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Tseng YH, Pan SW, Huang JR, Lee CC, Hung JJ, Hsu PK, Chen NJ, Su WJ, Chen YM, Feng JY. Promoter methylation and increased expression of PD-L1 in patients with active tuberculosis. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:278. [PMID: 39081906 PMCID: PMC11287217 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.07.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays a pivotal role in T cell activity and is involved in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. DNA methylation is a mechanism that modulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells. However, its effect on PD-L1 expression in macrophages after MTB infection remains unknown. We prospectively enrolled patients with active tuberculosis (TB) and non-TB subjects. The expression of PD-L1 and methylation-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were investigated and their correlation with disease severity and treatment outcomes were examined. PD-L1 promoter methylation status was evaluated using bisulfite sequencing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to visualize PD-L1- and TET-1-expressing cells in lung tissues from patients with TB and in macrophage cell lines with MTB-related stimulation. In total, 80 patients with active TB and 40 non-TB subjects were enrolled in the analysis. Patients with active TB had significantly higher expression of PD-L1, DNMT3b, TET1, TET2, and lower expression of DNMT1, compared to that in the non-TB subjects. The expression of PD-L1 and TET-1 was significantly associated with 1-month smear and culture non-conversion. IHC and IF staining demonstrated the co-localization of PD-L1- and TET-1-expressing macrophages in patients with pulmonary TB and in human macrophage cell lines after MTB-related stimulation. DNMT inhibition and TET-1 knockdown in human macrophages increased and decreased PD-L1 expression, respectively. Overall, PD-L1 expression is increased in patients with active TB and is correlated with treatment outcomes. DNA methylation is involved in modulating PD-L1 expression in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Han Tseng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Ru Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and WelfareTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Lee
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwan
| | - Jung-Jyh Hung
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwain
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwain
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
| | - Wei-Juin Su
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei BranchTaipei, 114Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yih Feng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, 112Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei, 112Taiwan
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Masum MHU, Wajed S, Hossain MI, Moumi NR, Talukder A, Rahman MM. An mRNA vaccine for pancreatic cancer designed by applying in silico immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology approaches. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305413. [PMID: 38976715 PMCID: PMC11230540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent pancreatic cancer, which is considered a significant global health concern. Chemotherapy and surgery are the mainstays of current pancreatic cancer treatments; however, a few cases are suitable for surgery, and most of the cases will experience recurrent episodes. Compared to DNA or peptide vaccines, mRNA vaccines for pancreatic cancer have more promise because of their delivery, enhanced immune responses, and lower proneness to mutation. We constructed an mRNA vaccine by analyzing S100 family proteins, which are all major activators of receptors for advanced glycation end products. We applied immunoinformatic approaches, including physicochemical properties analysis, structural prediction and validation, molecular docking study, in silico cloning, and immune simulations. The designed mRNA vaccine was estimated to have a molecular weight of 165023.50 Da and was highly soluble (grand average of hydropathicity of -0.440). In the structural assessment, the vaccine seemed to be a well-stable and functioning protein (Z score of -8.94). Also, the docking analysis suggested that the vaccine had a high affinity for TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptors. Additionally, the molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation analysis of the "Vaccine-TLR-2" (-141.07 kcal/mol) and "Vaccine-TLR-4" (-271.72 kcal/mol) complexes also suggests a strong binding affinity for the receptors. Codon optimization also provided a high expression level with a GC content of 47.04% and a codon adaptation index score 1.0. The appearance of memory B-cells and T-cells was also observed over a while, with an increased level of helper T-cells and immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG). Moreover, the minimum free energy of the mRNA vaccine was predicted at -1760.00 kcal/mol, indicating the stability of the vaccine following its entry, transcription, and expression. This hypothetical vaccine offers a groundbreaking tool for future research and therapeutic development of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habib Ullah Masum
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Microbiology, Cancer and Bioinformatics Research Group, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Wajed
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Microbiology, Cancer and Bioinformatics Research Group, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Infectiology: Biology of Infectious Diseases, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Md Imam Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Rahman Moumi
- Medical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Asma Talukder
- Microbiology, Cancer and Bioinformatics Research Group, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Microbiology, Cancer and Bioinformatics Research Group, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Lai R, Williams T, Rakib T, Lee J, Behar SM. Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is modulated by T cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5710. [PMID: 38977711 PMCID: PMC11231272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages are initially infected but ineffectively restrict bacterial replication. The distribution of M. tuberculosis among different cell types in the lung changes with the onset of T cell immunity when the dominant infected cellular niche shifts from alveolar to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We hypothesize that changes in bacterial distribution among different cell types is driven by differences in T cell recognition of infected cells and their subsequent activation of antimicrobial effector mechanisms. We show that CD4 and CD8 T cells efficiently eliminate M. tuberculosis infection in alveolar macrophages, but they have less impact on suppressing infection in MDM, which may be a bacterial niche. Importantly, CD4 T cell responses enhance MDM recruitment to the lung. Thus, the outcome of infection depends on the interaction between the T cell subset and the infected cell; both contribute to the resolution and persistence of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Travis Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tasfia Rakib
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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4
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Dolezalova K, Hadlova P, Ibrahimova M, Golias J, Baca L, Kopecka E, Sukholytka M, Koziar Vasakova M. Flow cytometry-based method using diversity of cytokine production differentiates between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102518. [PMID: 38739968 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Authors present a pilot study of the development of innovative flow cytometry-based assay with a potential for use in tuberculosis diagnostics. Currently available tests do not provide robust discrimination between latent tuberculosis infection (TBI) and tuberculosis disease (TB). The desired application is to distinguish between the two conditions by evaluating the production of a combination of three cytokines: IL-2 (interleukin-2), IFNɣ (interferon gamma) and TNFɑ (tumor necrosis factor alpha) in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The study was conducted on 68 participants, divided into two arms according to age (paediatric and adults). Each arm was further split into three categories (non-infection (NI), TBI, TB) based on the immune reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) after a close contact with pulmonary TB. Each blood sample was stimulated with specific M.tb antigens present in QuantiFERON tubes (TB1 and TB2). We inferred TBI or TB based on the predominant cytokine response of the CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells. Significant differences were detected between the NI, TBI and the TB groups in TB1 in the CD4+TNFɑ+parameter in children. Along with IL-2, TNFɑ seems to be the most promising diagnostic marker in both CD4+and CD8+ T cells. However, more detailed analyses on larger cohorts are needed to confirm the observed tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dolezalova
- Department of Paediatrics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Hadlova
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Ibrahimova
- Laboratory of Immunology, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Golias
- Laboratory of Immunology, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Baca
- Department of Paediatrics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emilia Kopecka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Sukholytka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Koziar Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Cheng H, Ji Z, Wang Y, Li S, Tang T, Wang F, Peng C, Wu X, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Ma M, Wang J, Huang X, Wang L, Qin L, Liu H, Chen J, Zheng R, Feng CG, Cai X, Qu D, Ye L, Yang H, Ge B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces D-serine under hypoxia to limit CD8 + T cell-dependent immunity in mice. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1856-1872. [PMID: 38806671 PMCID: PMC11222154 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to hypoxia is a major challenge for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vivo. Interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD8+ T cells contribute to control of Mtb infection, in part by promoting antimicrobial activities of macrophages. Whether Mtb counters these responses, particularly during hypoxic conditions, remains unknown. Using metabolomic, proteomic and genetic approaches, here we show that Mtb induced Rv0884c (SerC), an Mtb phosphoserine aminotransferase, to produce D-serine. This activity increased Mtb pathogenesis in mice but did not directly affect intramacrophage Mtb survival. Instead, D-serine inhibited IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells, which indirectly reduced the ability of macrophages to restrict Mtb upon co-culture. Mechanistically, D-serine interacted with WDR24 and inhibited mTORC1 activation in CD8+ T cells. This decreased T-bet expression and reduced IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells. Our findings suggest an Mtb evasion mechanism where pathogen metabolic adaptation to hypoxia leads to amino acid-dependent suppression of adaptive anti-TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shenzhi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianqi Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lianhua Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianxia Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defense Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xia Cai
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Di Qu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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6
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Petrucciani A, Hoerter A, Kotze L, Du Plessis N, Pienaar E. Agent-based model predicts that layered structure and 3D movement work synergistically to reduce bacterial load in 3D in vitro models of tuberculosis granuloma. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012266. [PMID: 38995971 PMCID: PMC11288457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health threat. Understanding the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions within TB granulomas will assist in identifying what leads to the successful elimination of infection. In vitro TB models provide a controllable environment to study these granuloma dynamics. Previously we developed a biomimetic 3D spheroid granuloma model that controls bacteria better than a traditional monolayer culture counterpart. We used agent-based simulations to predict the mechanistic reason for this difference. Our calibrated simulations were able to predict heterogeneous bacterial dynamics that are consistent with experimental data. In one group of simulations, spheroids are found to have higher macrophage activation than their traditional counterparts, leading to better bacterial control. This higher macrophage activation in the spheroids was not due to higher counts of activated T cells, instead fewer activated T cells were able to activate more macrophages due to the proximity of these cells to each other within the spheroid. In a second group of simulations, spheroids again have more macrophage activation but also more T cell activation, specifically CD8+ T cells. This higher level of CD8+ T cell activation is predicted to be due to the proximity of these cells to the cells that activate them. Multiple mechanisms of control were predicted. Simulations removing individual mechanisms show that one group of simulations has a CD4+ T cell dominant response, while the other has a mixed/CD8+ T cell dominant response. Lastly, we demonstrated that in spheroids the initial structure and movement rules work synergistically to reduce bacterial load. These findings provide valuable insights into how the structural complexity of in vitro models impacts immune responses. Moreover, our study has implications for engineering more physiologically relevant in vitro models and advancing our understanding of TB pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Petrucciani
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexis Hoerter
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Leigh Kotze
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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7
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Kumar A, Misra G, Mohandas S, Yadav PD. Multi-epitope vaccine design using in silico analysis of glycoprotein and nucleocapsid of NIPAH virus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300507. [PMID: 38728300 PMCID: PMC11086869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the 2018 WHO R&D Blueprint, Nipah virus (NiV) is a priority disease, and the development of a vaccine against NiV is strongly encouraged. According to criteria used to categorize zoonotic diseases, NiV is a stage III disease that can spread to people and cause unpredictable outbreaks. Since 2001, the NiV virus has caused annual outbreaks in Bangladesh, while in India it has caused occasional outbreaks. According to estimates, the mortality rate for infected individuals ranges from 70 to 91%. Using immunoinformatic approaches to anticipate the epitopes of the MHC-I, MHC-II, and B-cells, they were predicted using the NiV glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. The selected epitopes were used to develop a multi-epitope vaccine construct connected with linkers and adjuvants in order to improve immune responses to the vaccine construct. The 3D structure of the engineered vaccine was anticipated, optimized, and confirmed using a variety of computer simulation techniques so that its stability could be assessed. According to the immunological simulation tests, it was found that the vaccination elicits a targeted immune response against the NiV. Docking with TLR-3, 7, and 8 revealed that vaccine candidates had high binding affinities and low binding energies. Finally, molecular dynamic analysis confirms the stability of the new vaccine. Codon optimization and in silico cloning showed that the proposed vaccine was expressed to a high degree in Escherichia coli. The study will help in identifying a potential epitope for a vaccine candidate against NiV. The developed multi-epitope vaccine construct has a lot of potential, but they still need to be verified by in vitro & in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gauri Misra
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Pashan, Pune, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Pashan, Pune, India
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8
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Ogongo P, Tran A, Marzan F, Gingrich D, Krone M, Aweeka F, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Ernst JD. High-parameter phenotypic characterization reveals a subset of human Th17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 against M. tuberculosis antigen. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378040. [PMID: 38698866 PMCID: PMC11064812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells contribute to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans; whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects distinct Th17-cell subsets that respond to Mtb is incompletely defined. Methods We performed high-definition characterization of circulating Mtb-specific Th17 cells by spectral flow cytometry in people with latent TB and treated HIV (HIV-ART). We also measured kynurenine pathway activity by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on plasma and tested the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism influences Th17-cell frequencies in this context. Results We identified two subsets of Th17 cells: subset 1 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CD161+CD26+and subset 2 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CCR6+CXCR3-cells of which subset 1 was significantly reduced in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with HIV-ART, yet Mtb-responsive IL-17-producing CD4 T cells were preserved; we found that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate the response to Mtb antigen but not cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and tryptophan catabolism negatively correlates with both subset 1 and subset 2 Th17-cell frequencies. Conclusions We found differential effects of ART-suppressed HIV on distinct subsets of Th17 cells, that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate responses to Mtb but not CMV antigen or SEB, and that kynurenine pathway activity is associated with decreases of circulating Th17 cells that may contribute to tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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9
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Petrucciani A, Hoerter A, Kotze L, Du Plessis N, Pienaar E. In silico agent-based modeling approach to characterize multiple in vitro tuberculosis infection models. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299107. [PMID: 38517920 PMCID: PMC10959380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are a valuable tool for examining host-pathogen interactions and screening drugs. With the development of more complex in vitro models, there is a need for tools to help analyze and integrate data from these models. To this end, we introduce an agent-based model (ABM) representation of the interactions between immune cells and bacteria in an in vitro setting. This in silico model was used to simulate both traditional and spheroid cell culture models by changing the movement rules and initial spatial layout of the cells in accordance with the respective in vitro models. The traditional and spheroid simulations were calibrated to published experimental data in a paired manner, by using the same parameters in both simulations. Within the calibrated simulations, heterogeneous outputs are seen for bacterial count and T cell infiltration into the macrophage core of the spheroid. The simulations also predict that equivalent numbers of activated macrophages do not necessarily result in similar bacterial reductions; that host immune responses can control bacterial growth in both spheroid structure dependent and independent manners; that STAT1 activation is the limiting step in macrophage activation in spheroids; and that drug screening and macrophage activation studies could have different outcomes depending on the in vitro culture used. Future model iterations will be guided by the limitations of the current model, specifically which parts of the output space were harder to reach. This ABM can be used to represent more in vitro Mtb infection models due to its flexible structure, thereby accelerating in vitro discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Petrucciani
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Alexis Hoerter
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Leigh Kotze
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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10
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Barber DL. Early innate role for CD8αα+ cells in tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20231631. [PMID: 37917028 PMCID: PMC10621748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell types that mediate early control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are not well understood. Winchell and Nyquist et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20230707) show that CD8αα+ lymphocytes have a major role in the innate suppression of Mtb growth in the lungs of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Lai R, Williams T, Rakib T, Lee J, Behar SM. Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is determined by T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.569283. [PMID: 38076803 PMCID: PMC10705395 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages are initially infected but ineffectively restrict bacterial replication. The distribution of M. tuberculosis among different cell types in the lung changes with the onset of T cell immunity when the dominant infected cellular niche shifts from alveolar to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). We hypothesize that changes in bacterial distribution among different cell types is driven by differences in T cell recognition of infected cells and their subsequent activation of antimicrobial effector mechanisms. We show that CD4 and CD8 T cells efficiently eliminate M. tuberculosis infection in alveolar macrophages, but they have less impact on suppressing infection in MDM, which may be a bacterial niche. Importantly, CD4 T cell responses enhance MDM recruitment to the lung. Thus, the outcome of infection depends on the interaction between the T cell subset and the infected cell; both contribute to the resolution and persistence of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Travis Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tasfia Rakib
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Xu Z, Li X, Xia A, Zhang Z, Wan J, Gao Y, Meng C, Chen X, Jiao XA. Activation dynamics of antigen presenting cells in vivo against Mycobacterium bovis BCG in different immunized route. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:48. [PMID: 38012553 PMCID: PMC10683112 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of Tuberculosis (TB) infection is mainly the result of productive teamwork between T-cell populations and antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, APCs activation at the site of initiating cellular immune response during BCG early infection is not completely understood. METHODS In this study, we injected C57BL/6 mice in intravenous (i.v) or subcutaneous (s.c) route, then splenic or inguinal lymph node (LN) DCs and MΦs were sorted, and mycobacteria uptake, cytokine production, antigen presentation activity, and cell phenotype were investigated and compared, respectively. RESULTS Ag85A-specific T-cell immune response began at 6 days post BCG infection, when BCG was delivered in s.c route, Th17 immune response could be induced in inguinal LN. BCG could induce high level of activation phenotype in inguinal LN MΦs, while the MHC II presentation of mycobacteria-derived peptides by DCs was more efficient than MΦs. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that BCG immunized route can decide the main tissue of T-cell immune response. Compared with s.c injected route, APCs undergo more rapid cell activation in spleen post BCG i.v infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jiaxu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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13
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Alsubaiyel AM, Bukhari SI. Computational exploration and design of a multi-epitopes vaccine construct against Chlamydia psittaci. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37897717 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is an intracellular pathogen and causes variety of deadly infections in humans. Antibiotics are effective against C. psittaci however high percentage of resistant strains have been reported in recent times. As there is no licensed vaccine, we used in-silico techniques to design a multi-epitopes vaccine against C. psittaci. Following a step-wise protocol, the proteome of available 26 strains was retrieved and filtered for subcellular localized proteins. Five proteins were selected (2 extracellular and 3 outer membrane) and were further analyzed for B-cell and T-cell epitopes prediction. Epitopes were further checked for antigenicity, solubility, stability, toxigenicity, allergenicity, and adhesive properties. Filtered epitopes were linked via linkers and the 3D structure of the designed vaccine construct was predicted. Binding of the designed vaccine with immune receptors: MHC-I, MHC-II, and TLR-4 was analyzed, which resulted in docking energy scores of -4.37 kcal/mol, -0.20 kcal/mol and -22.38 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the docked complexes showed stable dynamics with a maximum value of vaccine-MHC-I complex (7.8 Å), vaccine-MHC-II complex (6.2 Å) and vaccine-TLR4 complex (5.2 Å). As per the results, the designed vaccine construct reported robust immune responses to protect the host against C. psittaci infections. In the study, the C. psittaci proteomes were considered in pan-genome analysis to extract core proteins. The pan-genome analysis was conducted using bacterial pan-genome analysis (BPGA) software. The core proteins were checked further for non-redundant proteins using a CD-Hit server. Surface localized proteins were investigated using PSORTb v 3.0. The surface proteins were BLASTp against Virulence Factor Data Base (VFDB) to predict virulent factors. Antigenicity prediction of the shortlisted proteins was further done using VAXIGEN v 2.0. The epitope mapping was done using the immune epitope database (IEDB). A multi-epitopes vaccine was built and a 3D structure was generated using 3Dprot online server. The docking analysis of the designed vaccine with immune receptors was carried out using PATCHDOCK. Molecular dynamics and post-simulation analyses were carried out using AMBER v20 to decipher the dynamics stability and intermolecular binding energies of the docked complexes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M Alsubaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Gail DP, Suzart VG, Du W, Kaur Sandhu A, Jarvela J, Nantongo M, Mwebaza I, Panigrahi S, Freeman ML, Canaday DH, Boom WH, Silver RF, Carpenter SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs human memory CD4 + T cell recognition of M2 but not M1-like macrophages. iScience 2023; 26:107706. [PMID: 37694142 PMCID: PMC10485162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells is required for protection by CD4+ T cells. While impaired T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages was demonstrated in mice, data are lacking for humans. Using T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from individuals with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), we quantified the frequency of memory CD4+ T cell activation in response to autologous MDMs infected with virulent Mtb. We observed robust T cell activation in response to Mtb infection of M1-like macrophages differentiated using GM-CSF, while M2-like macrophages differentiated using M-CSF were poorly recognized. However, non-infected GM-CSF and M-CSF MDMs loaded with exogenous antigens elicited similar CD4+ T cell activation. IL-10 was preferentially secreted by infected M-CSF MDMs, and neutralization improved T cell activation. These results suggest that preferential infection of macrophages with an M2-like phenotype limits T cell-mediated protection against Mtb. Vaccine development should focus on T cell recognition of Mtb-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gail
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vinicius G. Suzart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Weinan Du
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Avinaash Kaur Sandhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jessica Jarvela
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mary Nantongo
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ivan Mwebaza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
| | - Richard F. Silver
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA
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15
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Piergallini TJ, Scordo JM, Allué-Guardia A, Pino PA, Zhang H, Cai H, Wang Y, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Acute inflammation alters lung lymphocytes and potentiates innate-like behavior in young mouse lung CD8 T cells, resembling lung CD8 T cells from old mice. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:237-249. [PMID: 37196159 PMCID: PMC10473256 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in lung infection including that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in which both adaptive and innate lymphocytes can affect infection control. How inflammation affects infection is understood in a broad sense, including inflammaging (chronic inflammation) seen in the elderly, but the explicit role that inflammation can play in regulation of lymphocyte function is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we used an acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in young mice and studied lymphocyte responses, focusing on CD8 T cell subsets. LPS treatment decreased the total numbers of T cells in the lungs of LPS mice while also increasing the number of activated T cells. We demonstrate that lung CD8 T cells from LPS mice became capable of an antigen independent innate-like IFN-γ secretion, dependent on IL-12p70 stimulation, paralleling innate-like IFN-γ secretion of lung CD8 T cells from old mice. Overall, this study provides information on how acute inflammation can affect lymphocytes, particularly CD8 T cells, which could potentially affect immune control of various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J Piergallini
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
- Barshop Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7755, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Paula A Pino
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Yufeng Wang
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
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16
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Lai R, Gong DN, Williams T, Ogunsola AF, Cavallo K, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Acolatse S, Beamer GL, Ferris MT, Sassetti CM, Lauffenburger DA, Behar SM. Host genetic background is a barrier to broadly effective vaccine-mediated protection against tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167762. [PMID: 37200108 PMCID: PMC10313364 DOI: 10.1172/jci167762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in human immune responses is difficult to model in standard laboratory mice. To understand how host variation affects Bacillus Calmette Guerin-induced (BCG-induced) immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we studied 24 unique collaborative cross (CC) mouse strains, which differ primarily in the genes and alleles they inherit from founder strains. The CC strains were vaccinated with or without BCG and challenged with aerosolized M. tuberculosis. Since BCG protects only half of the CC strains tested, we concluded that host genetics has a major influence on BCG-induced immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, making it an important barrier to vaccine-mediated protection. Importantly, BCG efficacy is dissociable from inherent susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). T cell immunity was extensively characterized to identify components associated with protection that were stimulated by BCG and recalled after M. tuberculosis infection. Although considerable diversity is observed, BCG has little impact on the composition of T cells in the lung after infection. Instead, variability is largely shaped by host genetics. BCG-elicited protection against TB correlated with changes in immune function. Thus, CC mice can be used to define correlates of protection and to identify vaccine strategies that protect a larger fraction of genetically diverse individuals instead of optimizing protection for a single genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana N. Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Travis Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abiola F. Ogunsola
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly Cavallo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sarah Acolatse
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Carabalí-Isajar ML, Rodríguez-Bejarano OH, Amado T, Patarroyo MA, Izquierdo MA, Lutz JR, Ocampo M. Clinical manifestations and immune response to tuberculosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:206. [PMID: 37221438 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a far-reaching, high-impact disease. It is among the top ten causes of death worldwide caused by a single infectious agent; 1.6 million tuberculosis-related deaths were reported in 2021 and it has been estimated that a third of the world's population are carriers of the tuberculosis bacillus but do not develop active disease. Several authors have attributed this to hosts' differential immune response in which cellular and humoral components are involved, along with cytokines and chemokines. Ascertaining the relationship between TB development's clinical manifestations and an immune response should increase understanding of tuberculosis pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms and correlating such material with protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem globally. Mortality rates have not decreased significantly; rather, they are increasing. This review has thus been aimed at deepening knowledge regarding tuberculosis by examining published material related to an immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterial evasion mechanisms regarding such response and the relationship between pulmonary and extrapulmonary clinical manifestations induced by this bacterium which are related to inflammation associated with tuberculosis dissemination through different routes.
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Grants
- a Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- a Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- a Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- a Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- b PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
- c Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (UDCA), Calle 222#55-37, Bogotá 111166, Colombia
- d Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- e Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Calle 24 # 29-45, Bogotá 111411. Colombia
- e Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Calle 24 # 29-45, Bogotá 111411. Colombia
- f Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3#26A-40, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lilián Carabalí-Isajar
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences Programme, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, 111221, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tatiana Amado
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Izquierdo
- Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Calle 24 # 29-45, 111411, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Ricardo Lutz
- Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Calle 24 # 29-45, 111411, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3#26A-40, 110311, Bogotá, Colombia.
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18
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Mott D, Yang J, Baer C, Papavinasasundaram K, Sassetti CM, Behar SM. High Bacillary Burden and the ESX-1 Type VII Secretion System Promote MHC Class I Presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages to CD8 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1531-1542. [PMID: 37000471 PMCID: PMC10159937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
We used a mouse model to study how Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts host defenses to persist in macrophages despite immune pressure. CD4 T cells can recognize macrophages infected with a single bacillus in vitro. Under identical conditions, CD8 T cells inefficiently recognize infected macrophages and fail to restrict M. tuberculosis growth, although they can inhibit M. tuberculosis growth during high-burden intracellular infection. We show that high intracellular M. tuberculosis numbers cause macrophage death, leading other macrophages to scavenge cellular debris and cross-present the TB10.4 Ag to CD8 T cells. Presentation by infected macrophages requires M. tuberculosis to have a functional ESX-1 type VII secretion system. These data indicate that phagosomal membrane damage and cell death promote MHC class I presentation of the immunodominant Ag TB10.4 by macrophages. Although this mode of Ag presentation stimulates cytokine production that we presume would be host beneficial, killing of uninfected cells could worsen immunopathology. We suggest that shifting the focus of CD8 T cell recognition to uninfected macrophages would limit the interaction of CD8 T cells with infected macrophages and impair CD8 T cell-mediated resolution of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mott
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Sengupta S, Pattanaik KP, Mishra S, Sonawane A. Epigenetic orchestration of host immune defences by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127400. [PMID: 37196490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Being among the top 10 causes of adult deaths, tuberculosis (TB) disease is considered a major global public health concern to address. The human tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an extremely competent and well-versed pathogen that promotes pathogenesis by evading the host immune systems through numerous tactics. Investigations revealed that Mtb could evade the host defense mechanisms by reconfiguring the host gene transcription and causing epigenetic changes. Although results indicate the link between epigenetics and disease manifestation in other bacterial infections, little is known regarding the kinetics of the epigenetic alterations in mycobacterial infection. This literature review discusses the studies in Mtb-induced epigenetic alterations inside the host and its contribution in the host immune evasion strategies. It also discusses how the Mtb-induced alterations could be used as 'epibiomarkers' to diagnose TB. Additionally, this review also discusses therapeutic interventions to be enhanced through remodification by 'epidrugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institutes of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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20
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Tippalagama R, Chihab LY, Kearns K, Lewis S, Panda S, Willemsen L, Burel JG, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Antigen-specificity measurements are the key to understanding T cell responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127470. [PMID: 37122719 PMCID: PMC10140422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response and come in a wide range of phenotypes. T cell receptors (TCRs) mediate the antigen-specificities found in T cells. Importantly, high-throughput TCR sequencing provides a fingerprint which allows tracking of specific T cells and their clonal expansion in response to particular antigens. As a result, many studies have leveraged TCR sequencing in an attempt to elucidate the role of antigen-specific T cells in various contexts. Here, we discuss the published approaches to studying antigen-specific T cells and their specific TCR repertoire. Further, we discuss how these methods have been applied to study the TCR repertoire in various diseases in order to characterize the antigen-specific T cells involved in the immune control of disease.
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21
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Paiola M, Dimitrakopoulou D, Pavelka MS, Robert J. Amphibians as a model to study the role of immune cell heterogeneity in host and mycobacterial interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104594. [PMID: 36403788 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections represent major concerns for aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates including humans. Although our current knowledge is mostly restricted to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mammalian host interactions, increasing evidence suggests common features in endo- and ectothermic animals infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) like those described for M. tuberculosis. Importantly, most of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic NTMs detected in amphibians from wild, farmed, and research facilities represent, in addition to the potential economic loss, a rising concern for human health. Upon mycobacterial infection in mammals, the protective immune responses involving the innate and adaptive immune systems are highly complex and therefore not fully understood. This complexity results from the versatility and resilience of mycobacteria to hostile conditions as well as from the immune cell heterogeneity arising from the distinct developmental origins according with the concept of layered immunity. Similar to the differing responses of neonates versus adults during tuberculosis development, the pathogenesis and inflammatory responses are stage-specific in Xenopus laevis during infection by the NTM M. marinum. That is, both in human fetal and neonatal development and in tadpole development, responses are characterized by hypo-responsiveness and a lower capacity to contain mycobacterial infections. Similar to a mammalian fetus and neonates, T cells and myeloid cells in Xenopus tadpoles and axolotls are different from the adult immune cells. Fetal and amphibian larval T cells, which are characterized by a lower T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity, are biased toward regulatory function, and they have distinct progenitor origins from those of the adult immune cells. Some early developing T cells and likely macrophage subpopulations are conserved in adult anurans and mammals, and therefore, they likely play an important role in the host-pathogen interactions from early stages of development to adulthood. Thus, we propose the use of developing amphibians, which have the advantage of being free-living early in their development, as an alternative and complementary model to study the role of immune cell heterogeneity in host-mycobacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Dionysia Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Martin S Pavelka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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22
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Rahman MM, Masum MHU, Talukder A, Akter R. An in silico reverse vaccinology approach to design a novel multiepitope peptide vaccine for non-small cell lung cancers. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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23
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Pirmoradi S. In-silico Designing of Immunogenic Construct Based on Peptide Epitopes Using Immuno-informatics Tools Against Tuberculosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.30699/ijmm.16.6.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Xie F, Liu Z, Wang P, Cai M, Li Y, Yan J, Lin Q, Luo F. Self-Delivering Nanodrugs Developed via Small-Molecule-Directed Assembly and Macrophage Cloaking for Sonodynamic-Augmented Immunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102770. [PMID: 35575205 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The self-delivery of sonosensitizers and immunomodulators to tumor areas, which is highly recommended for enhancing sonodynamic immunotherapy, remains a challenge. Herein, a self-delivering nanodrug (HB-NLG8189, drug loading: ≈100 wt%) is developed by the small-molecule self-assembly of "HB" (a new clinical photosensitizer) and NLG8189 (indoleamine-(2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor) for sonodynamic-augmented immunotherapy; this preparation method ensures the absence of excipient-related toxicity and immunogenicity. To evade immune recognition and prolong the circulation time, the HB-NLG8189 nanodrugs are camouflaged using macrophage cell membranes (MPCMs). The constructed HB-NLG8189@MPCM nanodrugs show an ability to preferentially accumulate within tumors. Upon ultrasound triggering, the HB-NLG8189@MPCM is able to generate reactive oxygen species efficiently for robust sonodynamic therapy; it induces immunogenic cell death, initiates an antitumor immune response to activate tumor-specific effector T cells, and promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The concomitant delivery of NLG8189 reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by restraining IDO-1 activation and the intratumoral infiltration of regulatory T cells. Sonodynamic-augmented immunotherapy with HB-NLG8189@MPCM significantly inhibits the growth of both primary and distant tumors with little systemic toxicity. The biomimetic self-delivery nanodrug provides a promising paradigm for improving sonodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
| | - Zongjunlin Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Meimei Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, P. R. China
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25
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Khan Z, Ualiyeva D, Amissah OB, Sapkota S, Hameed HMA, Zhang T. Insight Into Novel Anti-tuberculosis Vaccines by Using Immunoinformatics Approaches. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866873. [PMID: 35722321 PMCID: PMC9201507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease, has been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for decades. The causative agent of TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which can infects various parts of the body, mainly the lungs in pulmonary TB cases. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is the only approved vaccine for TB, but its efficiency to combat pulmonary TB is limited. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) TB requires the evolution of more potent vaccines. Therefore, this research aims to generate a universal TB subunit vaccine using advanced immunoinformatics techniques. In generating a novel multiepitope subunit vaccine, we selected the conserved and experimentally confirmed antigens Rv0058, Rv0101, and Rv3343. After a rigorous evaluation, the top candidates from predicted Helper T-lymphocytes (HTL), Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), and B-cell epitopes were considered potential vaccine candidates. Immunogenicity was enhanced by the addition of an adjuvant to the ultimate construct of the vaccine. B-cell epitopes predictions guaranteed the eventual induction of a humoral response. Thereafter, dynamics simulations and molecular docking validated the vaccine-receptor complex’s stability and high affinity for the immune receptor TLR-3. Also, immune simulations revealed the significantly elevated levels of immunoglobulins such as IgM, cytokines such as interleukin-2, helper T (Th) cells, and cytotoxic T-cell populations. These results agreed with the actual inflammatory response and showed rapid antigen clearance after manifold exposure. Finally, the E. coli K12 strain was confirmed via in-silico cloning for quality expression. Nevertheless, in vivo experiments should be performed to validate the safety of the proposed vaccine and its inherent ability to prevent TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniya Ualiyeva
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Obed Boadi Amissah
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sanjeep Sapkota
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - H M Adnan Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Chedid C, Andrieu T, Kokhreidze E, Tukvadze N, Biswas S, Ather MF, Uddin MKM, Banu S, De Maio F, Delogu G, Endtz H, Goletti D, Vocanson M, Dumitrescu O, Hoffmann J, Ader F. In-Depth Immunophenotyping With Mass Cytometry During TB Treatment Reveals New T-Cell Subsets Associated With Culture Conversion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853572. [PMID: 35392094 PMCID: PMC8980213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a difficult-to-treat infection because of multidrug regimen requirements based on drug susceptibility profiles and treatment observance issues. TB cure is defined by mycobacterial sterilization, technically complex to systematically assess. We hypothesized that microbiological outcome was associated with stage-specific immune changes in peripheral whole blood during TB treatment. The T-cell phenotypes of treated TB patients were prospectively characterized in a blinded fashion using mass cytometry after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen stimulation with QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus, and then correlated to sputum culture status. At two months of treatment, cytotoxic and terminally differentiated CD8+ T-cells were under-represented and naïve CD4+ T-cells were over-represented in positive- versus negative-sputum culture patients, regardless of Mtb drug susceptibility. At treatment completion, a T-cell immune shift towards differentiated subpopulations was associated with TB cure. Overall, we identified specific T-cell profiles associated with slow sputum converters, which brings new insights in TB prognostic biomarker research designed for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Chedid
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Medical and Scientific Department, Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France.,Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thibault Andrieu
- Cytometry Core Facility, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Eka Kokhreidze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTBLD), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nestani Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTBLD), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Samanta Biswas
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fahim Ather
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie - Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Hubert Endtz
- Medical and Scientific Department, Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Oana Dumitrescu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Hoffmann
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Medical and Scientific Department, Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Ader
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Lyon, France
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27
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Lewinsohn DM, Lewinsohn DA. The Missing Link in Correlates of Protective Tuberculosis Immunity: Recognizing the Infected Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869057. [PMID: 35493495 PMCID: PMC9040373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most vaccination studies, the assessment of vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has relied upon the measurement of antigen-specific polyfunctional cells, typically using recombinant antigen or peptide pools. However, this approach leaves open the question as to whether or not these cells are responsive to the Mtb-infected cell within the context of Mtb infection and hence leaves open the possibility that a key parameter of vaccine immunogenicity may be overlooked. In this review, we discuss the case that these measurements almost certainly over-estimate the capacity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to recognize the Mtb-infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Deborah Anne Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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28
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Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging Antibody, B Cell and Fc Receptor Interactions to Understand Heterogeneous Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830482. [PMID: 35371092 PMCID: PMC8968866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of infected individuals develop active disease, the specific host immune responses that lead to Mtb transmission and death, as well as those that are protective, are not yet fully defined. Recent immune correlative studies demonstrate that the spectrum of infection and disease is more heterogenous than has been classically defined. Moreover, emerging translational and animal model data attribute a diverse immune repertoire to TB outcomes. Thus, protective and detrimental immune responses to Mtb likely encompass a framework that is broader than T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Antibodies, Fc receptor interactions and B cells are underexplored host responses to Mtb. Poised at the interface of initial bacterial host interactions and in granulomatous lesions, antibodies and Fc receptors expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B cells have the potential to influence local and systemic adaptive immune responses. Broadening the paradigm of protective immunity will offer new paths to improve diagnostics and vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
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29
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Clark F, Gil A, Thapa I, Aslan N, Ghersi D, Selin LK. Cross-reactivity influences changes in human influenza A virus and Epstein Barr virus specific CD8 memory T cell receptor alpha and beta repertoires between young and old. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011935. [PMID: 36923729 PMCID: PMC10009332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Older people have difficulty controlling infection with common viruses such as influenza A virus (IAV), RNA virus which causes recurrent infections due to a high rate of genetic mutation, and Epstein Barr virus (EBV), DNA virus which persists in B cells for life in the 95% of people that become acutely infected. We questioned whether changes in epitope-specific memory CD8 T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires to these two common viruses could occur with increasing age and contribute to waning immunity. We compared CD8 memory TCR alpha and beta repertoires in two HLA-A2+ EBV- and IAV-immune donors, young (Y) and older (O) donors to three immunodominant epitopes known to be cross-reactive, IAV-M158-66 (IAV-M1), EBV-BMLF1280-288 (EBV-BM), and EBV-BRLF1109-117 (EBV-BR). We, therefore, also designed these studies to examine if TCR cross-reactivity could contribute to changes in repertoire with increasing age. TCR high throughput sequencing showed a significant difference in the pattern of TRBV usage between Y and O. However, there were many more differences in AV and AJ usage, between the age groups suggesting that changes in TCRα usage may play a greater role in evolution of the TCR repertoire emphasizing the importance of studying TRAV repertoires. With increasing age there was a preferential retention of TCR for all three epitopes with features in their complementarity-determining region (CDR3) that increased their ease of generation, and their cross-reactive potential. Young and older donors differed in the patterns of AV/AJ and BV/BJ pairings and usage of dominant CDR3 motifs specific to all three epitopes. Both young and older donors had cross-reactive responses between these 3 epitopes, which were unique and differed from the cognate responses having features that suggested they could interact with either ligand. There was an increased tendency for the classic IAV-M1 specific clone BV19-IRSS-JB2.7/AV27-CAGGGSQGNLIF-AJ42 to appear among the cross-reactive clones, suggesting that the dominance of this clone may relate to its cross-reactivity with EBV. These results suggest that although young and older donors retain classic TCR features for each epitope their repertoires are gradually changing with age, maintaining TCRs that are cross-reactive between these two common human viruses, one with recurrent infections and the other a persistent virus which frequently reactivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransenio Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dario Ghersi
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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30
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Co DO, Hogan LH, Karman J, Herbath M, Fabry Z, Sandor M. T Cell Interactions in Mycobacterial Granulomas: Non-Specific T Cells Regulate Mycobacteria-Specific T Cells in Granulomatous Lesions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123285. [PMID: 34943793 PMCID: PMC8699651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with pathogenic mycobacteria are controlled by the formation of a unique structure known as a granuloma. The granuloma represents a host–pathogen interface where bacteria are killed and confined by the host response, but also where bacteria persist. Previous work has demonstrated that the T cell repertoire is heterogenous even at the single granuloma level. However, further work using pigeon cytochrome C (PCC) epitope-tagged BCG (PCC-BCG) and PCC-specific 5CC7 RAG−/− TCR transgenic (Tg) mice has demonstrated that a monoclonal T cell population is able to control infection. At the chronic stage of infection, granuloma-infiltrating T cells remain highly activated in wild-type mice, while T cells in the monoclonal T cell mice are anergic. We hypothesized that addition of an acutely activated non-specific T cell to the monoclonal T cell system could recapitulate the wild-type phenotype. Here we report that activated non-specific T cells have access to the granuloma and deliver a set of cytokines and chemokines to the lesions. Strikingly, non-specific T cells rescue BCG-specific T cells from anergy and enhance the function of BCG-specific T cells in the granuloma in the chronic phase of infection when bacterial antigen load is low. In addition, we find that these same non-specific T cells have an inhibitory effect on systemic BCG-specific T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that T cells non-specific for granuloma-inducing agents can alter the function of granuloma-specific T cells and have important roles in mycobacterial immunity and other granulomatous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O. Co
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Laura H. Hogan
- The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Cambridge Research Center, Abbvie, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Melinda Herbath
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.H.); (Z.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(608)-265-8715
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31
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Ning H, Zhang W, Kang J, Ding T, Liang X, Lu Y, Guo C, Sun W, Wang H, Bai Y, Shen L. Subunit Vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP Delivered by Intranasal Route Elicits Immune Responses and Protects Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647220. [PMID: 33829000 PMCID: PMC8019782 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains the most common cause of death from a single infectious disease. More safe and effective vaccines are necessary for preventing the prevalence of TB. In this study, a subunit vaccine of ESAT-6 formulated with c-di-AMP (ESAT-6:c-di-AMP) promoted mucosal and systemic immune responses in spleen and lung. ESAT-6:c-di-AMP inhibited the differentiations of CD8+ T cells as well as macrophages, but promoted the differentiations of ILCs in lung. The co-stimulation also enhanced inflammatory cytokines production in MH-S cells. It was first revealed that ESAT-6 and c-di-AMP regulated autophagy of macrophages in different stages, which together resulted in the inhibition of Mtb growth in macrophages during early infection. After Mtb infection, the level of ESAT-6-specific immune responses induced by ESAT-6:c-di-AMP dropped sharply. Finally, inoculation of ESAT-6:c-di-AMP led to significant reduction of bacterial burdens in lungs and spleens of immunized mice. Our results demonstrated that subunit vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP could elicit innate and adaptive immune responses which provided protection against Mtb challenge, and c-di-AMP as a mucosal adjuvant could enhance immunogenicity of antigen, especially for innate immunity, which might be used for new mucosal vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, TangDu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Xuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanzhi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxuan Guo
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huapeng Wang
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinlan Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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32
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Morgan J, Muskat K, Tippalagama R, Sette A, Burel J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:10-29. [PMID: 33751597 PMCID: PMC8252593 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non‐pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb‐specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaylin Muskat
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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33
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Millar JA, Butler JR, Evans S, Mattila JT, Linderman JJ, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE. Spatial Organization and Recruitment of Non-Specific T Cells May Limit T Cell-Macrophage Interactions Within Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granulomas. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613638. [PMID: 33552077 PMCID: PMC7855029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide health problem; successful interventions such as vaccines and treatment require a 2better understanding of the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In many infectious diseases, pathogen-specific T cells that are recruited to infection sites are highly responsive and clear infection. Yet in the case of infection with Mtb, most individuals are unable to clear infection leading to either an asymptomatically controlled latent infection (the majority) or active disease (roughly 5%-10% of infections). The hallmark of Mtb infection is the recruitment of immune cells to lungs leading to development of multiple lung granulomas. Non-human primate models of TB indicate that on average <10% of T cells within granulomas are Mtb-responsive in terms of cytokine production. The reason for this reduced responsiveness is unknown and it may be at the core of why humans typically are unable to clear Mtb infection. There are a number of hypotheses as to why this reduced responsiveness may occur, including T cell exhaustion, direct downregulation of antigen presentation by Mtb within infected macrophages, the spatial organization of the granuloma itself, and/or recruitment of non-Mtb-specific T cells to lungs. We use a systems biology approach pairing data and modeling to dissect three of these hypotheses. We find that the structural organization of granulomas as well as recruitment of non-specific T cells likely contribute to reduced responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Millar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Russell Butler
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, AdventHealth University, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Bibi S, Ullah I, Zhu B, Adnan M, Liaqat R, Kong WB, Niu S. In silico analysis of epitope-based vaccine candidate against tuberculosis using reverse vaccinology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1249. [PMID: 33441913 PMCID: PMC7807040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) kills more individuals in the world than any other disease, and a threat made direr by the coverage of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the single TB vaccine licensed for use in human beings and effectively protects infants and children against severe military and meningeal TB. We applied advanced computational techniques to develop a universal TB vaccine. In the current study, we select the very conserved, experimentally confirmed Mtb antigens, including Rv2608, Rv2684, Rv3804c (Ag85A), and Rv0125 (Mtb32A) to design a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine. By using the Immune Epitopes Database (IEDB), we predicted different B-cell and T-cell epitopes. An adjuvant (Griselimycin) was also added to vaccine construct to improve its immunogenicity. Bioinformatics tools were used to predict, refined, and validate the 3D structure and then docked with toll-like-receptor (TLR-3) using different servers. The constructed vaccine was used for further processing based on allergenicity, antigenicity, solubility, different physiochemical properties, and molecular docking scores. The in silico immune simulation results showed significant response for immune cells. For successful expression of the vaccine in E. coli, in-silico cloning and codon optimization were performed. This research also sets out a good signal for the design of a peptide-based tuberculosis vaccine. In conclusion, our findings show that the known multi-epitope vaccine may activate humoral and cellular immune responses and maybe a possible tuberculosis vaccine candidate. Therefore, more experimental validations should be exposed to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Bibi
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research and Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Lincheng west Road, Guanshan Lake District, Guiyang, 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Romana Liaqat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei-Bao Kong
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shiquan Niu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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35
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Identification of CTL Epitopes on Efflux Pumps of the ATP-Binding Cassette and the Major Facilitator Superfamily of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8899674. [PMID: 33490292 PMCID: PMC7803423 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8899674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the world's most deadly infectious disease, with 10 million people falling ill and 1.5 million people dying from the disease every year. With the increasing number of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains and prevalence of coinfection of MTB with human immunodeficiency virus, many challenges remain in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of safe and effective tuberculosis vaccines is an urgent issue. In this study, we identified cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes on drug resistance-associated membrane protein efflux pumps of MTB, the ATP-binding cassette and the major facilitator superfamilies. First, three online software were used to predict HLA-A2-restricted epitopes. Then, the candidate epitopes were confirmed with the T2A2 cell binding affinity and peptide/MHC (pMHC) complex stability assays and in vitro immune activity experiments. Two drug-resistant T lymphocyte epitopes, designated Rv1218c-p24 and Rv2477c-p182, were selected, and their immunogenic activities studied in vivo in genetically engineered mice. The immune activities of these two epitopes were improved with the help of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The epitopes identified here provide a foundation for the diagnosis and treatment of patients infected with drug resistant and the future development of a multiepitope vaccine.
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36
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Martinot AJ, Blass E, Yu J, Aid M, Mahrokhian SH, Cohen SB, Plumlee CR, Larocca RA, Siddiqi N, Wakabayashi S, Gardner M, Audette R, Devorak A, Urdahl KB, Rubin EJ, Barouch DH. Protective efficacy of an attenuated Mtb ΔLprG vaccine in mice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009096. [PMID: 33315936 PMCID: PMC7769599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an attenuated whole cell vaccine based on Mycobacterium bovis, is the only licensed vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but its efficacy is suboptimal and it fails to protect against pulmonary tuberculosis. We previously reported that Mtb lacking the virulence genes lprG and rv1410c (ΔLprG) was highly attenuated in immune deficient mice. In this study, we show that attenuated ΔLprG Mtb protects C57BL/6J, Balb/cJ, and C3HeB/FeJ mice against Mtb challenge and is as attenuated as BCG in SCID mice. In C3HeB/FeJ mice, ΔLprG vaccination resulted in innate peripheral cytokine production and induced high polyclonal PPD-specific cytokine-secreting CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The ΔLprG vaccine afforded protective efficacy in the lungs of C3H/FeJ mice following both H37Rv and Erdman aerosolized Mtb challenges. Vaccine efficacy correlated with antigen-specific PD-1-negative CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as with serum IL-17 levels after vaccination. We hypothesize that induction of Th17 cells in lung is critical for vaccine protection, and we show a serum cytokine biomarker for IL-17 shortly after vaccination may predict protective efficacy. Many successful vaccines are based on attenuated human pathogens. The only licensed tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, is based on an attenuated version of live whole cell Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. Advantages to using attenuated pathogens as vaccines include a broad antigen composition including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other molecules that can induce durable immune responses sometimes lasting decades. Here we test an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human TB, that lacks a key virulence factor as an alternative whole cell vaccine in mice. Attenuated Mtb lacking a key virulence protein, LprG, is immunogenic and protects mice against Mtb challenge. The LprG whole cell vaccine is protective in mice that develop lung pathology more similar to what is described in human TB and the LprG vaccine induces a key cytokine, IL-17, thought to be important for vaccine protection, in the peripheral blood early after vaccination. Together these data support the continued development of attenuated TB as a potential vaccine candidate. Furthermore our data suggests that serum IL-17 should be explored as a potential biomarker for vaccine efficacy in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eryn Blass
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shant H. Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara B. Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Courtney R. Plumlee
- Department of Immunology, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rafael A. Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Noman Siddiqi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Audette
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne Devorak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Urdahl
- Department of Immunology, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Sutiwisesak R, Hicks ND, Boyce S, Murphy KC, Papavinasasundaram K, Carpenter SM, Boucau J, Joshi N, Le Gall S, Fortune SM, Sassetti CM, Behar SM. A natural polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the esxH gene disrupts immunodomination by the TB10.4-specific CD8 T cell response. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009000. [PMID: 33075106 PMCID: PMC7597557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells provide limited protection against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in the mouse model. As Mtb causes
chronic infection in mice and humans, we hypothesize that Mtb impairs T cell
responses as an immune evasion strategy. TB10.4 is an immunodominant antigen in
people, nonhuman primates, and mice, which is encoded by the
esxH gene. In C57BL/6 mice, 30–50% of pulmonary CD8 T cells
recognize the TB10.44−11 epitope. However, TB10.4-specific CD8 T
cells fail to recognize Mtb-infected macrophages. We speculate that Mtb elicits
immunodominant CD8 T cell responses to antigens that are inefficiently presented
by infected cells, thereby focusing CD8 T cells on nonprotective antigens. Here,
we leverage naturally occurring polymorphisms in esxH, which
frequently occur in lineage 1 strains, to test this “decoy hypothesis”. Using
the clinical isolate 667, which contains an EsxHA10T polymorphism, we
observe a drastic change in the hierarchy of CD8 T cells. Using isogenic
Erd.EsxHA10T and Erd.EsxHWT strains, we prove that
this polymorphism alters the hierarchy of immunodominant CD8 T cell responses.
Our data are best explained by immunodomination, a mechanism by which
competition for APC leads to dominant responses suppressing subdominant
responses. These results were surprising as the variant epitope can bind to
H2-Kb and is recognized by TB10.4-specific CD8 T cells. The
dramatic change in TB10.4-specific CD8 responses resulted from increased
proteolytic degradation of A10T variant, which destroyed the
TB10.44-11epitope. Importantly, this polymorphism affected T cell
priming and recognition of infected cells. These data support a model in which
nonprotective CD8 T cells become immunodominant and suppress subdominant
responses. Thus, polymorphisms between clinical Mtb strains, and BCG or H37Rv
sequence-based vaccines could lead to a mismatch between T cells that are primed
by vaccines and the epitopes presented by infected cells. Reprograming host
immune responses should be considered in the future design of vaccines. An important question for vaccine developers is the relative potency of CD4 vs.
CD8 T cells against Mtb, as strategies differ for eliciting these different T
cell subsets. Despite robust antigen-specific pulmonary CD8 T cell responses,
CD4 T cells mediate more protection than CD8 T cells in the murine model. Most
CD8 T cells recognize a single antigen, TB10.4, which is encoded by the
esxH gene. Based on finding that
TB10.44−11-specific CD8 T cells poorly recognize Mtb-infected
macrophages, we hypothesized that Mtb evades detection by CD8 T cells and
focuses the CD8 T cell response on non-protective antigen. We termed these
antigens “decoy antigens.” To test this hypothesis, we took advantage of a
natural variant of the esxH gene, which contains an A10T
polymorphism within the TB10.44−11 epitope. This polymorphism
drastically alters the hierarchy of CD8 T cell responses elicited by Mtb. These
data suggest that immunodomination by the TB10.4 epitope acts to suppress
subdominant CD8 T cell responses to other Mtb antigens, impairing the CD8 T cell
response to other Mtb antigens, some of which might be presented by Mtb-infected
macrophages and be targets of protective immunity. Importantly, this single
amino acid polymorphism, which does not significantly alter MHC-binding or T
cell recognition, alters the half-life of the epitope and consequently, has a
profound effect on CD8 T cell priming and recognition of infected cells. These
data also provide a mechanism that could be exploited to manipulate the
hierarchy of immunodominant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapak Sutiwisesak
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Nathan D. Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Shayla Boyce
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Kenan C. Murphy
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of
America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical
Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00916-19. [PMID: 32094248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial infections are caused by pathogens that persist within their hosts and avoid clearance by the immune system. Treatment and/or detection of such pathogens is difficult, and the resulting pathologies are often deleterious or fatal. There is an urgent need to develop protective vaccines and host-directed therapies that synergize with antibiotics to prevent pathogen persistence and infection-associated pathologies. However, many persistent pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actively target the very host pathways activated by vaccination. These immune evasion tactics blunt the effectiveness of immunization strategies and are impeding progress to control these infections throughout the world. Therefore, it is essential that M. tuberculosis immune evasion-related pathogen virulence strategies are considered to maximize the effectiveness of potential new treatments. In this review, we focus on how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects antigen-presenting cells and evades effective immune clearance by the adaptive response through (i) manipulating antigen presentation, (ii) repressing T cell-activating costimulatory molecules, and (iii) inducing ligands that drive T cell exhaustion. In this context, we will examine the challenges that bacterial virulence strategies pose to developing new vaccines. We will then discuss new approaches that will help dissect M. tuberculosis immune evasion mechanisms and devise strategies to bypass them to promote long-term protection and prevent disease progression.
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39
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Lee J, Boyce S, Powers J, Baer C, Sassetti CM, Behar SM. CD11cHi monocyte-derived macrophages are a major cellular compartment infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008621. [PMID: 32544188 PMCID: PMC7319360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During tuberculosis, lung myeloid cells have two opposing roles: they are an intracellular niche occupied by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and they restrict bacterial replication. Lung myeloid cells from mice infected with yellow-fluorescent protein expressing M. tuberculosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and transcriptional profiling to identify the cell types infected and their response to infection. CD14, CD38, and Abca1 were expressed more highly by infected alveolar macrophages and CD11cHi monocyte-derived cells compared to uninfected cells. CD14, CD38, and Abca1 "triple positive" (TP) cells had not only the highest infection rates and bacterial loads, but also a strong interferon-γ signature and nitric oxide synthetase-2 production indicating recognition by T cells. Despite evidence of T cell recognition and appropriate activation, these TP macrophages are a cellular compartment occupied by M. tuberculosis long-term. Defining the niche where M. tuberculosis resists elimination promises to provide insight into why inducing sterilizing immunity is a formidable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shayla Boyce
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christina Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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