Phosphorylated NFS1 weakens oxaliplatin-based chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer by preventing PANoptosis

Tubeimoside-I, an inhibitor of HSPD1, enhances cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin by activating ER stress and MAPK signaling pathways in colorectal cancer

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tubeimoside-I (TBM) promotes various cancer cell death by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of TBM and its impact on oxaliplatin-mediated anti-CRC activity are not yet fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the therapeutic effect and underlying molecular mechanism of TBM on oxaliplatin-mediated anti-CRC activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation, wound healing assays and flow cytometry were conducted to investigate the changes in cell phenotypes and ROS generation. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to detect the expressions of related mRNA and proteins. Finally, mouse xenograft models demonstrated that synergistic anti-tumor effects of combined treatment with TBM and oxaliplatin.

RESULTS

The synergistic enhancement of the anti-tumor effects of oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells by TBM involved in the regulation of ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, C-jun-amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Mechanistically, TBM increased ROS generation in colon cancer cells by inhibiting heat shock protein 60 (HSPD1) expression. Knocking down HSPD1 increased TBM-induced antitumor activity and ROS generation in colon cancer cells. The mouse xenograft tumor models further validated that the combination therapy exhibited stronger anti-tumor effects than monotherapy alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined therapy with TBM and oxaliplatin might be an effective therapeutic strategy for some CRC patients.

A novel approach to the prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: PANoptosis

As a fundamental component of antitumor therapy, chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) has emerged as a leading cause of long-term mortality in patients with malignant tumors. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective therapeutic preventive or treatment strategies, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of CIC remain inadequately understood. A growing number of studies have shown that different mechanisms of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, are essential for facilitating the cardiotoxic effects of chemotherapy. The PANoptosis mode represents a highly synchronized and dynamically balanced programmed cell death (PCD) process that integrates the principal molecular characteristics of necroptosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. Recent research has revealed a significant correlation between PANoptosis and the apoptosis of tumor cells. Chemotherapy drugs can activate PANoptosis, which is involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases. These findings suggest that PANoptosis marks the point where the effectiveness of chemotherapy against tumors overlaps with the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that CIC can simultaneously induce pyrodeath, apoptosis, and necrotic apoptosis. Therefore, PANoptosis may represent a potential mechanism and target for the prevention of CIC. This study explored the interactions among the three main mechanisms of PCD, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in CICs and analyzed the relevant literature on PANoptosis and CICs. The purpose of this work is to serve as a reference for future investigations on the role of PANoptosis in the development and mitigation of cardiotoxicity associated with chemotherapy.

Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins May Induce Ovarian Damage in Mice via AIM2- and NLRP12-PANoptosome

Humans may intake 0.02 mg/kg/day of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and no study is available on mammalian ovarian damage caused by low-level SCCPs. In this study, four groups of 5-week-old female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were orally administered 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg/day SCCPs for 21 consecutive days, and serum and ovaries were collected 20 h after the last SCCPs-administration. SCCPs at ≥0.1 mg/kg/day were found to reduce follicle counts at each stage, induce dose-dependent oxidative stress in mice, and lower serum E2 and ovarian anti-Müllerian hormone levels. The data indicated that cellular PANoptosis increased in the ovaries of all SCCP-treated mice. Furthermore, AIM2- and NLRP12-PANoptosome gene and protein levels were considerably elevated. Female germline stem cells (FGSCs) in the cortical portion of the ovary exhibited substantial damage in all SCCP groups, additionally, the expression of FGSC marker genes and major marker proteins was diminished in the ovaries. Oral administration of SCCPs with 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg/day to mice resulted in PANoptosis of the ovaries. Therefore, it was suggested that the oral administration of ≥0.1 mg/kg/day of SCCPs suppressed ovarian function, which may be attributed to the fact that SCCPs induced the generation of AIM2- and NLRP12-PANoptosome in ovary cells.

Nucleus-translocated GCLM promotes chemoresistance in colorectal cancer through a moonlighting function

Metabolic enzymes perform moonlighting functions during tumor progression, including the modulation of chemoresistance. However, the underlying mechanisms of these functions remain elusive. Here, utilizing a metabolic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 knockout library screen, we observe that the loss of glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), a rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, noticeably increases the sensitivity of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to platinum-based chemotherapy. Mechanistically, we unveil a noncanonical mechanism through which nuclear GCLM competitively interacts with NF-kappa-B (NF-κB)-repressing factor (NKRF), to promote NF-κB activity and facilitate chemoresistance. In response to platinum drug treatment, GCLM is phosphorylated by P38 MAPK at T17, resulting in its recognition by importin a5 and subsequent nuclear translocation. Furthermore, elevated expression of nuclear GCLM and phospho-GCLM correlate with an unfavorable prognosis and poor benefit from standard chemotherapy. Overall, our work highlights the essential nonmetabolic role and posttranslational regulatory mechanism of GCLM in enhancing NF-κB activity and subsequent chemoresistance.

Histone-acetyl epigenome regulates TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance in colorectal cancer

TGF-β signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be closely related to chemoresistance, which is the major cause of recurrence and poor outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the comprehensive epigenetic landscape that functionally implicates in the regulation of TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance has not yet well established in CRC. In our study, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and Western blot were employed to investigate epigenetic modifications for histones in response to TGF-β1 intervene. We found that the activation of the TGF-β pathway was characterized by genome-wide high levels of H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Mechanistically, the activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway leads to the downregulation of the deacetylase HDAC4, resulting in the upregulation of H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Consequently, this cascade induces oxaliplatin chemoresistance in CRC by triggering the anti-apoptotic PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our in vivo experiment results confirmed that overexpression of HDAC4 significantly enhances the sensitivity of CRC to oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Moreover, the expression level of HDAC4 was positively correlated with patients' prognosis in CRC. Our data suggest that histone-acetyl modification demonstrates a crucial role in modulating TGF-β pathway-associated chemoresistance in CRC, and HDAC4 would be a biomarker for prognostic prediction and potential therapeutic target for treatment in CRC.

Quercetin Protects against Silicon dioxide Particles-induced spleen ZBP1-Mediated PANoptosis by regulating the Nrf2/Drp1/mtDNA axis

Silicon dioxide particles (SiO2) are a widely used novel material, and SiO2 that enter the body can accumulate in the spleen and cause spleen injury. Quercetin (Que) has a strong antioxidant activity and can also regulate and improve immune function, but whether Que can improve SiO2-induced spleen injury and its underlying mechanism remain to be explored. Herein, we established a C57BL/6 mice model with SiO2 exposure (10 mg/kg) and treated with Que (25 mg/kg). We also cultured CTLL-2 cells for in vitro experiments. Studies in vivo and in vitro showed that SiO2 exposure caused oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics disorder, which led to decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage. mtDNA was recognized by Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) in the cytoplasm and increased the expression of ZBP1. This process further promoted the assembly of the ZBP1-mediated PANoptosome, which subsequently induced PANoptosis. Interestingly, supplementation with Que significantly reversed these changes. Specifically, Que mitigated spleen ZBP-1 mediated PANoptosis through preventing mtDNA leakage via regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/reactive oxygen species/dynamin-related protein 1 (Nrf2/ROS/Drp1) axis. This study enriches the understanding of the toxicological mechanisms of SiO2 and provides evidence for the protective effects of Que against SiO2-induced splenic toxicity.

MiCK: a database of gut microbial genes linked with chemoresistance in cancer patients

Cancer remains a global health challenge, with significant morbidity and mortality rates. In 2020, cancer caused nearly 10 million deaths, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. The emergence of chemoresistance has become a major hurdle in successfully treating cancer patients. Recently, human gut microbes have been recognized for their role in modulating drug efficacy through their metabolites, ultimately leading to chemoresistance. The currently available databases are limited to knowledge regarding the interactions between gut microbiome and drugs. However, a database containing the human gut microbial gene sequences, and their effect on the efficacy of chemotherapy for cancer patients has not yet been developed. To address this challenge, we present the Microbial Chemoresistance Knowledgebase (MiCK), a comprehensive database that catalogs microbial gene sequences associated with chemoresistance. MiCK contains 1.6 million sequences of 29 gene types linked to chemoresistance and drug metabolism, curated manually from recent literature and sequence databases. The database can support downstream analysis as it provides a user-friendly web interface for sequence search and download functionalities. MiCK aims to facilitate the understanding and mitigation of chemoresistance in cancers by serving as a valuable resource for researchers. Database URL: https://microbialchemreskb.com/.

GLS1-mediated glutamine metabolism mitigates oxidative stress-induced matrix degradation, ferroptosis, and senescence in nucleus pulposus cells by modulating Fe2+ homeostasis

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of low back pain (LBP). The balance of nucleus pulposus (NP) cell and intervertebral disc (IVD) integrity is significantly supported by amino acid metabolism within an avascular milieu. However, the specific metabolic demands during the progression of IDD are not fully understood. Our study revealed that GLS1, a key enzyme that regulates glutamine metabolism, is key for mitigating NP cell ferroptosis, senescence, and IDD progression. Our findings show that GLS1 overexpression modulates glutamine metabolism, reducing NP cell matrix degradation, ferroptosis, and senescence. Mechanistically, GLS1 interacts with NFS1 and regulates ferrous ion (Fe2+) homeostasis. GLS1-driven glutamine metabolism facilitates acetyl-CoA production, which is important for the histone acetylation of NFS1. Thus, restoring GLS1 activity through gene overexpression to maintain Fe2+ homeostasis is a promising approach for mitigating matrix degradation, ferroptosis, and senescence and for rejuvenating intervertebral discs. Collectively, our data suggest a model in which GLS1-mediated glutamine metabolism is associated with NP cell matrix degradation, ferroptosis, and senescence and that NFS1 can be targeted to maintain Fe2+ homeostasis and ultimately revitalize intervertebral discs.

PP2C phosphatases-terminators of suicidal thoughts

Cell death and related signaling pathways are essential during development and in various physiological and pathological conditions. Post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation play an important role in these signaling pathways. The involvement of kinases - enzymes that catalyze protein phosphorylation - in cell death signaling has been extensively studied. On the other hand, not many studies have been devoted to analyzing the role in cell death of phosphatases, enzymes involved in the removal of phosphorylated residues added to proteins by kinases. Obviously, the two opposite reactions, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, are equally important in the regulation of protein functions and subsequently in the execution of the cell death program. Here, we have summarized recent work on the involvement of serine-threonine PP2C phosphatases in cell death pathways, senescence and autophagy, focusing in particular on the most studied phosphatase PPM1D (PP2Cδ) as an example of the regulatory role of PP2Cs in cell death. The review should help to draw attention to the importance of PP2C family phosphatases in cell death checkpoints and to discover new targets for drug development.

Circular RNA circPHLPP2 promotes tumor growth and anti-PD-1 resistance through binding ILF3 to regulate IL36γ transcription in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Most Colorectal Cancer (CRC) patients exhibit limited responsiveness to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy, with the underlying mechanisms remaining elusive. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a significant role in tumorigenesis and development, with potential applications in tumor screening and predicting treatment efficacy. However, there are few studies exploring the role of circRNAs in CRC immune evasion.

METHODS

circRNA microarrays were used to identify circPHLPP2. RT-qPCR was used to examine the associations between the expression level of circPHLPP2 and the clinical characteristics of CRC patients. MTS assay, clone formation experiment, subcutaneous tumor implantation and multicolor flow cytometry were used to confirm the biological function of circPHLPP2. RAN-seq, RT-qPCR, and WB experiments were performed to investigate the downstream signaling pathways involved in circPHLPP2. RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and immunofluorescence staining were performed to identify the proteins associated with circPHLPP2.

RESULTS

circPHLPP2 is up-regulated in CRC patients who exhibit resistance to anti-PD-1 based therapy. circPHLPP2 significantly promotes the proliferation and tumor growth of CRC cells. Knockdown of circPhlpp2 enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 in vivo. Mechanistically, the specific interaction between circPHLPP2 and ILF3 facilitates the nuclear accumulation of ILF3, which subsequently enhances the transcription of IL36γ. This process reduces NK cell infiltration and impairs NK cells' granzyme B and IFN-γ production, thereby promoting tumor progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which circRNA regulates CRC immune evasion. circPHLPP2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for CRC patients.

PANoptosis: A new era for anti-cancer strategies

Cancer cells possess an extraordinary ability to dodge cell death through various pathways, granting them a form of immortality-a key obstacle in oncotherapy. Thus, it's vital to unravel the intricate mechanisms behind newly discovered types of cell death that drive tumor suppression, going beyond apoptosis alone. The emergence of PANoptosis, a form of cell death intertwining necroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis, offers a fresh perspective, integrating these pathways into one cohesive process. When cells detect damage signals, they assemble PANoptosome complexes that disrupt their balance, trigger immune responses, and lead to their eventual collapse. PANoptosis has been associated with multiple cellular pathways, including ferroptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction also plays a critical role in sparking and advancing PANoptosis. In this review, we map out the molecular machinery and regulatory web controlling PANoptosis. We explore cutting-edge research and future trends in PANoptosis-centered tumor therapies, spotlighting promising innovations that could amplify cancer treatment effectiveness through harnessing this multifaceted cell death pathway. The development of nanomedicines and nanomaterials provides solutions to the therapeutic challenges of clinical drugs. Developing novel tumor nano-PANoptosis inducers by leveraging the advantages of nanomedicine is of research value. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment is characterized by multiple targets, and it has distinct advantages in triggering PANoptosis through multiple pathways. Additionally, photodynamic Therapy (PDT) may offer new insights into promoting PANoptosis in tumor cells by increasing oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species levels. These will establish a solid theoretical groundwork for the development of integrated treatment methodologies.

Advances in Understanding Drug Resistance Mechanisms and Innovative Clinical Treatments for Melanoma

OPINION STATEMENT

Melanoma, a highly invasive skin cancer resulting from melanocyte malignant transformation, is the third most common skin malignancy. Despite accounting for only 4% to 5% of all skin malignancies, it is responsible for 80% of skin cancer-related deaths. Targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved survival rates, yet drug resistance remains a major challenge. In this review, I explore the latest research progress on melanoma drug resistance mechanisms and clinical treatment methods. This aims to provide insights for more effective treatment strategies and improve patient prognosis and quality of life. I also discuss potential strategies to overcome drug resistance based on the latest scientific findings, with a particular focus on the complex and multi-factorial drug resistance mechanisms of melanomas, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and tumor microenvironment factors. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing new drugs and combination therapies targeting drug-resistant tumors. Analyzing complex drug resistance pathways paves the way for personalized medical approaches, which is expected to provide enlightenment on breaking through drug resistance barriers and enhancing the effectiveness of melanoma treatment.

Atramacronoid A induces the PANoptosis-like cell death of human breast cancer cells through the CASP-3/PARP-GSDMD-MLKL pathways

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and a major cause of mortality among women worldwide. Atramacronoid A (AM-A) is a unique natural sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (known as Baizhu in Chinese). Our study demonstrated that AM-A triggers a specific form of cell death resembling PANoptosis-like cell death. Further analysis indicated that AM-A-induced PANoptosis-like cell death is associated with the CASP-3/PARP-GSDMD-MLKL pathways, which are mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest the potential of AM-A as a lead compound and offer insights for the development of therapeutic agents for breast cancer from natural products.

Epithelial mitochondrial fission-mediated PANoptosis is crucial for ulcerative colitis and its inhibition by saquinavir through Drp1

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by increased cell death in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC), which compromises gut barrier function and activates inflammation. Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics have been implicated in various forms of cell death, but it is currently unclear if they play a role in IEC death and colitis pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the contribution of aberrant mitochondrial dynamics to colitis progression using cellular models, animal models, and clinical samples. The results revealed that IEC in mice with Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis exhibited dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1)-dependent PANoptosis, which is a combination of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. However, these processes and the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis were significantly attenuated in IEC-specific Drp1 heterozygous knockout mice. Importantly, ZBP1-PANoptosis and Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission were observed in IEC of UC patients, exhibiting a positive correlation with disease severity. Mechanistically, hyperactivated mitochondrial fission induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production leading to PANoptosis through ZBP1 sulfenylation at Cys327 independently of its Zα domain. Saquinavir, an FDA-approved drug identified through in-silico screening alongside in vivo and in vitro experiments, inhibits mitochondrial fission thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy in mice with colitis.

Therapeutic efficacy of ferroptosis in the treatment of colorectal cancer (Review)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide, and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. The incidence and mortality rates of CRC remain high, posing a significant threat to humans and overall quality of life. Current therapeutic strategies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, are limited due to disease recurrence, chemotherapeutic drug resistance and toxicity. Thus, research is focused on the development of novel treatment approaches. In 2012, ferroptosis was identified as a form of regulated cell death that is iron-dependent and driven by lipid peroxidation. Notably, therapies targeting ferroptosis exhibit potential in the treatment of disease; however, their role in CRC treatment remains controversial. The present study aimed to systematically review the mechanisms and signaling pathways of ferroptosis in CRC, and the specific role within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the present study aimed to review the role of ferroptosis in drug resistance, offering novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Nanomaterials-Induced PANoptosis: A Promising Anti-Tumor Strategy

Malignant tumors pose a significant threat to global public health. Promoting programmed cell death in cancer cells has become a critical strategy for cancer treatment. PANoptosis, a newly discovered form of regulated cell death, integrates key molecular components of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, activating these three death pathways simultaneously to achieve synergistic multi-mechanistic killing. PANoptosis significantly inhibits cancer cell growth and resistance and activates strong anti-tumor immune response, making tumor-specific induction of PANoptosis a potential cancer therapeutic strategy. Currently, cancer treatment research related to PANoptosis is focused mainly on the development of small molecules and cytokines. However, these approaches still face limitations in terms of metabolic stability and tumor specificity. The unique physicochemical properties and biological activities of nanomaterials hold significant promise for optimizing PANoptosis induction strategies. This review summarizes the concept and mechanisms of PANoptosis, highlights the latest applications of nanoagents in PANoptosis-based anti-cancer therapy, and discusses the challenges and future directions for clinical translation. It is hoped that this review will inspire further exploration and development of PANoptosis-based cancer treatments, providing new perspectives for researchers in the field.

Cuproptosis, ferroptosis and PANoptosis in tumor immune microenvironment remodeling and immunotherapy: culprits or new hope

Normal life requires cell division to produce new cells, but cell death is necessary to maintain balance. Dysregulation of cell death can lead to the survival and proliferation of abnormal cells, promoting tumor development. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, the newly recognized forms of regulated cell death (RCD) cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis provide novel therapeutic strategies for tumor treatment. Increasing research indicates that the death of tumor and immune cells mediated by these newly discovered forms of cell death can regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. This review primarily elucidates the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis and their complex effects on tumor cells and the TME. This review also summarizes the exploration of nanoparticle applications in tumor therapy based on in vivo and in vitro evidence derived from the induction or inhibition of these new RCD pathways.

Identification and characterization of novel ferroptosis-related genes in acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, plays a critical role in modulating immune functions during AMI. This study aimed to identify ferroptosis-related hub genes that could serve as potential therapeutic targets in the progression of AMI.

METHODS

Bioinformatics was used to identify overlapping genes associated with ferroptosis and the infiltration of 22 immune cells by Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcript (CIBERSORT) analysis. The expression of ferroptosis-related genes in AMI was validated across independent datasets, clinical samples, and in vitro cellular experiments. The predictive value for heart failure was evaluated in the first dimension of principal component analysis (PCA) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

The study identified 11 key ferroptosis-related genes significantly correlated with immune cell abundance. CIBERSORT analysis highlighted immune dysregulation in AMI. JDP2, DUSP1, TLR4, NFS1, and SLC1A5 were identified as potential biomarkers for AMI progression. Additionally, JDP2, DUSP1, and DDIT4 demonstrated strong predictive value for long-term heart failure.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the potential association of ferroptosis-related genes with the pathogenesis of AMI, suggesting a role in the molecular mechanisms that may underlie acute coronary events.

Compound 4a induces paraptosis in liver cancer through endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated by the calreticulin protein

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Emerging evidence has highlighted that paraptosis may be an effective strategy for treating liver cancer. In our previous studies, Compound 4a induced paraptosis in cancer cells. Here, the characteristics of Compound 4a-induced paraptosis were further revealed and, for the first time, the target and related molecular mechanisms of Compound 4a-induced paraptosis in liver cancer were defined.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

The effects and mechanism of Compound 4a in liver cancer cells were studied in in vitro and in vivo (BALB/c-nude xenograft model) experiments, and the targets of Compound 4a that trigger paraptosis were identified and confirmed via mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) analyses, siRNA experiments and a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). The function and distribution of calreticulin (CRT) protein were detected via Cal-520 AM and immunofluorescence staining, respectively.

KEY RESULTS

Compound 4a effectively induced paraptosis-like cell death in liver cancer, both in vitro and in vivo, and its effect was comparable with the first-line anti-liver cancer drug oxaliplatin but with a higher safety profile. We identified the CRT protein as a target of Compound 4a, which caused cellular endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and calcium overload. CRT knockdown weakened the anti-liver cancer activity of Compound 4a, which may be related to the inhibition of paraptosis.

CONCLUSION

Compound 4a represents a potentially safe and effective agent for the treatment of liver cancer. The characteristics of Compound 4a-triggered paraptosis was clarified and a unique function of CRT in paraptosis was revealed.

Bimetallic peroxide nanoparticles induce PANoptosis by disrupting ion homeostasis for enhanced immunotherapy

PANoptosis has recently emerged as a potential approach to improve the immune microenvironment. However, current methods for inducing PANoptosis are limited. Herein, through biological screening, the rational use of the nutrient metal ions Cu2+ and Zn2+ had great potential to induce PANoptosis. Inspired by these findings, we successfully developed hydrazided hyaluronic acid-modified zinc copper oxide (HZCO) nanoparticles as a PANoptosis inducer to potentiate immunotherapy. Bioactive HZCO actively delivered Cu2+ and Zn2+ while disrupting the cellular intrinsic ion metabolism pathway, resulting in double-stranded DNA release and organelle damage in cancer cells. Simultaneously, this process triggered the formation of PANoptosome and the activation of PANoptosis. HZCO-induced PANoptosis inhibited tumor growth and activated potent antitumor immune response, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of anti-programmed cell death 1 therapy. Overall, our work provides an insight into the development of PANoptosis inducers and the design of synergistic immunotherapy strategies.

WTAP weakens oxaliplatin chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer by preventing PANoptosis

As the most abundant post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance. However, its specific effects on chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin-based regimens and the impact of these drugs on m6A methylation levels in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that the m6A methyltransferase Wilms tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) weakens oxaliplatin chemosensitivity in HCT116 and DLD1 cells. Mechanistically, oxaliplatin treatment upregulated WTAP expression, preventing multiple forms of cell death simultaneously, a process known as PANoptosis, by decreasing intracellular oxidative stress through maintaining the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a major antioxidant response element, in an m6A-dependent manner. In addition, high WTAP expression in CRC patients is associated with a poor prognosis and reduced benefit from standard chemotherapy by clinical data analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and patient cohort study. These findings suggest that targeting WTAP-NRF2-PANoptosis axis could enhance the antitumor efficacy of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in CRC treatment.

TRIM56 Modulates YBX1 Degradation to Ameliorate ZBP1-Mediated Neuronal PANoptosis in Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe injury to the central nervous system, and its treatment is always a major medical challenge. Proinflammatory cell death is considered an important factor affecting neuroinflammation and the prognosis after injury. PANoptosis, a newly discovered type of proinflammatory cell death, regulates the activation of executioner molecules of apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis through the PANoptosome, providing a new target for therapeutic intervention after SCI. However, its role and regulatory mechanism in SCI are not yet elucidated. Here, based on proteomic data, YBX1 expression is significantly increased in neurons after SCI. Guided by RIP-seq, subsequent experiments reveal that YBX1 promotes ZBP1 expression by stabilizing the Zbp1 mRNA, thereby aggravating ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis. Furthermore, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM56 is identified as an endogenous inhibitor of YBX1 via molecular docking and IP/MS analysis. Mechanistically, TRIM56 bound to YBX1 and promoted its ubiquitination, thereby accelerating its degradation. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel function of YBX1 in regulating ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis in the pathogenesis of SCI and verified that TRIM56 functions as an endogenous inhibitor to promote the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of YBX1, providing new insights into SCI treatment strategies.

Developing pioneering pharmacological strategies with CRISPR/Cas9 library screening to overcome cancer drug resistance

Cancer drug resistance is a major obstacle to the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. CRISPR/Cas9 library screening has emerged as a powerful genetic screening tool with significant potential to address this challenge. This review provides an overview of the development, methodologies, and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 library screening in the study of cancer drug resistance. We explore its role in elucidating resistance mechanisms, identifying novel anticancer targets, and optimizing treatment strategies. The use of in vivo single-cell CRISPR screens is also highlighted for their capacity to reveal T-cell regulatory networks in cancer immunotherapy. Challenges in clinical translation are discussed, including off-target effects, complexities in data interpretation, and model selection. Despite these obstacles, continuous technological advancements indicate a promising future for CRISPR/Cas9 library screening in overcoming cancer drug resistance.

Characterizing PANoptosis gene signature in prognosis and chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer

Background

PANoptosis is a cell death pathway involved in pyroptosis, apoptosis and necrosis, and plays a key role in the development of malignant tumors. However, the molecular signature of PANoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis has not been thoroughly explored. The present study aimed to develop a novel prognostic model based on PANoptosis-related genes in CRC.

Methods

We initially included transcriptome data of 404 CRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort and identified differentially expressed genes related to PANoptosis. We then employed Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and Random Forest methods to determine the prognostic value and constructed a PANoptosis prognostic model, followed by the validation on both internal (TCGA) and external datasets [Nanjing Colorectal Cancer (NJCRC) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), n=635]. We performed immune infiltration analysis and gene set enrichment analysis to reveal biological processes and pathways against differential risk score. Ultimately, we carried out drug sensitivity analysis to predict the response of CRC patients to diverse treatment strategies.

Results

We constructed a predictive model based on four PANoptosis-related genes (TIMP1, CDKN2A, CAMK2B, and TLR3), with a high performance [area under the curve (AUC)1-year =0.702, AUC3-year =0.725, AUC5-year =0.668] and being an independent prognostic factor in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients. Notably, colorectal tumor with high PANoptosis risk score performed higher levels of macrophage infiltration and immune scores, but a greater reduction of Tumor Microenvironment Score (TMEscore) and DNA replication. Particularly, patients in high-risk group exhibited higher sensitivity to fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and lapatinib compared to the low-risk group.

Conclusions

This study highlights the prognostic potential of PANoptosis-related features in CRC, demonstrating their role as key biomarkers significantly associated with patient survival and aiding in the identification of high-risk patients, thereby advancing immunotherapy approaches.

Identification of a PANoptosis-related prognostic model in triple-negative breast cancer, from risk assessment, immunotherapy, to personalized treatment

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer is a breast cancer subtype characterized by its challenging prognosis, and establishing prognostic models aids its clinical treatment. PANoptosis, a recently identified type of programmed cell death, influences tumor growth and patient outcomes. Nonetheless, the precise impact of PANoptosis-related genes on the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer has yet to be determined.

Methods

Clinical information for the triple-negative breast cancer samples was collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases, while 19 PANoptosis-related genes were sourced from previous studies. We first categorized PANoptosis-related subtypes and determined the differentially expressed genes between them. Subsequently, we developed and validated a PANoptosis-associated predictive model using LASSO and Cox multivariate regression analyses. Statistical evaluations were conducted using R software, and the mRNA expression levels of the genes were quantified using real-time PCR.

Results

Using consensus clustering analysis, we divided triple-negative breast cancer patients into two clusters based on PANoptosis-related genes and identified 1054 differentially expressed genes between these clusters. Prognostic-related genes were subsequently selected to re-cluster patients, validating their predictive ability. A prognostic model was then constructed based on four genes: BTN2A2, CACNA1H, PIGR, and S100B. The expression and enriched cell types of these genes were examined and the expression levels were validated in vitro. Furthermore, the model was validated, and a nomogram was created to enhance personalized risk assessment. The risk score, proven to be an independent prognostic indicator for triple-negative breast cancer, showed a positive correlation with both age and disease stage. Immune infiltration and drug sensitivity analyses suggested appropriate therapies for different risk groups. Mutation profiles and pathway enrichment were analyzed, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusion

A PANoptosis-related prognostic model was successfully developed for triple-negative breast cancer, offering a novel approach for predicting patient prognosis and guiding treatment strategies.

Identification of PANoptosis-related genes for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by machine learning and molecular subtype analysis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease characterized by a grim prognosis, in which various forms of cell death are significant contributors to its development. The objective of this study is to explore diagnostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes associated with PANoptosis in IPF, and to develop reliable diagnostic models based on PANoptosis-related mechanisms. The peripheral blood transcriptomic data of IPF from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and PANoptosis-related genes from the GeneCards database were utilized to conduct differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), identifying PANoptosis-related differentially expressed genes (PDEGs). We yielded 9 PDEGs and employed machine learning algorithms to identify 3 key diagnostic biomarkers for PANoptosis in IPF: MMP9, FCMR, NIBAN3. Consensus clustering algorithm was applied to recognize two PANoptosis-related subtypes. Cluster 1 exhibited higher abundance of adaptive immune response cells and significant enrichment in DNA damage and repair-related pathways. Cluster 2 exhibited greater prevalence of innate immune response cells and predominant enhancement in pathways related to lipid cholesterol metabolism and vascular remodeling. Diagnostic models were developed with the aid of clinical decision-making and a novel approach to the diagnosis and treatment for IPF.

NFS1 inhibits ferroptosis in gastric cancer by regulating the STAT3 pathway

Cysteine desulfurase (NFS1) is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, which is closely related to ferroptosis of tumor cells and affects prognosis. The relationship between NFS1 and the development of gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Here we showed that NFS1 expression was significantly higher in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Patients with high expression of NFS1 in GC tissues had a lower overall survival rate than those with low expression. NFS1 was highly expressed in cultured GC cells compared to normal gastric cells. Knockdown of NFS1 expression reduced the viability, migration and invasion of GC cells. In cultured GC cells, NFS1 deficiency promoted ferroptosis. Mechanistically, NFS1 inhibited ferroptosis by upregulating the signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in cultured GC cells. NFS1 knockdown using siRNA inhibited the STAT3 pathway, reduced the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), and elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ferrous ion (Fe2+), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in cultured GC cells. A specific STAT3 activator significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of NFS1 deficiency on ferroptosis in cultured GC cells. These in vitro results were further confirmed by experiments in vivo using a mouse xenograft tumor model. Collectively, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT NFS1 is overexpressed in human GC tissues and correlated with prognosis. NFS1 inhibits ferroptosis by activating the STAT3 pathway in GC cells. These results suggest that NFS1 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target to treat GC.

NLRC4, inflammation and colorectal cancer (Review)

Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major risk factor for cancer and is involved in every phase of the disease. Inflammasomes are central to the inflammatory response and play a crucial role in cancer development. The present review summarizes the role of Nod‑like receptor C4 (NLRC4) in inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). Reviews of the literature were conducted using Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI, with search terms including 'NLRC4', 'colorectal cancer', 'auto‑inflammatory diseases' and 'prognosis'. Variants of NLRC4 can cause recessive immune dysregulation and autoinflammation or lead to ulcerative colitis as a heterozygous risk factor. Additionally, genetic mutations in inflammasome components may increase susceptibility to cancer. NLRC4 is considered a tumor suppressor in CRC. The role of NLRC4 in CRC signaling pathways is currently understood to involve five key aspects (caspase 1, NLRP3/IL‑8, IL‑1β/IL‑1, NAIP and p53). The mechanisms by which NLRC4 is involved in CRC are considered to be threefold (through pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis and PANoptosis; regulating the immune response; and protecting intestinal epithelial cells to prevent CRC). However, the impact of NLRC4 mutations on CRC remains unclear. In conclusion, NLRC4 is a significant inflammasome that protects against CRC through various signaling pathways and mechanisms. The association between NLRC4 mutations and CRC warrants further investigation.

Ferroptosis-related oxaliplatin resistance in multiple cancers: Potential roles and therapeutic Implications

Oxaliplatin (OXA)-based therapy is effective in the treatment of multiple cancers. However, primary or acquired OXA resistance remains an emerging challenge for its clinical application. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent mode of cell death that has been demonstrated to play an essential role in the chemoresistance of many drugs, including OXA. In particular, dysregulation of SLC7A11-GPX4, one of the major antioxidant systems of ferroptosis, was found in the OXA resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, Nrf2, the upstream regulator of GPX4 and many other antioxidant factors, is also involved in the OXA resistance of CRC and HCC. Inhibition of SLC7A11-GPX4 or Nrf2 by genetic deletion of pharmaceutical inhibition could significantly reverse OXA resistance. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) also participates in chemoresistance and ferroptosis of cancer cells. Specifically, LINC01134 promotes the recruitment of Nrf2 to the promoter of GPX4, thereby exerting transcriptional regulation of GPX4, which eventually increases the OXA sensitivity of HCC through upregulation of ferroptosis. On the other hand, a novel lncRNA DACT3-AS1 sensitizes gastric cancer cells to OXA through miR-181a-5p/sirtuin 1(SIRT1)-mediated ferroptosis. Therapies based on ferroptosis or a combination of OXA and ferroptosis enhancers could provide new therapeutic insights to overcome OXA resistance. In the present review, we present the current understanding of ferroptosis-related OXA resistance, highlight ferroptosis pathogenesis in OXA chemoresistance, and summarize available therapies that target OXA resistance by enhancing ferroptosis.

Combination of bulk RNA and single-cell sequencing unveils PANoptosis-related immunological ecology hallmarks and classification for clinical decision-making in hepatocellular carcinoma

PANoptosis is engaged in the program of immune response and carcinogenicity. Nonetheless, the actual impacts of PANoptosis on clinical management and oncology immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not fully grasped. RNA-seq-derived computations were conducted to sort out the molecular subtypes and elucidate the disparities based on PANoptosis molecules. Single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) tools including Cytotrace and Addmodulescore were extracted to characterize diversification potency and quantify the PANoptosis motion. Transcriptional factors were inferred by the pySCENIC package and Cellchat program scrutinized the intercellular exchange across cell compartments. The PANoptosis score system originated by incorporating 10 machine learning algorithms and 101 compositions to project clinical results and deteriorate tendencies. Circulatory PANoptosis-associated protein HSP90AA1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCC individuals could be categorized into low- and high-PANoptosis groups with diverse biogenic and pharmacotherapy heterogeneity. Individuals in the elevated PANoptosis subtype were characterized as "hot tumor" conveying the increased presence of immunogenicity while reiterating an explicit negative connection with tumor stemness. Compared to immune and stromal cells, cancerous cells showcased decreased PANoptosis and heightened PANoptosis malignant cell subgroups might be tied to a substantial level of genomic expression of SREBF2, JUND, GATAD1, ZBTB20, SMAD5 and implied a more aggressive potential. The PANoptosis index, derived from machine learning, has been established to provide succinct frameworks for predicting outcomes and clarified the noteworthy utility of conventional regimens, as the differentiated power of HCC occurred together with vascular invasion and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). The experiment confirmed that the circulating HSP90AA1 was aberrantly augmented in HCC patients, thus demonstrating its potential as a discriminatory biomarker. We systematically deciphered the molecular and immune ecosystem traits of PANoptosis in bulk and scRNA-seq degrees, which may deliver advantageous insights for customized treatment, awareness of the pathological process and prognosis scrutiny for HCC patients.

Identification of a novel PANoptosis-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

PANoptosis has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis and gain more attention. Yet, the prognostic significance of PANoptosis-related genes has not been investigated more in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The aim of this research was designed to identify and create a signature of PANoptosis-related genes which was expected to predict prognosis of ccRCC more effectively. The transcriptome data and clinical information were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Optimal differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes, which were closely associated with prognosis and employed to construct a risk score, were extracted by univariate Cox analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression and multivariate Cox analysis. We performed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves to complete this process. By adopting univariate and multivariate analysis, the constructed risk score was assessed to verify whether it could be taken as an independent contributor for prognosis. Moreover, we created a nomogram in order to predict overall survival (OS) of ccRCC. Five differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes were screened out and used to construct a risk score. Our results showed that ccRCC patients with high risk score had a poor prognosis and shorter OS. The results of Kaplan-Meier curves and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS indicated that the prediction performance was satisfactory. Additionally, the risk model could be taken as an independent prognostic factor in training and validation cohorts. The nomogram exhibited excellent reliability in predicting OS, which was validated by calibration curves. We identified 5 PANoptosis-related genes, which were used to construct a risk score and a nomogram for prognostic prediction with reliable predictive capability. The present study may provide new potential therapeutic targets and precise treatment strategies for ccRCC.

Platinum Deposition in the Central Nervous System: A Novel Insight into Oxaliplatin-induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Young and Old Mice

Numerous factors can contribute to the incidence or exacerbation of peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin (OXA). Recently, platinum accumulation in the spinal cord of mice after OXA exposure, despite the efficient defenses of the central nervous system, has been demonstrated by our research group, expanding the knowledge about its toxicity. One hypothesis is platinum accumulation in the spinal cord causes oxidative damage to neurons and impairs mitochondrial function. Thus, the main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aging and OXA-induced neuropathic pain and its comorbidities, including anxious behavior and cognitive impairment. By using an OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy model, platinum and bioelement concentrations and their influence on oxidative damage, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity pathways were evaluated in Swiss mice, and our findings showed that treatment with OXA exacerbated pain and anxious behavior, albeit not age-induced cognitive impairment. Platinum deposition in the spinal cord and, for the first time, in the brain of mice exposed to OXA, regardless of age, was identified. We found that alterations in bioelement concentration, oxidative damage, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity pathways induced by aging contribute to OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy. Our results strive to supply a basis for therapeutic interventions for OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy considering age specificities.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles disrupt the mammary epithelial barrier via Z-DNA binding protein 1-triggered PANoptosis

Lactation women, a highly concerned demographic in society, face health risks that deserve attention. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely utilized in food and daily products due to their excellent physicochemical properties, leading to the potential exposure of lactating women to ZnO NPs. Hence, assessing the potential risks associated with ZnO NP exposure during lactation is critical. While studies have confirmed that exposure to ZnO NPs during lactation can induce toxic responses in multiple organs through blood circulation, the effects of lactational exposure on mammary tissue remain unclear. This research investigated the impairment of mammary tissue induced by ZnO NPs and its potential mechanisms. Through administering multiple injections of ZnO NPs into the tail vein of lactating ICR mice, our study revealed that ZnO NPs can deposit in the mammary tissues, downregulating key components of mammary epithelial barrier such as ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-3. In vivo, we also found that ZnO NPs can simultaneously induce apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, called PANoptosis. Additionally, using EpH4-Ev cells to simulate an in vitro mammary epithelial barrier model, we observed that ZnO NPs effectively disrupted the integrity of mammary epithelial barrier and induced PANoptosis. Furthermore, we confirmed that PANoptosis was responsible for the mammary epithelial barrier disruption induced by ZnO NPs. Moreover, we identified that ZBP1 was the primary mechanism of ZnO NPs inducing PANoptosis. These discoveries are designed to enhance our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying mammary epithelial barrier disruption caused by ZnO NPs, and we aim to highlight the potential hazards associated with daily usage and therapeutic exposure to ZnO NPs during lactation.

NFS1 as a Candidate Prognostic Biomarker for Gastric Cancer Correlated with Immune Infiltrates

Background

Cysteine desulfurase (NFS1) is closely associated with the occurrence and development of human tumors, but its relationship with the prognosis and immunity of gastric cancer (GC) patients remains unclear.

Methods

To study the relationship between NFS1 and GC, GC-related data of TCGA were downloaded and analyzed. At the same time, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Kaplan‒Meier Plotter were used for relevant online analysis. Clinical samples were collected for immunohistochemical testing to validate the results.

Results

The mRNA and protein levels of NFS1 in GC tissues were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. In terms of the operating characteristic curve (ROC), the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.793, indicating that NFS1 had a high diagnostic value for GC. Further analysis showed that NFS1 expression was highly correlated with the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage. Survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of NFS1 had a poorer prognosis, and NFS1 was an independent risk factor. Enrichment analysis by GO, KEGG, and GSEA showed that NFS1 was enriched in immune-related pathways. The expression of NFS1 was significantly positively correlated with the proportion of macrophages M0 and plasma cells but negatively correlated with the proportion of B cells memory, monocytes, and mast cells resting. In addition, NFS1 expression was significantly correlated with TMB levels and responses to immunotherapy.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that NFS1 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in GC.

Biological function and potential application of PANoptosis-related genes in colorectal carcinogenesis

PANoptosis induces programmed cell death (PCD) through extensive crosstalk and is associated with development of cancer. However, the functional mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential applications of PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully elucidated. Functional enrichment of key PRGs was analyzed based on databases, and relationships between key PRGs and the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, chemotherapy drug sensitivity, tumor progression genes, single-cell cellular subgroups, signal transduction pathways, transcription factor regulation, and miRNA regulatory networks were systematically explored. This study identified 5 key PRGs associated with CRC: BCL10, CDKN2A, DAPK1, PYGM and TIMP1. Then, RT-PCR was used to verify expression of these genes in CRC cells and tissues. Clinical significance and prognostic value of key genes were further verified by multiple datasets. Analyses of the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, chemotherapy drug sensitivity, tumor progression genes, single-cell cellular subgroups, and signal transduction pathways suggest a close relationship between these key genes and development of CRC. In addition, a novel prognostic nomogram model for CRC was successfully constructed by combining important clinical indicators and the key genes. In conclusion, our findings offer new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of CRC, predicting CRC prognosis, and identifying multiple therapeutic targets for future CRC therapy.

A promising new approach to cancer therapy: Manipulate ferroptosis by hijacking endogenous iron

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, has emerged as a focal point in the field of cancer therapy. Compared with other cell death modes such as apoptosis and necrosis, ferroptosis exhibits many distinct characteristics in the molecular mechanisms and cell morphology, offering a promising avenue for combating cancers that are resistant to conventional therapeutic modalities. In light of the serious side effects associated with current Fenton-modulating ferroptosis therapies utilizing exogenous iron-based inorganic nanomaterials, hijacking endogenous iron could serve as an effective alternative strategy to trigger ferroptosis through targeting cellular iron regulatory mechanisms. A better understanding of the underlying iron regulatory mechanism in the process of ferroptosis has shed light on the current findings of endogenous ferroptosis-based nanomedicine strategies for cancer therapy. Here in this review article, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the regulatory network of iron metabolism and its pivotal role in ferroptosis, and present recent updates on the application of nanoparticles endowed with the ability to hijack endogenous iron for ferroptosis. We envision that the insights in the study may expedite the development and translation of endogenous ferroptosis-based nanomedicines for effective cancer treatment.

Darolutamide-mediated phospholipid remodeling induces ferroptosis through the SREBP1-FASN axis in prostate cancer

Darolutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), especially for patients with androgen receptor mutations. Owing to the unique lipidomic profile of PCa and the effect of darolutamide, the relationship between darolutamide and ferroptosis remains unclear. The present study showed that darolutamide significantly induces ferroptosis in AR+ PCa cells. Mechanistically, darolutamide promotes ferroptosis by downregulating SREBP1, which then inhibits the transcription of FASN. FASN knockdown modulates phospholipid remodeling by disrupting the balance between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which induces ferroptosis. Clinically, SREBP1 and FASN are significantly overexpressed in PCa tissues and are related to poor prognosis. Moreover, the synergistic antitumor effect of combination therapy with darolutamide and ferroptosis inducers (FINs) was confirmed in PCa organoids and a mouse xenografts model. Overall, these findings revealed a novel mechanism of darolutamide mediated ferroptosis in PCa, laying the foundation for the combination of darolutamide and FINs as a new therapeutic strategy for PCa patients.

CircPDIA3/miR-449a/XBP1 feedback loop curbs pyroptosis by inhibiting palmitoylation of the GSDME-C domain to induce chemoresistance of colorectal cancer

Although oxaliplatin (OXA) is widely used in the frontline treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), CRC recurrence is commonly observed due to OXA resistance. OXA resistance is associated with a number of factors, including abnormal regulation of pyroptosis. It is therefore important to elucidate the abnormal regulatory mechanism underlying pyroptosis. Here, we identified that the circular RNA circPDIA3 played an important role in chemoresistance in CRC. CircPDIA3 could induce chemoresistance in CRC by inhibiting pyroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RIP, RNA pull-down and co-IP assays revealed that circPDIA3 directly bonded to the GSDME-C domain, subsequently enhanced the autoinhibitory effect of the GSDME-C domain through blocking the GSDME-C domain palmitoylation by ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC17, thereby restraining pyroptosis. Additionally, it was found that the circPDIA3/miR-449a/XBP1 positive feedback loop increased the expression of circPDIA3 to induce chemoresistance. Furthermore, our clinical data and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models supported the positive association of circPDIA3 with development of chemoresistance in CRC patients. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that circPDIA3 could promote chemoresistance by amplifying the autoinhibitory effect of the GSDME-C domain through inhibition of the GSDME-C domain palmitoylation in CRC. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism of circRNA in regulating pyroptosis and providing a potential therapeutic target for reversing chemoresistance of CRC.

OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2 (OTUB2) modulates the stemness feature, chemoresistance, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon cancer via regulating GINS complex subunit 1 (GINS1) expression

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors in the digestive tract, and its stemness feature significantly contribute to chemoresistance, promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and ultimately lead to tumor metastasis. Therefore, it is imperative for researchers to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhancement of stemness feature, chemoresistance, and EMT in colon cancer.

METHODS

Sphere-formation and western blotting assays were conducted to assess the stemness feature. Edu, flow cytometry, and cell viability assays were employed to evaluate the chemoresistance. Immunofluorescence and western blotting assays were utilized to detect EMT. Immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, agarose gel electrophoresis, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (chip-qPCR), and dual luciferase reporter gene assays were employed for mechanistic investigations.

RESULTS

We demonstrated a markedly higher expression level of OTUB2 in colon cancer tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Furthermore, elevated OTUB2 expression was closely associated with poor prognosis and distant tumor metastasis. Functional experiments revealed that knockdown of OTUB2 attenuated stemness feature of colon cancer, enhanced its sensitivity to oxaliplatin, inhibited its EMT process, ultimately reduced the ability of tumor metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of OTUB2 exerted opposite effects. Mechanistically, we identified OTUB2 as a deubiquitinase for SP1 protein which bound specifically to SP1 protein, thereby inhibiting K48 ubiquitination of SP1 protein. The SP1 protein functioned as a transcription factor for the GINS1, exerting its regulatory effect by binding to the 1822-1830 region of the GINS1 promoter and enhancing its transcriptional activity. Ultimately, alterations in GINS1 expression directly regulated stemness feature, chemosensitivity, and EMT progression in colon cancer.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, the OTUB2/SP1/GINS1 axis played a pivotal role in driving stemness feature, chemoresistance, and EMT in colon cancer. These results shed new light on understanding chemoresistance and metastasis mechanisms involved in colon cancer.

Molecular characterization analysis of PANoptosis-related genes in colorectal cancer based on bioinformatic analysis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent cancer globally and stands as the second principal contributor to cancer-related fatalities. Recently, emerging research has emphasized the role of pan apoptosis (PANoptosis) in tumor development and anti-tumor therapy. In the course of this investigation, we meticulously identified and conducted a correlation analysis between differentially expressed genes associated with PANoptosis in CRC (CPAN_DEGs) and the proportion of immune cells. Subsequently, we formulated a prognostic score based on the CPAN_DEGs. Further our analysis revealed a noteworthy reduction in UNC5D mRNA expression within HCT116, HT29 and SW480 cells, as validated by qRT-PCR assay. Furthermore, scrutinizing the TCGA database unveiled a distinctive trend wherein individuals with the low UNC5D expression exhibited significantly reduced overall survival compared to their counterparts with the high UNC5D levels. The drug susceptibility analysis of UNC5D was further performed, which showed that UNC5D was corassociated with the sensitivity of CRC to 6-Thioguanine. The outcomes of our investigation underscore the mechanisms by which PANoptosis influences immune dysregulation as well as prognostic outcome in CRC.

Research progress on the effect of pyroptosis on the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer

Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death mediated by gasdermines (GSDMs). The N-terminal domain of GSDMs forms pores in the plasma membrane, causing cell membrane rupture and the release of cell contents, leading to an inflammatory response and mediating pyrodeath. Pyroptosis plays an important role in inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. With the further study of pyroptosis, an increasing number of studies have shown that the pyroptosis pathway can regulate the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immunity of colorectal cancer and is closely related to the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer. This review aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and the role of pyroptosis in the occurrence, development, treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to provide ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas systems for colorectal cancer research and therapeutics

INTRODUCTION

Colon cancer, ranked as the fourth leading global cause of cancer death, exhibits a complex progression marked by genetic variations. Over the past decade, the utilization of diverse CRISPR systems has propelled accelerated research into colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment.

AREAS COVERED

CRISPR/Cas9, a key player in this research, identifies new oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), and drug-resistance genes. Additionally, it facilitates the construction of experimental models, conducts genome-wide library screening, and develops new therapeutic targets, especially for targeted knockout in vivo or molecular targeted drug delivery, contributing to personalized treatments and significantly enhancing the care of colon cancer patients. In this review, we provide insights into the mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, offering a comprehensive exploration of its applications in CRC, spanning screening, modeling, gene functions, diagnosis, and gene therapy. While acknowledging its transformative potential, the article  highlights the challenges and limitations of CRISPR systems.

EXPERT OPINION

The application of CRISPR/Cas9 in CRC research provides a promising avenue for personalized treatments. Its potential for identifying key genes and enabling experimental models and genome-wide screening enhances patient care. This review underscores the significance of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology across basic research, diagnosis, and the treatment landscape of colon cancer.

PANoptosis: a novel target for cardiovascular diseases

PANoptosis is a unique innate immune inflammatory lytic cell death pathway initiated by an innate immune sensor and driven by caspases and RIPKs. As a distinct pathway, the execution of PANoptosis cannot be hindered by targeting other cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis. Instead, targeting key PANoptosome components can serve as a strategy to prevent this form of cell death. Given the physiological relevance in several diseases, PANoptosis is a pivotal therapeutic target. Notably, previous research has primarily focused on the role of PANoptosis in cancer and infectious and inflammatory diseases. By contrast, its role in cardiovascular diseases has not been comprehensively discussed. Here, we review the available evidence on PANoptosis in cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and aortic aneurysm and dissection, and explore a variety of agents that target PANoptosis, with the overarching goal of providing a novel complementary approach to combatting cardiovascular diseases.

Identification of signature genes and immune infiltration analysis in thyroid cancer based on PANoptosis related genes

Background

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. PANoptosis is a specific form of inflammatory cell death. It mainly includes pyroptosis, apoptosis and necrotic apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that PANoptosis plays a crucial role in tumour development. However, no pathogenic mechanism associated with PANoptosis in thyroid cancer has been identified.

Methods

Based on the currently identified PANoptosis genes, a dataset of thyroid cancer patients from the GEO database was analysed. To screen the common differentially expressed genes of thyroid cancer and PANoptosis. To analyse the functional characteristics of PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) and screen key expression pathways. The prognostic model was established by LASSO regression and key genes were identified. The association between hub genes and immune cells was evaluated based on the CIBERSORT algorithm. Predictive models were validated by validation datasets, immunohistochemistry as well as drug-gene interactions were explored.

Results

The results showed that eight key genes (NUAK2, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10C, TNFRSF12A, UNC5B, and PMAIP1) exhibited good diagnostic performance in differentiating between thyroid cancer patients and controls. These key genes were associated with macrophages, CD4+ T cells and neutrophils. In addition, PRGs were mainly enriched in the immunomodulatory pathway and TNF signalling pathway. The predictive performance of the model was confirmed in the validation dataset. The DGIdb database reveals 36 potential therapeutic target drugs for thyroid cancer.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that PANoptosis may be involved in immune dysregulation in thyroid cancer by regulating macrophages, CD4+ T cells and activated T and B cells and TNF signalling pathways. This study suggests potential targets and mechanisms for thyroid cancer development.

The role of hydrogen sulfide regulation of ferroptosis in different diseases

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death that relies on iron and lipid peroxidation. It differs from other forms of programmed cell death such as necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy. More and more evidence indicates that ferroptosis participates in many types of diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular diseases and so on. Hence, clarifying the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in diseases is of great significance for further understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of some diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless and flammable gas with the smell of rotten eggs. Many years ago, H2S was considered as a toxic gas. however, in recent years, increasing evidence indicates that it is the third important gas signaling molecule after nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. H2S has various physiological and pathological functions such as antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-tumor, and can participate in various diseases. It has been reported that H2S regulation of ferroptosis plays an important role in many types of diseases, however, the related mechanisms are not fully clear. In this review, we reviewed the recent literature about the role of H2S regulation of ferroptosis in diseases, and analyzed the relevant mechanisms, hoping to provide references for future in-depth researches.

lncRNA FLJ20021 regulates CDK1-mediated PANoptosis in a ZBP1-dependent manner to increase the sensitivity of laryngeal cancer-resistant cells to cisplatin

In this study, we investigated the role of the newly discovered lncRNA FLJ20021 in laryngeal cancer (LC) and its resistance to cisplatin treatment. We initially observed elevated lncRNA FLJ20021 levels in cisplatin-resistant LC cells (Hep-2/R). To explore its function, we transfected lncRNA FLJ20021 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) into Hep-2/R cells, assessing their impact on cisplatin sensitivity and PANoptosis. Silencing lncRNA FLJ20021 effectively reduced cisplatin resistance and induced PANoptosis in Hep-2/R cells. Mechanistically, lncRNA FLJ20021 primarily localized in the nucleus and interacted with CDK1 mRNA, thereby enhancing its transcriptional stability. CDK1, in turn, promoted panapoptosis in a ZBP1-dependent manner, which helped overcome cisplatin resistance in Hep-2/R cells. This study suggests that targeting lncRNA FLJ20021 can be a promising approach to combat cisplatin resistance in laryngeal cancer by regulating CDK1 and promoting PANoptosis via the ZBP1 pathway. These findings open up possibilities for lncRNA-based therapies in the context of laryngeal cancer.

PANoptosis: bridging apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in cancer progression and treatment

This comprehensive review explores the intricate mechanisms of PANoptosis and its implications in cancer. PANoptosis, a convergence of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, plays a crucial role in cell death and immune response regulation. The study delves into the molecular pathways of each cell death mechanism and their crosstalk within PANoptosis, emphasizing the shared components like caspases and the PANoptosome complex. It highlights the significant role of PANoptosis in various cancers, including respiratory, digestive, genitourinary, gliomas, and breast cancers, showing its impact on tumorigenesis and patient survival rates. We further discuss the interwoven relationship between PANoptosis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), illustrating how PANoptosis influences immune cell behavior and tumor progression. It underscores the dynamic interplay between tumors and their microenvironments, focusing on the roles of different immune cells and their interactions with cancer cells. Moreover, the review presents new breakthroughs in cancer therapy, emphasizing the potential of targeting PANoptosis to enhance anti-tumor immunity. It outlines various strategies to manipulate PANoptosis pathways for therapeutic purposes, such as targeting key signaling molecules like caspases, NLRP3, RIPK1, and RIPK3. The potential of novel treatments like immunogenic PANoptosis-initiated therapies and nanoparticle-based strategies is also explored.

Systematic analysis of PANoptosis-related genes identifies XIAP as a functional oncogene in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignant disease affecting women globally. PANoptosis, a novel form of cell death combining features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, has recently gained attention. However, its precise function in BC and the predictive values of PANoptosis-related genes remain unclear.

METHODS

We used the expression data and clinical information of BC tissues or normal breast tissues from public databases, and then successfully developed and verified a BC PANoptosis-related risk model through a combination of univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis. A nomogram was constructed to estimate survival probability, and its accuracy was assessed using calibration curves.

RESULTS

Among 37 PANoptosis-related genes, we identified 4 differentially expressed genes related to overall survival (OS). Next, a risk model incorporating these four PANoptosis-related genes was established. Patients were stratified into low/high-risk groups based on the median risk score, with the low-risk group showing better prognoses and higher levels of immune infiltration. Utilizing the risk score and clinical features, we developed a nomogram to predict 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) emerged as a potentially risky factor with the highest hazard ratio. In vitro experiments demonstrated that XIAP inhibition enhances the antitumor effect of doxorubicin through the PANoptosis pathway.

CONCLUSION

PANoptosis holds an important role in BC prognosis and treatment.

Cell death shapes cancer immunity: spotlighting PANoptosis

PANoptosis represents a novel type of programmed cell death (PCD) with distinctive features that incorporate elements of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. PANoptosis is governed by a newly discovered cytoplasmic multimeric protein complex known as the PANoptosome. Unlike each of these PCD types individually, PANoptosis is still in the early stages of research and warrants further exploration of its specific regulatory mechanisms and primary targets. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the conceptual framework and molecular components of PANoptosis. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications of PANoptosis. By elucidating the complex crosstalk between pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis and summarizing the functional consequences of PANoptosis with a special focus on the tumor immune microenvironment, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of PANoptosis in cancer therapy.

MTH1 inhibition synergizes with ROS-inducing agents to trigger cervical cancer cells undergoing parthanatos

Cervical cancer cells possess high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); thus, increasing oxidative stress above the toxicity threshold to induce cell death is a promising chemotherapeutic strategy. However, the underlying mechanisms of cell death are elusive, and efficacy and toxicity issues remain. Within DNA, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) is the most frequent base lesion repaired by 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1)-initiated base excision repair. Cancer cells also express high levels of MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), which prevents DNA replication-induced incorporation of 8-oxoG into the genome by hydrolyzing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP). Here, we revealed that ROS-inducing agents triggered cervical cancer to undergo parthanatos, which was mainly induced by massive DNA strand breaks resulting from overwhelming 8-oxoG excision by OGG1. Furthermore, the MTH1 inhibitor synergized with a relatively low dose of ROS-inducing agents by enhancing 8-oxoG loading in the DNA. In vivo, this drug combination suppressed the growth of tumor xenografts, and this inhibitory effect was significantly decreased in the absence of OGG1. Hence, the present study highlights the roles of base repair enzymes in cell death induction and suggests that the combination of lower doses of ROS-inducing agents with MTH1 inhibitors may be a more selective and safer strategy for cervical cancer chemotherapy.