin, providing a rationale for co-targeting treatment strategies for a more durable patient response. The current status of PIM kinase inhibitors and their use as a combination therapy with other targeted agents, in addition to the development of novel multi-molecularly targeted single therapeutic agents containing a PIM kinase targeting moiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Malone
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lea Schäfer
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathalie Simon
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sinead Cuffe
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gillian Moore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy Gately
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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Song JH, Kang HJ, Luevano LA, Gokhale V, Wu K, Pandey R, Sherry Chow HH, Hurley LH, Kraft AS. Small-Molecule-Targeting Hairpin Loop of hTERT Promoter G-Quadruplex Induces Cancer Cell Death. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1110-1121.e4. [PMID: 31155510 PMCID: PMC6713458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased telomerase activity is associated with malignancy and poor prognosis in human cancer, but the development of targeted agents has not yet provided clinical benefit. Here we report that, instead of targeting the telomerase enzyme directly, small molecules that bind to the G-hairpin of the hTERT G-quadruplex-forming sequence kill selectively malignant cells without altering the function of normal cells. RG260 targets the hTERT G-quadruplex stem-loop folding but not tetrad DNAs, leading to downregulation of hTERT expression. To improve physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, we derived a small-molecule analog, RG1603, from the parent compound. RG1603 induces mitochondrial defects including PGC1α and NRF2 inhibition and increases oxidative stress, followed by DNA damage and apoptosis. RG1603 injected as a single agent has tolerable toxicity while achieving strong anticancer efficacy in a tumor xenograft mouse model. These results demonstrate a unique approach to inhibiting the hTERT that functions by impairing mitochondrial activity, inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Hyun-Jin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Reglagene LLC, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Libia A Luevano
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Reglagene LLC, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kui Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - H-H Sherry Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Laurence H Hurley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Reglagene LLC, 1703 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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16
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Foo CHJ, Pervaiz S. gRASping the redox lever to modulate cancer cell fate signaling. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101094. [PMID: 30638892 PMCID: PMC6859584 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are critical regulators of signaling networks controlling diverse cellular functions such as cell proliferation and survival and its mutation are among the most powerful oncogenic drivers in human cancers. Despite intense efforts, direct RAS-targeting strategies remain elusive due to its "undruggable" nature. To that end, bulk of the research efforts has been directed towards targeting upstream and/or downstream of RAS signaling. However, the therapeutic efficacies of these treatments are limited in the long run due to the acquired drug resistance in RAS-driven cancers. Interestingly, recent studies have uncovered a potential role of RAS in redox-regulation as well as the interplay between ROS and RAS-associated signaling networks during process of cancer initiation and progression. More specifically, these studies provide ample evidence to implicate RAS as a redox-rheostat, manipulating ROS levels to provide a redox-milieu conducive for carcinogenesis. Importantly, the understanding of RAS-ROS interplay could provide us with novel targetable vulnerabilities for designing therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the advances in the field to illustrate the dual role of RAS in redox-regulation and its implications in RAS signaling outcomes and also emerging redox-based strategies to target RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore.
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17
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Song JH, Singh N, Luevano LA, Padi SKR, Okumura K, Olive V, Black SM, Warfel NA, Goodrich DW, Kraft AS. Mechanisms Behind Resistance to PI3K Inhibitor Treatment Induced by the PIM Kinase. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2710-2721. [PMID: 30190422 PMCID: PMC6279580 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer resistance to PI3K inhibitor therapy can be in part mediated by increases in the PIM1 kinase. However, the exact mechanism by which PIM kinase promotes tumor cell resistance is unknown. Our study unveils the pivotal control of redox signaling by PIM kinases as a driver of this resistance mechanism. PIM1 kinase functions to decrease cellular ROS levels by enhancing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/antioxidant response element activity. PIM prevents cell death induced by PI3K-AKT-inhibitory drugs through a noncanonical mechanism of NRF2 ubiquitination and degradation and translational control of NRF2 protein levels through modulation of eIF4B and mTORC1 activity. Importantly, PIM also controls NAD(P)H production by increasing glucose flux through the pentose phosphate shunt decreasing ROS production, and thereby diminishing the cytotoxicity of PI3K-AKT inhibitors. Treatment with PIM kinase inhibitors reverses this resistance phenotype, making tumors increasingly susceptible to small-molecule therapeutics, which block the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Koichi Okumura
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Virginie Olive
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Noel A Warfel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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18
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Chong SJF, Lai JXH, Eu JQ, Bellot GL, Pervaiz S. Reactive Oxygen Species and Oncoprotein Signaling-A Dangerous Liaison. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1553-1588. [PMID: 29186971 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There is evidence to implicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumorigenesis and its progression. This has been associated with the interplay between ROS and oncoproteins, resulting in enhanced cellular proliferation and survival. Recent Advances: To date, studies have investigated specific contributions of the crosstalk between ROS and signaling networks in cancer initiation and progression. These investigations have challenged the established dogma of ROS as agents of cell death by demonstrating a secondary function that fuels cell proliferation and survival. Studies have thus identified (onco)proteins (Bcl-2, STAT3/5, RAS, Rac1, and Myc) in manipulating ROS level as well as exploiting an altered redox environment to create a milieu conducive for cancer formation and progression. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite these advances, drug resistance and its association with an altered redox metabolism continue to pose a challenge at the mechanistic and clinical levels. Therefore, identifying specific signatures, altered protein expressions, and modifications as well as protein-protein interplay/function could not only enhance our understanding of the redox networks during cancer initiation and progression but will also provide novel targets for designing specific therapeutic strategies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Not only a heightened realization is required to unravel various gene/protein networks associated with cancer formation and progression, particularly from the redox standpoint, but there is also a need for developing more sensitive tools for assessing cancer redox metabolism in clinical settings. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge of the crosstalk between oncoproteins and ROS in promoting cancer cell survival and proliferation and treatment strategies employed against these oncoproteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jun Fei Chong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolin Xiao Hui Lai
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Qing Eu
- 2 Cancer Science Institute , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gregory Lucien Bellot
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,5 National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore, Singapore .,6 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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19
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Daenthanasanmak A, Wu Y, Iamsawat S, Nguyen HD, Bastian D, Zhang M, Sofi MH, Chatterjee S, Hill EG, Mehrotra S, Kraft AS, Yu XZ. PIM-2 protein kinase negatively regulates T cell responses in transplantation and tumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2787-2801. [PMID: 29781812 DOI: 10.1172/jci95407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinase family members play a crucial role in promoting cell survival and proliferation via phosphorylation of their target substrates. In this study, we investigated the role of the PIM kinases with respect to T cell responses in transplantation and tumor immunity. We found that the PIM-2 isoform negatively regulated T cell responses to alloantigen, in contrast to the PIM-1 and PIM-3 isoforms, which acted as positive regulators. T cells deficient in PIM-2 demonstrated increased T cell differentiation toward Th1 subset, proliferation, and migration to target organs after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, resulting in dramatically accelerated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) severity. Restoration of PIM-2 expression markedly attenuated the pathogenicity of PIM-2-deficient T cells to induce GVHD. On the other hand, mice deficient in PIM-2 readily rejected syngeneic tumor, which was primarily dependent on CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, silencing PIM-2 in polyclonal or antigen-specific CD8+ T cells substantially enhanced their antitumor response in adoptive T cell immunotherapy. We conclude that PIM-2 kinase plays a prominent role in suppressing T cell responses, and provide a strong rationale to target PIM-2 for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth G Hill
- Department of Public Health Science, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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20
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Doshi KA, Trotta R, Natarajan K, Rassool FV, Tron AE, Huszar D, Perrotti D, Baer MR. Pim kinase inhibition sensitizes FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia cells to topoisomerase 2 inhibitors through increased DNA damage and oxidative stress. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48280-48295. [PMID: 27374090 PMCID: PMC5217017 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication of fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3-ITD) is frequent (30 percent) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and is associated with short disease-free survival following chemotherapy. The serine threonine kinase Pim-1 is a pro-survival oncogene transcriptionally upregulated by FLT3-ITD that also promotes its signaling in a positive feedback loop. Thus inhibiting Pim-1 represents an attractive approach in targeting FLT3-ITD cells. Indeed, co-treatment with the pan-Pim kinase inhibitor AZD1208 or expression of a kinase-dead Pim-1 mutant sensitized FLT3-ITD cell lines to apoptosis triggered by chemotherapy drugs including the topoisomerase 2 inhibitors daunorubicin, etoposide and mitoxantrone, but not the nucleoside analog cytarabine. AZD1208 sensitized primary AML cells with FLT3-ITD to topoisomerase 2 inhibitors, but did not sensitize AML cells with wild-type FLT3 or remission bone marrow cells, supporting a favorable therapeutic index. Mechanistically, the enhanced apoptosis observed with AZD1208 and topoisomerase 2 inhibitor combination treatment was associated with increased DNA double-strand breaks and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and co-treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine rescued FLT3-ITD cells from AZD1208 sensitization to topoisomerase 2 inhibitors. Our data support testing of Pim kinase inhibitors with topoisomerase 2 inhibitors, but not with cytarabine, to improve treatment outcomes in AML with FLT3-ITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama A Doshi
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rossana Trotta
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karthika Natarajan
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Danilo Perrotti
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Abstract
Pim kinases are being implicated in oncogenic process in various human cancers. Pim kinases primarily deal with three broad categories of functions such as tumorigenesis, protecting cells from apoptotic signals and evading immune attacks. Here in this review, we discuss the regulation of Pim kinases and their expression, and how these kinases defend cancer cells from therapeutic and immune attacks with special emphasis on how Pim kinases maintain their own expression during apoptosis and cellular transformation, defend mitochondria during apoptosis, defend cancer cells from immune attack, defend cancer cells from therapeutic attack, choose localization, self-regulation, activation of oncogenic transcription, metabolic regulation and so on. In addition, we also discuss how Pim kinases contribute to tumorigenesis by regulating cellular transformation and glycolysis to reinforce the importance of Pim kinases in cancer and cancer stem cells.
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22
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Brunen D, García-Barchino MJ, Malani D, Jagalur Basheer N, Lieftink C, Beijersbergen RL, Murumägi A, Porkka K, Wolf M, Zwaan CM, Fornerod M, Kallioniemi O, Martínez-Climent JÁ, Bernards R. Intrinsic resistance to PIM kinase inhibition in AML through p38α-mediated feedback activation of mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37407-37419. [PMID: 27270648 PMCID: PMC5122321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although conventional therapies for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are effective in inducing remission, many patients relapse upon treatment. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel therapies. PIM kinases are often overexpressed in AML and DLBCL and are therefore an attractive therapeutic target. However, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that intrinsic resistance to PIM inhibition is common. It is therefore likely that only a minority of patients will benefit from single agent PIM inhibitor treatment. In this study, we performed an shRNA-based genetic screen to identify kinases whose suppression is synergistic with PIM inhibition. Here, we report that suppression of p38α (MAPK14) is synthetic lethal with the PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208. PIM inhibition elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which subsequently activates p38α and downstream AKT/mTOR signaling. We found that p38α inhibitors sensitize hematological tumor cell lines to AZD1208 treatment in vitro and in vivo. These results were validated in ex vivo patient-derived AML cells. Our findings provide mechanistic and translational evidence supporting the rationale to test a combination of p38α and PIM inhibitors in clinical trials for AML and DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Brunen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Disha Malani
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noorjahan Jagalur Basheer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Murumägi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Maija Wolf
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Fornerod
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Insulin receptor substrate 1 is a substrate of the Pim protein kinases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20152-65. [PMID: 26956053 PMCID: PMC4991444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pim family of serine/threonine protein kinases (Pim 1, 2, and 3) contribute to cellular transformation by regulating glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Drugs targeting the Pim protein kinases are being tested in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. The goal of these studies was to identify Pim substrate(s) that could help define the pathway regulated by these enzymes and potentially serve as a biomarker of Pim activity. To identify novel substrates, bioinformatics analysis was carried out to identify proteins containing a consensus Pim phosphorylation site. This analysis identified the insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 (IRS1/2) as potential Pim substrates. Experiments were carried out in tissue culture, animals, and human samples from phase I trials to validate this observation and define the biologic readout of this phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates in both malignant and normal cells using either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the Pim kinases or overexpression of this family of enzymes that human IRS1S1101 and IRS2S1149 are Pim substrates. In xenograft tumor experiments and in a human phase I clinical trial, a pan-Pim inhibitor administered in vivo to animals or humans decreased IRS1S1101 phosphorylation in tumor tissues. This phosphorylation was shown to have effects on the half-life of the IRS family of proteins, suggesting a role in insulin or IGF signaling. These results demonstrate that IRS1S1101 is a novel substrate for the Pim kinases and provide a novel marker for evaluation of Pim inhibitor therapy.
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24
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Casillas AL, Toth RK, Sainz AG, Singh N, Desai AA, Kraft AS, Warfel NA. Hypoxia-Inducible PIM Kinase Expression Promotes Resistance to Antiangiogenic Agents. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:169-180. [PMID: 29084916 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients develop resistance to antiangiogenic drugs, secondary to changes in the tumor microenvironment, including hypoxia. PIM kinases are prosurvival kinases and their expression increases in hypoxia. The goal of this study was to determine whether targeting hypoxia-induced PIM kinase expression is effective in combination with VEGF-targeting agents. The rationale for this therapeutic approach is based on the fact that antiangiogenic drugs can make tumors hypoxic, and thus more sensitive to PIM inhibitors.Experimental Design: Xenograft and orthotopic models of prostate and colon cancer were used to assess the effect of PIM activation on the efficacy of VEGF-targeting agents. IHC and in vivo imaging were used to analyze angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis. Biochemical studies were performed to characterize the novel signaling pathway linking PIM and HIF1.Results: PIM was upregulated following treatment with anti-VEGF therapies, and PIM1 overexpression reduced the ability of these drugs to disrupt vasculature and block tumor growth. PIM inhibitors reduced HIF1 activity, opposing the shift to a pro-angiogenic gene signature associated with hypoxia. Combined inhibition of PIM and VEGF produced a synergistic antitumor response characterized by decreased proliferation, reduced tumor vasculature, and decreased metastasis.Conclusions: This study describes PIM kinase expression as a novel mechanism of resistance to antiangiogenic agents. Our data provide justification for combining PIM and VEGF inhibitors to treat solid tumors. The unique ability of PIM inhibitors to concomitantly target HIF1 and selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells addresses two major components of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 169-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Casillas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rachel K Toth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alva G Sainz
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences graduate program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Noel A Warfel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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25
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Döppler H, Storz P. Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Activation of Protein Kinase D1 and Its Importance in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:41. [PMID: 28361035 PMCID: PMC5350125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to alterations in their metabolic activity and decreased mitochondrial efficiency, cancer cells often show increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but at the same time, to avoid cytotoxic signaling and to facilitate tumorigenic signaling, have mechanism in place that keep ROS in check. This requires signaling molecules that convey increases in oxidative stress to signal to the nucleus to upregulate antioxidant genes. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1), the serine/threonine kinase, is one of these ROS sensors. In this mini-review, we highlight the mechanisms of how PKD1 is activated in response to oxidative stress, so far known downstream effectors, as well as the importance of PKD1-initiated signaling for development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
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26
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Wu J, Zhang Q, Wuu YR, Zou S, Hei TK. Cytoplasmic Irradiation Induces Metabolic Shift in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells via Activation of Pim-1 Kinase. Radiat Res 2017; 187:441-453. [PMID: 28170315 DOI: 10.1667/rr0006cc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unique cellular and molecular consequences of cytoplasmic damage caused by ionizing radiation were studied using a precision microbeam irradiator. Our results indicated that targeted cytoplasmic irradiation induced metabolic shift from an oxidative to glycolytic phenotype in human small airway epithelial cells (SAE). At 24 h postirradiation, there was an increase in the mRNA expression level of key glycolytic enzymes as well as lactate secretion in SAE cells. Using RNA-sequencing analysis to compare genes that were responsive to cytoplasmic versus nuclear irradiation, we found a glycolysis related gene, Pim-1, was significantly upregulated only in cytoplasmic irradiated SAE cells. Inhibition of Pim-1 activity using the selective pharmaceutic inhibitor Smi-4a significantly reduced the level of lactate production and glucose uptake after cytoplasmic irradiation. In addition, Pim-1 also inhibited AMPK activity, which is a well-characterized negative regulator of glycolysis. Distinct from the glycolysis induced by cytoplasmic irradiation, targeted nuclear irradiation also induced a transient and minimal increase in glycolysis that correlated with increased expression of Hif-1α. In an effort to explore the underline mechanism, we found that inhibition of mitochondria fission using the cell-permeable inhibitor mdivi-1 suppressed the induction of Pim-1, thus confirming Pim-1 upregulation as a downstream effect of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our data show and, for the first time, that cytoplasmic irradiation mediate expression level of Pim-1, which lead to glycolytic shift in SAE cells. Additionally, since glycolysis is frequently linked to cancer cell metabolism, our findings further suggest a role of cytoplasmic damage in promoting neoplastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- a Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,d Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China 230031
| | - Qin Zhang
- c Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University. Chengdu, Sichuan, China 610041; and
| | - Yen-Ruh Wuu
- a Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sirui Zou
- a Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Tom K Hei
- a Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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27
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Liang C, Qin Y, Zhang B, Ji S, Shi S, Xu W, Liu J, Xiang J, Liang D, Hu Q, Ni Q, Xu J, Yu X. Metabolic plasticity in heterogeneous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:177-188. [PMID: 27600832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms. The recognized hallmarks of PDA are regarded to be downstream events of metabolic reprogramming. Because PDA is a heterogeneous disease that is influenced by genetic polymorphisms and changes in the microenvironment, metabolic plasticity is a novel feature of PDA. As intrinsic factors for metabolic plasticity, K-ras activation and mutations in other tumor suppressor genes induce abnormal mitochondrial metabolism and enhance glycolysis, with alterations in glutamine and lipid metabolism. As extrinsic factors, the acidic and oxygen/nutrient-deprived microenvironment also induces cancer cells to reprogram their metabolic pathway and hijack stromal cells (mainly cancer-associated fibroblasts and immunocytes) to communicate, thereby adapting to metabolic stress. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic features of PDA will contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinfeng Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dingkong Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of KRAS are the most frequent driver mutations in pancreatic cancer. Expression of an oncogenic allele of KRAS leads to metabolic changes and altered cellular signaling that both can increase the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increases in ROS have been shown to drive the formation and progression of pancreatic precancerous lesions by upregulating survival and growth factor signaling. A key issue for precancerous and cancer cells is to keep ROS at levels where they are beneficial for tumor development and progression, but below the threshold that leads to induction of senescence or cell death. In KRas-driven neoplasia aberrantly increased ROS levels are therefore balanced by an upregulation of antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
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29
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Warfel NA, Sainz AG, Song JH, Kraft AS. PIM Kinase Inhibitors Kill Hypoxic Tumor Cells by Reducing Nrf2 Signaling and Increasing Reactive Oxygen Species. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1637-47. [PMID: 27196781 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia is a significant obstacle to the successful treatment of solid tumors, and it is highly correlated with metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and disease recurrence in cancer patients. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapies that target hypoxic cells within the tumor microenvironment. The Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases represent a prosurvival pathway that is upregulated in response to hypoxia, in a HIF-1-independent manner. We demonstrate that pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of PIM kinases is significantly more toxic toward cancer cells in hypoxia as compared with normoxia. Xenograft studies confirm that PIM kinase inhibitors impede tumor growth and selectively kill hypoxic tumor cells in vivo Experiments show that PIM kinases enhance the ability of tumor cells to adapt to hypoxia-induced oxidative stress by increasing the nuclear localization and activity of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which functions to increase the expression of antioxidant genes. Small molecule PIM kinase inhibitors prevent Nrf2 from accumulating in the nucleus, reducing the transcription of cytoprotective genes and leading to the build-up of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to toxic levels in hypoxic tumor cells. This toxic effect of PIM inhibitors can be successfully blocked by ROS scavengers, including N-acetyl cystine and superoxide dismutase. Thus, inhibition of PIM kinases has the potential to oppose hypoxia-mediated therapeutic resistance and induce cell death in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1637-47. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Warfel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Alva G Sainz
- UROC-PREP program, University of Arizona College of Undergraduate Studies, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jin H Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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30
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Global survey of cell death mechanisms reveals metabolic regulation of ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:497-503. [PMID: 27159577 PMCID: PMC4920070 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is known as programmed cell death. Some non-apoptotic cell death is increasingly recognized as genetically controlled, or ‘regulated’. However, the full extent and diversity of these alternative cell death mechanisms remains uncharted. Here, we surveyed the landscape of pharmacologically-accessible cell death mechanisms. Of 56 caspase-independent lethal compounds, modulatory profiling revealed ten inducing three types of regulated non-apoptotic cell death. Lead optimization of one of the ten resulted in the discovery of FIN56, a specific inducer of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis occurs when the lipid repair enzyme GPX4 is inhibited. We found that FIN56 promotes degradation of GPX4. We performed chemoproteomics to reveal that FIN56 also binds to and activates squalene synthase, an enzyme involved in the cholesterol synthesis, in a manner independent of GPX4 degradation. These discoveries reveal that dysregulation of lipid metabolism is associated with ferroptosis. This systematic approach is a means to discover and characterize novel cell death phenotypes.
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Abstract
The initiation and progression of human cancer is frequently linked to the uncontrolled activation of survival kinases. Two such pro-survival kinases that are commonly amplified in cancer are PIM and Akt. These oncogenic proteins are serine/threonine kinases that regulate tumorigenesis by phosphorylating substrates that control the cell cycle, cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Growing evidence suggests that cross-talk exists between the PIM and Akt kinases, indicating that they control partially overlapping survival signaling pathways that are critical to the initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of many types of cancer. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated in many human tumors, and it is well established as a promising anticancer target. Likewise, based on the role of PIM kinases in normal and tumor tissues, it is clear that this family of kinases represents an interesting target for anticancer therapy. Pharmacological inhibition of PIM has the potential to significantly influence the efficacy of standard and targeted therapies. This review focuses on the regulation of PIM kinases, their role in tumorigenesis, and the biological impact of their interaction with the Akt signaling pathway on the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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