Prognostic significance of esterase gene expression in multiple myeloma

Stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug nanocarriers by reversible-deactivation radical polymerization

Polymer prodrugs are based on the covalent linkage of therapeutic molecules to a polymer structure which avoids the problems and limitations commonly encountered with traditional drug-loaded nanocarriers in which drugs are just physically entrapped (e.g., burst release, poor drug loadings). In the past few years, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques have been extensively used to design tailor-made polymer prodrug nanocarriers. This synthesis strategy has received a lot of attention due to the possibility of fine tuning their structural parameters (e.g., polymer nature and macromolecular characteristics, linker nature, physico-chemical properties, functionalization, etc.), to achieve optimized drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. In particular, adjusting the nature of the drug-polymer linker has enabled the easy synthesis of stimuli-responsive polymer prodrugs for efficient spatiotemporal drug release. In this context, this review article will give an overview of the different stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug structures designed by RDRP techniques, with a strong focus on the synthesis strategies, the macromolecular architectures and in particular the drug-polymer linker, which governs the drug release kinetics and eventually the therapeutic effect. Their biological evaluations will also be discussed.

Identification and evaluation of a six-lncRNA prognostic signature for multiple myeloma

PURPOSE

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy, and there is no cure for this disease. This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in MM and to reveal related immune and chemotherapy resistance mechanisms.

METHODS

In this study, lncRNA profiles from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were analyzed to identify lncRNAs linked to MM patient survival. A risk assessment model stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups, and survival was evaluated. Additionally, a triple-ceRNA (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) network was constructed, and functional analysis was performed. The research also involved immune function analysis and chemotherapy drug sensitivity assessment using oncoPredict and the GDSC dataset.

RESULTS

We identified 422 lncRNAs significantly associated with overall survival in MM patients and ultimately focused on the 6 with the highest prognostic value. These lncRNAs were used to develop a risk score formula that stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed shorter survival in high-risk patients. We integrated this lncRNA signature with clinical parameters to construct a nomogram for predicting MM prognosis. Additionally, a triple-ceRNA network was constructed to reveal potential miRNA targets, coding genes related to these lncRNAs and significantly enriched pathways. Immune checkpoint gene expression and immune cell composition were also analyzed in relation to the lncRNA risk score. Finally, using the oncoPredict tool, we observed that high-risk patients exhibited decreased sensitivity to key MM chemotherapeutics, suggesting that lncRNA profiles are linked to chemotherapy resistance.

PAFAH1B3 is a KLF9 target gene that promotes proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies. Uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells are the fundamental causes of death in PDAC patients. Our previous studies showed that KLF9 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we found that platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB3 (PAFAH1B3) is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that overexpression of PAFAH1B3 promoted the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, while downregulation of PAFAH1B3 inhibited these processes. We found that KLF9 expression is negatively correlated with PAFAH1B3 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. Western blotting revealed that KLF9 negatively regulates the expression of PAFAH1B3 in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells. Rescue experiments showed that overexpression of PAFAH1B3 could partially attenuate the suppression of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration induced by KLF9 overexpression. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were carried out, and the results showed that KLF9 directly binds to the promoter of PAFAH1B3 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. In conclusion, our study indicated that KLF9 can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, migration and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting PAFAH1B3.

Integrating plasma proteomes with genome-wide association data for causal protein identification in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a severely debilitating and fatal B-cell neoplastic disease. The discovery of disease-associated proteins with causal genetic evidence offers a chance to uncover novel therapeutic targets.

METHODS

First, we comprehensively investigated the causal association between 2994 proteins and MM through two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using summary-level data from public genome-wide association studies of plasma proteome (N = 3301 healthy individuals) and MM (598 cases and 180,756 controls). Sensitivity analyses were performed for these identified causal proteins. Furthermore, we pursued the exploration of enriched biological pathways, prioritized the therapeutic proteins, and evaluated their druggability using the KEGG pathway analysis, MR-Bayesian model averaging analysis, and cross-reference with current databases, respectively.

RESULTS

We identified 13 proteins causally associated with MM risk (false discovery rate corrected P < 0.05). Six proteins were positively associated with the risk of MM, including nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT; OR [95% CI]: 1.35 [1.18, 1.55]), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 (TIE1; 1.14 [1.06, 1.22]), neutrophil cytosol factor 2 (NCF2; 1.27 [1.12, 1.44]), carbonyl reductase 1, cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit beta (PAFAH1B2). Seven proteins were inversely associated with MM, which referred to suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3; 0.90 [0.86, 0.94]), Fc-gamma receptor III-B (FCGR3B; 0.75 [0.65,0.86]), glypican-1 (GPC1; 0.69 [0.58,0.83]), follistatin-related protein 1, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 4 (PTPN4), granzyme B, complement C1q subcomponent subunit C (C1QC). Three of the causal proteins, SOCS3, FCGR3B, and NCF2, were enriched in the osteoclast differentiation pathway in KEGG enrichment analyses while GPC1 (marginal inclusion probability (MIP):0.993; model averaged causal effects (MACE): - 0.349), NAMPT (MIP:0.433; MACE: - 0.113), and NCF2 (MIP:0.324; MACE:0.066) ranked among the top three MM-associated proteins according to MR-BMA analyses. Furthermore, therapeutics targeting four proteins are currently under evaluation, five are druggable and four are future breakthrough points.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis revealed a set of 13 novel proteins, including six risk and seven protective proteins, causally linked to MM risk. The discovery of these MM-associated proteins opens up the possibility for identifying novel therapeutic targets, further advancing the integration of genome and proteome data for drug development.

Integrated Analysis Identifies DPP7 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis and is prone to recurrence and metastasis. DPP7, a prolyl peptidase, is reported to regulate lymphocyte quiescence. However, the correlation of DPP7 with prognosis in CRC remains unclear. With publicly available cohorts, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and logistic regression were employed to analyze the relationship between DPP7 expression and the clinicopathological features of CRC patients. Specific pathways of differentially expressed genes were determined through biofunctional analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). qPCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine DPP7 expression levels in surgical specimens. The public dataset and analysis of the biospecimens of CRC patients revealed that DPP7, in the CRC samples, was expressed significantly higher than in non-tumor tissues. Moreover, increased DPP7 was significantly associated with a higher N stage, lymphatic invasion, and shorter overall survival. Functionally, DPP7 is involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and olfactory transduction signaling. We identified a series of targeted drugs and small-molecule drugs with responses to DPP7. To conclude, DPP7 is a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC and considered as a new therapeutic target.

Metformin attenuates multiple myeloma cell proliferation and encourages apoptosis by suppressing METTL3-mediated m6A methylation of THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4

Based on the results of epidemiological and preclinical studies, metformin can improve the prognosis of patients with malignant tumors. Studies have confirmed that metformin inhibits multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism remains to be elucidated. MM cells were intervened with different doses of metformin to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were employed to assess the expression of METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, FTO, and ALKBH5 after metformin intervention. The microarray dataset GSE29023 was retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and calculated using the R language (limma package) to authenticate differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (David) was applied for GO annotation analysis of DEGs. Subsequently, the string database and Cytoscape software were applied to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) and DEM hub gene networks. Bioinformatics analysis and MeRIP were applied to predict and test METTL3-mediated m6A levels on mRNA of THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4 in METTL3 knocked-down cells. Then rescue experiments were performed to explore effects of METTL3 and THRAP3, RBM25, or USP4 on cell proliferation and apoptosis. The effect on MM cell xenograft tumor growth was observed by injection of metformin or/and overexpression of METTL3 in in vivo experiments. Metformin decreased cell proliferation and encouraged cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Global m6A modification was elevated in MM cells compared to normal cells, which was counteracted by metformin treatment. Furthermore, THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4 were identified as possible candidate genes for metformin treatment by GSE29023 data mining. METTL3 interference impaired m6A modification on mRNA of THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4 as well as expression levels. The mRNA stability and expression of THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4 was decreased after metformin treatment, which was reversed by METTL3 overexpression. THRAP3, RBM25 or USP4 knockdown reversed the assistance of METTL3 overexpression on the malignant behavior of MM cells. Finally, upregulation of METTL3 was shown to exert facilitative effects on xenograft tumor growth by blocking metformin injection. The present study demonstrates that metformin can repress the expression of THRAP3, RBM25, and USP4 by inhibiting METTL3-mediated m6A modification, which in turn hamper cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis.Abbreviations: multiple myeloma (MM), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (David), protein-protein interaction (PPI), epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3), methyltransferase like 14 (METTL14), wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP), methyltransferase like 16 (METTL16), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-small lung cancer (NSCLC), glioma stem cells (GSCs), normal bone marrow-derived plasma cells (nPCs), false discovery rate (FDR), biological process (BP), optical density (OD), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), M6A RNA immunoprecipitation assay (MeRIP).

A rapid intracellular enrichment of alkylating payload is essential for melphalan flufenamide potency and mechanism of action

Despite decades of development of treatments and the successful application of targeted therapies for multiple myeloma, clinical challenges remain for patients with relapsed/refractory disease. A drug designed for efficient delivery of an alkylating payload into tumor cells that yields a favorable therapeutic window can be an attractive choice. Herein we describe melphalan flufenamide (melflufen), a drug with a peptide carrier component conjugated to an alkylating payload, and its cellular metabolism. We further underline the fundamental role of enzymatic hydrolysis in the rapid and robust accumulation of alkylating metabolites in cancer cells and their importance for downstream effects. The formed alkylating metabolites were shown to cause DNA damage, both on purified DNA and on chromatin in cells, with both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA affected in the latter. Furthermore, the rapid intracellular enrichment of alkylating metabolites is shown to be essential for the rapid kinetics of the downstream intracellular effects such as DNA damage signaling and induction of apoptosis. To evaluate the importance of enzymatic hydrolysis for melflufen's efficacy, all four stereoisomers of the compound were studied in a systematic approach and shown to have a different pattern of metabolism. In comparison with melflufen, stereoisomers lacking intracellular accumulation of alkylating payloads showed cytotoxic activity only at significantly higher concentration, slower DNA damage kinetics, and different mechanisms of action to reach cellular apoptosis.

A Triazolium-Anchored Self-Immolative Linker Enables Self-Assembly-Driven siRNA Binding and Esterase-Induced Release

The increased importance of RNA-based therapeutics comes with a need to develop next-generation stimuli-responsive systems capable of binding, transporting and releasing RNA oligomers. In this work, we describe triazolium-based amphiphiles capable of siRNA binding and enzyme-responsive release of the nucleic acid payload. In aqueous medium, the amphiphile self-assembles into nanocarriers that can disintegrate upon the addition of esterase. Key to the molecular design is a self-immolative linker that is anchored to the triazolium moiety and acts as a positively-charged polar head group. We demonstrate that addition of esterase leads to a degradation cascade of the linker, leaving the neutral triazole compound unable to form complexes and therefore releasing the negatively-charged siRNA. The reported molecular design and overall approach may have broad utility beyond this proof-of-principle study, because the underlying CuAAC "click" chemistry allows bringing together three groups very efficiently as well as cleaving off one of the three groups under the mild action of an esterase enzyme.

Monitoring cell viability in N-nitrosodiethylamine induced acute hepatitis and detection of hydrazine in solution and gas phase with Dual-function fluorescent probes

The highly toxic N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and hydrazine (N₂H₄) caused severe environmental contamination and serious health risks. Herein, we designed the two-photon ratiometric fluorescent probe (Nap-2), emission maximum shifted from 466 nm to 571 nm, to monitor cell viability of NDEA induced acute hepatitis via esterase activity detection. Furthermore, the probe Nap-2 evaluate the hydrazine (N₂H₄) content in the solution and gas phase. It is worth mentioning that we used NDEA induced acute hepatitis in the mice and evaluated the negative correlation of esterase activity in the tissue cells and serum with Nap-2. The probe Nap-2 exhibited that acute hepatitis induced by NDEA decreased cell viability. Furthermore, we made convenient test papers using Nap-2 to detect N₂H₄ in solution and gas phase. After adding N₂H₄, the fluorescence color changed from blue to yellow and was visible to the naked eye. This work provides a convenient tool and method for evaluating the toxicity of NDEA induced acute hepatitis and detecting N₂H₄ in the environment.

An integrated multi-omics analysis of sleep-disordered breathing traits implicates P2XR4 purinergic signaling

Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) is a common disease associated with increased risk for cardiometabolic, cardiovascular, and cognitive diseases. How SDB affects the molecular environment is still poorly understood. We study the association of three SDB measures with gene expression measured using RNA-seq in multiple blood tissues from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We develop genetic instrumental variables for the associated transcripts as polygenic risk scores (tPRS), then generalize and validate the tPRS in the Women's Health Initiative. We measure the associations of the validated tPRS with SDB and serum metabolites in Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Here we find differential gene expression by blood cell type in relation to SDB traits and link P2XR4 expression to average oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep and butyrylcarnitine (C4) levels. These findings can be used to develop interventions to alleviate the effect of SDB on the human molecular environment.

Platelet-Related Molecular Subtype to Predict Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose

Complex crosstalk between tumor cells and platelets is closely related to the development, relapse, and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, an intensive analysis of the relationship between platelet-related genes and the effectiveness of immunotherapy is necessary for improving the poor prognosis of HCC patients.

Methods

Genes associated with platelets in the GeneCards database were collected and were used to identify molecular subtypes using a non-negative matrix decomposition algorithm (NMF) and constructed a platelet-related genes-based prognostic stratification model by the LASSO-Cox regression and stepwise Cox regression analysis. The effect of this feature on the immune microenvironment of HCC and the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors was also explored.

Results

After identifying two molecular subtypes, we constructed a platelet-related genes-based prognostic stratification model that can be effectively used for immune checkpoint inhibitor (PD1, PD-L1, PD-L2, and CTLA4) efficacy and prognosis prediction in HCC patients, which was subsequently validated using patient samples from ICGC, GSE14520 and a small sample size clinical cohort. We also found downregulation of PAFAH1B3 remarkably inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of Hep3B cells by cytological experiments.

Conclusion

We constructed a prognostic classifier based on platelet-related genes that could effectively classify HCC patients for prognostic prediction and provide new light on the selection of optimal individualized antiplatelet therapy for HCC patients in future clinical practice.

Synthesis and Properties of α-Mangostin and Vadimezan Conjugates with Glucoheptoamidated and Biotinylated 3rd Generation Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer, and Conjugation Effect on Their Anticancer and Anti-Nematode Activities

α-Mangostin and vadimezan are widely studied potential anticancer agents. Their biological activities may be improved by covalent bonding by amide or ester bonds with the third generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, substituted with α-D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone and biotin. Thus, conjugates of either ester- (G3^gh4B5V) or amide-linked (G3^2B12gh5V) vadimezan, and equivalents of α-mangostin (G3^gh2B5M and G3^2B12gh5M, respectively), were synthesized, characterized and tested in vitro against cancer cells: U-118 MG glioma, SCC-15 squamous carcinoma, and BJ normal human fibroblasts growth, as well as against C. elegans development. α-Mangostin cytotoxicity, stronger than that of Vadimezan, was increased (by 2.5–9-fold) by conjugation with the PAMAM dendrimer (with the amide-linking being slightly more effective), and the strongest effect was observed with SCC-15 cells. Similar enhancement of toxicity resulting from the drug conjugation was observed with C. elegans. Vadimezan (up to 200 µM), as well as both its dendrimer conjugates, was not toxic against both the studied cells and nematodes. It showed an antiproliferative effect against cancer cells at concentrations ≥100 µM. This effect was significantly enhanced after conjugation of the drug with the dendrimer via the amide, but not the ester bond, with G3^2B12gh5V inhibiting the proliferation of SCC-15 and U-118 MG cells at concentrations ≥4 and ≥12 μM, respectively, without a visible effect in normal BJ cells. Thus, the drug delivery system based on the PAMAM G3 dendrimer containing amide bonds, partially-blocked amino groups on the surface, larger particle diameter and higher zeta potential can be a useful tool to improve the biological properties of transported drug molecules.

One-pot synthesis and enzyme-responsiveness of amphiphilic doxorubicin prodrug nanomicelles for cancer therapeutics

In this study, we report a one-pot synthesis and enzyme-responsiveness of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glutamic acid (Glu)-based amphiphilic doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug nanomicelles for cancer therapeutics. The nanomicelles were accomplished by esterification and amidation reactions. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data confirmed the structure of nanomicelles. The DOX-loaded nanomicelles showed a DLS-measured average size of 107 nm and excellent stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 7 days. The drug loading and cumulative release rates were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry at 481 nm. The cumulative release rate could reach 100% in an enzyme-rich environment. Further, the therapeutic efficiency of nanomicelles to cancer cells was determined by cell viability and cellular uptake and distribution using HeLa cells. The cell viability study showed that the DOX-loaded nanomicelles could effectively inhibit the HeLa cell proliferation. The cellular uptake study confirmed that the nanomicelles could be effectively ingested by HeLa cells and distributed into cell nuclei. Based on the collective experimental data, this study demonstrated that the synthesized nanomicellar prodrug of DOX is a potential candidate for cancer therapeutics.

A doxorubicin-based nanomedicine with a one-pot synthesis method and FDA-approved materials could solve the problems of a complicated preparation process and avoid the use of non-FDA-approved materials for clinical use and industrial production.

Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease

Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.

Spotlight on Melphalan Flufenamide: An Up-and-Coming Therapy for the Treatment of Myeloma

Despite recent therapeutic advances, multiple myeloma (MM) patients experience relapses as they become resistant to various classes and combinations of treatment. Melphalan (L-PAM) is an ageless drug. However, its use in the autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) setting and the innovative quadruplet regimen as well as daratumumab, bortezomib, and prednisone make this old drug current yet. Melflufen is a peptide-conjugated alkylator belonging to a novel class of compounds, representing an overcoming of L-PAM in terms of mechanism of action and effectiveness. The improved melflufen cytotoxicity is related to aminopeptidase activity, notably present in normal and neoplastic cells and remarkably heavily overexpressed in MM cells. Upon entering a cell, melflufen is cleaved by aminopeptidases, ultimately releasing the L-PAM payload and eliciting further the inflow and cleavage of the conjugated peptide. This virtuous loop persists until all extracellular melflufen has been utilized. The aminopeptidase-driven accumulation results in a 50-fold increase in L-PAM cell enrichment as compared with free alkylator. This condition produces selective cytotoxicity, increased on-target cell potency, and decreased off-target cell toxicity, ultimately overcoming resistance pathways triggered by previous treatments, including alkylators. Due to its distinct mechanism of action, melflufen plus dexamethasone as a doublet, and in combination with other novel drugs, has the potential to be beneficial for a broad range of patients with relapsed/refractory (RR) MM in third- or even in second-line therapy. The safety profile of melflufen has been consistent across studies, and no new safety concerns have been identified when melflufen was administered in doublet and triplet combinations. Based on growing clinical evidence, melflufen could be not only a good addition in the fight against RRMM but also a drug with a very favorable tolerability profile.

Purification of high molecular weight thermotolerant esterase from Serratia sp. and its characterization

In the present study, an extracellular esterase from Serratia sp. was purified 24.46 fold using an initial ammonium sulphate precipitation step (optimized concentration of 30-40%), followed by Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography and size exclusion Sephadex G-200 column chromatography steps. The molecular weight of the esterase using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was determined to be 236 kDa and by using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was found to be 60 kDa suggesting that the enzyme was a tetramer of 4 subunits. The purified esterase was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters, especially p-nitrophenyl acetate. Maximum esterase activity was achieved in 0.15 M Tris-HCl buffer of pH 8.5 at 50 °C after 10 min. The enzyme was stable for at least 8 h at 4 and 35 °C but the half-life was determined to be 4.5 h at 50 °C and 3 h at 60 °C. The esterase activity was inhibited by detergents (1 mM) (Triton X-100, Tween 60, Tween 80, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and SDS) except Tween 20. The esterase activity was inhibited by organic solvents (1 mM) such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile and was stable in the presence of glycerol, isopropanol but the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced esterase activity. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry showed that the enzyme exhibited similarity with the pimeloyl-[acyl carrier protein] methyl ester esterase of Serratia marcescens.