1
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Wang J, Feng J, Chen X, Weng Y, Wang T, Wei J, Zhan Y, Peng M. Integrated multi-omics analysis and machine learning identify hub genes and potential mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7331-7356. [PMID: 38656888 PMCID: PMC11087130 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with gastric cancer respond poorly to immunotherapy. There are still unknowns about the biomarkers associated with immunotherapy sensitivity and their underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Gene expression data for gastric cancer were gathered from TCGA and GEO databases. DEGs associated with immunotherapy response came from ICBatlas. KEGG and GO analyses investigated pathways. Hub genes identification employed multiple machine algorithms. Associations between hub genes and signaling pathways, disease genes, immune cell infiltration, drug sensitivity, and prognostic predictions were explored via multi-omics analysis. Hub gene expression was validated through HPA and CCLE. Multiple algorithms pinpointed Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts genes (CAFs), with ten machine-learning methods generating CAFs scores for prognosis. Model gene expression was validated at the single-cell level using the TISCH database. RESULTS We identified 201 upregulated and 935 downregulated DEGs. Three hub genes, namely CDH6, EGFLAM, and RASGRF2, were unveiled. These genes are implicated in diverse disease-related signaling pathways. Additionally, they exhibited significant correlations with disease-associated gene expression, immune cell infiltration, and drug sensitivity. Exploration of the HPA and CCLE databases exposed substantial expression variations across patients and cell lines for these genes. Subsequently, we identified CAFs-associated genes and established a robust prognostic model. The analysis in the TISCH database showed that the genes in this model were highly expressed in CAFs. CONCLUSIONS The results unveil an association between CDH6, EGFLAM, and RASGRF2 and the immunotherapeutic response in gastric cancer. These genes hold potential as predictive biomarkers for gastric cancer immunotherapy resistance and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yiming Weng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayan Wei
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Zhan
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
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2
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Kori M, Arga KY. Human oncogenic viruses: an overview of protein biomarkers in viral cancers and their potential use in clinics. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:1211-1224. [PMID: 36270027 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2139681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the idea that carcinogenesis might be caused by viruses was first voiced about 100 years ago, today's data disappointingly show that we have not made much progress in preventing and/or treating viral cancers in a century. According to recent studies, infections are responsible for approximately 13% of cancer development in the world. Today, it is accepted and proven by many authorities that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1) and highly oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause or/and contribute to cancer development in humans. AREAS COVERED Considering the insufficient prevention and/or treatment strategies for viral cancers, in this review we present the current knowledge on protein biomarkers of oncogenic viruses. In addition, we aimed to decipher their potential for clinical use by evaluating whether the proposed biomarkers are expressed in body fluids, are druggable, and act as tumor suppressors or oncoproteins. EXPERT OPINION Consequently, we believe that this review will shed light on researchers and provide a guide to find remarkable solutions for the prevention and/or treatment of viral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Xin S, Liu L, Li Y, Yang J, Zuo L, Cao P, Yan Q, Li S, Yang L, Cui T, Lu J. Cyclophilin A binds to AKT1 and facilitates the tumorigenicity of Epstein-Barr virus by mediating the activation of AKT/mTOR/NF-κB positive feedback loop. Virol Sin 2022; 37:913-921. [PMID: 36075565 PMCID: PMC9797372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signalings are crucial pathways activated in cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is prevalent in southern China and closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. How these master pathways are persistently activated in EBV-associated NPC remains to be investigated. Here we demonstrated that EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoted cyclophilin A (CYPA) expression through the activation of NF-κB. The depletion of CYPA suppressed cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. CYPA was able to bind to AKT1, thus activating AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling cascade. Moreover, the use of mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, subverted the activation of the positive feedback loop, NF-κB/CYPA/AKT/mTOR. It is reasonable that LMP1 expression derived from initial viral infection is enough to assure the constant potentiation of AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signalings. This may partly explain the fact that EBV serves as a tumor-promoting factor with minimal expression of the viral oncoprotein LMP1 in malignancies. Our findings provide new insight into the understanding of causative role of EBV in tumorigenicity during latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xin
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Shen Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Li Yang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Taimei Cui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China,Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China,Corresponding author.
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4
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Liu X, Deng Y, Huang Y, Ye J, Xie S, He Q, Chen Y, Lin Y, Liang R, Wei J, Li Y, Zhang J. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression: Accumulating Genomic Instability and Persistent Epstein–Barr Virus Infection. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6035-6052. [PMID: 36135044 PMCID: PMC9498130 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29090475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability facilitates the evolution of cells, tissues, organs, and species. The progression of human malignancies can be regarded as the accumulation of genomic instability, which confers a high evolutionary potential for tumor cells to adapt to continuous changes in the tumor microenvironment. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma closely associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. NPC progression is driven by a combination of accumulated genomic instability and persistent EBV infection. Here, we present a review of the key characteristics of genomic instability in NPC and the profound implications of EBV infection. We further discuss the significance of profiling genomic instability for the assessment of disease progression and treatment efficacy, as well as the opportunities and challenges of targeted therapies for NPC based on its unique genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yayan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Sifang Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
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5
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Khan MM, Serajuddin M, Malik MZ. Identification of microRNA and gene interactions through bioinformatic integrative analysis for revealing candidate signatures in prostate cancer. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Shan Y, Zhou P, Zhou Q, Yang L. Extracellular Vesicles in the Progression and Therapeutic Resistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2289. [PMID: 35565418 PMCID: PMC9101631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy largely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which is frequently reported in east and southeast Asia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) originate from the endosome or plasma membrane, which plays a critical role in tumor pathogenesis for their character of cell-cell communication and its cargos, including proteins, RNA, and other molecules that can target recipient cells and affect their progression. To date, numerous studies have indicated that EVs have crucial significance in the progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance of NPC. In this review, we not only summarize the interaction of NPC cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) through EVs, but also explain the role of EVs in radiation and drug resistance of NPC, which poses a severe threat to cancer therapy. Therefore, EVs may show great potential as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of interfered targets of NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Shan
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Y.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Peijun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Y.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Y.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Lifang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Y.S.); (P.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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7
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Blümke J, Bauer M, Skiebe SL, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Novel approach to identify putative Epstein-Barr-virus microRNAs regulating host cell genes with relevance in tumor biology and immunology. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2070338. [PMID: 35529676 PMCID: PMC9067544 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2070338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Epstein-Barr virus is associated with several human solid and hematopoietic malignancies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms including virus-encoded microRNAs (miRs), which lead to the malignant transformation of infected cells and immune evasion of EBV-associated tumors, have not yet been characterized. The expression levels of numerous known EBV-specific miRs and their suitability as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers were determined in different human EBV-positive tissues followed by in silico analyses to identify putative EBV-miR-regulated target genes, thereby offering a suitable screening strategy to overcome the limited available data sets of EBV-miRs and their targeted gene networks. Analysis of microarray data sets from healthy human B cells and malignant-transformed EBV-positive B cells of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) deregulated genes with known functions in oncogenic properties, immune escape and anti-tumoral immune responses. Alignments of in vivo and in silico data resulted in the prediction of putative candidate EBV-miRs and their target genes. Thus, a combinatorial approach of bioinformatics, transcriptomics and in situ expression analyses is a promising tool for the identification of EBV-miRs and their potential targets as well as their eligibility as markers for EBV detection in different EBV-associated human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane Blümke
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Bauer
- Institute for Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Saskia Luise Skiebe
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem91120, Israel
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute for Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Zhu Y, Tao Z, Chen Y, Lin S, Zhu M, Ji W, Liu X, Li T, Hu X. Exosomal MMP-1 transfers metastasis potential in triple-negative breast cancer through PAR1-mediated EMT. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:65-81. [PMID: 35254603 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with high risk of distant metastasis, in which the intercellular communication between tumor cells also plays a role. Exosomes can be released by tumor cells and promote distant metastasis through intercellular communication or changes in tumor microenvironment, it is an optimized transportation facility for biologically active payloads. This was a hypothesis-generating research on role of exosomal payload in TNBC distant metastasis. METHODS Exosomes isolated from supernatant of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231-HM (a highly pulmonary metastatic variant of parental MDA-MB-231 cells) were characterized. MMP-1 level was detected using mass spectrometry and western blot. Transwell assay, wound healing and CCK-8 assay were employed to explore the effect of exosomal MMP-1 on the metastatic capability of TNBC cells in vitro. Human breast cancer lung metastasis model in nude mice was established to observe the effect of exosomal MMP-1 in vivo. Tissue microarray and blood samples of TNBC patients were applied to analyze the relevance between MMP-1 with metastasis. RESULTS MDA-MB-231-HM cells secrete exosomes enriched MMP-1, which can be taken up and enhance invasion and migration activities of TNBC cells, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and BT549. After ingesting exosomes enriched with MMP-1, cells secret more MMP-1, which may interact with membrane G protein receptor protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), thereby initiating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to enhance capability of migration and invasion. The lung colonization model shows that the expressions of MMP-1 and PAR1 in the metastases of the 231-HM-exo treated mice were both upregulated. Clinically, the enrichment of MMP-1 can be detected in exosomes extracted from serum of patients with metastasis at higher concentration than that in pre-operative patients. Moreover, in patients with multiple distant metastases, the level of MMP-1 in exosomes is also higher than that in patients with single lesion. CONCLUSION MMP-1 from TNBC cells of high metastasis potential can promote the distant metastasis of transform those with low metastasis potential through PAR1-mediated EMT and is likely to be a potential molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuchen Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojia Liu
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Zhou J, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang C, Xu Y. Identification of a 3-miRNA Signature Associated With the Prediction of Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:823603. [PMID: 35155213 PMCID: PMC8828644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.823603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor caused by an infection of the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, which is highly metastatic and aggressive. Due to the deep anatomical site and atypical early symptoms, the majority of NPC patients are diagnosed at terminal stages. There is growing evidence that microRNAs offer options for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prediction of malignancy treatment response. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to identify microRNAs that predict the prognosis of patients with NPC by integrating biological information analysis. In this study, we utilized the GSE36682 dataset rooted in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data bank, including 62 cases of NPC tissues and six cases of non-cancerous tissues. The miRNAs were subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and hub miRNAs were screened for differentially upregulated miRNAs from modules highly correlated with tumor progression. We took a lot of time to calculate the risk scores of miRNA markers for 62 NPC patients, and incidentally combined the clinical survival information of patients to finally identify the three key miRNAs, and then divided the patients into low- and high-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that the overall survival of patients in the high-risk group was obviously shorter than that of the low-risk group. Subsequently, the target genes of the three miRNAs were predicted and analyzed for functional enrichment. In summary, a prognostic predictive risk model based on three miRNA profiles may increase prognostic predictive value and provide reference information for the precise treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Otolaryngology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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10
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Dang W, Cao P, Yan Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xin S, Zhang J, Li J, Long S, Zhang W, Zhang S, Lu J. IGFBP7-AS1 is a p53-responsive long noncoding RNA downregulated by Epstein-Barr virus that contributes to viral tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2021; 523:135-147. [PMID: 34634383 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely related to the development of several malignancies, such as B-cell lymphoma (B-CL), by the mechanism through which these malignancies develop remains largely unknown. We previously observed downregulation of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) IGFBP7-AS1 in response to EBV infection. However, the role of IGFBP7-AS1 in EBV-associated cancers has not been clarified. Here, we found that expression of IGFBP7-AS1, as well as its sense gene IGFBP7, is decreased in EBV-positive B-CL cells and clinical tissues. IGFBP7-AS1 stabilizes IGFBP7 mRNA by forming a duplex based on their overlapping regions. The tumour suppressor p53 transcriptionally activates IGFBP7-AS1 expression by binding to the promoter region of the lncRNA gene. The IGFBP7-AS1 expression is able to be rescued in EBV-positive cells in wild-type (wt) p53-dependent manner. IGFBP7-AS1 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of B-CL cells. Moreover, tumorigenic properties due to the depletion of IGFBP7-AS1 were restored by exogenous expression of IGFBP7 or wt-p53. Furthermore, the functional p53/IGFBP7-AS1/IGFBP7 axis facilitates apoptosis by suppressing the production and secretion of the NPPB signal peptide and further regulating the cGMP-PKG signalling pathway. This study demonstrates that EBV promotes tumorigenesis, particularly in B-CL progression, by downregulating the novel p53-responsive lncRNA IGFBP7-AS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Sijing Long
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Senmiao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, Hunan, China; China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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11
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Luo S, Lin R, Liao X, Li D, Qin Y. Identification and verification of the molecular mechanisms and prognostic values of the cadherin gene family in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23674. [PMID: 34880371 PMCID: PMC8655011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While cadherin (CDH) genes are aberrantly expressed in cancers, the functions of CDH genes in gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly understood. The clinical significance and molecular mechanisms of CDH genes in GC were assessed in this study. Data from a total of 1226 GC patients included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Kaplan–Meier plotter database were used to independently explore the value of CDH genes in clinical application. The TCGA RNA sequencing dataset was used to explore the molecular mechanisms of CDH genes in GC. Using enrichment analysis tools, CDH genes were found to be related to cell adhesion and calcium ion binding in function. In TCGA cohort, 12 genes were found to be differentially expressed between GC para-carcinoma and tumor tissue. By analyzing GC patients in two independent cohorts, we identified and verified that CDH2, CDH6, CDH7 and CDH10 were significantly associated with a poor GC prognosis. In addition, CDH2 and CDH6 were used to construct a GC risk score signature that can significantly improve the accuracy of predicting the 5-year survival of GC patients. The GSEA approach was used to explore the functional mechanisms of the four prognostic CDH genes and their associated risk scores. It was found that these genes may be involved in multiple classic cancer-related signaling pathways, such as the Wnt and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways in GC. In the subsequent CMap analysis, three small molecule compounds (anisomycin, nystatin and bumetanide) that may be the target molecules that determine the risk score in GC, were initially screened. In conclusion, our current study suggests that four CDH genes can be used as potential biomarkers for GC prognosis. In addition, a prognostic signature based on the CDH2 and CDH6 genes was constructed, and their potential functional mechanisms and drug interactions explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, He Di Road 71, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rujing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Binyang County, Nanning, 530405, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Daimou Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, He Di Road 71, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, He Di Road 71, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Oleynikova NA, Danilova NV, Grimuta MO, Malkov PG. Epstein-Barr Virus in the Development of Colorectal Cancer (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:82-91. [PMID: 34603767 PMCID: PMC8482827 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.4.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the influence of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) on the development of colorectal cancer is of current interest, particularly in light of the active discussion of the participation of this virus in the carcinogenesis of stomach cancer. In this review, aimed at a fundamental understanding of the processes associated with the impact of EBV on the human body, attention is paid to the issues of the life cycle of the virus, its phases (latent and lytic), as well as proteins that may be detected in each of the phases. The papers reporting on the role of EBV in the development of colorectal cancer have been analyzed. A summary table indicating the population under study, the number of samples, the method, and the result obtained is provided. Given that the primary cells affected by EBV are lymphocytes, it is logical to assume the involvement of this virus in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. The review cites studies which confirm the presence of virus DNA in tissues in the inflammatory diseases of the colon, including microscopic and ulcerative colitis. To confirm the direct impact of EBV on the development of colorectal cancer, large studies with applying various methods for detecting the virus and the mandatory description of its localization are required. Besides, it is necessary to correlate these data with the clinical and morphological characteristics of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Oleynikova
- Researcher, Department of Clinical Pathology; Medical Scientific and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10 Lomonosov Prospect, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - N V Danilova
- Senior Researcher, Department of Clinical Pathology; Medical Scientific and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10 Lomonosov Prospect, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - M O Grimuta
- Student; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- Head of the Department of Clinical Pathology; Medical Scientific and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/10 Lomonosov Prospect, Moscow, 119192, Russia
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13
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Zhao Z, Li S, Li S, Wang J, Lin H, Fu W. High expression of oncogene cadherin-6 correlates with tumor progression and a poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:493. [PMID: 34530820 PMCID: PMC8447617 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Effective biomarkers to aid the early diagnosis of GC, as well as predict the course of disease, are urgently needed. Hence, we explored the role and function of cadherin-6 (CDH6) in the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Methods The expression levels of CDH6 in cancerous and normal gastric tissue were analyzed using multiple public databases. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The diagnostic efficiency of CDH6 expression in GC patients was determined through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The associations between clinical variables and CDH6 expression were evaluated statistically, and the prognostic factors for overall survival were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression. 44 GC tissue samples, 20 donor-matched adjacent normal tissue samples, and associated detailed clinical information, were collected from the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. CDH6 expression levels were determined for further validation. Results CDH6 was upregulated in GC samples compared to normal gastric tissue. Furthermore, GSEA identified the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose phosphate pathway as differentially enriched in GC tissue samples. According to the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values (AUC = 0.829 in the TCGA and 0.966 in the GSE54129 dataset), CDH6 expression was associated with high diagnostic efficacy. Patients with high CDH6 levels in their GC tissues had a higher T number (according to the TNM classification) and a worse prognosis than those with low CDH6 expression. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CDH6 was an independent risk factor for overall survival (univariate: HR = 1.305, P = 0.002, multivariate: HR = 1.481, P < 0.001). Conclusion CDH6 was upregulated in GC, and high CDH6 expression was indicative of a higher T number and a worse prognosis. Therefore, CDH6 represents a potentially independent molecular biomarker for the diagnostic and prognostic prediction of GC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02071-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxian Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuliang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shangdong, China.
| | - Shilong Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Fu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China.
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14
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Nkosi D, Sun L, Duke LC, Meckes DG. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 manipulates the content and functions of extracellular vesicles to enhance metastatic potential of recipient cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009023. [PMID: 33382850 PMCID: PMC7774862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) mediate intercellular communication events and alterations in normal vesicle content contribute to function and disease initiation or progression. The ability to package a variety of cargo and transmit molecular information between cells renders EVs important mediators of cell-to-cell crosstalk. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a chief viral oncoprotein expressed in most Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancers and is released from cells at high levels in EVs. LMP1 containing EVs have been demonstrated to promote cell growth, migration, differentiation, and regulate immune cell function. Despite these significant changes in recipient cells induced by LMP1 modified EVs, the mechanism how this viral oncogene modulates the recipient cells towards these phenotypes is not well understood. We hypothesize that LMP1 alters EV content and following uptake of the LMP1-modified EVs by the recipient cells results in the activation of cell signaling pathways and increased gene expression which modulates the biological properties of recipient cell towards a new phenotype. Our results show that LMP1 expression alters the EV protein and microRNA content packaged into EVs. The LMP1-modified EVs also enhance recipient cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion concomitant with the activation of ERK, AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The LMP1 containing EVs induced transcriptome reprogramming in the recipient cells by altering gene expression of different targets including cadherins, matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9), MMP2 and integrin-α5 which contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Altogether, our data demonstrate the mechanism in which LMP1-modified EVs reshape the tumor microenvironment by increasing gene expression of ECM interaction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingani Nkosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leanne C. Duke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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15
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Kang Y, He W, Ren C, Qiao J, Guo Q, Hu J, Xu H, Jiang X, Wang L. Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:245. [PMID: 33093441 PMCID: PMC7582884 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma of the head and neck region which mainly distributes in southern China and Southeast Asia and has a crucial association with the Epstein-Barr virus. Based on epidemiological data, both incidence and mortality of NPC have significantly declined in recent decades grounded on the improvement of living standard and medical level in an endemic region, in particular, with the clinical use of individualized chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which profoundly contributes to the cure rate of NPC patients. To tackle the challenges including local recurrence and distant metastasis in the current NPC treatment, we discussed the implication of using targeted therapy against critical molecules in various signal pathways, and how they synergize with chemoradiotherapy in the NPC treatment. Combination treatment including targeted therapy and IMRT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy is presumably to be future options, which may reduce radiation or chemotherapy toxicities and open new avenues for the improvement of the expected functional outcome for patients with advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jincheng Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuyong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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16
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Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33081785 PMCID: PMC7574205 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released by almost all cell types, and detected in most body fluids. In the tumour microenvironment (TME), EVs serve as a transport medium for lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs participate in various steps involved in the development and progression of malignant tumours by initiating or suppressing various signalling pathways in recipient cells. Although tumour-derived EVs (T-EVs) are known for orchestrating tumour progression via systemic pathways, EVs from non-malignant cells (nmEVs) also contribute substantially to malignant tumour development. Tumour cells and non-malignant cells typically communicate with each other, both determining the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarise the features of both T-EVs and nmEVs, tumour progression, metastasis, and EV-mediated chemoresistance in the TME. The physiological and pathological effects involved include but are not limited to angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and immune escape. We discuss potential future directions of the clinical application of EVs, including diagnosis (as non-invasive biomarkers via liquid biopsy) and therapeutic treatment. This may include disrupting EV biogenesis and function, thus utilising the features of EVs to repurpose them as a therapeutic tool in immunotherapy and drug delivery systems. We also discuss the overall findings of current studies, identify some outstanding issues requiring resolution, and propose some potential directions for future research. Video abstract.
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17
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Gupta I, Ghabreau L, Al-Thawadi H, Yasmeen A, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE, Malki MI. Co-incidence of Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr Virus Is Associated With High to Intermediate Tumor Grade in Human Head and Neck Cancer in Syria. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1016. [PMID: 32974123 PMCID: PMC7468388 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (high-risk HPVs) have been recently reported to be co-present with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in different types of human cancers including head and neck (HN), where they can cooperate in the initiation and/or progression of this cancer. Accordingly, we herein explored the prevalence of high-risk HPVs and EBV in 80 HN cancer tissues from the Syrian population using polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and tissue microarray methodologies. We report that high-risk HPVs and EBV are present in 35/80 (43.7%) and 41/80 (51.2%) of our samples, respectively, and the most frequent HPV types are 33, 16, 18, 45, 52, 58, 35, 51, and 31, in this order. More significantly, our data reveal that 25/80 (31.2%) of cancer cases are positive for high-risk HPVs as well as EBV, and their co-presence is associated with high/intermediate-grade squamous cell carcinomas. These data confirm the co-presence of high-risk HPVs and EBV in HN cancers in the Syrian population of the Middle East and demonstrate that their co-incidence is linked to a more aggressive cancer phenotype. Thus, future studies are required to confirm these data and elucidate the exact role of high-risk and EBV cooperation in human HN carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lina Ghabreau
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria.,Syrian Research Cancer Centre of the Syrian Society Against Cancer, Aleppo, Syria
| | | | - Amber Yasmeen
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Ma F, Xie Y, Lei Y, Kuang Z, Liu X. The microRNA-130a-5p/RUNX2/STK32A network modulates tumor invasive and metastatic potential in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:580. [PMID: 32571328 PMCID: PMC7310151 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a huge health burden for human health and life worldwide. Our study here was to illuminate the relevance of microRNA-130a-5p (miR-130a-5p) on growth and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC cells along with metastasis in vivo, and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods RT-qPCR was carried out for miR-130a-5p expression determination in NSCLC cells and tissue samples. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, RT-qPCR and western blot were carried out to study the potential targets of miR-130a-5p. Effects of miR-130a-5p, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and encoding serine/threonine kinase 32A (STK32A) on NSCLC proliferation, migration, invasion as well as EMT processes were assessed by cell counting kits-8, colony formation, Transwell and western blot assays. Results miR-130a-5p was diminished in NSCLC tissues and cells versus their counterparts. miR-130a-5p exerted its repressive role in NSCLC by curtailing cell viability, migration, invasion as well as EMT, while facilitating apoptosis. miR-130a-5p directly targeted RUNX2, a transcription factor, and conversely regulated its expression. RUNX2 was found to interact with STK32A to promote its expression. Following the validation of the supporting role of STK32A in NSCLC cells and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, RUNX2 overexpression was monitored to reverse miR-130a-5p-inhibited NSCLC tumor volume and weight through enhancing STK32A expression in vivo. Conclusions miR-130a-5p diminished the growth and EMT of NSCLC cells by regulating the RUNX2/STK32A/NF-κB p65 axis, offering possible targets for the treatment for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ma
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yiyu Lei
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zengshuyu Kuang
- Department of Oncology, Zhuzhou 331 Hospital, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xianling Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Middle Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China.
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19
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Zhang J, Li X, Hu J, Cao P, Yan Q, Zhang S, Dang W, Lu J. Long noncoding RNAs involvement in Epstein-Barr virus infection and tumorigenesis. Virol J 2020; 17:51. [PMID: 32272952 PMCID: PMC7146903 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ-herpesvirus related to various types of cancers, including epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and lymphoma. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed extensively in mammalian cells and play crucial roles in regulating various cellular processes and multiple cancers. Cellular lncRNAs can be differentially expressed induced by EBV infection. The dysregulated lncRNAs probably modulate the host immune response and other biological functions. At present, lncRNAs have been found to be significantly increased or decreased in EBV-infected cells, exosomes and EBV-associated cancers, suggesting their potential function and clinical application as biomarkers. In addition, EBV-encoded lncRNAs, BART and BHLF1 lncRNAs, may play roles in the viral oncogenesis. Analysis of the specific lncRNAs involved in interactions with the EBV machinery will provide information on their potential mechanism of action during multiple steps of EBV tumorigenesis. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding EBV-related lncRNAs and their possible roles in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jingjin Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Dang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.
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20
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Heawchaiyaphum C, Iizasa H, Ekalaksananan T, Burassakarn A, Kiyono T, Kanehiro Y, Yoshiyama H, Pientong C. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Oral Squamous Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030419. [PMID: 32188127 PMCID: PMC7144007 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus associated with various cancers. The number of reports that describe infection of EBV in oral squamous carcinoma cells is increasing. However, there is no available in vitro model to study the possible role of EBV in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, we report establishment of a latent EBV infection of well-differentiated HSC1 cells and poorly differentiated SCC25 cells. Viral copy numbers per cell in EBV-infected HSC1 and SCC25 cells are 2 and 5, respectively. Although the EBV copy number was small, spontaneous viral replication was observed in EBV-infected HSC1 cells. Contrarily, infectious viral production was not observed in EBV-infected SCC25 cells, despite containing larger number of EBV genomes. Chemical activation of cells induced expression of viral lytic BZLF1 gene in EBV-infected HSC1 cells, but not in EBV-infected SCC25 cells. EBV infection activated proliferation and migration of HSC1 cells. However, EBV-infection activated migration but not proliferation in SCC25 cells. In conclusion, EBV can infect squamous cells and establish latent infection, but promotion of cell proliferation and of lytic EBV replication may vary depending on stages of cell differentiation. Our model can be used to study the role of EBV in the development of EBV-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (T.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (Y.K.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (T.E.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (T.E.); (A.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (Y.K.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Virology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (C.P.)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (T.E.); (A.B.)
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (C.P.)
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21
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Gu YY, Luo B, Li CY, Huang LS, Chen G, Feng ZB, Peng ZG. Expression and clinical significance of neuropilin-1 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. Cancer Biomark 2020; 25:259-273. [PMID: 31282408 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-192437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas and its relationships with clinicopathological parameters was investigated. METHODS The researchers compared 111 cases of patients with lymphoma to 20 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. In situ hybridization was applied to observe the expression of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in lymphomas, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the NRP-1 expression in lymphoma tissues and lymph node tissues with reactive hyperplasia. RESULTS In these 111 cases, the EBER of 62 cases (55.9%) appeared positive. NRP-1 was relatively highly expressed in lymphomas (P= 0.019). Further, NRP-1 showed higher expression in lymphomas with positive EBER than in negative ones. A comprehensive analysis revealed that NRP-1 was differently expressed in NK/T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (P= 0.027). Moreover, highly expressed NRP-1 was found to be a useful independent prognostic factor in assessing overall survival and progression-free survival rates in cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). CONCLUSIONS NRP-1 exhibited higher expression in lymphomas, and it was positively expressed in EBV-positive lymphomas. Moreover, highly expressed NRP-1 can be used as an undesirable independent prognostic factor in NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yao Gu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chun-Yao Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lan-Shan Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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22
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Lee P, Li X. Expression Profiles of the Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN), CDH1, and CDH2 Genes, and the Cell Membrane Protein, CD133, in the Ishikawa Human Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cell Line. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9829-9835. [PMID: 31864232 PMCID: PMC6937906 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, the cadherin genes, CDH1 and CDH2, and the cell membrane glycoprotein, CD133, in the Ishikawa human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line. Material/Methods The Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cell groups included cells transfected with the pLVX-puro lentiviral expression vector (the Ishikawa-puro group) and cells transfected with the pLVX-puro-PTEN lentiviral expression vector (the Ishikawa-PTEN group). The mRNA expression of the cadherin genes, CDH1 and CDH2, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of the transmembrane glycoprotein CD133, a cancer stem cell marker, was detected by flow cytometry. Results The expression of CDH1 and CDH2 mRNA in the Ishikawa-PTEN cells was lower than in the control cells. CD133 expression was lower in the Ishikawa-PTEN cells compared with the control cells. Conclusions This in vitro study showed that in Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells, downregulation of PTEN was associated with the expression of the CDH1 and CDH2 genes and upregulated expression of the cell membrane glycoprotein, CD133, which are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in malignancy. These findings support the need for further studies to investigate the potential role of PTEN in invasion and metastasis in endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Lee
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomao Li
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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23
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Xin S, Du S, Liu L, Xie Y, Zuo L, Yang J, Hu J, Yue W, Zhang J, Cao P, Zhu F, Lu J. Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Recruits Cyclophilin A to Facilitate the Replication of Viral DNA Genome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2879. [PMID: 31921057 PMCID: PMC6923202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)-mediated DNA episomal genome replication and persistence are essential for the viral pathogenesis. Cyclophilin A (CYPA) is upregulated in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with unknown roles. In the present approach, cytosolic CYPA was found to be bound with EBNA1 into the nucleus. The amino acid 376-459 of the EBNA1 domain was important for the binding. CYPA depletion attenuated and ectopic CYPA expression improved EBNA1 expression in EBV-positive cells. The loss of viral copy number was also accelerated by CYPA consumption in daughter cells during culture passages. Mechanistically, CYPA mediated the connection of EBNA1 with oriP (origin of EBV DNA replication) and subsequent oriP transcription, which is a key step for the initiation of EBV genome replication. Moreover, CYPA overexpression markedly antagonized the connection of EBNA1 to Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), which is a strong host barrier with a role of inhibiting EBV genome replication. The PPIase activity of CYPA was required for the promotion of oriP transcription and antagonism with USP7. The results revealed a strategy that EBV recruited a host factor to counteract the host defense, thus facilitating its own latent genome replication. This study provides a new insight into EBV pathogenesis and potential virus-targeted therapeutics in EBV-associated NPC, in which CYPA is upregulated at all stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shujuan Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjin Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Sun L, Wang Y, Shi J, Zhu W, Wang X. Association of Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 and EBER1 with Circulating Tumor Cells and the Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1893-1901. [PMID: 31832991 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been widely recognized to contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present study was to explore the association of plasma Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 and EBER1 with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the present study, we quantified the plasma levels of EBV DNA/RNAs, such as LMP1, LMP2, BART and EBER1 with real-time quantitative PCR, and CTCs with a CellSpotter Analyzer in NPC patients, with or without metastasis. Then the correlation of each biomarker with other biomarkers and tumor metastasis was analyzed. Our data indicated that the plasma levels of EBV LMP1, BART, EBER1, along with CTCs were significantly higher in metastatic NPC patients than in non-metastatic patients. Plasma LMP1 DNA and EBER1 discriminate metastatic NPC patients from non-metastatic patients, correlate with tumor stage and node stage for metastatic NPC patients. In summary, there were significantly higher plasma levels of Epstein-Barr Virus DNAs / RNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. LMP1 DNA and EBER1 RNA correlated with the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zhang S, Yue W, Xie Y, Liu L, Li S, Dang W, Xin S, Yang L, Zhai X, Cao P, Lu J. The four‑microRNA signature identified by bioinformatics analysis predicts the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1767-1780. [PMID: 31545473 PMCID: PMC6787970 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that predict the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. First, the original microarray dataset GSE32960, including 312 nasopharyngeal carcinomas and 18 normal samples, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. In addition, 46 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were screened. Then, four miRNAs, including hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-150, hsa-miR-29b, and hsa-miR-29c, were obtained as prognostic markers by combining univariate Cox regression analysis with weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Subsequently, the risk score of 312 NPC patients from the signature of miRNAs was calculated, and patients were divided into high-risk or low-risk groups. Notably, compared with patients with low-risk scores, high-risk groups had shorter disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk score was a very effective prognostic factor. Moreover, the Search Tool for the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), Cytoscape, starBase, and Retrieval of Interacting Genes database (STRING) were used to establish the miRNA-mRNA correlation network and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. In addition, the shared genes superimposing 888 protein-coding genes targeted by four hub miRNAs and 1,601 upregulated differentially expressed mRNAs accounted for 127 and were used for subsequent gene functional enrichment analysis. In particular, biological pathway analysis indicated that these genes mainly participate in some vital pathways related to cancer pathogenesis, such as the focal adhesion, PI3K/Akt, p53, and mTOR signalling pathways. In summary, the identification of NPC patients with a four-miRNA signature may increase the prognostic value and provide reference information for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Shen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410080, P.R. China
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26
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Tsang CM, Lui VWY, Bruce JP, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:84-100. [PMID: 31521748 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), also named the Cantonese cancer, is a unique cancer with strong etiological association with infection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). With particularly high prevalence in Southeast Asia, the involvement of EBV and genetic aberrations contributive to NPC tumorigenesis have remained unclear for decades. Recently, genomic analysis of NPC has defined it as a genetically homogeneous cancer, driven largely by NF-κB signaling caused by either somatic aberrations of NF-κB negative regulators or by overexpression of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an EBV viral oncoprotein. This represents a landmark finding of the NPC genome. Exome and RNA sequencing data from new EBV-positive NPC models also highlight the importance of PI3K pathway aberrations in NPC. We also realize for the first time that NPC mutational burden, mutational signatures, MAPK/PI3K aberrations, and MHC Class I gene aberrations, are prognostic for patient outcome. Together, these multiple genomic discoveries begin to shape the focus of NPC therapy development. Given the challenge of NF-κB targeting in human cancers, more innovative drug discovery approaches should be explored to target the unique atypical NF-κB activation feature of NPC. Our next decade of NPC research should focus on further identification of the -omic landscapes of recurrent and metastatic NPC, development of gene-based precision medicines, as well as large-scale drug screening with the newly developed and well-characterized EBV-positive NPC models. Focused preclinical and clinical investigations on these major directions may identify new and effective targeting strategies to further improve survival of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jeffrey P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Positive Correlative over-Expression between eIF4E and Snail in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Promotes its Metastasis and Resistance to Cisplatin. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1639-1649. [PMID: 31512056 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
EIF4E is the rate-limiting factor in the mRNA translation of specific set of oncogenes. Snail is the core transcription factor of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key step of cancer metastasis. The connection between the two oncoproteins has not been well established in the human cancer tissues and in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here we showed that the positive correlative over-expression was seen between eIF4E and Snail in NPC tissues, and the expression was significantly higher in the metastatic NPC than in the un-metastatic NPC. In NPC cells, eIF4E knockdown significantly reduced Snail mRNA and protein levels, increased the mRNA level of E-cad (a direct downstream gene of Snail and a negative EMT marker), attenuated the invasive ability of the cells, and sensitized the cells to cisplatin in invasion. In contrast, enforced the expression of eIF4E significantly increased Snail mRNA and protein levels, and promoted the invasive ability in NPC cells. Under the condition of the high eIF4E expression, Snail knockdown significantly increased E-cad mRNA level and weaken the invasive ability of NPC cells. Finally, eIF4E directly bound Snail mRNA for translation initiation displayed by the RIP assay. Therefore, the results firstly suggested that eIF4E enhanced the Snail expression in both transcription and translation manner in human cancer tissues and targeting the eIF4E/Snail axis might intervene with the EMT and metastasis of NPC. This finding provided a new clue for further understanding the metastatic mechanism of human cancers and for preventing and treating NPC metastasis.
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The potential role of TNFAIP3 in malignant transformation of gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes Mediate the Instability of Cadherins and Promote Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153652. [PMID: 31357383 PMCID: PMC6696460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, VE-cadherin, etc., are important adhesion molecules mediating intercellular junctions. The abnormal expression of cadherins is often associated with tumor development and progression. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the most important step in the metastasis cascade and is accompanied by altered expression of cadherins. Recent studies reveal that as a cargo for intercellular communication, exosomes—one type of extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by tumor cells—are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially in tumor metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes play a crucial role in mediating the cadherin instability in recipient cells by transferring bioactive molecules (oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), EMT-related proteins, and others), modulating their local and distant microenvironment, and facilitating cancer metastasis. In turn, aberrant expression of cadherins in carcinoma cells can also affect the biogenesis and release of exosomes. Therefore, we summarize the current research on the crosstalk between tumor-derived exosomes and aberrant cadherin signals to reveal the unique role of exosomes in cancer progression.
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Beyond N-Cadherin, Relevance of Cadherins 5, 6 and 17 in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133373. [PMID: 31324051 PMCID: PMC6651558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion molecules (cadherins) and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion proteins (integrins) play a critical role in the regulation of cancer invasion and metastasis. Although significant progress has been made in the characterization of multiple members of the cadherin superfamily, most of the published work continues to focus in the switch E-/N-cadherin and its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we will discuss the structural and functional properties of a subset of cadherins (cadherin 17, cadherin 5 and cadherin 6) that have an RGD motif in the extracellular domains. This RGD motif is critical for the interaction with α2β1 integrin and posterior integrin pathway activation in cancer metastatic cells. However, other signaling pathways seem to be affected by RGD cadherin interactions, as will be discussed. The range of solid tumors with overexpression or "de novo" expression of one or more of these three cadherins is very wide (gastrointestinal, gynaecological and melanoma, among others), underscoring the relevance of these cadherins in cancer metastasis. Finally, we will discuss different evidences that support the therapeutic use of these cadherins by blocking their capacity to work as integrin ligands in order to develop new cures for metastatic patients.
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31
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Zhang Q, Lu D, Liu W, Ye S, Guo H, Liao T, Chen C. Effects of KIF2A on the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2718-2723. [PMID: 31452750 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common tumor in south China. Kinesin family member 2A (KIF2A) belongs to the kinesin-13 family and is associated with the growth and invasion of a number of different types of human cancer, including ovarian, breast and prostate cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of KIF2A in NPC and explore the relationship between KIF2A and the basic characteristics of 5-8F cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissues from 97 patients with NPC to assess KIF2A protein expression. KIF2A was knocked down by a specific short interfering (si)RNA in 5-8F cell lines. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cycle were analyzed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The invasive ability and angiogenesis were evaluated by Matrigel assay and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The level of KIF2A was associated with the growth and migration of primary tumor, nodal status and tumor stage. The viability of KIF2A-knockdown cells was decreased compared with that of the control cells. The number of apoptotic cells, as well as the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase, was higher in the KIF2A siRNA group compared with the control group. The invasive and angiogenetic ability of 5-8F cells in the KIF2A siRNA group was decreased compared with the control group. In conclusion, the expression of KIF2A correlated with the poor clinicopathological features in NPC. Therefore, KIF2A may serve an important role in the progression of NPC and proliferation of 5-8F cells, which might present a potential therapeutic target for patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Dongling Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Wenlin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Huanping Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Liao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Cuifang Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Zuo L, Yue W, Li S, Xin S, Liu L, Lu J. Differential expression profiling of lncRNAs related to Epstein‐Barr virus infection in the epithelial cells. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1845-1855. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Shen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South University Changsha China
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Zuo L, Xie Y, Tang J, Xin S, Liu L, Zhang S, Yan Q, Zhu F, Lu J. Targeting Exosomal EBV-LMP1 Transfer and miR-203 Expression via the NF-κB Pathway: The Therapeutic Role of Aspirin in NPC. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:175-184. [PMID: 31265948 PMCID: PMC6610683 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an invasive head-and-neck tumor with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as an important etiological cause. The EBV oncoprotein Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) can be trafficked into exosomes with unclear roles, and this trafficking is a potential problem in NPC control. MicroRNA-203 (miR-203) was found by us to be downregulated by LMP1, and it functions as a tumor suppressor in NPC. In this study, aspirin reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by promoting miR-203 expression in cells, and, remarkably, it repressed exosomal LMP1 (exo-LMP1) secretion from EBV-positive cells. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation was required for the exo-LMP1 production. The exo-LMP1 uptake influenced the EMT potential of EBV-negative recipient NPC cells. The exo-LMP1 level was upregulated in clinical NPC plasma samples. Aspirin treatment observably inhibited NPC lung metastasis in nude mice. The study revealed that aspirin is a promising drug for NPC therapy via its targeting of exo-LMP1 transfer and the regulatory effect of LMP1 on miR-203 expression. EBV can regulate its own tumorigenesis via the LMP1/NF-κB/exo-LMP1 axis, opening a new avenue for understanding the pathogenesis of this tumor virus. Our study also provides a rationale for the use of exo-LMP1 or exosomal miR-203 (exo-miR203) in EBV-targeted therapy by aspirin in invasive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lielian Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Lingzhi Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jianhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410080, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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Early Pattern of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Gastric Epithelial Cells by "Cell-in-cell". Virol Sin 2019; 34:253-261. [PMID: 30911896 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human dsDNA virus, which has been shown to be associated with several malignancies including about 10% of gastric carcinomas. How EBV enters an epithelial cell has been an interesting project for investigation. "Cell-in-cell" infection was recently reported an efficient way for the entry of EBV into nasopharynx epithelial cells. The present approach was to explore the feasibility of this mode for EBV infection in gastric epithelial cells and the dynamic change of host inflammatory reaction. The EBV-positive lymphoblastic cells of Akata containing a GFP tag in the viral genome were co-cultured with the gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). The infection situation was observed under fluorescence and electron microscopies. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western-blotting assay were employed to detect the expression of a few specific cytokines and inflammatory factors. The results demonstrated that EBV could get into gastric epithelial cells by "cell-in-cell" infection but not fully successful due to the host fighting. IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 played prominent roles in the cellular response to the infection. The activation of NF-κB and HSP70 was also required for the host antiviral response. The results imply that the gastric epithelial cells could powerfully resist the virus invader via cell-in-cell at the early stage through inflammatory and innate immune responses.
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Chen C, Shan H. Keratin 6A gene silencing suppresses cell invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the β‑catenin cascade. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3477-3484. [PMID: 30896882 PMCID: PMC6471251 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer. This study aimed to study the mechanisms of ectopic keratin 6A (KRT6A) in NPC. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were performed to detect KRT6A levels in NPC cell lines (C666-1, 5-8F and SUNE-1) and a nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line (NP69, as a control). After SUNE-1 NPC cells had been silenced by KRT6A, cell viability, metastasis and invasion were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. KRT6A levels, metastasis-associated factors and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were measured using RT-qPCR and western blotting. It was demonstrated that KRT6A was upregulated in all detected NPC cells, among which KRT6A was the highest in SUNE-1 cells. In SUNE-1 cells, cell viability was inhibited at 24 and 48 h, and that cell metastasis and invasion were demonstrated to be suppressed by KRT6A silencing. Both the mRNA and protein levels of KRT6A, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 and T-cell specific factor 4 were reduced in the small interfering (si)KRT6A group. However, the results demonstrated that the levels of epithelial-cadherin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were promoted in the siKRT6A group. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by lithium chloride reversed the effect of si-KRT6A by modulating the expression of MMP-2/9 and TIMP2. It was observed that KRT6A silencing suppressed cell invasion and metastasis of NPC via the β-catenin cascade. Together these results provide important insights into a novel approach for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Chen
- Oncology Department, Xinchang People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312500, P.R. China
| | - Huiguo Shan
- Oncology Department, The Affiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Dongtai, Jiangsu 224200, P.R. China
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36
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Xie Y, Dang W, Zhang S, Yue W, Yang L, Zhai X, Yan Q, Lu J. The role of exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:37. [PMID: 30849983 PMCID: PMC6408816 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) membranes enclose nanosized vesicles with a size range of 30-150 nm and are plentiful in our body in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes, a type of EV, are important mediators of intracellular communication among tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells. They can shuttle bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA; however, the precise function of EVs remains largely unknown. In recent years, tumor-associated cargo in exosomes has been a hot topic in research, especially with respect to noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Herein, we review the role of exosomal ncRNAs, including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in tumor biological processes. Clinically, exosomal ncRNAs may eventually become novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Dang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wenxing Yue
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xingyu Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410080, China. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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Transglutaminase 2: The Maestro of the Oncogenic Mediators in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020024. [PMID: 30736384 PMCID: PMC6409915 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional crosslinking enzyme that displays transamidation, protein disulfide isomerase, protein kinase, as well as GTPase and ATPase activities. TG2 can also act as an adhesion molecule involved in the syndecan and integrin receptor signaling. In recent years, TG2 was implicated in cancer progression, survival, invasion, migration, and stemness of many cancer types, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Von Hippel-Lindau mutations leading to the subsequent activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1-mediated signaling pathways, survival signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway resulting in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) metastasis and angiogenesis are the main factors in RCC progression. A number of studies have shown that TG2 was important in HIF-1- and PI3K-mediated signaling, VHL and p53 stabilization, glycolytic metabolism and migratory phenotype in RCC. This review focuses on the role of TG2 in the regulation of molecular pathways nurturing not only the development and propagation of RCC, but also drug-resistance and metastatic potential.
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Sadek KW, Haik MY, Ashour AA, Baloch T, Aboulkassim T, Yasmeen A, Vranic S, Zeidan A, Al Moustafa AE. Water-pipe smoking promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of human breast cancer cells via ERK1/ERK2 pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:180. [PMID: 30473629 PMCID: PMC6234648 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing popularity of water-pipe smoking (WPS), it is critical to comprehend how WPS may affect women's health. The main goal of this study is to identify the potential outcome of WPS on human breast cancer progression. Methods Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and BT20, were used in this investigation. We explored the outcome of WPS on cell morphology and cell invasion using inverted microscope and Biocoat Matrigel invasion chambers. On the other hand, Western blot was employed to study the expression patterns of key control genes of cell adhesion and invasion. Results Our data reveal that WPS induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF7 and BT20 breast cancer cell lines; thus, WPS enhances cell invasion ability of both cell lines in comparison with their matched controls. More significantly, WPS provokes a down- and up-regulation of E-cadherin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), respectively, which are important key regulators of cancer progression genes. Finally, our data point out that WPS incites the activation of Erk1/Erk2, which could be behind the stimulation of EMT and invasion as well as the deregulation of E-cadherin and FAK expression. Conclusion Our data show, for the first time, that WPS initiates EMT and stimulates cell invasion of breast cancer cells, which could incite metastatic development in breast cancer patients. Thus, we believe that further studies, both in vitro and in vivo, are required to elucidate the pathogenic outcome of WPS on cancer progression of several human carcinomas including breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled W Sadek
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Y Haik
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anas A Ashour
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tahira Baloch
- 3Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Tahar Aboulkassim
- 3Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- 3Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Semir Vranic
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- 1College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,2Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,4Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada.,Syrian Research Cancer Centre of the Syrian Society against Cancer, Aleppo, Syria
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39
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Zhao CX, Zhu W, Ba ZQ, Xu HJ, Liu WD, Zhu B, Wang L, Song YJ, Yuan S, Ren CP. The regulatory network of nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis with a focus on EBV, lncRNAs and miRNAs. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2185-2209. [PMID: 30555738 PMCID: PMC6291648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains a main cause of death for NPC patients even though great advances have been made in therapeutic approaches. An in-depth study into the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis will help us combat NPC. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is an evident feature of nonkeratinizing NPC and is strongly associated with tumor metastasis. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have become a hot topic of research due to their epigenetic regulatory roles in NPC metastasis. The EBV products, lncRNAs and miRNAs can target each other and share several common signaling pathways, which form an interconnected, complex molecular regulatory network. In this review, we discuss the features of this regulatory network and summarize the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis, focusing on EBV, lncRNAs and miRNAs with updated knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Qing Ba
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Juan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Song
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South UniversityChangsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
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40
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El-Sharkawy A, Al Zaidan L, Malki A. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies: Roles of Viral Oncoproteins in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:265. [PMID: 30116721 PMCID: PMC6082928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first herpesvirus identified to be associated with human cancers known to infect the majority of the world population. EBV-associated malignancies are associated with a latent form of infection, and several of the EBV-encoded latent proteins are known to mediate cellular transformation. These include six nuclear antigens and three latent membrane proteins (LMPs). In lymphoid and epithelial tumors, viral latent gene expressions have distinct pattern. In both primary and metastatic tumors, the constant expression of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) at the RNA level suggests that this protein is the key player in the EBV-associated tumorigenesis. While LMP2A contributing to the malignant transformation possibly by cooperating with the aberrant host genome. This can be done in part by dysregulating signaling pathways at multiple points, notably in the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Recent studies also have confirmed that LMP1 and LMP2 contribute to carcinoma progression and that this may reflect the combined effects of these proteins on activation of multiple signaling pathways. This review article aims to investigate the aforementioned EBV-encoded proteins that reveal established roles in tumor formation, with a greater emphasis on the oncogenic LMPs (LMP1 and LMP2A) and their roles in dysregulating signaling pathways. It also aims to provide a quick look on the six members of the EBV nuclear antigens and their roles in dysregulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sharkawy
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB)-CNR, Naples, Italy.,Biomolecular Science Programme, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lobna Al Zaidan
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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41
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Müller-Coan BG, Caetano BFR, Pagano JS, Elgui de Oliveira D. Cancer Progression Goes Viral: The Role of Oncoviruses in Aggressiveness of Malignancies. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:485-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Cyprian FS, Al-Farsi HF, Vranic S, Akhtar S, Al Moustafa AE. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papillomaviruses Interactions and Their Roles in the Initiation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2018; 8:111. [PMID: 29765906 PMCID: PMC5938391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in around 20% of all human cancers including both solid and non-solid malignancies. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common oncoviruses worldwide. Currently, it is well established that onco-proteins of EBV (LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA1) and high-risk HPVs (E5 and E6/E7) play an important role in the initiation and/or progression of several human carcinomas, including cervical, oral, and breast. More significantly, it has been recently pointed out that viral onco-proteins of EBV and high-risk HPVs can be co-present and consequently cooperate to initiate and/or amplify epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is the hallmark of cancer progression and metastasis. This could occur by β-catenin, JAK/STAT/SRC, PI3k/Akt/mTOR, and/or RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathways, which onco-proteins of EBV and HPVs share. This review presents the most recent advances related to EBV and high-risk HPVs onco-proteins interactions and their roles in the progression of human carcinomas especially oral and breast via the initiation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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43
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The EBV-Encoded Oncoprotein, LMP1, Induces an Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) via Its CTAR1 Domain through Integrin-Mediated ERK-MAPK Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050130. [PMID: 29723998 PMCID: PMC5977103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene can induce profound effects on epithelial growth and differentiation including many of the features of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To better characterise these effects, we used the well-defined Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell model and found that LMP1 expression in these cells induces EMT as defined by characteristic morphological changes accompanied by loss of E-cadherin, desmosomal cadherin and tight junction protein expression. The induction of the EMT phenotype required a functional CTAR1 domain of LMP1 and studies using pharmacological inhibitors revealed contributions from signalling pathways commonly induced by integrin–ligand interactions: extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK-MAPK), PI3-Kinase and tyrosine kinases, but not transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). More detailed analysis implicated the CTAR1-mediated induction of Slug and Twist in LMP1-induced EMT. A key role for β1 integrin signalling in LMP1-mediated ERK-MAPK and focal adhesion kianse (FAK) phosphorylation was observed, and β1 integrin activation was found to enhance LMP1-induced cell viability and survival. These findings support an important role for LMP1 in disease pathogenesis through transcriptional reprogramming that enhances tumour cell survival and leads to a more invasive, metastatic phenotype.
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44
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Casal JI, Bartolomé RA. RGD cadherins and α2β1 integrin in cancer metastasis: A dangerous liaison. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:321-332. [PMID: 29673969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new cadherin family classification comprising epithelial cadherins (cadherin 17 [CDH17], cadherin 16, VE-cadherin, cadherin 6 and cadherin 20) containing RGD motifs within their sequences. Expression of some RGD cadherins is associated with aggressive forms of cancer during the late stages of metastasis, and CDH17 and VE-cadherin have emerged as critical actors in cancer metastasis. After binding to α2β1 integrin, these cadherins promote integrin β1 activation, and thereby cell adhesion, invasion and proliferation, in liver and lung metastasis. Activation of α2β1 integrin provokes an affinity increase for type IV collagen, a major component of the basement membrane and a critical partner for cell anchoring in liver and other metastatic organs. Activation of α2β1 integrin by RGD motifs breaks an old paradigm of integrin classification and supports an important role of this integrin in cancer metastasis. Recently, synthetic peptides containing the RGD motif of CDH17 elicited highly specific and selective antibodies that block the ability of CDH17 RGD to activate α2β1 integrin. These monoclonal antibodies inhibit metastatic colonization in orthotopic mouse models of liver and lung metastasis for colorectal cancer and melanoma, respectively. Hopefully, blocking the cadherin RGD ligand capacity will give us control over the integrin activity in solid tumors metastasis, paving the way for development of new agents of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Huang SCM, Tsao SW, Tsang CM. Interplay of Viral Infection, Host Cell Factors and Tumor Microenvironment in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E106. [PMID: 29617291 PMCID: PMC5923361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition, heavy infiltration of leukocytes is a common characteristic of EBV-associated NPC. It has long been suggested that substantial and interactive impacts between cancer and stromal cells create a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumorigenesis. The coexistence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with EBV-infected NPC cells represents a distinct TME which supports immune evasion and cancer development from the early phase of EBV infection. Intracellularly, EBV-encoded viral products alter host cell signaling to facilitate tumor development and progression. Intercellularly, EBV-infected cancer cells communicate with stromal cells through secretion of cytokines and chemokines, or via release of tumor exosomes, to repress immune surveillance and enhance metastasis. Although high expression of miR-BARTs has been detected in NPC patients, contributions of these more recently discovered viral products to the establishment of TME are still vaguely defined. Further investigations are needed to delineate the mechanistic linkage of the interplay between viral and host factors, especially in relation to TME, which can be harnessed in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
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46
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Shair KHY, Reddy A, Cooper VS. New Insights from Elucidating the Role of LMP1 in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040086. [PMID: 29561768 PMCID: PMC5923341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncogenic protein that has no intrinsic enzymatic activity or sequence homology to cellular or viral proteins. The oncogenic potential of LMP1 has been ascribed to pleiotropic signaling properties initiated through protein-protein interactions in cytosolic membrane compartments, but the effects of LMP1 extend to nuclear and extracellular processes. Although LMP1 is one of the latent genes required for EBV-immortalization of B cells, the biology of LMP1 in the pathogenesis of the epithelial cancer nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is more complex. NPC is prevalent in specific regions of the world with high incidence in southeast China. The epidemiology and time interval from seroconversion to NPC onset in adults would suggest the involvement of multiple risk factors that complement the establishment of a latent and persistent EBV infection. The contribution of LMP1 to EBV pathogenesis in polarized epithelia has only recently begun to be elucidated. Furthermore, the LMP1 gene has emerged as one of the most divergent sequences in the EBV genome. This review will discuss the significance of recent advances in NPC research from elucidating LMP1 function in epithelial cells and lessons that could be learned from mining LMP1 sequence diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy H Y Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Akhil Reddy
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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47
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Ji Q, Xu X, Song Q, Xu Y, Tai Y, Goodman SB, Bi W, Xu M, Jiao S, Maloney WJ, Wang Y. miR-223-3p Inhibits Human Osteosarcoma Metastasis and Progression by Directly Targeting CDH6. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1299-1312. [PMID: 29628305 PMCID: PMC5993963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-6 (CDH6) is aberrantly expressed in cancer and closely associated with tumor progression. However, the functions of CDH6 in human osteosarcoma and the molecular mechanisms underlying CDH6 in osteosarcoma oncogenesis remain poorly understood. In this work, we assessed the role of CDH6 in human osteosarcoma and identified that the expression of CDH6 was closely related with the overall survival and poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated as important epigenetic regulators during the progression of osteosarcoma. Using dual-luciferase reporter assays, we showed that miR-223-3p suppresses CDH6 expression by directly binding to the 3' UTR of CDH6. miR-223-3p overexpression significantly inhibited cell invasion, migration, growth, and proliferation by suppressing the CDH6 expression in vivo and in vitro. Besides, CDH6 overexpression in the miR-223-3p-transfected osteosarcoma cells effectively rescued the inhibition of cell invasion, migration, growth, and proliferation mediated by miR-223-3p. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis suggests that the expression of miR-223-3p predicts favorable clinical outcomes for osteosarcoma patients. Moreover, the expression of miR-223-3p was downregulated in osteosarcoma patients and was negatively associated with the expression of CDH6. Collectively, these data highlight that miR-223-3p/CDH6 axis is an important novel pleiotropic regulator and could early predict the metastatic potential in human osteosarcoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Pathology, the 307 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenzhi Bi
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - William J Maloney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
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